177

zixar

178
179
xhky ewpi
dncwd
,lwpxt xfril` ly exkfl xtexb awri oxw mrhn riten dfd xtqd
l`xyi mr lxebl eiig lk cxg didy ,dipnex icedi hayn l`ehwlhpi`
,zixarae yiciia ea miriten mihqwhd lk .yicii zeaxz jyndle
.dnrhn mi`veid mineqxt iabl dvni` oxwdy llkd itlr
lrn enqxtzdy ,lwpxt xfril` iazkn xgan llkp oey`xd wlga
ipgexd enler z` mi`xewd iptl bivdl dxhna ,1945 f`n zepey zena
mixeviw mr ,mpeylk mi`aen lwpxt '` ly mihqwhd .xagnd ly
oey`xd meqxtd iabl hxetn itxbeilaia rcin .cala milw mipewize
.zxzekl dxrda xtqd seba `aen hqwh lk ly
ipa icilr eazkpy lwpxt '` lr mixn`n xtqn mi`a ipyd wlga
.minelvz xtqn `evnl ozip yiciia xecnd seqa .exec
dpey`xl epybtpy f`n mipy zexyr ccein iziid lwpxt xfril` mr
l"i yicii zeaxz beg" zxbqna cgia eplrt .1938a ,dipnex ,q`ia
hqwhd .l`xyia xrtexb awri oxw zlgpda xzei xge`ne ,q`ia "uxt
ly zizxivid ekxca zeixwird zepgzd z` hhxyn ip` ea ,oldl
gqepa ,yiciia ritede 2007a ezxiht ixg` azkp ,lwpxt xfril`
zrdazka ,zvwna dpey lreey otie` ,343342 'lb ,(wxeieip)
.dix`xeb dcedi zixarl mbxz .2008

xir cil ,iFlcFR dphwd dxiira 1920 zpya clep lwpxt xfril`
dxiir icedi itay zixwird oeyld .dipnex ,q`i fegnd icedi itae ef
lv` oke "xcg"a i"yx mr yneg cnl `ed .yicii dzid llka daeclen
zia ly zezik rax` xnb clid xfril` xy`k .cnln didy ,eia`
.q`il dgtynd dxar innrd xtqd
xhky ewpi
180
eldpzd mdiigy ,micedi 40,000k da exxebzdy xir f` dzid q`i
zeveaw ,miizextq mibeg ,jepig zecqen mr ,yiciia dax dcina
xxeynde ,1915 zpya q`il ezgtyn mr xar xbp`n wivi` ...hxetq
ipy .q`i ly dhiqxaipe`a mihtynl hpcehq did xtexb awri
q`i icedi j` ,xzei milecb mifkxn l` myn e`vi elld mixxeynd
mzaizk z` elgdy ,xtexbe xbp`nl dneca .mxiwedl ekiynd
xirvd lwpxt - zipnxba mdly dxwna - zicedi`l dtya zizextqd
zepy seqa xak ef dtya zexivi xtqn mqxt s`e zipnexa aezkl lgd
df `ed azek `ed eprnly xeaivdy ,oiad `ed ce`n xdn mle` .30d
.yiciia envr z` `hand ,icedid
xtqdziaa yicii zextqe yicii cnll lwpxt ligzd 1940a
ztyl cenil ixtq biydl did xyt`i` q`iay oeeik .q`ia "hxe`"
myd zgz eze` mqxt `ede dfk cenil xtq lwpxt xaig ,yicii xrfcpe`
jxRy dze`a ik ,"1938 ,dyx`e" :oiiv `ed xryd cenr lr .(epzty)
zelirta jiynd lwpxt .yiciia xtq `ivedl dipnexa did xeq` zr
diipyd mlerd zngln xg`l mb yicii zextqe oeyl megza zibebct
.mitqep cenil ixneg mqxte
.qp jxca lwpxt lvip 1941 ipeia 29a q`ia lecbd mexbetd zra
elv` yabzd ,oiicr milerp eid l`xyiux` ixry xy`k ,mini mze`a
- dlek dtexi`n `l` ,dipnexn wx `l - micedid z` `ivedl :melg
,zllewnd dtexi` znc`n xzeia wegx ,edylk mewnl mze` xiardl
dnglnd zepya .zinyxd dzty `id yiciiy ,zicedi dpicn miwdl mye
mr xyw xvi `ede df enelg znybdl lertl ligzd `ed dixg`l cine
(ziyteg ux` zbil) "rbilcp`lxt" bidpn ,bxapiihy p"i x"c
miaxrd mr miiywd z` lwpxt mb dtv bxapiihyl dneca .dwixn`a
zeayiizdl dgep zxg` dixehixh ytig `ed jk meyne ,dpizylta
,dipnexa "rbilcp`lxt" ly illkd xikfnk yniy `ed .micedi
sq`nd z` 1947 xanhtqa d`ivedy cp`lxt `l `ed df enelg z` .
."enelg lcebk lecb mc`d" :eiabl xnel xyt` la` ,miybdl gilvd
micedi mixirv ly dveaw lwpxt fkix 19441941 dnglnd zepya
d`na dxvepy ,dxiyrd yiciid zextq zexve` z` mdiptl bivde
dnc wd
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xhky ewpi
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miwd `ed dnglnd meiq xg`l cin .zepexg`d mipyd z` mzi` cgi
ixtq ly dlecb diixtq mr ,q`ia "uxt l"i y"r ziciid zeaxzd beg"
,yicii zxiy ly dibelezp` xp`t 'i mr lwpxt jxr 1945 zpya .yicii
zxzekd zgz ,q`ia "ziciid zeaxzd beg" mrhn xe`l d`viy rp
bpehkic ryicii xtqd .xtexb awri ly dncwd mr (dycg yicii dxiy)
`l zeixar zeize` ly zevixhny oeeik ,zeipihl zeize`a qtced
.q`ia f` e`vnp
,xtexb awri xxeynd mr ybtpe hyx`weal lwpxt rqp 1945 zpya
yicii ixteq mr ok enke xbpipib miige xhky ikcxn mipylad mr
aiaq ,oeifetniq oirn ,mipeic ly dxcq miiw `ed hyx`weaa .mitqep
dlrn inx miyi` wlg elhp oeifetniqa ."zicedid dirad" `yepd
,qeiee`lt 'i x"c ,dwxc` qwilt xteqd ,eqif l"i ipeivd :dipnexa
,oeihw`lb dl`b ,Ep`iaFcq li`kin ,ifbx` xFcEh mipnexd mixteqd
.mixg`e ep`wy`xh`t EivxwEl uegd xy ,dfFxb exht dlynnd y`x
zipnexa ,q`ia "ziciid zeaxzd beg" jkxg` mqxt mipeicd z`
zxzekd zgz ,ziztxvae zicedid dirad ghy df xeaig zxbqna .
'` ly xac gzt) .icedid mrd ly ecizr iabl `ed eizerc z` lwpxt
(.df xtqa `aen xtql lwpxt
dcizr zl`yl" mya xn`na lwpxt mkiq yiciid zty lr ezrc z`
a mqxety ,"yiciid ly xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea hqwhd) .1947a
(.df xtqa `aen
cgi ,jxr `ed ,q`ia zeixar zeize` `evnl did xyt` xak xy`k
d`viy efn daxda dxiyre dlecb dibelezp` ,xp`t wgvi xteqd mr
dze` zgz dze` mqxt `ede ,mixxeyn miryz da ellkpy 1945a
:zxzekd bpehkic ryicii rp wivi` ly dncwd mr mrtd ,(1947)
*(.df xtqa mi`aen dibelezp`d z` mieelnd lwpxt '` ixac) .xbp`n
mbe yiciia - dxiyrd eziixtq lk z` lwpxt xiard 1961 zpya
`ed .oelwy`a ayiizde dvx` dlr `ed ,l`xyil - zexg` zetya
* icilr ,2009 zpya milyexia xe`l d`vi ef dibelezp` ly ziyily dxecdn
.h`lalbity '` ly xaczixg` ztqeza ,xtexb oxw
dnc wd
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jezn ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ez icenill myxp
xfril` xxeynd ly ezxivi z` wnerl xewgiy hxehwec aezkl dpeek
xwgl zeax z`f mr mxz j` ,miiq `l `ed hxehwecd z` .bx`apiihy
xfril` xtqd jeza dritedy ditxbeilaia jxr `ed .bx`apiihy
,bxapiihy milyn nqxtzd 1972a ;(1969 aia`lz) , ixn`n ipy e
a bx`apiihy '` lr ely xwgn xrc oe bpeyx xrc x qwpR
rqrxR oe` xehxrhil xryici zepezirde zextqd xwgl qwpt)
izextqd zrdazkae ,wxeieipa `viy ,(yiciia hiiw rprclb ic ,
(.df xtqa mi`aen mixn`nd ipye ditxbeilaial `eand ixac) .aia`lz
;yicii ixenl xpinqd icilr wxeieipl lwpxt xfril` onfed 1965a
.zixare yicii zextql xeqtextk ef zxbqna yniy `ed
lvipe aia`lza lwia dnly l` ziyi` rceezd `ed 1964 seqa
cizre yicii zextq lr dwinrn dgiy ezi` ldpl ick ef zepncfd
zrdazka dnqxet dgiyd .zicedid zeaxzd hiiw rprclb ic zgz
`aen hqwhd) ."aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy" zxzekd
dteq`a rited 1967a (.df xtqa jealaei lwia dnly zeienc" dqnd
hqwhd) ."Ep`iaFcq li`kin ipnexd xteqd ly ezxivia micedi ly
(.df xtqa `aen
z` xe`l `ivei lwpxt xfril`y ez`eeva ywia xtexb awri xxeynd
yicii ixteql b`ciy oke ,zixarl liawn mebxz mr ,yiciia ezxivi
awri oxw" znwdl epedn zivgn aivwd `ed ef dxhnl .dipnexn elry
."xtexb
xtqd z` lwpxt `ived 1975 zpya ,mixgap mixiy ,xtexb awri
mi`aen mixiyd uaew lr lwpxt '` ly eixac) **.zixarae yiciia
oxwn lwpxt wlig ,xtexb ly ezywa itl ,dpy 15 jyna (.df xtqa
`ed 1976 zpya .dipnexn l`xyil e`ay yicii ixteql miqxt xtexb
xtqd z` mqxt mb epnfe ezeiyi` - xtexb awri mihqwh llekd ,
z`veda szey did `ed xzei xge`n miizpy .zixarae yiciia mipey
** mr ,2010a milyexia rited xtexb 'i ly mixiyd jxk ly dycg dqtcd
.h`lalbity '` z`n xaczixg`e oiihyxiet oae`x 'textd z`n dncwd
xhky ewpi
184
lwia dnly ly extq riprnex myd zgz ,ixar mebxza dipnex zecdi .
zrdazka dnqxtzd 1995a hiiw rprclb ic dlecbd dn`etd
dze` mbxz xagnd ;1953a q`ia dazkpy "oeyny" lwpxt ly
zpya (.df xtqa z`aen dn`etd) .1991a dze` mqxte zixarl
xtqd z` xtexb oxw dnqxt 2006 exec ipira xtexb awri
.xtexb ly ezenl dpy 40 ze`lna jxr lwpxty ,(oelwy`-milyexi)
onhpe ,2007 xanvca 28 ,iyiy meia xhtp lwpxt xfril` 'text
miig mdipyy ,zae oa eixg` xized `ed .oelwy`a oinlrdziaa
.l`xyia
185
oey`x wlg
lwpxt xfril` iazkn xgan
186
187
"zicedid dirad" xtql xacgzt
*
mi`vnp mdihegy ,mixyw ly zrwt enk zxiihvn zicedid dirad
ik dncp oey`x hana .mipeeikd lkn mi`ae mi`vei ,zcnzn drepza
lr ighye sehg han siriy in ;dfd qe`ka xcq meya oigadl ozip `l
zrwtay mixywd on miaxy meyn ,xxgzqdl lelr egen dirad
,xar lkl mihegd zelvtzd ik dnec .xyid lkyle oeibidl micbepn
oiadl ywand opeaznd z` dxdna `iaz ,edylk ayegn xcq `ll
.ye`i icil dnxac
zrwtd z` ogeae dfd ipey`xd myexd lr xabzdl gilvny in j`
`l ,mkxe` lkl mihegd z` egex ipira deeln `edy jez ,al zneyza
hwtq`d ik gkeeii ,onfa mb `l` ,llga mikynzn mdy itk wx
oigadl xyt` eizgzne ,cala ighyd xeyinl wx rbep dfd ihe`kd
izlad lelknde mixywd ly "zeaiqd zaiq" ,dpey`xd daiqa lwpa
.mkeaiq ly ipeibd
ze`xl oi` .zeyep`d zecleza dpina zcgein z`fd dpey`xd daiqd
eldpzd eiigy ,mr ik ,dcaer z`f ixd .zex`tzd ly iehia ef driawa
oaxewl egxeklra did ,rhp `ed mze` ezp`ze eptb lva deelya mrt
zeixehqid zewipexka ziy`x zencl jkxg`e miixfk` mirexi` ly
.zewelgn lye zepier ly ,xzqlt iazk ly dxhnl ,zeyian
ezeely lr elvd oiicr dp`zd ivr da dtewza cery ,oekp mpn`
,mihald .otecze`vei zepekz xtqna dfd mra oigadl xyt` did
xtqa mivaewn mipnf mze`a eze` eeily zenelgde miteqikd ,zecxgd
* xtqd gzta rited Problema evreiasca ,q`i (zicedid dirad) 'nr ,1945
IV-I .dix`xeb dcedi zipnexn mbxz .
lwpxt xfril`
188
ea mixdxdne mi`xew mc`dipay mipyd miitl` jldnay xtq ,cg`
mleq eze` wxy itk ,mdn wegx oi`y zenler ipy oia xywl gilvd
zenelgd ,miteqikd .okiptl z`f zeyrl gilvd awri ly enelgn
litrdy df ly eicrva xzeia dpeilrd dbxcl eribd dl`d zecxgde
.zeyep`d zecleza oiicr micdcdnd micrv ,daxwdd `iyl
gzpl ,oegal ecrep `l ezenlya igkepd xeaigd e` df xacgzt
lr minieqn zeaiqp e` mirexi` ly mzrtyd xeriy z` jixrdle
epinia mb reawl dkiynne drawy "dpey`x daiq" dze` ly dzcil
dnk cr ezkxrd z` rivie oeixehqidd `eai .mlera epavn z` dl`
dl` oia zenird icilr dklnnd ly zihiletd zehhenzdd dnxbp
dneca ,miyp` ly libx ueaiw xeza mipencwd mixard z` e`xy
mipdek zklnn" ,"mi`iap ipa" mda e`xy dl` oial ,aiaqny mipkyl
dl` oial ,slegd onfd cnina eldpzdy dl` oia ,xnelk ,"yecw iebe
.gvpl mikiiy mnvr e`xy
epinia dxen`d zrwtd ly mihegde mixywd xewn ik mipin`n ep`
axwa epxefit .oaxegd zeaiqa `le ziad oaxeg zcaer mvra `ed
ef ,eplyn ux` xcrd ,xeviwa ,mewn lka herin epzeid ,minrd
epneiw ly z`fd dkeaqd zrwta mixywd lkl "dpey`xd daiqd"
.zixehqidd epzegztzde
oehlt` ly dqitza d`ici`d enky ceqi eze` cinz `vnp rwxa
,zcnzn drepza ,zinpic `id dxevdy cera ,mlerl dpzyn epi`
xyekd zexnl ,mle` .zxdef dlida dtevn zeidl dieyr mizrle
.envrl ddf ,iepiy `ll xzep mipRd ,zipevigd dtihrd ly ihnind
oey`xd crvd z` zeyrl zpn lr ly dinikl`d geprita rixknd j`
zaxe dheytd zn`d icilr mikxcen zeidl epilr dixywe zrwtd
.zelba epneiw lkn xexiaa zxkipy ,z`fd lwynd
eb`d ,zilnxep `id zixehqidd mzegztzdy ,mixg` minr lv`
zeikep`) ,elek mrd ly zeikep`d zkxrn jeza aleyn iyi`d mfi`
cinz oezpd cigid ly oevxd ik mi`ex ep` ok lre ,(zagxend zernyna
zebxegy zeakxen ze`vez ly lelknl seqal liaen envr ikxevl
.ipey`xd sgcl xarn daxd
"zicedid dirad" xtql xacgzt
189
ly miqxhpi`d ,dxeftd zevx` lka micedid eplv` ,z`f znerl
ly dl` mr dyw zenira mipezpk llk jxca mixiihvn hxtd
`edy dzr mb oin`ne xara oin`d cigid .zine`l zeyik aihwlewd
mra rlaidle lleazdl ecia dlriy ,elykp mixg`d lky s` lr gilvi
lkep ,qwx`n lxw ly reci xe`izl dfxt`xta .ig `ed ezaxway
wyl icedid mrd dnec eze` oiit`nd difdewd xcrd zpigan ik ,xnel
cixgnd mleblb dzid epinia d`eydy ,minexbetd ...dnc` igetz
zegexd evitde eciledy ,ef zerh ly zib`xhd d`vezd md ,xzeia
.ilnxep`ld epneiw ly zerxd
milelry zekixce zegizn ly mirbx i`ce mpyi mr lk ly eiiga
mavn z` zeeydl ozip .zeipevig zenglnl e` zian zektdnl `iadl
lr llk jxca ldpznd ,lbxjled ly eavnl dl` miilnxep minr ly
zpn lr zewegx mizrl wx o`eqd yiakl cxei `ede ,cala dkxcnd
mrd ly eavn .mi`znd rbxa xgea `edy jez ,ipyd cvl xearl
onfd lk repl eilr xfeb elxeby ,lbxdjled ly eavnl dnec icedid
,mixacd rahn ;mixdec akx ilk qenr mewna ,yiakd rvn`a
.zerpnp izla od ,dfd avnd on cxtp izla wlg od zepe`zd
`ll "lbxjled" ly df epnr zecleza xzeia dxengd dpe`zd
dnei`d dpe`zd dzid z`f .epinia dygxzd eilbxl zgzn "dkxcn"
exar `l xak dpy 2,000 jyna epcrv eay yiakay meyn ,xzeia
yiakd .mixg` zigyn ilke miwph `l` miwizr miaex mr miliig
.mewn hrnk oi` ea micrevd lbxdikledle ,xzeie xzei qenr dyrp

gexde zipyaeid ytpa elit` wtq `ll riahn epiiga igkepd rbxd
zevrepd zeieeg epilr zexaer ;wenr ,wgniila mzeg xzeia dyic`d
xak ,mc zzzey dpi` dzr mby in ly eytp .dnypa xyi odixth z`
...mlerl dpe`twn `vz `l
dzid `l llky - dzr cr zeyep`d zegztzd jldna ik dnec
dk xxeri jklk miax rytn mitg ly mncy dxw mxh - zilici`
lwpxt xfril`
190
hrn dk rityiy ,jklk hren yiprdl oevxe dhxg hrn mzcnr lr
.mepidibd zeadln qpa wx elvipy dl` ly miigd zqitze
zepgnd z` ,mdizeny itl zegtl ,mixikn epipian mihrn wx
dnk mivvexzn daygna .micedi ipeilinl zeenl zyexgizal ektdy
dl` mixtqnl oi` mle` ,mipezird itc lrn ehwely miltxern mipezp
gahd iyrn lky meyn ,hrn dk epl mixne` md .epxear zernyn lk
dlki `l epytpy jk ,dpkqa mipezp epiid epnvr ep`y onfa epl ercep
.epig`a xaecnyk elit` ,epzi`n miwegxy in ly mdixeqi z` helwl
.zetid milind lk ixeg`n zxzzqnd dzin`l zn`d idef
dicbxh gkep l` dzr miavip ,dlek zeyep`d mr cgi ,micedid ep`
mixaxad zyilt z` x`zl drciy ,ziyep`d oeyldy ,zqtzp izla dk
zeviln s`e mec dlen znl`p ,dl` zefegna dlih` ly erqn z`e
.dl zeleki opi` dbltdd
cer ibxh `ede ,zepaxewd etlyp ekezny mrd ,epxear ibxh df avn
m`e .migvexd e`vi maxiwny dl` xear ziheleqa` dii`xa xzei
daiq yi micedid epl ik oiap ,ziheleqa` dii`xa epavn lr siwyp
ep` ;mc`ipa mbe ,micedi mb ep`y meyn ,xqiizdl zltekne dletk
.migvexd e`vi ekezny iyep`d oinl mbe migvxpd ly dne`l mipa
ze`xl `ed irah j` eli`k ,idylk d`gn dler dpi` oEeik meyne
,ixebihwd evd ikeana wnrzdle "xcil" xiyl bdpy ,iyep` ueaiwy
micner ezeyxl mby xg` mr lr - laewn didy itk - ltpzn epi`
lehp mr lr `l` ,mzlrtda mipnein miliige mirlwne miwphe migzez
mxh mn` algy zewepiz elit`e miyp ,mipwf lr :hlgen ote`a dpbd
yeng aie` ly eiig lr qegl okeny liig eze`e .mdizezty lr yai
en` z`e wepizd ly ezlebleb z` mingx `ll uvexn ,rpkp dfy rbxa
.oeaql zyexgdzial mlb xneg xeza xxeb `ed
dcnr jezn dl` zecaerl qgiiziy in mewn meya `vnp `le
ozernyn xg` zewgzdl ozip dzervn`a wxy ,ziaihwiiae`e dvin`
ick mipa`a mdly rlwd zetk z` eynig xaky dl` lk .zizin`d
mdly mirlwd z` dzr miptn ,mirex`d leygpn mirzten ,epa rebtl
iabl edylk xaqda jxev yibxdl ila ;xaryl "ocxnw"d xar l`
"zicedid dirad" xtql xacgzt
191
mihxwenck igxf`d mcnrn z` dzr qqal miqpn md ,rxi`y dn
z` mixney mdy jez ,miizty wzna epil` mxaeca miprfbihp`e
.mixg` mipnfl jtktdd mpetvn z`e mdizerav` zefixf
mihlydy `ed cgeina ibxh .okez lk ixqg mihly elzp epiigl lrn
hrnk ,xg` ote`a m` mb ,md s` epiy`xl lrn epnxd epnvr ep`y
edylk mewna xne` dzb .ze`ivnl idylk dwife okez ixqg
mc`dipay iptn ,mdy itk md mc`d iigy ,ely ditxbeiaehe`a
epilr epaiaq ygxznd gkep .axwd xg`l wx dibhxhq` micnel
micnel mpi` micedidy oeeik ,mdy itk md miicedid miigdy zecedl
ybx xcrdl zqgiizn dpi` ef dpwqn .axwd ixg` elit` dibhxhq`
oze` xcrdl `l` ,zicedid ytpd ly all zrbep dyleg ,d`pyd
ly mxkf z` ,miiepiyd lk s` lr ,epa xnyl zexen` eidy zephp`
.xard irexi`
epcizr z` dtv epl didy xzeia lecbd bidpnd ,mrk epneiw aia`a
migixhn mpi` xak miieeykrd epibidpn .eap xd zbqit lrn etiwyda
icilr mzepxwq z` miwtqn md ,dl`k midabl litrdl mnvr z`
dycg ziy`xa ly dl` mirbxa ,jk meyn .lerpnd xegl cran dvvd
oekpl iz`vn ,aey "mind ipt lr ztgxn midel` gex" xy`k ,mlera
miyp`dy xtq ;dpexztl mikxcae zicedid diraa wqerd xtq `ivedl
dzervn`a wxy zepibd dze` ilra md dirad ipezpl ea miqgiiznd
siwydl zelbxeny miipir mdle ,zecaerd zizyzl ribdl xyt`
zezin` miginvny midab ,dagx daihwtqxt zexyt`nd ,zebqtn
od `l` ,(6 ,hkw ,milidz) "yai sly zncwy ,zebb xivg"k opi`y
.mlek mipnfd ly
`eaiy df lye ,zicedid dirad oexztl mikxca ocd df xtq zxhn
,dipnex ly dizeleabl xarn l`yn zervn`a oeicd z` milydl eixg`
divte`d len aivdl ywan xy` ,ibhxhq` jixcn oirn zeidl `id
daihwtqxtn zelkzqd "lerpnd xegl cran" dvvd ly zlaewnd
...eap xd zbqit lrn dagx
1945 xanaep ,hyx`wea
192
yiciid ly dcizr zl`yl
*
(xzei dtiwn dcearl miwxt iy`x)
ipeyld oiiprd megzl xarn daxd zbxeg yiciid ly dcizr zl`y
ly dcizr zl`yy ,xic`oa dpekp xird mipy iptl xak .`cixb
o`l" :zrxknde zillkd ,dagxd dl`yd ly ipbxe` wlg `id yiciid
."?mikled ep`
lr daeyz epl mipzep mipexg`d mirex`d xwirae exary mipyd
xzei oekp ,epkld o`l dl`yd - .dixehqidd mxf icilr eptgqp o`l
mitpr zginv lye zegztzd ly ,dgixt ly mipy drci yiciid zty
leki df ile`" 1908 zpya uxt xn` dilry ,dty dze` .dxiyr
,diipr dke dxirv dk dty zece` lr me`p z`yl jgebn ze`xidl
d`na yekxl ozip dizexivi lk z`y" zextq dl yiy ,"yiciid ztyk
,"cgeina dlecb `l zg` zippeka oaivdle ,jkn zegta `l m` ,laex
.miinei mipezir mirax`n xzei dpy miyely xeark eid dty dze`l
z` elit` "laex d`na" yekxl did xyt`i` xak 1937 zpya
xtqn oky ,mipegxid e` ,zireayd z` `l i`cee ,zineid zepezird
450l ribd ,ziyep`d diiyrd oeebn lka ewqry ,mipeyd mipetewzd
,lifiin ongp e`x) xrc M ge i oe yic m` .(4 'nr ,1939 ,wxeieip ,
dcireed cr uiaepx'va dcireed on) elld mipyd eid zizeaxz dpigan
elgd onfd eze`ay ixd ,agxnd l` d`ivie diilr xcba (qix`ta
eid mnvr xda militrnde xar lkn zaxe` dpkql mipniq ritedl
ogley" aiaq miaeqnd on micg` epigad mrtl mrtn .mdl mircen
* dteq`a mqxet xewnd xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea mixteqd cebi`" z`veda)
yiciin mbxz .129143 'nr ,1947 ,hyx`wea ,("dipnexa miicedid mi`pezirde
.dix`xeb dcedi
yiciid ly dcizr zl`yl
193
.mdipir len dhexg dzidy ,"oiqxte lwz `pn `pn" zaezka ,"dcerqd
z` wx ze`xl mc`d gen ly eziihpe ziyep`d dgkiyd ly dgek mle`
iabl daeg ici e`vi mdy jkl enxb xiaqdl leki `ed oze`y zertezd
exhtp jkae ,mibgd lbxl mineqxte mitq`na mixn`n dnka "oeifigd"
.d`ad "dcire"l cr oiiprd on
gixe dyecwd mr d`ixad zeipeligd z` dbfiny ,yicii zextq
z` h`h` ca`l dlgd ,ineid wegd mgl dzid dkldd day ,minyad
dxen` dzid `idy dl` ly miigd zeira mr ,aiaqn miigd mr xywd
heg" zeedl et`y mdincewy ,yicii ixteq ly miycgd zexecd .bviil
.exvi md mprnly dl` mr rbnd z` ecai` ,"lecbd bix`d jeza wc
ze`gqep ipine "mfikifpi`"l mewn xzeie xzei dptzd yicii zextqa
.miiynnd miigl abd z` zeptnd zexg`

dxiira "lecbd bix`d jeza wcd hegd" zeidl xzei gep didy i`ce
wqixa ly ipgexd mlera zeigl elit` e` ,dwal`ixzke wqpvaw enk
nzdl xy`n ,dl`iae icilr zpiite`nd zipexird dieedd mr cce
zxnegn zigtdl ick dfa oi` j` .mipey mixfbne zecnrnl levitd
miwewf mpi`y ,miilnxep minr lv` .miigd on wezipd ly diirad
dl`k zevign ,zipgexd mziieed z` miiwl ick mircen mivn`nl
,jixv xy` mr lv` avnd jk `l ;zeizxivil xewn zeedl zeieyr
.ahxidl ilan mybd zetih oia xearl ,zicenlzd dxni`d itlr
epnlera dclep `l` on enk minyd on dltp `l yicii zextq
.mnzeg z` da eriahdy ,eiwa`ne eiyetig ,eizeira lr ,ivx`d
ldip mincew zexecn icedid ,deewnde yxcndzia ,bge zay caln
eqpzd oda zeieegd ,meineid iig .zqpkdzial uegn mb miiggxe`
yicii zextqy dwihnlaextle mi`yepl mlb ixneg eyniy miyp`d
zexni`a ,mrdixiya exahvde ekld mixneg mze` .dziy`xn dtwiy
micnelny ,miipnxb oeyl zerahn md minbztd on miax .minbztae
hixard ly dnecwd yiciid jeza elzy mipey ep` zrada .yh
lwpxt xfril`
194
miraepd ,oeyl zerahn mze` z` mzedna mixzeqd minbzt mb mi`ven
iehia icil d`a mdn wlga .miihxwpewd miigd mr zeccenzdn d`xpk
"midel`l exn`"l icextd iehiaa lynl enk ,izc xayn ly ezligz
- zeptl xfer did df eli`" :zeihtwqd zexni`d e` ,"xiwd l` xac"
eyniy milidz eli`" ,"jk myl miyp` mixkey eid ,midel`l dpigza
."zgwxndziaa z`f mipew eid ,dtexzk
,zqpkdzia ,axd .miipelig eyrp miicedid miigdy jkn wiqdl oi`
hxtd iig lr dwenr drtyd mdl dzid ,lka ehly `l m` mb ,deewnd
.llkde
mb dqbpy zcnznd dqiqzd ,ilkx`ixhtd miigd gxe` ly zaie`d
zivgna uRedi ixrya mb drited ,miipiad ini ly mixvanae zenega
weya dxiira miigd ly zelzd dligzn f` .19d d`nd ly diipyd
:zixehqidd ezegily z` ie`xk `lnn mfilhitwd .dlecbd xird ly
miigd gxe` icenr z` hhenne diqelke`d zecig` z` wxtn `ed
tk ,sqeezn mipyid mixiyd l` .ilkx`ixhtd zeaygnlra xirdy i
:xiyd ,ely "zexiir yely"a
,dwevne lnrl zeig` ,mig`
...micxetnde mixfetnd mz`
:dxiira zihqil`iveqd dlenrzd ly dzligz z` x`zn bxapqiie
mr" ,zqpkdzian mixfegd micedia opeazne oelga cner xbpd lwri
lre ,eipira dxi`n ,dhwy deewza hian" `ed ."igyzia zgz zilhd
xbpd lwri mle` ."!mipwf miytih ,ekg ,ekg :lw jeig sgxn eizty
rcei `l `ed ,ziy`x .cala yiciia ely dxaqdd zlert z` ldpl leki
mdy itk "mrd ipend" ,ely crid ldw ,zipye ,zxg` dty mey
.zxg` dty mey mircei mpi` md mb ,eply dwihqivilaeta mipekn
axr zeptl" - bxapqiie x`zne jiynn - mi`veie dceard z` miwiqtn
akekl mikgne zqpkdzia xvga micnery micedi miybet .aegxl
,zebefa miliihn .zkll mikiynne mihan mzi` mitilgn .oey`x
i`ce dfy ,xiy e` yiciia dlin renyl lhen ly dzdzia l` miqpkp
."ievx
yiciid ly dcizr zl`yl
195
eid dpibay ,z`fk zernyn o`k laiw xak "yiciia dlin" ,df iehia
.ax lr mxg milihn
,miycg jnz icenrl miwewf miigd j` ,ehhenzd mipyid micenrd
,dyi` ,dad` ly zeycg zexcbdl miwewf miyp`d .mixvep ok` dl`e
giyna oin`dl miligzn .mzxhne miigd ly ,dpezg - dnciwd -
eidy itk e` ,zeaxzd zervn`a zelgnde zexvd lkl dtexz `iazy
dtyde ziaihinixte dninz dpen` dzid ef ."dlkyd" :f` mixne`
ick .yicii dzid dycgd zcd z` cearl did xyt` day dcigid
f` xaky ,zicedid divpbilhpi`d ,dly dxaqdd rqn z` ldpl lkezy
jke .yicii cenlle ayiizdl dvl`p ,zipeyl dpigan zlleazn dzid
zeaxzde dtyd ly mcwne `yepl micedid milretd cnrn dyrp
zeaxzd `l mbe ,dnvrlyk zeaxzd dzid `l dxhnd mle` .ziciid
lretd ly ewa`ny ,xne` `ed xy`k iwqpi'vyl wceve .zine`ld
.zeine`l zepeek mey `ll ,ziyi`d ezlkyd ornl wa`n did icedid
eid day ,miicedid miigd zkygay ,yibcdl ie`xd on ,ote` lka
xe`d z` yiciid dwilcd ,oexkifd zexpe dlitzd cenr wx mixi`n
.ziytegd ziyep`d daygnd ly oey`xd
zextqd ,ef jxca dyxgp yicii zextq zginvl rwxwdy zra
xzei eid dixeaib .j"pzd oeayg lr oiicr dig zycgznd zixard
xirny itk .mcexya miyp` xy`n zepeirx ly zehyten zFnkq
mvra dzid zr dze`a zixard zextqd ,zenewnd cg`a lifiin ongp
."miil`ixd miicedid miigd ly `le zicedid daygnd ly dixehqidd"
f` iabl zepekpd zepwqnd z` wiqdl ick iteligl qgia epini iable
oiivl ie`xd on ,epipir len ygxznd zeiextqd izy oia lfnde mewnd
,yicii zextql exyt` `l miycgd mihalde miwa`nd ,miigdy aey
stezqdl ,miicedid mipendd ly uxtle dtepzl iehiad f` dzidy
,dl` mikxca dkild ick jeze .j"pzd ly epgley lr dkenq zeidle
ez`vezy ,"dnyl `a dnyl `ld on"y jk icil dbxcda dribd `id
.uiaepx'v dzid
dcaerl hxt ,zeiyrn zeklyd mvra eid `l uiaepx'v zcireel
mdixac xe`l enngzd md ,"oebx'fd ixteq" z` zvwna dccer `idy
lwpxt xfril`
196
`id mle` ,ihxwpew dnxacl dliaed `l dcireed mpn` .mnvr mdly
da `vne da mlbzd dpey`xl .ihxe`izd xeyina aeyg byidl dzkf
dtyl qgiizdl `l ilkk yiciia eynzydy dl` ly oevxd rcen iehia
.dnvrlyk die`x dxhn l`k mb `l` ,dnxb onfdy deevn l`k wx
`id ixd miizpiae ;jxcd z` xi`ny lnql ,xacmyl dktd uiaepx'v
.epl yiy dcigid dcb`d
l` dyibd ,icedid avnd lr eztwyd z` mfiyiciid yxi uiaepx'vn
dtwyd xcrd ly uiaepx'v ly oencwd `hgd .zicedid dxagd zeira
cwnzdl dly miyxeid z` mb `iad ,miicedid miigd iabl dagx ,dpekp
zeira b"ixz cere xtqdzia zl`ya ,mixtqe xe`l d`ved ipiipra
zifg dnw .dnvr micedid ziiraa weqrl ila ,zephw zel`ye
`ll dxzep zillkd zicedid zifgdy drya ,cala zeaxza dfkxzdy
mvra dzid 1937 zpy ly qix`t zcire ok lre ,mei`d len dpbd
qix`t cr uiaepx'vn etlgy mipyd jyna .uiaepx'v ly ipeirx jynd
cg` xac wx sqeezd - .zeaxz :ztqep dnew dgnv ipeyld oiiprl lrn
mzgp oeicde ,dzlred `l llk zepyid mikxcd iepiya jxevd zl`y
ly dnlyde xetiy ,wefiga ,"dxezd z` epf`e epwze ewfg" dxin`a
.uiaepx'v zxez

uiaepx'v - qix`t - wp`ciin
qix`te uiaepx'v .ienq inipt xyw epyi elld zenyd zyely oia
iid ,epgp` .inipt oeaygeoicl zeiepncfd eid dqext epqxt ,mihqiyic
j` .oea`izl dxib epilrde dze` epqrl ,miicedid miigd jezn zg`
miixfk` md dly mipewizd .zeqext dxikn dppi` miigd ly dikihqd
.zeqext ly dqitz dze`ay dbynd oewiz `id wp`ciine xzeia
.ygxzd mxhy dn z` ,cizrd z` x`zl lkep `l dxcbdd mvrn
mieewa oiincl epl xyt`iy rcin xard on li`ypy ie`xd on mle`
drnyn ,eply aexwd xarl daiy .cizrd ly x`znd ieew z` miillk
mvnhvdl dleki dpi` zea` xawl eply diiptd mle` .zea` xawl dilr
yiciid ly dcizr zl`yl
197
iepiyl zepncfd dpey`xe y`xa zeidl dilr ,cala ceak z`xi zradl
,eply oiipad dpap odny mipa`d ly ycgn dkxrd ly ,iceqi mikxr
,dxe`kl yaid mexbetd inia xak zexxetzd ly avna eid eilzky
ly dpic xfba yi ,zeieprxetde zexvd lk zexnl ik ,epayg xy`k
eytp z` j`" mb ,aei` iabl xn`py enk ,"jcia FPd" cva dixehqidd
eply ceakd z`xi z` gipdl epilr ,edyn zepal eppevxa m`e ."xeny
lkk oze` zzql ,zenlyd mipa`d z` wx zeaxegd jezn selyle ,cva
mipa`d z` eli`e ,z`f yexcz ycgd oiipad ly dxehwhikx`dy
.envr rlqd jezn aevgl epilr zexg`d
:zihpnex ce`n dzid mihqiyiciid ibega dhlyy diteqeixehqidd
zqgeind ,ef dgqep ."mkz` livi xtqde ,iciid xtqd z` elivd"
zexg` ze`gqep mb eidy s`e .zg` lbx lr dze` zzvnzn ,aepaecl
,lwpa oigap ,zihqiqwxn dibelepinxh ly rtya elit`e ircn yeala
,zxab dze`" `l` mpi` dl` lky ,ircnd oebx'fd svw z` xiqp wx m`
z` xxerl :cg` xaca rwyed un`nd lk ."zvwna dpey zxc`a
xefgl ,ezelleazd mxh ly alya `vnpd e` ,lleaznd icedid
lr xacl jixvy ,dxaqd zceara fkxzdl yiy eayg miyp` .daeyza
zextq ly ditei z` ze`xdl ,eplyn zipeyl dxtq ly dzeaiyg
ceqid iaikxnl ribdl jxc ytgl evx `l e` ,eytig `l .dnecke ,yicii
epigad `l okl .drxd zraep dpnny zizgzd cr gecwl ,dirad ly
ly dzeaiyg iabl drici xcrd ly zi`xw` drteza o`k xaecn `l ik
mbe .miigd ly zxeeird dikihqd ,dikihqa `l` ,eplyn zextqe dty
xcg mcd xy`k :z`fd dfepb`icd ly zebydd z` m`z ietixd beq
rexwd ine`ld cbad iab lr xg` ipnf i`lh extz ,diihxl cran
`ed miehiay ,miine`l miigy ,jk lr xdxdl dqip `l yi` .ielade
miilklk ,miil`ixehixh mi`pzl miwewf ,zeinvr zextqe dty
,iehia icil `eai hxtd oevxy xyt`l miieyr md wx ;miil`iveqe
ae`d d`vezde ,xzeia dpn`pd dxeva exqnii eizeaygny ziaihwii
ly eyny zgz dliyad diteqeixehqidd .zine`l zeaxze dty :didz
.oaenk ,zeaxz lr mipeice zecire caln .ynyd zgz ycg oi` :zldw
,cr inlerl zcner dxivi efe "micedid mrd ipend" z` `xa midel`
lwpxt xfril`
198
dyxca mikiynny ceray ,jkl al my `l yi` .dnvrl cinz ddf
miyrp mde zgete jled mxtqn ,"micedid mrd ipend" zece` lr
onfd ly eavwa ecrv mlek zinyx dpigan ."micedi" zegte zegt
eze` enye micedid ly ine`lizxagd geld jezn sc eylz .ycgd
,dcire eqpik ,onfd mr micner dti` ze`xl evx xy`ke ,qika
z` silgdl jxev oi` myd jexay e`xe qikd on scd z` e`ived
onfd ly eizeawra ,cxbpee`a ,cinz enk ,mincwznye ,ze`nqiqd
.ycgd

miwzeyn micnere exvrp mdy mihqiyiciid z` miy`dl ozip m`
,miicedid miigd ly iccv liay dfi`a zine`le zizxag dpigan
xzia ef dprh zelrdl xyt` ,"zepyi zetwyde zeqitz" mitwen
driawle xwgl xeywd lka xwira z`fe .mihqi`xadd cbpk dwcvd
od dn e` ,`id dn iabl - ,eply zcgeind zixehqidd zegztzdd it lr
uegan mi`aein dcin ipw itl `le - .zeine`ld epizepeyl e` ,eppeyl
jez .zi`xw`d zelbd ly i`xw` xvez wx dzid yicii mdipira
zldpd ,zeibel zezin` l`k miixehqidmiipeirx mixywl zeqgiizd
yyd zicedid dty"k yiciid z` dbxic mdly zakxend zepeaygd
,xac ly ezin`l .dyx`eea dcireea mrt ayig wil`iay itk ,"dxyr
`id eply yiciid ik ,cala mixtqn xyr dyelya `id dnfbdd
."ziyily"d
"ycewd oeyl" z` zepnl ozip "zg` xtqn" zicedid dtyd xeza
dzlrzp mxha ,dnvra dzidy ,epini ly dycgd zixard ,lenz` ly
itk ,"iprpk oeyl" ,xf oebx'f ,zg` xtqn zicedi oeyl ly dbxcnl
zepnl xyt` "miizy xtqn" zicedi oeyl xeza .ediryi dze` dpkny
`l zepey zetewza epnr ipa exaic oday zexg`d zetyd .zinx`d z`
zicedid gexd mr ipnfd okeciy ik ,"zicedi" x`ezd z` reazl zeleki
.dti dlr `l beeifdy xzeia aehd oniqd `id ef zexixr ;xwrk xazqd
eid dl`y s` ,epicl iexwy dn iable ziaxrd iabl mb swz df xac
yiciid ly dcizr zl`yl
199
mrdy dtewza .zeaxz zepeyl mb `l` ,mr zepeyl wx `l opnfa
iig eixeg`n eid xak ,oda ynzyd icedid oga xak ,mixiyr zeaxz
,okle .minly miweqt elit`e mibyen ezeyxa eid xak ,ezaiaq lk z`
jk .zizeaxz `le zipeyl dli`y zpigaa wx did zxg`d dtyd lebiq
`le cala ipeyld megzl jiiy dvne`y dty ly dyihpd jildz mb
.zeaxzl
iig eixeg`n eidy mr" xaca dprhd z` zelrdl xyt` ,dxe`kl
ip` .yicii oeyll qgia mb ,xnege lw itlr ,'eke "mixiyr zeaxz
lelr `edy itk epi` mipiiprd avn dyrnl ik ,dxe`kl :yibcn
.zighy dii`xa xiihvdl
zicedid gexdy xeaq ip`y ,lirl xn`pd on wiqdl oi` ote` meya
elki od wxy zenieqn zeipeyl zFxtqa e` idylk oeyla dleak dzid
ly dpeyd cnrnl daiqd z` .zipgexd dziieedl iehia ilk ynyl
eldpzd micedid iigy zra .ixnbl xg` mewna ytgl yi zepeyld
miipgex mipkz icedid mrd zeyxa eid xak ,epicla e` ziaxra
dxard zpigaa wx did elld zetyd ueni` ,okl .`niiw ipa ,mixnben
,oeyld megzl jiiyd xac ,ycg ilkl zncew daxra yelpy wva ly
j"pzd ly oe`b dicrq 'x ly enebxz od mikiiy o`kl .zeaxzd `l
zligza ,xzei xge`n dpy d`ny dcaerd ode ,ziaxrl miyxcnde
,m"anxd ly eia` ly eax ,ybin oai` sqei 'x azk 12d d`nd
.mixg` miax eyr jke eizeaeyz z`e cenlzl ezepyxt z` ziaxra
ini ly zixarl ceaird mb jiiy df megzl :aiag oexg` oexg`e
exewna azkpy "mikeap dxen"l oeaiz oai` icilr dyrpy miipiad
.ziaxra
okez micedid zeyxa `vnp mxh "iprpk oeyl" iniay ,oiivl xzein
ynzydl elgd xy`k j` ,jkl zgvp zecr `ed j"pzde ,xnbene xecq
dxeqn f` dzid xak micedid iciay s` lr .dpey did avnd zinx`a
zxevl lbzqdl jxevd lya dyw xayn zcd iig lr xar ,xnben okeze
.erixtd s` md ,iepiyd z` likdl elki `l mipyid mipicd .dycg miig
rwxw lr ygxzd icedid okezd ly ezetrzqde ezeagxzd jildz
zeiernyna "zecdi" byend `lnzd okezd zetqez zekfa .zinx`d
lwpxt xfril`
200
ilran miax xeary ,jk ick cr zkl dwigxd ef dty ze`nvr .zeycg
dcb`d - o`px oiivny itk - zpaen dzid `l xak zixard dtyd
ln xaryl "fpky` oeyl" mr epnr ly xywd .llka E `ed s` de
dkezl dbtq dzeedzdy dtyd .oekp did beeifdy mi`xnd mipniqa z`
jxe`l ;dl encwy "zeicedid" zetyd ly xzeia miiqiqrd miwlgd
ly mb j` micecp ly zeyw mipy ,zicedi dixehqid ly mipy sl`
.yiciid ly zipeyld dxtqa icedid mrd ig ,zednd zxyrd
zeipgexd zektdnd zg` dllegzd yiciid ly zipeyld dxtqa
dxiykd xy` ,dkex`d zixehqidd ekxca epnr deegy xzeia zelecbd
rwxwe zipencw rwxw ly miycg mighy eply zipgexd dyxgnl
wte`l xarn miycg mileai ly mzginv z` dxyt` `id .dleza
zeycg zeiernyna "zicedi dlin" iehiad z` d`lin ,zih`hqd zecdid
gpend oeligl d`iad `id ;xbpd lwri igvpd xzqpd zqitz itlr
ly wte` eply gexd zecleza dpey`xd mrta dxyt`e "hiiwyicii"
okeza mipewiz zkixrl dyniy zinx`y drya .zihwlw` zecdi
.ziy`xa dyrn oirn ,iepiy dzi` z`yep yicii ,xnbend
xg`l :wtq cer ea lihn eppi` yi`y ,cg` oiipr epyi ,jkl sqepa
ly dyecwd dixehqidl eyrp icedid mrd zeclez ezekfay ,j"pzd
zepeifgd ica iab lr xiivl d`ay yicii zextq ef dzid ,dlek zeyep`d
.epnr ly itivtqd sepd z` zeiyep`d zeiqqae`de
,eply yiciid ly zipeyld dxtqa xvep "oeylrn`n" iehiad mb
.dl encwy "zeicedid" zetyd ly zextqa llk eze` `evnl ozip `le
dig ze`ivn zegte zegt oiivn "oeylrn`n" iehiad epiniay s` lr
rn`n" mxeary micedi ipeilin oiicr mpyi ,dviln xcba xzei `ede
xne` didy itk ,ixeixt` gpen df "`ni`" .yiciid z` zpnqn "oeyl
zixarde ,rcene ixitn` gpen `ed "`a`"y cera ,clen gpen ,uipaiil
xzei jkxg` aed`l xyt` ,oaenk .`a`d mipexg`d mixeyrl cr dzid
ef dad` la` ,"ziqex e` zixar" dxixad cr elit` ribdle `a`d z`
.xard zecaer z` zepyl dleki dpi`
mze`n mvra drap `l yiciil "xar zty iaaeg" ly mzecbpzd
yyd zicedid dtyd" .ielbd xeyina wnpl evn`zd mdy miaeyig
yiciid ly dcizr zl`yl
201
ilan "ziyilyd" elit` e` "dxyr mizyd" mb zeidl dlki "dxyr
ux`l dneca dtyd milibx minr lv` .ditlk zecnra iepiy lk legiy
dpezp dpi`y zixeixt` dcaer `id ,mixedl dneca ,miclep day
zekfd dpzip micedid epl wx .zeiexyt` znev dppi` ,dxigal
lka e` df xywda ;"iyteg oevxd" z` df oiiprl xeywl zwtwetnd
wxe ea oin`n mc`dy dn mcew `a wenr iaihwiiaeq haid lra oiipr
dxen" dpen` dze` z` ewnpiy miperih ytgl miligzn jkxg`
."ewixhne`ib
ozip `ly ewiz dfi` zpigaa epi` dpizylta zixard ly dpegvp
miizxag miqgi ly `vei lret wx eppi` edylk izxag xcq .xiaqdl
.eprnl miyp` wa`n ly dclez mb `l` ,zixehqid dpigan eliyady
zernyna z`f xne` ippi`e) mecq zhin `ed izxag xcq lk ,okle
ywand ycg hpnl` lk envr z` mi`zdl aiig dil`y (zilily
leki ,miycgd mihpnl`d zenka diilr dlg xy`k .eil` jiizydl
ly iepiyl e`iai e`a aexwn df miycgdy (dxew ok` df aexle) zexwl
f` zlawn mecqd zhin mbe ,mdly mzednl m`zda oyid xcqd zxev
.ycg dpan
eid il`xyiux`d aeyiid ly dpey`xd dpald z` egipdy mi`pad
heyt did mdly ibele`ici`d oin`nip`d .mifeg` d`na mihqi`xad
dfd mewna eig ,d`xepd zelbl d`ivid cr ,mipy itl` iptl :xzeia
,o`kl aeyl mdilr dzr .zixar exaic mde micedi ecar ,micedi
gekyl zeqple zixar ycgn xacl ,dnc`d z` cearl ,o`k xxebzdl
.`idd dxvd z`
.zepeivd icqiin axwa dhlyy ziteqeixehqidd dqitzd dzid ef
mze`a eayi ,dze` owzl mileki eidy ,eply mincwznd mihpnl`d
eid ,miiyteg eidy dl` elit` ;xiaiqae x`vd ly xdeqdizaa mini
"miihqhpt zenelg"l mzrc z` zzl ickn icn zihqil`ix dyib ilra
.dl`k
jtdp micigi minleg dnk ly ihqhptd melgd eizeawray jildzd
.epipir lenl ygxzd epnr ly epiipa aexe epiipn aex ly ewegmgll
dzid mdl `weecy ,onfd wtec z` yegl eaihid dl` minlegy xxazd
lwpxt xfril`
202
iyp`l `le maiaq liyadl elgdy zertezd iabl dpekpd zeyibxd
dii`x xvew ly dlgn dze`a ewly ,"migketn"d "wihiletl`ix"d
."miihiletl`ix zepefg" llkjxca oiit`nd
`ly ,miiaihwiiae`d mihpnl`d lk lr akrzdl mewnd df `l
.dk cr zepeivd icqiin ly zipendd diilrd oefg znybd z` exyt`
iaeyign wlg zlwlwn i`ceea dzid ze`ivnd ,mybzn did `ed eli`
l`xyiux`l miribn eid mipy xtqn jez ,lynl ,eli` .mipeiv mze`
pzn i`ce dzid mdly mecqd zhin ,micedi oeilin dyingdrax` ;zvt
on df xac did l`xyiux`l diilrd ly ihi`d avwd xe`l mle`
diipyd mlerd zngln iptly mipya dxibdd ly ihi`d avwa .rpnpd
.mewna ehlyy mi`pzl envr z` mi`zdl ul`p ycg dler lk `lina
ik dwifitde dibeleiad on epcnl .`weec ifit zeidl did aiig `l ugld
,ihhqd xnegd lr enzeg z` cinz riahn iaihw`rrepzn hpnl`
mivex md o`l mirceiy dl` .ihiletizxagd megza mb swz dfe
mdizecnrn ehltpy mipend mze` .mixg`d z` mb mzi` miliaen zkll
zexhn miybdl zpn lr `l dpizyltl `eal et`y l"ega zeilklkd
,dpbd `evnl iaihwiiaeqd oevxd icilr mirpen eid `l` ,zehyten
mixbdnd ipend ly rixknd aexd" :xn` laaexfy itke .hlwn mewn
eywia `l` ,'izxag zia' `l mbe 'ine`l zia' lr eayg `l miycgd
eze` dpiipr "ipgex fkxn" znwdy ,dfd oendde ."'iyi` zia' mnvrl
did ,edylk iepiy llegiy icka witqn lecb did `le meyd ztilwk
dxw dfy itk) ux`d ly miipeyld mi`pzl envr z` mi`zn
lr lhedy mxgd `lle xexhd `ll elit` (lynl ,dwixn`a
dzin exyti` `le jildzd z` exviw wx mfilcp`eed iyrn .yiciid
.dwiypa
gvp zelgp mdl yiy dl` oia elit` ,ixar xteq meyy cera
lr zekf cnll ick elew z` mixd `l ,yiciid ly zipeyld dxtqa
dxcp` oebk mixf mixteq ,mdizeybxl iehia ilk mrt dzidy dtyd
qiax`a ixp` ,xbp`eehkiet oe`il ,o`n jixpiid ,dcpa oiile'f ,ci'f
a qix`ta "zeaxzd lr dpbdl qxbpew"a eqpkzdy ,mixg` mixteqe
cbp zeptwezde mxgd cbpk dtixgd mz`gn z` eriade enw ,1935
yiciid ly dcizr zl`yl
203
gexa dribt jka e`x md ,zeipeyld zevignl xarn ,oky ,z`fd dtyd
.dnvr ziyep`d
."zg` zextq ,zety izy" :dilici` dze` dteq l` d`a jk

oiiprl aeyl epilr ,"zea` xaw" zyxt lr epcnry ixg` ,dzre
.yiciid ly dcizr
`yp epnry lecbd melgd z` miybdl mit`ey ipeivd dpgnay zra
mca oziieeld z` mipifn z`fd dxhnd ornle mipy itl` jyna eaxiwa
mix`zn ep` cvik ?z`fd zra miyer mihqiyiciid epgp` dn ,epail
zxbqna qetzl mit`ey ep` mewn dfi`e ,epnr ly xgnd z` epnvrl
daeyz `linn epl didz ,dl` zel`yl daeyz epl didz m` ?dfd xgnd
.yiciid ly dcizr iabl
dwcv" lbcd zgz mihqiyiciid ecrv diipyd mlerd zngln cr
eitn exaeca ,qrlriil ."zene`d oia oxfity ,l`xyil d"awd mdl dyr
:xne` ,eklen dnly ly
,dpicnl wewf epi` yi`
.zcceane dng dpitl
xy` ,"ine`l"e "zclen" oebk zepeirxl oier qgi did mihqiyiciil
mze` ehxgy dl` ly minil`d miyrnde zelertd on dpefip mzlidz
mxarl egliy ,zeicedi miizty lr mze` e`vn xy`k ;mdilbc lr
.mdd milbcd lry efl ddf mzernyn dzid eli`k izxewia "`ad jexa"
,"d"awd mdl dyr dwcv" oexwira extk miigdy oeeik ,eiykr
rexw cner epnn wlg .zepey zexev dyal ihqiyiciid dpgnd zewxtzd
xg` wlg .epilbxl xrtpy medzd ,"ine`ld" wixd len mipt l` mipt
,dl`k mb yie .ipeivd dpgna hlwn mewn el ytgne ye`id iptn gxea
miinyxd zeaxzd ipwqr axwa xwira - gnevd cgein uew ly beq
eply zecya - `l mlern ik ,"gvp"l uwd `ay cer miyyeg mpi`y
."ccid" `exwl mikiynn ellde ,dl`k ze`x iwigxn zepeayg mdl eid
lwpxt xfril`
204
z` xearl mze` mi`ian oewiz dfi` xg` mdiyetigy dl`kl sqepae
"aeh dn" miwrevd llkd on mi`vei mb mpyi ,mixecnd zyely lk
siwydl zicedid zepe`bd seqseq dkfz jli`e o`kn `weec ik mixyane
.zepaxew ipeilin ly xdd daebn ,dlrnln elek mlerd lr
xexiaa dler epnny ,hlgen lealia dzr xxey miicedid gexd iiga
ly heyt jynd cer zeidl mileki mpi` cizra miigdy :cg` xac wx
ixd ,`l m`e ,dpey dxeva lkd ligzdl aiign avnd ;lenz` ly dl`
.ligzdl mrh llka oi`
oegxia ef dyegzl oniq mi`ven ep` i xehlew ryic `viy oeilibd .
obx`zp dad" .xld`n l`tx x"c ly exn`na gztp 1946 hqebe`a
xagnd rian df xn`na ."zicedid zeaxzd ly ycgn diipad z`xwl
z` dpen s`e yiciid zeaxz ornl qxbpew qpkl jxevd iabl ezrc z`
x"cy oeeik .dfk qxbpew ly meid xcq lr cenrl zekixvy zeniynd
eizerc xnelk ,zecigia milltzn mpi`y miyp`d on `ed xld`n
.dagxd xzia odil` qgiizpy ie`xd on ,inyx ite` oirn ze`yep
ipin lka elred cinzy zelibxd zervdd cva ,dlrn xn`nd
xz ly miqxbpew jxevd ,mipeikx` ,oexh`izd ,zepezird oiipra zea
ynn ody meyn ,oze` yibcdl ie`xy zecewp izy ,zagxp dxaqda
dcnrd .dwixn`a "sewi`" ly y`xayeid ly ehrn o`eaa zeipktdn
fekixd" :jk xld`n x"c icilr zgqepn dpey`xd zipktdnd
zeaxzd jyndle icedid ine`ld meiwd zghadl i`pz `ed il`ixehixhd
."zicedid
lry xeaq xld`n x"cy oihelgl ycgd qgid `id diipyd dcewpd
zixard cenil z` qipkdl yi" .zixard dtyd iabl hewpl qxbpewd
- xld`n x"c azek - icedid aeyiid lye izeaxzd epxar zxkde
."miinnr jepig zecqenle miipekizd xtqdiza zipkezl ifkxnd gxetd
lk ly dtyd xeza zixard dtya dxkd rian xld`n x"c ,xnelk
epxar zxkd" ztyk zixar .ziyep`d dieegay mipnfd zyely
"ifkxnd gxetd icedid aeyiid lye izeaxzd - iehia icil `a o`k
iehiad jezn mnvrn mignev cizrde deedd ,xard ik hlea ote`a
xld`n x"c ixacn mi`ian ep`y ipyd hehivd on ."gxet icedi fkxn"
yiciid ly dcizr zl`yl
205
dppi` izekln" :fixkz yiciiy cr cg` crv wx xzep ik myexd dler
."dfd mlera

dl`yl daeyz z`ivnl zeax mexzl ieyr dfk qxbpewy mixeaq ep`
lk ,xecd ilecb lk ea szzydl mikixv .yiciid ly dcizr iabl
`l dxiyrd ziciid zizeaxzd dxtqd mzekfay milernd zepexykd
`eal mdilr .llka zeyep`d ly ef z` `l` zicedid gexd z` wx
icedid lxebd iabl elhp mdy zeieaiigzdl ,zexhyl ieqik zzle
.mdizexivia
oekp mfil`ixehixhd ezpigany yhiee`x jln azk mipy dnk iptl
`edy dlecbd zekfd xld`n x"cl ."xacna min ck ly d`ici` enk"
xne` envr `ed ."mind ck" z` xen`d qxbpewd ly ogleyd lr gipd
be`cl yi eiykr ."dyrnd `l` xwir yxcnd `l"y ,xkfpd exn`na
ii `l "mind ck"y itzzyny `l` ,mzq heyiw zpigaa wx x`y
.epnn ezyi ok` dcireed
qxbpewdy iwqpi'vyl rivd ,qix`ta dcireed axr ,mipy dnk iptl
f` eze` e`iady zeaiqa oecl aeyg df oi` zrk .dyx`eea miiwzi
ieyry cigid mewnk dyx`e zxiihvn meid `weec .efk drvd zelrdl
dpyn df oi` .ynn ly zernyne lwyn zrvend zeqpkzdl wiprdl
lk xy`n xzei zitxbe`ib dwegx didz dyx`e micg` miyp` xeary
zipeirx dpigan lecb wgxn xearl ixd jxhvi qxbpewd .xg` mewn
oiipr ef zieefne ,zexec jyna exahvde ekldy zeierh eixeg`n xizedle
lcad epyi zikxr dpigan .zeaiyg lk xqg miitxbe`ibd miwgxnd
itly ,df qxbpew zeyxl .mlera xg` mewn lk oial dyx`e oia xic`
wx cner ,eewqeh`hqa dxkdl `iadl ezilkz xld`n x"c ly ezrvd
zeidl epnvrl gipdl `ly oevxe zinvr dxiga ezernyny ,"mind ck"
miiwzdl qxbpewd jixv okle .mxfd icilr zenevr miipira milaen
ixaw oia ,my .epizeclez ly "ipyd iaxrnd lzekd" lv` ,dyx`eea
enir gwl zn lk .oexztd zeidl ieyr dn oekp l` yegl lkep mipendd
lwpxt xfril`
206
lr ayg mdn cg` lk ik ,zicedid dirad ly ceqd z` xaw il`
mr mipt l` mipt avip `edy mirbx mze`a dze` yge zicedid dirad
.zeend
zekqnd :my wx ygxzdl leki `ed ,llka ixyt` dfk qp m`e
my dpwaciz ,miibibg mirex`a wx miher miaxy ,zeine`ld zeicedid
ieyr dyx`eea qpkzi m` wx .igd on xai`l ,zn`l dpketdze miptl
.zeaxegd lrn edinxi :oekpd enrh z` `evnl qxbpewd
dl`y ,jkl `iaiy ie`xy cigid yxetnd myd `ed "mind ck"
."exvwi dpixa ,drnca erxf"y
epiipn aex iptl dzr zcnerd ,"dtexi` z`ivi" zl`ye dcina
dfd qepikd zxbqna oekpd oewizd z` `vnz `l ,epnr ly epiipae
on miwzepn mdyk mzceara jiyndl mdizenewnl exfgi mitzzynde
ekxhvi ,dpy 60 e` 5040 ceray ,`apzdl dyw `l ,eizeirane mrd
xegal ,qpkzdl :cgeina zi`xg` dniyn `lnl qxbpewd ly miyxeid
jkxg`e oex`a oze` xcql ,ziciid epztya xzeia zeaehd zexivid z`
mzilrde mkz` midel` cewti cewt" :sqei ly ez`eev z` eilr hexgl
."dfn izenvr z`
1946 xaehwe`
zkxrn zxrd xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea minqxtn ep`" :hqwhd seqa
minikqn ep` oi`y zexnl lwpxt xfril` ly z`fd daeygd dqnd z`
."dizepwqn lk mr
207
miiley zexrd
*
p" dibelezp`l xaczixg` mewna) i r ("bpehkic ryic
z`f .eaiaq d`xy dn lkl zenya `xw oey`xd mc`y aezk ynega
`l` ,oi`n yi zeny xvei epi` ,xxeynd ,`ed mle` .xxeynd mb dyer
;igvpd ,izind DcEdcd z` ,dyecpd ,dpyid dlind jeza xxern `ed
.oey`xd meid ly iziy`xad uevipd z` dkeza xikfn `ed

dtky beviid inegza mpn` dleak `id .dlyn zizin dcedz dlin lkl
ceqid ,ziy`xad xe` ,z`f mr cgi j` ,dly ineineid yeniyd dilr
,zineineid dxbiyd ixcq z` mixi`nd zeize`ae mipniqa oetvd izind
idef .eilrn wa`d z` xrpl `eal `ed xxeynd ciwtz :oewizl sqkp
dil` mzxidl aiegn xxeyn lke mlerl zniizqn `ly dniyn
.envra dzi` ccenzdle

zrepzn xzepy dn dkeza zxve` ef :miwgxnl dliv z` dlihn dlind
ze`xnd zeietwzyd ,lewa iehial dlblbzd `idy ixg` daygnd
zniiwzn dxiyd .daygnd shya dni`znd dlind ixg` exze exeripy
.elld millvd zekfa

* jeza mqxtzd yiciia xewnd p i r bpehkic ryic , i" b`lx` xehlew xryic -
.dix`xeb dcedi mbxz .311310 'nr ,1947 ,q`i ,"uxR .l .i fxw
lwpxt xfril`
208
zEklnn wlg eze` dpid dxiyd .cxeqa` zpigaa `ed mixiy yxtl
.cid z` `le aezkd z` ze`xl :dxnind zqqepzn dxry lrny dlind
.mzkd z` wegnl leki epi` mlera gek mey ,cid zi`xp eay mewna
zennexzn ea ,zexveeid oial zeidi` oiay leabd lr ,dfd mewnle
mey ,zinvrd ozxiga l` oze` zazekd cid on zexxgeynd milind
.liaedl leki epi` jxcdxen

.zecpenn iepa epi` dxiyd mler
did `l lcelw mbe ,wil`ian reazl dn daxd el did ediryi `iapl
cenild xky z` epnn yexcl eil` `a did eply cec eli` ,gepa yibxn
.ely
y zcnznd dcepzd jldna j` mirbx mpyi ziyep`d zeyibxd l
miaexwd dl` z` wx xikfdl m` - did jk .dptn mipiivnd micgein
rbxd mb `yip dfd mxfd ipt lre ,dwlix rbx ,xilcea rbx - epl
`ed elld mirbxd on cg` lke .xbp`n rbxde wieeiil rbxd ,oxtl`d
.migvp gvpl xevr rbx - xneyn onf wiwlg

,yiciil rbepe icedi `edy dn lk itlk dlngd ly ,iwvpil ztewz
dcin ipw mze`a zpbern yiciia lecb xiy l` epzeqgiizd .onfn dtlg
,z`f mr cgi .zxg` dty lka lecb xiyl epzeqgiizd z` miaizknd
llk jxcae ,epnfl ,enrl :edyinl jiiy `ed .xfnn eppi` xxeynd
.weaic enk xxeynd itn mixacn dl` .mdipyl

:ixiy mlb xnega qenr yiciid ixxeyn mikiiy eil`y mrd ly elxeb
crend lde` okey ,eidel` ,dkex`d ezecixye eiig mvr ly qpd
"bpehkic ryicii rp" dibelezp`l xaczixg` mewna - miiley zexrd
209
mdy ixg` xzepe miiaiq`nd oa`d iycwn ilil` z` gvipy ,xacna
ux`l orpk z` ektdy edinxie qenr ,cece le`y enk zeienc ,enlrp
.zixiyd dwileaniqd ly zghaend
ekez l` btq `ly inler dcin dpwa lecb xxeyn yi m`d ,mpn`e
?icboir ly dinxk zegegip z`

okle .dfd xye`nd ixiyd lxebl wx szey eppi` icedid xxeynd mle`
ep`y dpen` dze` z` `hal mileki dc`xb `le xbp`n `le wieeiil `l
:ipie dc cxtl` lv` mi`ven
ztxv z` ip` d`ex ,xecl xecn ,gvple
.ixiy z` migxta dxihrne miitk il z`gen
micecphan eze` z` mixqg eid ediryi ly eickpy meyn `l ,z`fe
.xgnd ly dycgd ezenc z` ,miwgxnd ilitxrl xarn ,ze`xl lbeqnd

.enra ielz xxeynd ly zeenl`d
mzpyy daiqd z`fe .onf jxe`l ezex`yid ly cigid axrd `ed mrd
."?lnr ip` inl" iheiqn dtxhp cizra mzxivi iigl eyygy in ly
mrfd xiya wil`ia epze` deeyid eil`y ,qxgd ilky cr did jk
xidfdy itkn xzei dcixgn dxeva dvx` ghed ,"dpexg`d dlind"
.dgkezd lra ly dllwd on xzei dnei` s`e ,enrfa epilr mii`e
.epiptl dzr milhen eiqiqx

:l`y cinlzd
?oexg`d rbxa ,iax ,eiykr d`ex dz` dn -
lwpxt xfril`
210
:zeadld jezn el dpr oeicxz oa dippg iaxe
.zegxet zeize`e oitxyp oilieeb -
zetvn zeccepd epizeize` ,`hilne oiletn ,cxtqne `nexn zeize`
.eplyn milieeb iab lr - oewizl

drxnd zecya milcbny xwad on `l` xviil xyt`i` eplyn milieeb
oin`dle zeewl lkei dl`k milieeb iab lr aezkiy xxeyn wx .eply
z` zx`tnd dxiyd z` ,zexecd lk seq cr migxta exizki exiy z`y
envrl zeyxdl lekiy wizrd mrd ly mixerpde zeikyndd znelrz
.cigi ipy seba zecinxitd l` zeptl
211
mr zhlwen dgiy
aia`lza lwia dnly x"c
*
xcptq 'q ilbp`d xteqd ly dgiy z`aen 1964 xanvcn "eexR" iztxvd oegxia
`idy itk dgiyd z` xqen xcptq .'u`wel 'b ixbpedicedid seqelitd mr
,lewnyxa dgiyd zhlwdl xy`ae ,zeniyx myx `l `ed :epexkifa dxnzyd
.dze` "zindl" dlelr dzid `idy exaq mdipy
z` izgpde oelna excga ecal `edyk lwia dnly x"c z` izybt ip`
dlgd dgiyd .miazkne mipezir ,mixtqa qenr ogley lr ily lewnyxd
wlg dlhpe xird on lwia dhii zxabd day xzei xge`n .zeiraha lblbzdl
f`e ,dkk mzq mixacn ep`e xebq lewnyxdy dpigad `id me`zt .epzgiya
:dxird `id ."dniiwzd xak ixd dgiyde ,lret epi` lewnyxd"
ly xac ike :zinyx hrnk zyx` eyal epipte lewnyxd z` izlrtd
daehd dzernyna xeaiv zni` dxyne ,hilwne rney lewnyxdy `ed jkadn
.ldw iptl miriten ep` xy`k eplekl recid beqd on ,zegt daehde
lka 'u`wele xcptqy ip` xeaq ,dgiyd z` iz`xwe izxfg xy`k ,eiykr
.zeirvn`izlal rixtn wx ,dgiyd z` "zinn" epi` lewnyxd ;ewcv `l z`f
m`d ,j` ."ea`h" xcba mdy mipiipra rebpl gipn epi` ,xney enk avip `ed
?epnvr mr wx epgp` xy`k mb cinz epa mvra `vnp epi` dfd xneyd
miiga zeknqd xewn lr `id jil` dpey`xd izl`y :lwpxt
.eppnfa miicedid
miicedid miiga zeknq lra mc` miiw m`d ,oeekzn dz` :lwia
?epinia
lr `l` ,zizxag dikxxiid lr `l zqqeand ,dhixehe` ,ok :'t
xikfn `l ip` .lynl uxt ly dxwna enk zinvr zipgex zepievn
* zrdazka rited xewnd hiiw rprcl`b ic yiciin mbxz .9679 ,1966 ,54
.dix`xeb dcedi
lwpxt xfril`
212
uxt z` zipgex zeknq zpigan ixd ik ,mkilrmely z` ezi` cgi
.befk ze`xl xzei lw mrd cg`e
zipgex zeknq lra did iwqaelhi'f mb .mrd cg` mbe uxt ,ok :'a
z` `exwl `vi il ,iawr did iwqaelhi'f ,zi`ici` dpigan .dlecb
...eilr aezkle iwqaelhi'f
jxtqa eilr jly dqnd z` ahid xkef ip` :'t jifnex` oe` jifpi`
uaewa mbe xec on oe xraxy .
ly ipyd jxka ,dzr :'a xec on oe xraxy dqn ok mb drited ,
ly extq mebxzl dncwda xwira dpc z`fd dqnd .iwqaelhi'f lr
,iwqaelhi'f .g x"c) zixarl iwqaelhi'f miazk ,iax awri :zixar ,
ip` .(1969 ,milret zixtq ,xld`n l`tx 'text z`n siwn `ean mr
,hhen `ed dze`y ,el dzid wtq `lly zeknqd zcin lr my cner
xhynd z` wicvd xy`k ,ezenl jenq ,eiiga cer eici ena ,ab`
mi`ex ixd ep`e .dlyn zixqen zkxrn dktdnly dprha diqexa
z` lke lkn dkixtd dixehqidd cvik ly zeibele`ici`d eizecnr
,did `ed lecb xteq dfi` !el dzid yicii dfi` ,z`f mr .iwqaelhi'f
.mrd cg` enk ynn did `ed z`f dpigan !xvi `ed oepbq dfi`e
oirn `ed epiniae ziawr zipeirx dqitz dzid mrd cg`l mb ixd
ely zipeirxd ceqid zgpd ,icn zipeligd ezyib ."dh`xb oep dpeqxt"
mixteq ly dxey ipira dleqt - jl reciy itk - `id meiwd oevx iabl
z` icn xzei hyit `edy ,wcva ile` ,eitlk mipreh miaxe ,mixwane
jld mpn` `ed .meiwd oevxl eze` mvnv `edy jka icedid oixezqind
dhrn zekiiy dl yi uegle dtyd on dlitz j` ,"dpai"a lltzdl
on did `ed .lltzdl `le izc zeidl xyt` .izin` izc ybxl cala
.zinczd lr dxiny inrhn wx milltznd
wx miztxvd lv` ilezw didy ,q`xFn lx`y ,licadl ,enk :'t
."`h`'c oFfx x`R"
df mrd cg` lv` ."`h`'c oefx x`R" :ce`n dpekp dxrd ef ,ok :'a
j` ,bele`ici`d mrd cg`n biizqdl xyt` ."meiw'c oefx x`R" `xwp
aezkl lgd `ed .ixard oepbqa ycg ocir bidpd `ed ik zecedl yi
eicbpzn lk .ezhiy z` un`l evl`p eixg` mi`ad lky z`fk dxeva
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
213
md xy`k ,daeh zixar miazek md xy`k ely micinlz mvra md
,zeknq did iwqaelhi'f .iwqaelhi'f mr xacd eze` .dlern oepbq ilra
ik ,il dncp :jl xnel dvex ip` la` .uxt l"i mbe ,mrd cg` mb jk
zexn ,zexn mb miiw did xara .cala zeknqa ic oi` miicedid miiga
,eiptl minw wx `ly ,ax did xara miicedid miiga ,xnelk ;zipgex
.hlgen wqR xcba did exacy `l`
mze`n ,eiaqn cg`y mrt il xtiq ,bxapxhy awri xxeynd ,ixag
envrl dyr ,ezxiya mix`eznd "deext lirn iher mixeeyixgeq"
zqipk ixg` zewc rax`yely eiwqr meiqa o`wtill ribdl bdpn
`ed ,deewina axd mr `aqd ybtp ,xweaa ,zezayd zg`a .zayd
x`yp dz` ,xrayxrd" :el xn` axd xy`k z`vl dpte ezi` ggey
x`yiz dz` ,dvwen dz` ik" "?o`wtil ly axd ipec` ,recn" ."!o`k
zeknq ,zexn mb `l` dxwei wx `l el dzid ,dfk ax "!zayd lk o`k
iiga ,miiga z`fk ziyrn zexne .dyrnl dkld zexn dzernyny
dzidy execa cigid did `ed ,izrc itl ;wil`ial did ,epnr ly gexd
on yi` .ely mrfde xrvd ixiy iptl y`x epikxd miyp` .zexn el
,ipgexd ekixcn z` ea d`x wil`iay ,mrd cg` `l s` ,mixteqd
z`fk zexne .wil`ia enk zexn lra did `l mdn yi` ,eaxe exen
.wieeiill mb dzid zixqen zeknq ,epl eid zeknq ilra .epl dxqg
,milyexia qepikay ,z`fk zixqen dhixehe` el dzid z` `yp eay
enk weica df .ceak el epzpe mdilbx lr enw mlek ,mqxetnd ene`p
enk el ernyp ,wieeiill ,el rnyidl j` ,xaer axdy zra mewl
...axl
azk wil`ia xy`k .zexn el dzid `l ;axl enk el ernyp ,ok
m`d ?oeekzn `ed inl" .eldap mi`xewd ,"mkci xvewa aey mkizi`x"
dvign .zexn dzid wil`ial "?mze` xqiin `ed m`d ?epze` xqiin `ed
dpy 50 e`ln onfn `l ,rcei ixd dz` .zeknql zexn oia dcixtn dwc
melya idylk d`piw jez ,ip` xdxdn zeax minrt .uxt ly ezxihtl
didiy ick :cg` l"en il xn` lenz` wx .uxt ly elxeba ,mkilr
,eqitcdl zrcl jixv ,eze` aezkl zrcl jixv mlera meiw xtql
.lfn zvw mb jixv jkxg`e .eze` xeknl zrcl jixve
lwpxt xfril`
214
,mlera eaiaq dnwy dxrqd did dfd "lfnd"y zeidl leki :'t
dfky rcei ixd dz` .epilde`a mb dglvdl mkilrmely dkf dzekfa
.dwal`ixzka bdpind `ed
,ahid azk mkilrmely .mkilrmelyl qgia oreh ok` ip` jk :'a
lecbd epxteq mpn` `ed .xic` lfn el did ,ahid xkne ahid qitcd
ornl d`piw uny cinz yg ip` ,z`f mr .el ipy oi`y on` ,xzeia
uxtl miqgiizn eplv` .mezid zaehl oerhl aiig edyin ixd ,uxt
ly ezcledl dpy d`n ze`lna ,1952 zpya .mezi l`k dnmeyn
itk ,mlerd z` siwzy efk `l i`ce ,dxrq mey dybxed `l ,uxt
.mkilrmely ly ezcledl dpy d`n ze`lna dzidy
aegxa mixayn e` xayn lr ,mlera dxrq lr mixacn xak m` :'t
miiwl yhiee`x jln ly ezrvd lr jzrc dn le`yl dvex iziid ,eply
lr ,azka zevriizd zegtl e` dcire zxbqna ,yicii ixteq oia oeic
?`l dn lre cizrd lr ,yicii zeaxzl mirbepd mi`yep
j` .mixteq ly dcire qpkl ayg yicii ixteq ly o"`t oebxi` :'a
siqei `l df izrc itl ik ,oeirxa jenzl dhep ippi` ip` ,zn`d ornl
df ?wifi df cvik :wcva l`yz i`ce dz`e .wifdl lelr s` `l` ,xac
jilr `l" :eply avna icn xzei xdxdl `ixa df oi` ik wifdl lelr
z` dyr ,xevil wx jciwtz - on`d dz`e xteqd dz` ."xenbl
."xetiv dxyy enk xiyl"a xaecn `l .zepwqna hhgz l`e jzk`ln
`l df .d`ld didi dn le`yl `le ezcear z` zeyrl aiig cg` lk
ly xcr `vnpa oi` .ccea a`f `ed erahny xteqle on`l mi`zn
mileki `l mixteq .mixteq ly dceb` elit` d`ex `l ip` ,mixteq
zeidl wiqtdl ,mnvr lv` ok m` `l` ,okid mdl oi` ,zeayl
`ed xteqdy iptn xacd jky aeygz l` .okzii `l ixd dfe ,miizxivi
zrada `ed gex yi` lkk ,z`f m` ,ixhpveb` `ed mpn` .ixhpveb`
.deepr `ln
,jxrd izegtn did `ly ,alqxan ongp 'x enk xvei dnbecl gwp
lkl lrn blcl oevx yi .epxec ly zebdd wcva zxfeg eil`y
yie ,elit` zexiwgd lkl lrne zenxbextd lkl lrn ,zeibele`ici`d
zgnya mbe midel`a dpen`a ,zewaca dbetq mler zqitzl ddink
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
215
mlera igy ,aehmylrad ly ztgyd dleg epip ly ef enk ,miigd
.cala mipy 39 eply
`ven dz` zipgex deepr dnk ,zradae ,ixhpveb` did df ongp 'x
dakz `l ilgb y` ,zexecd l` xacn ip`" - cg` cvn !eiazka
f` .ely "mipvawd zray"ay zipgexd deeprd - ipy cvne ."mlerl
yak `l mlerl ,a`f zpigaa `ed xteq lk :oey`xd oeirxl mixfeg ep`
mc` zeidl aiig xteq .xteq `l `ed ,miyak oia yak `ed m` .xcra
llk ozip `l ,raU ,rebx xteq .hwyi` `ln mc` `ed xteq ,ihxt
.zrcd lr zelrl
llka xeaq ip` .yicii ixteq lv` xqg `l ,il dncp ,hwyi` :'t
miaipbny dl`k elit` e` zixara e` yiciia mixveid mixteqmicediy
mitiwyn zicedi`l dtya zicedi zeyibx - oirceia `ly e` oirceia -
mb oeekzn ip` j` .micedi`ld mdizinr xy`n db`c xzia cizrd l`
dleg yicii ,ib`xh did dtexi` gxfna yiciid ly dteq .xg` edynl
s` ile` ,dvr qkhl ie`xd ony xeaq jpi`d ,df avn gkep .zeyep`
?dfk giyax miiwl oey`x crvke ,dnxac zeyrl
."?zeyrl jixv dn" `yepa dfk oeifetniq oirnl oeekzn dz` :'a
b`cp cvik .envrl z`fd dl`yd lr zeprl xteq lk lry ,jl xne`
zexivi xevil :cala zg` jxca wx gihadl xyt` cizrd z` ?cizrl
mey ceai`l jld `l dzr cr .xzid lkl b`cz xak dixehqidd ,zeaeh
aezk yicwd .zinx`a xac mey ca` `l .`niiwxae aeyg ipgex xac
od mb i"x`d zexinfe .zinx`a eaexa aezk cenlzd mb ,zinx`a
jixvy xeaq ippi` okle ,ceai`l zkll leki `l xac mey .zinx`a
bxzle xdnl ippi` .ecxyii zexiviy ick ,zexg` zepeyll e` zixarl m
,driwy ly dtewza miig ep` :rcei ip` z`f wx ,xgn didi dn rcei
`l df zinqew dpigan ,okzii `le ,dxic` dxdpa epil` mixi`n minyd
zkxrnd lk ok m` `l` ,xgn didi `lye erwyi mnvr minydy ,okzii
mya oaenk z`f xne` ip`e - zeqpl wx jixv .xrxrzz zinepexhq`d
lrtzdle efd ynyd zriwya zegewt miipira hiadl - cala invr
digz cer onf dnk .zrweye zkled dnly dtewz ik wtq oi` .dpnn
cer digz yiciidy rcei ip` .jk lr dxiwga wnrzn ippi` - ?yiciid
lwpxt xfril`
216
mle` ,zeycg e`a onewnae ,erwy zeaxz zetewz daxd .mipy ze`n
dxary zeizxivid dze`n wlg eppd epgp` .z`f lka xnzyd oyid
be`cl epilr .dfd meid mvr cr xqend ixtq ,cenlzd ,j"pzd icedin
lrtzdl lkepy efk didz ,mipewiqlwd xg`l mb ,eply zextqd znxy
.miwizrd epixtqn milrtzzn ep`y itk ,dpnn
did df dn ,cxtqa adfd xez mipkn ep`y dny ,gkyz `p l`e
hqa"d eli`e ,zixara mixiy eazke miplha dxyr mdl eayi ?mvra
f` eid mivtew dnk rcei ippi` .ziaxr `xw mrde ziaxra eid "qxlq
yng e` yely lkd jqa mze` ewizrd ile` ,ield dcedi ly eixiyl
adfd xez ,ote` lka ;icn miax miyeaiyn elvip md jk meyne minrt
lr adf xez epyi meiky xeaq ip` .miplhad zxyr ly mzxivi `ed
milecb mixteq epl yi oiicr j` ,dcixia dzr `vnp `ed ile` ,oeqcdd
,dl`k mpyi .llka zi`wixn`d zextqd z` df`edk miyiian mpi`y
lecbd iciid xxeynd wx `l did wieeiily mixeaqd ,mdipia ip` mb
.xec eze` ly xzeia lecbd i`wixn`d xxeynd mb `l` ,execa xzeia
.yiciia azky wieeiil lr dlerd zilbp`d dtya xxeyn dwixn`a oi`
qltl zaiig zizin` zextq zxivi la` ,mlv` eic xken `ed oi`
dtv `id xac ly eteqa ,zeax mipyl zfpbp `id m` mb .jxc dnvrl
azk `l eeAhpq .l`cphq myd z` il zxkfd zncew dgiya .dlbzne
`ed .epnfa zexn lra mbe zeknq lra xwan did eeahpq .llk eilr
l`cphq j` .dpy d`n jynl l`cphq ly eneiw z` milrdl gilvd
.epgp` `l ,ztxv ef :xn`z dn rcei ip` .dlbzd z`f lka ixd
ly dxey izhhiv yicii zxiy ly dibelezp`l ily xaczixg`a :'t
dxihrne miitk il z`gen ztxv z` ip` d`ex ,xecl xecn ,gvple" :ipie
zeyxdl leki yicii xxeyny dz` ayeg mpn`d ."ixiy z` migxta
?z`fk dxey envrl
mlerl .izin`d iciid xiyd z` icedid mrd mb xihri gvpl ,ok :'a
`ed oeyl dfi`a dpyn `le ,izin`d icedid xiyd z` xihri `ed
zeyibxd ea dievn m` ;dxf oeyla elit` e` zicedi dtya ,azkp
j` ,cneyn icedi ,dpiid ,lynl dpd .eze` hlew icedid ,zicedid
zexiirl cr sxeclqicn dribd ezxiy okl ,zicedi zeyibx el dzid
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
217
zicedie ziheit zeyibx zlra dlern dxiy .divilba xzeia zephwd
.zg`k
mb dfy i`eeld ,jixaca yi deewz daxd .ce`n inihte` dz` :'t
.miiwzi
,zxg` aeygl i`yx jpi` .dxixazila ly deewz idef ,jl cib` :'a
,zenpy mircei ep` .zxg` aeygl xeq` heyt .`hg df zxg` aeygl
xnel il xeq` dnc`a dqekn xeaa lhen didi iteby irceia elit` j`
.melk didi `l xak df ixg`y
eid xteql ,oiq`x ly einiay ,zenewnd cg`a xne` in`w xal` :'t
la` .e`l m` ,oexyik el yi m`d :iaihwiiaeq ce`n ite` zelra zewtq
mciwtz iabl lecbd wtqd epyi elld zewtqdn ueg ,in`w xne` ,meik
z` dz` d`ex cvik :jze` le`yl dvex iziid .zextqd lye xteqd ly
?hxta iciid xteqd lye llka xteqd ly eciwtz
,izin` oeixehqid xeza lk mcew d`ex ip` xteqd ly eciwtz z` :'a
,iceqi didi `ly dnk cr ,ixehqid xwgnd .epnf ly ,inipt ,winrn
,epl :oniq jl dpde .ipevig x`yp ixehqidd xe`izd ,zecaer lr qqean
ly ditxbeixehqid ,dixehqid dzid `l 19d d`nd cr ,micedid
izrc z` izrad edylk mewnae ,jk lr izxdxd minrt daxd .ynn
epazk `l epgp` .zwcv :il xn`e il` `a mipeixehqidd cg`e df oiipra
dt yi dn ,jkitl .eia`l dnc icedi oa lk ik - izxn` - dixehqid
dxeva ldpzd a`d .eia` ly digd dixehqidd did envr oad ?xtql
.ddf did mdipy ly ipevigd d`xnd .dxev dze`a ldpzd oad mbe ,ef
.oilitz gipd ,lltzd `ed ,jex` owf did oAl mb ,jex` owf did a`l
?xtql dt yi dn f` .oad mb jke ,zeevn b"ixz lr citwd a`d
drited ,epal a`d oia oeincd lcg xy`k ,divtivpn`d xg`l wx
idd lr did ,extiqy dn lk la` .xtql dn mipeixehqidl did .dixehq
lye miyp`d ly xzeia iniptd xacd z` .cala ipevigd dhrnd
z`fd zencae ,zenc xvei `ed .xteqd x`zn ,on`d syeg dtewzd
lk z` ezxiya ep` mi`ven ,xy xxeyn xy`k .dtewz znlebn
.mznyp wnera ,mxerl zgzn miyp`d eyibxd jk .epnf ly zeyibxd
zeiygend zeaygnd lr ,zenelgd ,zeweyzd lr epl xtqn xteqd
lwpxt xfril`
218
mely lv` mivrd lr elcby zelgl dneca ,epnf ipa lv` egnvy
.mkilr
.eply xzeia ihpze`d oeixehqidd `ed xteqd .xteqd ly eciwtz edf
,zeyep`d ly dixehqid oi` i`qnd `lle xteqd `ll ,xxeynd `ll
oey`xd xiydy xeaq ip` okl .dixehqid zeidl zaiig zeyep`le
yg mc`d xy`k .z`fd ddinkd jezn exvep mlera oey`xd xetiqde
in :eizeclez lr xtql ,exar lr xtql dvx `ed ,xzei xbea envr z`
daizkae .dibel`ipbd jklk ize` daidln okle ?`a ip` oiipn ?ip`
dze` z` ade` ip` .ditxbeiad z` cgeina ade` ip` zixehqidd
,izrc itl .zeiyi` ly ditxbeia ,dtewz ly ditxbeia `idy dixehqid
.eply xzeia lecbd oeixehqidd oiicr `ed uxb ef dpigan
'text .dwixn` ,jixebn ux`e eppnf ly dixehqidd oiipra dl`y :'t
mipea mz` ,dwixn`a micedid ly mcizr iabl ik ,mrt il xn` ocq ac
ixehqidd meiwecd z` aeiga d`ex dz`y rcei ip` ."iia`x"d lr daxd
ly ecizr lr ayeg dz` dn zrcl dvex iziid .milyexil dpai oiay
ewlg dne ,zipxcend dxagd ly zeiphleniqd jeza ,xgn icedid mc`d
?df lka "iia`x"d ly eciwtze
ip` ."iia`x"d iabl zitivtqd jzl`y lr akrzdl dvex ip` :'a
,mrt il xn` ,hqixhla ,ipnex xteq .zeienc zervn`a aeygl ade`
ulgidl lkeiy rcei `ed ,onex zaizk rvn`a minrtl rwzp `ed m`y
m` ,ip`e .dycg zenc `ivndl aiig `ed ,zenc zervn`a wx df avnn
ayeg ip` .envr xtqd z` d`ex ippi` ,xtqd jezn zenc zxiihvn `l
f`n eply mibidpnd eid in .zeienc ipin zxviin dixehqidd mby
mipebx`d z` d`x .oicdjxer did eply bidpnd ?divtivpn`d
,dwixn`a .oicjxer dfi` cnr mlek y`xa :zepey zevx`a miizlidwd
."iia`x"d df miicedid miiga ziy`xd zencd
miigd ewwfp divtivpn`d xg`l :jk lr izrc z` izzp mrt
micwen aiaq lvtzdle wxtzdl elgd miigd ik i`wihilp`l miicedid
zqpk ,zcge`n l`xyizqpk dzid .dfk xac did `l f` cr .mipey
oiipa epa cgi mlek ,cnrna milcad eid m` mbe ,dnvra dxebq l`xyi
,miicnrn miqxhpi`e zeirevwn zeveawl lvtzdl eplgzd xy`k .cg`
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
219
oi` dwixn`a .oicjxerd z` ,i`wihilp`d z` dixehqidd epl dcinrd
mxh df xeaiv .oeirx lk zepwl okeny ,xeaiv epl yi ,mr oiicr epl
jixv mkezny ,zeaky zeaky ieyr `l` ,mly dnxacl yabzd
xaecn dzr eli`e ,mly dnxac `ed mr ixdy ,mr gztzdl
.cala mihpnbxta
mieqn miig gxe` ly `vei lret `ed dfd mlydy ayeg dz` oi`d :'t
?zicedid dwixn`a mze` `evnl ozip `ly ,mixg` minxeb ipin lke
,izrc itl ,my miwewf ,dfk miig gxe` oi`y meyn `weec :'a
xcrpd ,szeyn xac eze` z` wtqiy ,dfzpiq zlertl lbeqnd bidpnl
szeyn edyn did ,epizenewna ,ok iptl .miyp`d efkxzi eaiaqy ,oiicr
.zqpkdzial ekld mlek ,yicii exaic lkd :mlekl
ippi` ,oaenk ?uegd on e`ay zexifbd ,mini mze`a daiaqde :'t
.my avnl llk rbrbzn
deedn dz` ,icedi dz` :cinz epl dxikfdy daiaq dze` ,ok` :'a
oiit` mrd cg` .zegt z`f el mixikfn o`ke ,epkeza mly dnxac
i`wixn` ip` zipexwr ."zexig jeza zecar"a dpekp dxeva ef dcewp
j` .dwixn` enk ziyteg dpicn drci mxh zicedid dixehqidd ,iyteg
milvlvn mdizenyy migixan exq`py mipezira `xew ip` xy`k
ziaeigd dyegzd on raep df oi` .ala dhiav oirn il yi ,miicedik
yygd on ,zelba ip`y dybxdd on `l` ,cala "dfl df miaxr" ly
,edyn ller `ed" .jk yibxn ippi` ,l`xyia ,o`k ."miiebd exn`i dn"
dpey ip`y yibxn ip` ,zecigia ,invr mr ip` xy`k "!`xep `l
mr df dkk .miwlhi`d mb miyibxn jk ,ab` .mixg`d mi`wixn`dn
.miherin
.eliaya dniyn il yi .ea ghea ce`n ip` ."iia`x"d l` xfeg ip`
ly dxiee`d jeza ig oicdjxer .dixehqidd icilr glypy yi`d `ed
ly avna mc`d z` d`ex `ed ,gvpzdl bdep `ed ,htyndzia mle`
,eznerl .xiabd ly miqxhpi`d z` zxyn `ed ,llkae .zegvpzd
n ly mirbxa mc`d z` d`ex "iia`x"d ,dgniy irbxa mbe la`a ,xay
oinil cner"y df llk jxca `ed "iia`x"d .eilr ritydl ozipy zezra
drtyd ,ipevig `ed m` mb ,zqpkziaa qwhl yi ,sqepae ."oeia`
lwpxt xfril`
220
dne .xeaiv zxvei `id ,dcixtn dpi` dlitz .mitzzynd lr zckln
iziid ,ixeaivd agxna zeinihpi` ef i`wixn`d icedid aeyiil xqgy
zeniiwzn dwixn`a .zelba diexy gexd ,z`fk zeinihpi` `la .xne`
.oiipnd ly zeinihpi`d dxqg j` ,zeyrex ,zelecb zeieqpkzd
ep` da ,eply dxiird zeaxz ly dceq dzid oiipnd ly zeinihpi`d
,"ycewdilk" eid eply dxiird zeaxz ly zprynd .wcva mi`bzn
.heytd icedid ,epizenewna el e`xwy itk e` ,iprd icedide
elbxdk zeybxzda oreh did ,oxwge sixg icedi ,oerny 'x ,icec
epiid ,cala mixiab ly mr eplek epiid micedid ep` eli`y ,xne`e
.exvga elyn ipiq xd envrl miwn did xiab lk .qge dlilg ,miwxtzn
mzekfa ."l`xyil `zeipr d`i" :dxnina `xnbd d`xpk zpeekzn jkle
l`xyillk xeza l`xyi xnzyd ,iprd icedid lye ycewdilk ly
milltzn mday ,xeriy oi`l mipiipn ea yiy zexnl cg` ipiq xd mr
,elld mixacd z` jxra izxn` `iypd ziaa daiqna .mipey migqepa
dixebipq cnln ip`y ce`n xfen rnyp mixg` mixage ocq ac ixagle
.izpeek z` ahid izxdad `l d`xpk ."iia`x"d lr
epcizr mdipiray miyp` mpyi .cizrd zl`y iabl eiykre
ep` ik oekp df oi`d :micak zeyyg xxern ,wtqa lhen dwixn`a
miqwecezxe`d ?dwixn`a icedi mr llka x`yii m`d ?minlrpe mikled
zcly yigk` `l .mlrp zxg` ,lltzdl ligzdl jixvy mixeaq
cvik rcei ippi` .icedid mrd ly eneiwa mevr ciwtz yi zicedid
xyek il oi` .miizxgn e` xgn dwixn`a icedid mc`d ly ecnrn d`xii
,dnly dpen`a rcei ip` mle` ,eze` jl x`zl lke`y ick witqn iefig
ik ;dwixn`a miiwzi icedid mc`d ik ,jk `hazdl xyt` m`
z` mnvr lr elhiy micedi miyp` zekfa miiwzi icedid aihwlewd
micedid ipeilin zyy jezn mieqn wlgy zeidl leki .jkl zeixg`d
miprehd dl` miwcev df oiipra .lera z`yl lecgi ,xeypi dwixn`a
zebltn dtexi`a eid .zelleazddn xzei daxd zpkeqn zexrzdd ik
dpyi mle` .dfk xac oi` dwixn`a .zelleazdl etihdy zeicedi
.jezidd xeka zenlrid ,zillkd zeaxza zexrzd ,dyrnl zealzyd
oi` ,zihilepen dpicn dpi` `id j` ,jezid xek mpn` `id dwixn`
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
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`idy ,zeizc zecr ly ax dk oeebn da zeievn .cala zg` zc da
.icedi x`yidl yi`l drixtn `l `id .micedid z` mb likdl dleki
.mvnhvne jled my micedid lv` zqtez zecdidy mewnd ?i`n `l`
icedi ,icedid xfbna dwcvl mxez epi` ,zqpkdzial jled epi`y icedi
,`linn wzpzn `edy ixd ,l`xyil mewna uiieeyl reqpl sicrny
z` xinn epi`y s` ,icedi zeidl lcg `ed .zecdid mr rbnd z` ca`n
yigki `l `ed ,icedi `venn `edy cibi `ed ,eze` el`yi m` .ezc
,iwlhi` `venn `ed ipelt .z`fk zipcgt zeygkzd oi` dwixn`a .z`f
.i`wixn` `ed la` - icedi `venn ,icedid ,`ede ,ihewq `venn ipenl`
ly dxecq dpyn mey o`k oi` .zelleazdd on xzei zpkeqn ef drteze
rcei ippi` okl .zelleazdl mxebd md mnvr miigd la` ,zelleazd
xaky itk - lecb wlgy zexwl leki .cizra icedid mc`d d`xii cvik
zecdid lera `yiiy herin ,herin x`yii f` mb j` ,xeypi - dt xn`p
.dneiwl zeixg`ae
,ziy`x .i`wixn`d icedid lr zexzeq zertyd izy l`xyi zpicnl
db`cd dpyi mc` lk ly dnypa myi` :zilily drtyd ,xne` iziid
aiign df avn .zlebpxz irxk lr cner dneiwy dgtynd oeghal
xak meiwdy rbxa j` ,dgtynd cizrl be`cl ,zeixg`a z`yl
dxernd icedid `yp dpicn dzid `l cer lk .dpzyn lkd ,ghaen
zniiwy oeeik ,dzr la` .icedid meiwl db`cd lera mi`wixn`d miiga
ly meiwdy itk ghaen micedid meiw .jkl b`ciy in yi ixd ,dpicn
,xg` cvn .iniptd lerd z` wextl xzen xak ok lr ,ghaen miwlhi`d
i`wixn`d icedil dwiprd l`xyi zpicn :ziaeig drtyd mb dpyi
minrtl mixdxdny micedil ghane oryn deedn l`xyie ,dee`b
mnvr mi`exe dl`k mixedxd milrn mpi`y dl`l elit`e ,mavna
mpeghial ,mdly dnewd zetiwfl dtiqed dxeyd on mi`wixn`k
lera z`yl mikiynny ,mi`wixn`d micedid oia herin mb yie .invrd
zecleza sctcz m` .dfk herin lr cinz oryp icedid mrde ,zeixg`d
eb`cy dl` .dfk herin lr cinz cnr dne`d ly dneiwy ,d`xz epnr
ne`d meiwl ixd .milleazn ,miyic` eid lecbd aexd ,cala unew eid d
zexcbd lrn eblicy dl`k eid zicedid dixehqidd ly zetewzd lka
lwpxt xfril`
222
micneyn .cinz jyne ax` uegdy meyn ,zexg` zeieaxz l` evxe
elbcy dl`k mizrle ,ynn micneyn dl` eid mizrl .cinz eid
.zeieaxzd lkae zicxtqd e` ziaxrd zeaxza ealzydy ,zealzyda
dwcv .jipira lw xacd idi l`e .icnl uetp dwcv ozn dwixn`a
.micedi ly mipebxi` ixd md mittex dwcv ipebxi` mze` lk .zckln
dlgzdd `id xeaiv zni`e .xeaiv zni`l micedid lv` zxywp dwcve
.icnl znvnevn `id my ,dwixn`a cgeina ,dlidw iig ly ceqide
mpn` .miicedi xtqizaa cnel micedi micli ly mieqn feg` ,sqepa
jepig la` ,icedi jepigl dkef i`wixn`dicedid xrepd on ohw wlg wx
dfl qgiizdl laewn :deevnxad qwh epyie .jex` geehl rityn dfk
xeaigd ziy`x z` deevnxad oniq eplv` ;daiq jkl yi ok`e ,leflfa
mr xrp eze`l yiy xywd seq z` zg` `l onqn df o`ke ,zecdil
qwh lky ,dfk `ed iyep`d ite`d .xzep edyn z`f mr cgi .zecdid
gipn epi`y miicedid miiga cinzn dnxac .mzeg riahn inrtcg
yi dfd herinl .mrd `ed jxcl on`pd herin eze` .hhenzdl mdl
z` el xaey `ede jepig ly zeiraa halzn dfd herind .cexyl oiipr
miiw la` ,ekxca z`f dyer cg` lk ;eply zeineiwd zeirad mr y`xd
lv` .bbetzn epi` ixehqidd oexkifd .zetzey ly dyegz mlek lv`
h`l miwlhi`d lv` ;zexidna bbetzn `vend oexkif ,diapicpwq i`vei
axwa enk ,miwlhi`d axwa .zEizgtynd zyegz llba d`xpk ,xzei
beql milibx epiid ep` ,oaenk .ce`n miwfg dgtynd ixyw ,micedid
ipira .epl zxkend zenca wx mlbziy mivex epiide ,icedi ly xg`
did axl eay mlera eplcb epgp` ik ,ax eppi` owf `ll ax ,jipirae
epl oi`e epgexa zeniiwd zeiencl zlaben epzii`xy iptn z`f lk .owf
zecdidy ,zepey zeienc mb zeidl zelekiy epnvrl x`zl oeinc witqn
.zexg` mipt mb epl yi mle` .zexg` mipt mb yeall dleki
epi`y ,ixnbl dpey wxta oeicl jxczvitw dyrp eiykre :'t
aygp dz` .bx`apiihy xfril` :cinzn deedl `l` iciind deedl rbep
,xrvd daxnl .bx`apiihy xfril` ly xzeia aeygd oyxtl wcva
dcina mixken mpi` ezeiyi`e eiig ,d`elna dnqxet mxh ezxivi
m`d .bx`apiihy xfril` lr zvw xtq :ywan iziid ok lr ,zwtqn
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
223
dfd xicpd xp`'fa `weec xegal el mxb dn mrt epnn renyl jl `vi
?lynd ly
ip`e `weec lyna dxigad ly dfd oiiprd lr zexiyi epggey `l :'a
`le ef iehia zxevl ribd `ed recn jl xnel lkei `l xvei meyy xeaq
micedid cg` did bx`apiihy xfril` .miipbxe` mipiipr dl` .zxg`
ziciid zextqa miyp` ipy wx d`ex ip` .izxkidy xzeia miiyxeyd
xfril` :zwdaen dk dzid zepeyld izya mzhilyy ,zixarde
,mixg` lv` mb yi zipeyl zeizxivi .oilhiiv oxd`e l"f bx`apiihy
.eply zepeyld izy ikapa wenr dk llv `l mcaln yi`y dnec j`
daizkd l` `xnbd on dpt bx`apiihy xfril` xy`ky ,il dncp
eazk dn ik .lynd ly xp`'fa gxkda xegal eilr did ,zizextqd
.milyn ok mb ?eazk md xy`k eply minqxetnd minkgd mvra
zlekid ,"lyna eit z` gztie" ;milynixiy ,mixiy azk m"ialnd
ceqia zcner dprh zervn`a mewna ilelin xeiv zervn`a rpkyl
liaedy dn dfy ayeg ip` .mrt `l jkl dwwfp dkldd elit`e ,dcb`d
mkg mc` did `edy dcaerd mr cgi ,lynd l` bx`apiihy xfril` z`
ipiipr lky mc` zpiit`nd dlecbd zeninzd on drap eznkeg .cgeina
miwgxzny zra xy`n xzei mkg zeidl xyt` izn .el mixf mlerd
mipiiprd zervn`a ytih jze` dyer envr mlerd ?mlerd iwqrn
dn ,mlerd on hytzdl dyexit dnkeg .ely zepeekd ,ely
.opeazdl - "o`e`y" `l` ,lkzqdl `l ,"o`E`y" dpik x`e`dpteyy
mkg xp`'f `vnpa oi` oiicre cgeina mkg yi` did bx`apiihy xfril`
.lynd on xzei
izextqd xwgnd ccenzn ozi`y xzeia zeakxend zel`yd zg` :'t
.xg` e` df xteq `xw `l e` `xw m`d ,on`d xikd zexivi dfi` `id
xicpd xtqd ribd dlra ly eicily ,il rcep bx`apiihy 'ab mr dgiyn
milyn rxw `ed ,ea oiir `edy ixg`y il dxn` `id .rlikcxn 'x ly
ly milynd z` xikd `edy wtq oi` .ely milynd on wlg cinyde
?dpaecn cibnd lr mrt jzi` xaic `ed m`d .dpaecn cibnd
ivxt mze`n cg` o`k yi .iliaya ycg rlikcxn 'x mr xetiqd :'a
rtzdd one elyn ohw did mznew xeriyy zexivie mixteqn ely zel
lwpxt xfril`
224
mizrl eze` xikfd bx`apiihy ,dpaecn cibnl xy`a .ely milynd
`l .dpaecn cibnd ly eilynn xtql bdp `ed .eze` ad` `ed .zeaexw
ippi` .dpaecn cibnd mya bx`apiihyn izrnyy lyna izxkfp onfn
riten `ly il dncp ,md`lt ly dxecdna riten dfd lynd m` xkef
.my
ilret begn xrep ipa iptl zevxdl mrt onfed bx`apiihy xfril`
cib` :jk jxra ligzd `ede ,exear dxf daiaq dzid ef .uiaepx'va oeiv
lkei cg` lky ,zeaxz ly oiipr df mfil`iveq .mfil`iveq df dn mkl
`le cala irvn` wx `ed zeaxz eppi`y dn lk .zexewnd l` ribdl
mkl xtq` j` ,melk mkl izycig `l - xn` `ed - dfa .dnvr dxhnd
dvx ,xiab ,cg` icedi .ynn ly yecig `edy ,dpaecn cibnd ly lyn
dper ,eizqa did df .dlbr xekyl jld `ede zxg` dxiirl reqpl mrt
dvxi m` ,xgn :dlbrdlral dxed `ed ok lr ,mikxca ax uea ly
jilr myd ornl f` ,dyw jxcd .xweaa rax` drya mi`vei ep` ,myd
,mcwen xweaa .cala miyp` ipy eayii dlbrae miqeq dyiy mezxl
dlbrde ,epyi dlbrdlra :d`ex `ede oelgl cran hian xiabd ,xen`k
dyiy miayei xak dlbrae ,miqeq ipy wx dil` minezx j` ,dpyi
?dt dxew dn ?zeidl jixv df dn :dlbrdlra lr xiabd wrev .miyp`
'x ,dz` d`ex :xidad dlbrdlra mdipia zfbxp mixac ztilg jldna
mkipiae zelbrdilra epipia ,jpial ipia lcadd ok` df ,dyn
eli`e ,miyp` xzeiy dnke miqeq zegty dnk mr aeh epl .mixiabd
xidad dfd lynd .miyp` zegty dnke miqeq xzeiy dnk mr aeh mkl
.ybtna gkpy xrepl oiiprd z` ahid
`ed .ce`n ziniqt dzid bx`apiihy xfril` ly mlerd zqitz
dcigid dtexzdy oin`d `ed ,miiniqtd eitwynl cran mlera opeazd
xfeg ziyep`d zecicad ly aihend .ziyep` zeixcileq zvw `id avnl
.eizexivia aeye aey
zepy miizye miying jezn mirax` dlia bx`apiihy xfril` :'t
xy`n zxg` miig zxev xikd `l `edy xeaq dz` m`d ;dxiira eiig
?dxiiray ef
dz` .dxiird ly divfil`ci`l dhp `le dxiirl cbq `l `ed :'a
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
225
ly ef xy`n zxg` miig zxev xikdl zexyt` el dzid `l ,wcev
,mikxca uead lr qrke xrva siwyd ,dze` ad` `l `ed j` .dxiird
.llka dxiira miigd gxe` lr
ly ezrca did dpey`xd mlerd zngln iptl cer ik dnec :'t
.bx`apiihy xfril` ly eizexivin jxk `ivedl wil`ia
mb `ed .wil`ia mr ybtp `ed my ,dqce`a xwia `ed ,oekp :'a
:miiteqelit mipiipr lr ,xpfielw sqei x"c mr znieqn dtewza azkzd
`ed ,dqce`a ,jkxg` .miteqelitd iazka oiirl daxid bx`apiihy
lr gth ,ce`n adlzd wil`ia .iwvipaxe wil`ia iptl eilynn `xw
,dz` rney" :mx lewa ezelrtzd z` riade iwvipax ly ekxa
xak .(bxapxhy awri xxeynd il xtiq z`f) "?df wifn dfi` ,iwvipax
onf la` ,"dixen" z`veda eilynn jxk mqxtl zexyt` lr xaec f`
`ed .wil`ia z` lil`d ynn bx`apiihy .dnglnd dvxt jkxg` xvw
enqxet minebxzd on micg` ,yiciil wil`ia ly eizexivi lk z` mbxz
.1921 zpya `ived uiaepx'va zeaxzd cebi`y sq`na
?daiyia cnl bx`apiihy m`d :'t
icedi ,oiicd dlqei lv` cnl `ed .daiyia cnl `l bx`apiihy :'a
il xn` jk ,oe`b did dlqei 'x .o`wtila oiic didy diaxqa cili
ax al une` lra icedi ,ce`n sixg ,mler oe`b .mrt `l bx`apiihy
z`f dyxide gcazdl ad` `ed .mitiwze miqpxta sefpl cgt `ly
.ezxekynl ztqezl wewf eppi`y hilgd ik ,xne` did jk ,envrl
.dfk xetiq bx`apiihy il xtiq mkgzdl dlqei 'x ly df elbxd lr
"jnr" lr dlqei 'x xbpiq zqpkdziaa miixdvd ixg` zaya mrt
oiicdyk ,'` mei ,zxgnl .mvrd cr ,dpdke dpdk ldwd ibidpna gihde
:hiigd jexa ez`xwl `a ,lltzdl jld
wezn did ,lenz` jixac z` renyl beprz did ,iax ,aeh xwea -
!yacn
!dilr jze` `yiz dnc`dy jkl ie`x `l dz` !jenky ypxa ,dz` -
?iax ,iz`hg dna -
xtq ?il xtqn dz` dn ,jipira og `ven df m` ik .z`hgy i`ce -
!mixg`l z`f
lwpxt xfril`
226
,bx`apiihy ly lynd lr zexiyi rityd `l i`paecdy mewna
.sixgd oiic dlqei 'x did drtydd jeezn
miliynnd l` eqgi did dn :bx`apiihy iabl ztqep dl`ye :'t
?mlerd zextqa milecbd
.dlern on` ea d`x `ed .aelixw z` ce`n jixrd bx`apiihy :'a
jixrd mb `ed xzei ixewn did (wcvae) eipiray ,oiihpetdl z`
xqen llba enrhl jklk did `l qetef` ,z`f znerl .aelixwn
xetiq `ed bx`apiihy xfril` ly lynd .eilyn ly iyrnd lkydd
,lkyddxqen zexyl cenrl xen` ezedna lynd .xiy e` izivnz it`
x`yii oiicre lkyddxqen z` xiqdl xyt` bx`apiihy lv` mle`
ly eiigl dvvd eppi` bx`apiihy ly lynd .ohw xetiq e` xiy epicia
qqean ,mler waeg ehan .wicvl ytgznd apb `ed ,e`x ,ily okyd
.mler ztwyd lr
?bx`apiihy ly miazkn jzeyxa yi m`d :'t
il gly bx`apiihyy miazkn mixyrk ly xexv izxny :'a
zelbn eaey xg`l ,eiigl zepexg`d miizpya hyx`weal uiaepx'vn
ly `xep xwea eze` iptl miireay jxra azkp oexg`d azknd .lifxa
xg`l ine`zt ote`a bx`apiihy xfril` xhtp ea ,1932 uxna 28d
.uiaepx'va icedid milegdziaa oztqez gezip
xteql :mifexga zeycwd izy ilv` mixeny dl`d miazknd caln
mlwcnle ,Ep`ixfl eax`a ,zipnexd dincw`d xag ,ipnexicedid
dncwd ly mihp`ixe ipya dheih ok enke ,cx`aqexb uxd rcepd
iptl zexrd ieeila iznqxity miazknd xexv .milynd jxkl mifexga
d ly miizpyivgd mitq`nd cg`a mipy xyrk xrnrw xryici`
ezxivi z` xewgl epevxay in lkl ,izrc itl ,lirei wxeieipa
`l df ixn`na mqxety dn lr .bx`apiihy xfril` ly eiige
epiev `ly mihqwh ipy oexkfd on `iadl ipevxa j` .o`k xefgl i`ck
.my
iptl zereay dyiydyingk ,hyx`weaa did bx`apiihy xy`k
micedie xir] "ocii hin h`hy `" z` aezkl ce`n ize` fxif `ed ,ezen
`ed .(wxeieipa xzei xge`n mipy xyr izazk xtqd z`) ,ily [da
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
227
oeyld dfa il` ziptend dyixc myx oey`xd cenrae ,zxagn il dpw
:jxra
!lwia !lwia
,laga eze` xeywl onfd gipd eli`
jzhin lbx l` lebpxz enk eze` xyew iziid
:mx lewa `exwl ,`exwl eze` riayne
,jzxiir ly miqetihd z` x`ze mew -
!yiciid xtq jeza jly scd z` aezk
,ezi` xxeb `ed epze` s` ,xehiw ilr sre sleg onfd mle`
...dlrn dz`y oyra etern z` ui`n dz` ,sqepae
xfril` ,jly
.cak oyrn mrt iziidy jk lr zfnxn dpexg`d dxeyd
milynd xtql opkz bx`apiihyy mifexga dncwd mb xikfdl ipevxa
- ely
:ohwd lxrfiil ilynn
,ohwd lxrfiil ly eilyn dl`
cala envr mr lva igy
onfd lk envr mr my ggeyne
,xeaiv ikxev lre envr lr
,melga mrte ,uiwda mrt
.milynl milblbzn dl` zegiye
lg gqt crend lega .uxt z` mrt `l zxkfd epipia zegiya :'t
- rcei dz`y itk - efrdy in yi .minekiq oinfn dfe ezenl laei
.uxt iabl difieex zkixr lr xacl
mileki miyp` .okezn dwix dlin `l` ef oi` j` ,difieex ,ok :'a
xetiqdy ecibiy dl`k elit` eidi .uxt ly xg` e` df xetiqn biizqdl
ayeg invr ip` .zizepn` dpigan glven xetiq epi` aexinpn axd lr
dxivi ef ik `id izrce ycgn mrt lka enqwa dayp ip` ,zxg`
rcn dppi` ixd zizextq zxewia ,xac ly eteqa .znlyen zizextq
lwpxt xfril`
228
`ed dkxrdl oeixhixwd .llk rcn da ze`xl ozip `l mvra ,wiiecn
swez zlra millk zkxrn lr zzyen eppi`y iyi`d mrhd oiicr
yigkdl leki epi` yi` j` ,ecibiy dn uxt lr ecibi .edylk hlgen
riahd `edy oeeikn ,ycgd eppnf ly xzeia aeygd xteqd did `ed ik
wgvi iel gqep gexd jld z` ,yicii zextq lr ely gexd jld z`
dnbnd .cinz eze` wicvde icedid lr dixebpq cnil `ed :a'vicxan
z` lelyle icedid mc`d z` wicvdl dywia yicii zextqa zip`ivxtd
mlerd m` ik ,iiebd mlera ceqid on iepiy draz `id .iiebd mlerd
exiihvd eply epiig ,z`f znerl .xzei aeh didi epl mb ,dpzyi iiebd
.mipekpe miiaeigk eipira
iiebd mlerd zwcvd :ixnbl dpey jxca dkld zixard zextqd
mrd ,epgp`y yexcl dzid dnbnd zixard zextqa .epnvr zlilye
,miny` mixg`d minrd `l ;xcqa `l ep` ik ceqid on dpzyp ,icedid
zixard diigzd zextq lkae xpxa lv` ,lynl ,d`x .miny` epgp`
mrd z` dwicvd ziciid zextqdy drya ;zinvr dnybd lr dxaicy
z` deezidy df did uxt .i`eap gqepa eze` dgiked zixard ef ,icedid
d`xd `ed :xac cere .yicii zextql jxcd z` dxed ,oekpd oeeikd
dpi` `idy on ik orh `ed .`xa ziy`xan `l` ilcpnn dligzn
lkd mbxzl yiy meid mixne`y itk ,yiciil lkd mbxzl ie`xd
,zepitd lkn ,zetewzd lkn zexivi ,lkd z` qpkl jixv .zixarl
;"?yicii zextql xqg dn" ely znqxetnd dqna xiaqd `edy itk
z` aigxz ihnizd xeyina zegizt ik ,qkpl yi cliyhex z` mb
lk z`e zetewzd lk z` siwdl lkezy jk yicii zextq zeleab
.zenewnd
lr rityd `l `ed j` ,ce`n lecb xteq mpn` did mkilrmely
cvik cg` s` cnil `l `ed j` ,zewgl xyt` mkilrmely z` .yi`
rvn`a ely zizxivid dcarnd z` aivdy oey`xd `ed uxt .aezkl
,zepepbq ipin lk dqip `ed !ecnle e`ea ,`ixag e`ea :`xwe aegxd
zexeva dze` xiyrd ,ilqxaipe` cnin yicii zextql wiprdl lczyd
z` aigxd uxt .dxvd zeil`ivpiaextd on dxxgyl zpn lr zepey
avrl rciy ,owihpnexe`ipd did mb `ed .yicii zextq ly miwte`d
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
229
yi .dpnn elrtzie epdii mi`xewdy dfk ote`a icedid zenc z`
rzxp ippi` ip` .icedid mc`d ly divfil`ici` dyr uxt ik miprehd
.lth xzid lke mc`d `id d`ici`d ,xac ly eteqa ixd ,divfil`ici`n
zxaer `ly ef eli`e ,mzeg driahn divfil`ici` xaerd mc` ly ezenc
bivd `ed ,mc`d ly divfil`ici` dyr `l j"pzd .znlrp dfk jildz
ly mb divfil`ici` eyr md ?micedid eyr dne .einbt lk mr eze`
.minbtd
exn` .ely daeh iietk miyxei eppd epgp` .leer dyrp ok` uxtl
minyd zegkep mvr la` ,midel` ila miny epl ozp `edy uxt lr
zextq ly mipewiqlwd lr ayeg ip` xy`k .lecb xac df zextqd jeza
mi`yep ,mivvexzn micedi :dxiira dtixy invrl x`zn ip` ,yicii
mr ,swyenn icedi xaer dpde .min mi`ian mixg` ,mdilhlhn z`
,i`ce ,ep :xne`e xvrp `ed .znref mipt zyx` mr ,gtehn owpwf
mircei `le xp mr miaaezqn ,bbd ziilra z`fk zetitva miig xy`k
miktdp .zrpnp izla dtxyd xac ly eteqa ixd ,xeq` dne xzen dn
mikx ehane eipt ,mkilrmely `a ipyd .xbigd dwyitl ,mipvawl
:xne`e siqen `ede .aeh didi cer ,myd dvxi m` ,micedi :xne` `ed
me`zt dpde .mlerd seq `l df ,eidi cere xara zetxy eid xak
yi`e ,dtixy ,micedi :wrevy dinky dher icedi dvixa riten .iyily
.dxezd ixtq z` livdl ux `ed !dxezd ixtqle zqpkdzial b`ec `l
yi .dxezd ixtq z` livdl uxy ipeligd l`ehwlhpi`d ,uxt did df
ely zeihqil`ixd zeiencdy jk lr uxt ly eigl z` mihaevd
la` ,"adfd zlyly"ae ,"oyid weya ,dlila"ay dl`n xzei zeglven
,miitpk epl wiprd `ed ;envrl aivd `edy dxhnd mvr z` migkey
,epzi`n aeh serl mircei mixg` ile` .xzei aeh serl ep` mileki okl
iietk jklk ep` recn .mitr cvik llka eprci `l ixd epgp` la`
,zeybxzd lk `ll xar uxt ly ezcledl d`nd laei oeiv ?eitlk daeh
z` .digzl jxcd z` epl d`xdy icedia xaecn ixde .opev ynn did
df m`d ,mca dze` riahd ,ipnxbd aie`d mpn` wqix z`fd digzd
,zepivxa oeekzd `ly df `ed xwy giyn ?xwy giynl uxt z` jted
.zegexd z` xirqdy ,dpen` wiprdy ,oin`dy giynd `l la`
lwpxt xfril`
230
aviry micedidn myxzn xirvd xecd elit`y ,siqedl ipevxa :'t
.zegily mr micedi ,bge zay ly micedi ,uxt
oezira `exwl il `vi miizpyk iptl .xfril` ,il zxkfdy aeh :'a
aiagd oewiqlwd edin" :l`xyia micinlz oia jxrpy l`yn lr ixar
ewgv ,mkilrmely z` m`xewa ewgv i`ce miclid ."?xzeia epilr
miclid z` miyxdy in .epiad `l llk md ilcpn z` .egky jk xg`e
yi la` .mdl dxf dk ezency zexnl ,uxt ly aexinpn axd did
miieyr dl` miig ,miicedid miigd ly divfil`ici` dfd xetiqa
z` owzl dvexy icedi ,midel` mr wa`py icedi my riten ;miyxdl
miyxd uxt .zegily enir `yep ,mlera mieqn ciwtz `lnn ,mlerd
dyecw j` ,dxeab dniyxn xavd z` .xirvd il`xyid xavd z` elit`
,dyecwa jxev `id midel`a dpen`d .mc` `ed xy`a mc` lk dniyxn
.epkeza zepkeyd dyecwd zevevip z` zelrdl dti`y ,zelrzda
ef oi` .milaewn dcin ipwa uxt ly ekxr z` cecnl mrh lk oi`
dqna .ezaizka miig oeeik deezidy xteql qgiizdl dpekpd jxcd
cnerd xteq zpigaa eppi` uxt ik izprh xirv iziidyk izazky
`ed .izpwfa ef dprh lr xefgl yyeg ippi`e ,mixwand ly mhetiyl
.dlidzl dkefe dixehqidl uxtzny gex xeaib
mi`veid miiciid zrdiazk zyely lr eiykr jze` l`y` :'t
epey zevx`a xe`l d - deewqena :z cp`lniid yihree`q zclend)
- l`xyia ,(zihiiaeqd hiiw rprcl`b ic mil xarne ,(adfd zlyly)
- htpewev ic ?mdilr xnel jl yi dn .(cizrd)
l :'a htpewev ,wx xne` .mikxerd cg` izeida ziyi` dribp il yi ,
f` dzid .oiqril eze` jxry zra dzid zrdazk ly `iyd ztewzy
icedid mlerd lkn mixteq ly agx beg zrdazkl jeynl zexyt`
,oileta dxez ly dipqk` f` dzid .inler fkxnl eze` jetdle
f` .zevrend zixaa yicii ly fkxn mb dide ,elek mlerae dwixn`a
d did htpewev mia`ynd xy`k ,xzei xge`n .aeyg ifkxn zrazk
dy gkyp l` .xzei zerexb mbe zeaeh zetewz eid ,envnhvde ekld
htpewev xzeia wizeed iciid zrdazk `ede ,mipy 73 oa xak `ed
ly mlnr ixt ,zrazk ly eiiga mb jk ,mc` ly eiiga enk .mlera
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
231
zigkepd dtewzay zeewl dvex ip` .zecixie zeilr opyi ,mc`ipa
d axwzn htpewev .zeaehd eizetewza el dzidy dnxl
l xy`a cp`lniid yihree`q zrdazk cg` cvny ,xne` iziid ,
dze` ,zening ea oi` .iepiy onqn epi` ely ewdy meyn ,afk`n dfd
mixteqd gvx xg`l .d`eyd ly xayd xg`l dl epitivy zening
eqgiiziy zetvl did xyt` ,yicii zextq leqige oil`hq icia micedid
z` miwptn `l la` .mireyry cli didz yiciidy ,zxg` yiciil
,miitk lr dze` mi`yep `l ,yiciid cp`lniid yihree`q dyrp `l
.dfn xzei `le yiciia zrazk oiicr `ed ,icedi zrazkl miizpia
zepexyk ,miaeyg mixteq my milrety zecedl miaiig ,z`f mr
oefge dii`x dnir z`yep ,miinvr zexewnn za`ey mzxiviy ,milern
.micgein
,aiag oexg` oexg` ,eiykre hiiw rprcl`b ic zrdazk . ic
hiiw rprcl`b dpigan od ,zipeirx dpigan od miyxn byid `ed
ly xvand ,zexczqddy jka `ed byidd zipeirx dpigan .zizepn`
zeced xyt`zd xacd ;zrdazk z` `ivedl dnikqd ,"zixard wx"
ziyep` zeyibx lra gwit icedi ,l"f wvpixty sqei ly ezelczydl
`ed s` axrzd ocq ac ,il recid lkke ,miicedi mikxrl wenr qgie
aehl .oiiprd z
og `vn ce`ny edyn ocq ac itn izrny `iypd lv` daiqna
xara .xara el dzidy efn dpey meid yiciil ezyiby xn` ocq .ipira
ayeg `ed eiykr la` ,zixarl yiciin mbxzl jixvy ayg `ed
ewiprd `l cer md ;mez cr mzegily z` e`lin `l cer yicii ixteqy
jl izxn` ip`y itk ,e` givpdl miaiigy dn lkl izextq yeal
ly dixehqidd z` aezkl eniiq `l cer md ,epipia dgiyd zligza
wxe j` mdilr xtql ozipy mixac mze` lk z` ,mdizea` ly ,mnvr
.cgi mb okeze dxev `l` ,ipevig yeal wx dpi` ixd dty ik ,yiciia
wtq oi` .dnly zizeaxz zkxrn `l` cala dty dpi` `ld yicii
yiciia zrazk d`iven zexczqddy lecb ipeirx byid jka yiy
mixteq oia axwn s`e elek mlera yicii ixteq lkl dipqk` `edy
itk weica ik ,il dncp .zixara miazekd dl`l yiciia miazekd
lwpxt xfril`
232
ixard xteqd mb dzr ,zixarl eze` enbxziy dvex yicii xteqy
`lel ik okziie ,yiciil eze` enbxziy oiipern hiiw rprcl`b ic df
,elld mixteqd .mzrc lr dler did `l elit` df ,dxew did `l
z` mze`xa ,hiiw rprcl`b ic mixteqd lye zrdazk ly dnxd z`
ip`e ,yiciil mebxza ritedl mdl i`cky zrcl egkep ,ea mitzzynd
ly aeyg byidk df z` mb aiygn hiiw rprcl`b ic xxern zrdazk .
ezefg mb .ea zenqxtznd zexivid zenka ok enke ,ezeki`a ceak
.xtqa `l` zxaega xaecn `l oky caeknd ecnrnl znxez zipevigd
dnc`d" iteg cr ribdy ,dplieen xxeyndy ,ynn ly lfn edf
.zipbxe` jklk dxeva dil` xagzdl gilvd ,"zipgexd
,ezrca ayein mc` mb oke ,ce`n aeyg xxeyn ,xxeyn `ed xawveq
ze`p qgie hw`h lra mc` `ed ,mixxeyn lv` uxtp oefg epi`y xac
wieeiil mby il dncp .icileq ,aeh jxer mb `edy xxeyn .mc`ipa l`
ztewza la` ,miaeh mikxer md mb eid ,digiy oiihyh`lbe ,l"f
d ikxerk mzcear htpewev xawveq ayei o`ke .mixg`a eriizqd cinz
.mipn`pd eixfer mr ely zrdazk zkixr lr ecal hiiw rprcl`b ic
mxez envr `ede l`xyia yiciid ly dcnrna lgy xetiyl iehia `ed
lrn yiciia mixac rinyny in ,meik .`ilz `da `d .xetiyd jildzl
.jk lr lvpzdl jixv epi` xak zixar wx xacl laewn dilry dna
od ,zeig` izyk aey cciizdl elgd zetyd izy ik wiqdl ozip o`kn
lr diipyd ipta lvpzdl dkixv dpi` xak odn zg`e ef cil ef zeavip
.dig `idy ,zniiw `idy jk
xewiad on zeieege minyx iabl zrpnp izlad dl`yd eiykre :'t
.l`xyia
ip` :cala cg` myex wx miizpia il yi ,minyx oiicr il oi` :'a
ly dfd qpl lbxzdl leki ippi` .dxwy qpd on zelrtzd `ln oiicr
jenpd onl ,dceard itpr lka miwqer micedi day ,zicedi dpicn
mrt xn` .hpnlxt ,wwegn cqen o`k yiy ,xzeia caeknl cre xzeia
weqrd mr zeidl eplcg dzry ,ipexkfa zxgp xacde xfy onlf `iypd
dxag ,miweg ly mr epiyrpe zecireea mekiq zehlgd lr dravda
ixt `ed dt `vnpy dn lky dxic` dieeg idef .miweg zwwegny
aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy
233
;zelrtzd zegt ia zxxern dnvrlyk dpicnd .micedi ly mziiyr
`l` dpi` `id xac ly eteqa ik ,jklk aeyg oiipr ipira dpi` dpicn
dyrn `ed df irvn` ik ayeg ip`yk zwzrp izniyp la` ,irvn`
`ltzn ip` ok lre .dpy miitl` ly dwqtd xg`l micedi ly mdici
dfd qpd z` hextl mileki md cvik ,minyx xtql mileki miyp` cvik
qpa xaecn izpigan .og `ven df mbe ipira og `ven df :zxg` e` jk
oeivn" oefgd zenybzd z` epi`x mxh .ceak z`xia elen avip ip`y
dxez ly fkxnl l`xyi z` jetdiy dfk qp dxwi ok` m`e ,"dxez `vz
qp edf xnel lkep f`y ixd ,elek icedid mlerd lr rityie oixwiy
.mipey`xd mi`penygd inia ygxzdy dfn ltep epi`y
1965 x`epi
234
bx`apiihy ly ditxbeilaial zexrd
*
jxkl ely xaczixg`a azek bxapxhy awri mil`yrn I ,uiaepx'v ,
df mipey milyn miying d`nk wx liknd ,dfd xtqd ixg`" :1932
dryz ritedl mixen` ,mxeaig onfe mpepbq ,mdi`yep zpigan dfn
,milyn :ellkiy dkixre xeciq ly jildza mi`vnpd mitqep mikxk
,micli ixiy ,miclie mixbeanl oexh`iz zefgn ,zephw zeiyrn
.(296 'nr ,my) "zegiye miazkn ,zeibebct zeniyx
xtqd gelyn lr dcez eae bx`apiihy creel xbiy wil`iay azkna
mil`yrn I icici ly miipe`bd milynd" on ezelrtzd z` rian `ed ,
mqw ,elyn cgein og lyne lyn lkl" - - "l"f bx`apiihy xfril`
ixecl epzextq z` xi`zy ,on`ax ly dlecb dxivi idef .elyn cgein
) "zexec xrhrla ryix`xrhil .(478 'f ,1933 ,30
l`e egepz l`" :izextqd oeafrd oiipr z` xikfdl mb b`ec wil`ia
ly hrd zyexi dpexg`d dcewpd cr xe`l `vz `ly cr ehwyz
,azky xac lk .zg` ze` elit` rxbizy xeq` .bx`apiihy xfril`
* xfril` :xtql lwpxt '` jxry itxbeilaiad rcinl `ean ynyn oldl hqwhd
,bx`aiihy milyn .325323 'nr ,1969 ,aia`lz ,"uxR .l .i" b`lx`t ,
jezn dgwlp o`k z`aend yiciia ditxbeilaiad" :xiaqn `ed dxrda
zcearn wlg `idy ,zipnxbe zipnex ,zixara mixecn mr ,zllek ditxbeilaia
,'bx`apiihy xfril` ly lynd ly ezeixewne eizexewn' `yepd lr hxehwec
.ocq ac 'text ly ezkxcda milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a dilr cwey ip`y
.`vnpa mpi` xak bx`apiihy xfril` mqxit mday ,miax zriazk mipezir
lye bx`apiihy ly eizexivi ly dniyx jexrl df oey`x itxbeilaia oeiqp okl
".zenlyn wegx eilr eazkpy mixac
.dix`xeb dcedi yiciin mbxz
bx`apiihy ly ditxbeilaial zexrd
235
miaiig einebxz elit`e ,miclid ixiy ,eizeiyrn :mda oexg`d cr
.(my) "edylk xac ca`iy xeq` .xe`l z`vl
,bx`apiihy xfril` ly ezxiht xg`l mipy yye miyely ,meid cr
,zeiyrn ly cg` jxk wx rited "mikxk dryz" mze` jezn
jrlrqn ,(mixye`nd) "rkrlwilb ic" miclid dfgn ,1936 ,uiaepx'v ,
zrdazka hiiw rprcl`b ic ipy milyn jxk ,1950 ,5 milyn II ,
.`l eze wil`ia ixiy ly miceairminebxz xtqn ,1956 ,aia`lz
z`xie daig ly qgi jezn azky xaczixg`a ,bxapxhy awri
mze` ly mpkez z` miillk mieew wx x`iz ,bx`apiihy itlk ceak
e`vnp `l mixg` zexewn .mihxtl qpkidl ilan "miazk ikxk dryz"
dwax ,bx`apiihy ly ezpnl` ,zepey zeaiqn .mipyd jldna
xcqle zexivid ihxt ly meyix jexrl dwitqd `l ,l"f bx`apiihy
livdl dgilvd `id eze`y ,gepnd dlra ly izextqd oeafrd z`
zexyt`d il dpzip mini xtqn iptl wx ;dax ytp zexiqna xnyle
.oeafra ievnd z` meyxle xnega oiirl
xfril` ly eizeybx lr ,enir dgiy zra ,il xtiq lwia dnly x"c
ynn bx`apiihy" :eizexivil einebxz lre ,wil`ia itlk bx`apiihy
dnk .yiciil wil`ia ly eizexivi lk z` mbxz `ed .wil`ia z` lil`d
ted minebxzd on uiaepx'va zeaxzl diivxctd d`ivedy sq`na eri
x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `" ,lrwprxt xfril`) "1921 zpya
,"aia`lY oi` lwia dnly hiiw rprcl`b ic .(90 'nr ,1966 ,54
azkna einebxz lr mihxt dnk xqen envr bx`apiihy xfril`
miax iznbxiz xak" :1923 ipeia 21a uiaepx'vn wil`ia p"gl xbiyy
"cere ,'xdf' ,'lil icnb' ,'mr ixiy' ,'uiw ixiy' ,'sxeg ixiy' :jixiyn
.(aia`lz ,"wil`ia zia" oeikx`)
dl` ode ,enqxety minebxzd od enyxp izkxry ditxbeilaiaa
`l mdipiay ,minbxezn mixiy dryz lkdjqa ,oeafra iz`vny
dlecbd dn`etl rbepa oicd `ede ,'lil icnb' `le ,uiw ixiy `l mi`vnp
.'xdf' dzenkae dzeki`a
mi`yepa mipehiilt bx`apiihy xfril` mqxt 19251920 mipya
oeivilret ly oezira ,miinewn hiidx ic mzg mdilr ,uiaepx'va
lwpxt xfril`
236
mr oezird z` wil`ial gley bx`apiihy ;"mc`oa" hrd mya
mezgd `hegd 'mc`oa'd" :lirl xkfpd azkna ,el azeke oehiiltd
."ip` df eilr
aex ,bx`apiihy xfril` ly ezen xg`l mixeyr drax` hrnk ,meid
dxh" zpigaa ,ciiazka oiicr `vnp ,zizenk dpigan zegtl ,ezxivi
miiw dlbpay bx`apiihy cil ;yicii zextq ztn lr "dhipbewpi`
ly dcedz zicegiid ezxivil siqend xac ,xzqpay bx`apiihy
.dxenbizla dipetniq
h"kyz elqk ,oelwy`
237
eilyna l"fgne `xwnd on zexewn
bx`apiihy xfril` ly
*
,dligzln dzid l"fg xn`n ly e` i`xwn weqt z`ad ly divwpetd
dcnr ly dwnpd myl ,zeknq ly xeyi` zpigaa ,meik mb df jke
wil`ia p"g ,eppnfl xzei miaexw miyi` xikfdl m` ,jk .znieqn
ly dlecbd zeaiygd z` gikedl ick l"fg ixn`n dnk lr jnzqn
,wil`ia p"g) epnr iiga jepigd zextq ixac .(149 'nr ,c"kyz ,`"z ,
ezcnr z` wnpl ick l"fg ixn`n ly rtya ynzyn iperny cec mb
,iperny cec) dcearde lretd iabl ,okecd lrn .(37 'nr ,f"iyz ,`"z
lecb xtqn miiw ,miitxb mizatl` ly mipey mibeql xyw lk `ll
izeaxz oexkif mceqiay ,miihwxhqa` mizatl` zepkl ozipy dn ly
lk `ll mixiarne miwifgnd ,gexay mifnxe miienq mipniq ;szeyn
.mieqn xeaiv ly ode cigid ly od zeiyep` zeieeg "ze` zxev"
,dliny mizrl dxew df z` df ahid mixiknd miyp` ipy oia elit`
odl oi`y ,zeiv`iveq` mda mixxerne mixaer dvixw mzq e` ,fnx
q dpigan e` dvixwd ,dlind .dvixwl e` fnxl ,dlinl xyw lk zihpn
.gexd ly ziatl` ly zeize` oirn xnelk ,mipniq ,milnql ektd fnxd
miayez oebk ,ote` dfi`a dfl df miaexwd miyp` ly mizatl` mpyi
,znieqn zipgex daiaql ,mrl mikiizynd e` ,xefi` ly ,xir ly
:dpezp dtewzl
* jeza rited yiciia xewnd xryicii xrc oet bpeyx`t xrc x`t qwpR
,rqrxR oe` xeh`xrhil dnbxez dqnd .224214 'nr ,1972 wxeieip
xeb dcedi icilr ,da miritend mipey mihqwhn mihehivd llek ,dzenlya
.dix`
lwpxt xfril`
238
,mixr ,miwegx mixtkn mb miay ep`
,dnc`a miwenr mixege zepgn ,mixwpean ,zexrin
,miixhd mixawd ipeilin zyy ly mdiyxei
.jly "dfn dlrnl `l m`" ly ,jxiy ly miyxei
("dp`lbv aegx" ,oxew 'd lgx)
daiaqa mrd gex ly ziatl`l jiiy oxew lgx ly dxiyn df zia
.dpezp dtewze znieqn
wenrd cedcda dgex ly ziatl`d zxivil zynzyn dtexi` zeaxz
,`nexe oeei ly zeieaxzd one dwizrd zixard zeaxzd on zeceqi ly
.d`vi `id odny
cg`l `exwl dvx (18931850) o`qtendc ib iztxvd xteqd
zyneyn icn xzei el dz`xp ef dlin mle` ."dad`" mya ely mipnexd
onexl `xw `ed f` ,zil`pae Fort comme la mort .(zeenk dfr)
"dad` zeenk dfr" iehiad rwx lr ,"dad`" `xwp df gexd ly ziatl`a
.zepezpd milind ly dwihpnql xyw lk `ll ,(e ,g mixiyd xiy)
xiilcea lx`y lecbd iztxvd xxeynd ly exiya hvnp dnec xac
:(18671821)
Ange plein de bonheur, de joie et de lumires,
David mourant aurait demande la sant
Aux manations de ton corps enchant!
(Reversibilit, Les Fleurs du Mal)
:iytegd inebxiza
,dxe`e xye` ,dgny `ln j`ln
zEig ytig ezqiqba cec
.miqwnd jteb xdefa
z` gprtl `xewl xyt`n (` ,`) '` mikln xtq ly ` wxtl dfinxd
`d j`ln dfi` l` o`k dpet epi` xxeyndy ,oiadle ihwxhqa`d ziatl
.mc`d ly mixerpd ztewz z` zelrdl ezpeeka `l` ,inzq
bx`apiihy xfril` ly eilyna l"fgne `xwnd on zexewn
239
mixeyw "`wt`w ly enler" e` "iwqaiiehqec xeaib" enk miiehia
.xeriy oi`l miax dl`k yie ,gexd ly ziatl` eze`l md mb
:"orpiiee xin jif hqelb" exiya xne` wil`ia
qrx`nk rwihpd ic oet xkf ` x`t oe`
."zexdp lr" xrp ` oalax`t j` hree
meid ippr ly xkf xezae)
(.ycg "zexdp lr" mkl x`yi
) mixiy (1 'nr ,1922 oilxra ,
mb epayi my laa zexdp lr" :flw milidzd wxt rwxa `vnp o`k
."oeiv z` epxkfa epika
,zixarl mbxzy yicii zxiy ly dibelezp`l `xw xvln oeyny
miiw xak o`ke ,(f"kyz ,milyexi) "zexdp lr" :elld milind izya
df mye ;wil`ia ly efexg ode ,milidzn flw wxtd od :letk rwx
lkd ,miaexwe miwegx micd ipin lk xxern yicii zxiy ly dibelezp`l
.micd mze` zedn z` helwl ezlekile `xew lk ly ezlkydl m`zda
`ed o`k rwxde "exzi ly zenyd z` el yi" :xne` yiciia mbzt
.(exzi 't ,`zlikn) "exzil eid zeny dray"
dtlra zrcei dlezgd eay ,bx`apiihy xfril` ilyn ly mlera
,"alkde dlezgd") "xyidw"d z` ode "dpi`xedpi`v"d z` od
mil`yrn I i`xwnd weqtd ly divwpetd ,(63 'nr ,1935 ,hyx`wea ,
xwira `l` ,zxg` e` efk dcnra jenzl dppi` l"fg xn`n ly e`
.zilezid dwqhexb ly znieqn dxiee` xevil
,ycewnd weqtd oia dpeynd beeifd on llk jxca zxvep dwqhexbd
lynnd e` lynd xeaib day div`ehiqd oial ,l"fg xn`n e` ,abypd
lblbzd (ak ,`i ,ilyn) "xifg s`a adf mfp" .mda ynzyn envr
."xifgl milibr enk ,jze` mled df" :yiciia mbztl
:yiciia dxni`a dievn micebip ybtnn zraepd dwqhexb oirn
ef dxni`a ynzyn bx`apiihy xfril` ."lad epi` (qerll) orw"
"lad `l df ,ig` ,orw" :zg` dlin ly ztqez mr ,bel`ica
) mil`yrn I ly giyd zxiee`l o`k dni`zn "ig`" diiptd ;(124 'nr ,
lwpxt xfril`
240
oiw oiay xywd lya ztqep zernyn zlawn "ig`" dlinde ,bel`icd
.ladl
:zexaicd zxyr rwx lre
oekx ony xifg ,`ln qea`l lrn
lilra xkip ,llef `ede
lilk ddcfn `edy
- z` cak weqtd mr
!lilfd z` cak
- oekix`i ornl
!giynd zenil mikefe miig ep` dlik`d zekfa ik
) mil`yrn I (224 'nr ,
vn`a o`k lawzn dketd zernyn mr weqtd ly befind zedf zer
"qr" dlinde (qr :ifpky`d `hana) "z`" zixard dlind ly lilvd
z` cak" :iriaxd xaicd lr fnxn "oekix`i ornl" ;yiciia (lek`)
,zlawzn jke (ai ,k ,zeny) "jini oekix`i ornl jn` z`e jia`
."xifg yxcn" ly dwqhexb oirn ,licadl
,zexecd lka micedid ipira yecw cqen did dlrn ly oicdzia
oiiczdl d`ad dxt eiptl driten "dlrn ly oiczia iptl" lyna la`
"xdd z` oicd aewi" iehiaa yeniyd df hqwhpewae ,xaryl dilra mr
,mixd aewiz zn`dy" dvex dxtd .icnl iwqhexb rnyp (a"v ,zenai)
) "xegyd oprd z` - ynyd ipxw enk mil`yrn I mb jke .(27 'nr ,
:my ,"ureid" lyna
ecrep micaekn mixakr ly mipiipn dxyr
.renyl mipnefne mipken mde
hwt`d o`k `weec j` ,dgiyd ztya geex iehia `ed "onefneoken"
mipiipn dlinde xyr xtqnd :rwxa ievny dnn raep iwqhexbd
dxyr" iehiad `weece ;oiipna dlitz oiipr z` mdipy mixikfn
yecwd oiay wgynd z` xiabn ,edylk xg` xtqn mewna ,"mipiipn
dlind d`a ,zgzetd "dxyr" dlind cbpky ,jka mb iwqhexbl
bx`apiihy xfril` ly eilyna l"fgne `xwnd on zexewn
241
zkxa gqep oia lcadd z` dlrn df mbe ,yely dyexity "onefn"
dkxade "elyn eplk`y jexa" :zegtl micreq dyelya zxn`pd ,oefnd
."elyn eplk`y epiwel` jexa" :oiipna
:xakrd icilr xn`p df lyna
zeaal evn` :izvr ,ig` ,ok lr
- zeapf exvwe
) mil`yrn I (36 'nr ,
z` un`z `l" mre (l ,a ,mixac) "eaal z` un`e" mr azkzny
jke ,zeixfk` ly zernyna `ed yeniyd my ,(f ,eh ,mixac) "jaal
.zeapfd ueviw ly ixfk`d hw`l `xewd z` lynd oikn
:dletk daebz ea xxern ,zeibelp`e zepexkf `xewa dlrnd hqwh
drztd - xg` cvne ,wize xkn mr ybtn ly dnirp dybxd ,cg` cvn
jxevd lr dper df xac .z`f lka ea milbznd zeycgd miptd len
avnay deelyd z` ytgny ,iyep`d hwlhpi`d ly icinzd ,letkd
,zldew ly eyny zgz oezpd mlera enk xac dpzyn epi` ea ,ihhqd
`nv oirn yg zradae .rzten zeidl jxeve
div`iveq` lr iepa hqwhdy zeaexw mizrl dxew bx`apiihy lv`
ipira ycg mbe xken mb d`xp `edy jk ,l"fg ixac e` `xwnd mr
:"eizq mei" lyna jk .`xewd
eizery el dpeny oeryd lr qrek `ed
- zhly dkxad oi` iepna ixde
) mil`yrn I (128 'nr ,
xaca `l dievn dkxad oi`" :l"fg xn`n z` oexkifa cin dlrn dfe
rwxae ;(a"r ,g ,ziprz) "iepnd xaca `le cecnd xaca `le ,lewyd
"oird on ienqd xaca `l` dievn dkxad oi`" xn`nd mb o`k `vnp
oir" ea zzl xyt`i` eze` mi`ex oi`y xacy ,`ed jkl mrhd .(my)
`l` dievn dkxad oi`" :el jenqd xn`na xacd hleay itk ,"rxd
bx`apiihy recn xaqdd dfe .(my) "ea zhly oird oi`y xaca
dcaerd caln ,"rxdoir"l o`k qgiiznd ,"hley" lreta ynzyn
lwpxt xfril`
242
.(hegy) "hrliewrbt`" mr fxgzn (hliea :`xw) "hlea" yiciiay
:y"iid xne` "diglnd" lyna
,mixvna el aaezyd otbd ixt `xea xy`k
,ynyd eze` d`aqe ,dwynl mid jtdp
.miicb enk erwx ,ecwx mixdde
) mil`yrn I (106 'nr ,
z`va" :milidza ,ciw wxt ly oey`xd wlgd z` cin xikfn dfe
ecwx mixdd ;xeg`l aeqi ocxid ,qepie d`x mid [...] mixvnn l`xyi
.(b ,` ,my) "o`v ipak zerab ,mili`k
gewl df ,"o`v ipa" ly `le "mili`" ly mebxiz epi` "miicb"
"lbr enk mciwxie" :zay zlaw zlitzn xzei recid xg` weqtn
dpeynd ceaird on zlawzn zinewd dwqhexbd .(e ,hk ,milidz)
.mixacd oia oexkifa aeaxirde
xeyiw ,l"fg xn`n zexey rax`a miriten "qrekd bbd" lyna
:milidzn ienicl dfinx mr cgi ,'a l`enya weqtl
;dxf dcear `id ,ep` mircei `ld ,qrk
.dxv ef dnly 'x ly ezia bb mr la`
,et`n el `vei oyr ik cr ,qrek `ed
.daex`d on
) mil`yrn I (127 'nr ,
dcear caer eli`k qrekd lk" dxin`l zxywzn dpey`xd dxeyd
iyteg mbxezy ,(117 'nr ,'b xcg ,n"daa qtcpy ,mlerl yxcn) dxf
."dxf dcearn rexb qrk" :yicii mbzta
`ed ik"pzd ernyny "s`" - (h ,ak ,'a l`eny) "et`a oyr dlr"
ienicl mb zefnxn lyna zexeyde .mheg mb oaenk ,`ed ,mrf
,cr ,milidz) "jt` oyri gvpl" :milidzn .(`
wenr mireahy mifnxe zenya aexl ynzyn bx`apiihy xfril`
j` ,miwegx micd xxern envr myd "oenxg" lyna .epnr ly oexkifa
cre oepx` lgp zty lr xy` xrexrn" .`xewd all miaexw z`f lka
bx`apiihy xfril` ly eilyna l"fgne `xwnd on zexewn
243
ixxd lr cxi xy` oenxg lhk" .(gn ,c mixac) "oenxg `ed ,oe`iy xd
dpyna xkfpy xadxey lr xtqn lynd .(b ,clw ,milidz) "oeiv
:('e ,'g ,mi`lk)
.mixd itl` iayr xadxey miizpia lke`
) milyn II (49 'nr ,1956 aia`lz ,
`l` (i ,p ,milidz) "sl` ixxda zenda" wx `l cdcdn ef dxey rwxa
,`eal cizrl jlk`nl iz`xay ,il yi zg` d`ixa" :xwira ile`e mb
ipin lk dl milcbn mixd sl`e mixd sl` lr dveax `ide ,zenda idef
.(a"k x"wie ,'` 'qed x"wiqt) "zlke` `ide lk`n ipin lke miayr
:miphwd miv`d ,mivxd z` xadxey gly zg` mrt
,mfb ,liqg ,wli ,dax`
.miayrd z` eliaya seq`l
) milyn II (49 'nr ,
dax`d xzie ,dax`d lk` mfbd xzi" :weqtd cner df rhw ixeg`n
.(c ,` ,l`ei) "liqgd lk` wlid xzie ,wlid lk`
) "zexdpd sk e`gni" dxeyd zivgn ,"ohwd sezd" lyna milyn II ,
i`cke ,(g ,gv ,milidz) "sk e`gni zexdp" z` cin dxikfn (95 'nr
ly iciid mebxza "orwqrilR" iee`lq lreta yeniyd z` o`k oiivl
.j"pzd
:dl` zexeya miizqn "dhgnnd" lynd
?giynd `eaiyk didi dn
,mli` el`y ,xeeir el`y
,miltep ilg ,mirxevn el`y
,gp`zn ,ileg reci men lra lk el`y
- zepyi miilrp ,xcpilivd ,lniixhyd z` el`y
!mknvr z` ,dligna ,el`y
:dwixi wxi wicv jk mzq `l
."gkep my did` `l ip`e `eai el"
) mil`yrn I (173 'nr ,
lwpxt xfril`
244
- "dipingi` `le izii" :giynd z`ia oiipra l"fg xn`n xikfn df
.('a ,g"v oixcdpq) .eze` d`x` `ly calae ,`eaiy
md xy`ke ,mdipky lr milkxn mixifg ipy "mih`arl`a" lyna
ilkn mi`vei ynn md ,mialkl miribn :ik ,md
!gxid cbpk elit` migaep md
!`iny itlk dtveg ef ixd -
) mil`yrn I (207 'nr ,
dtveg - "ipdn `iny itlk elit` dtveg" :l"fg xn`n jnq lr
.('` ,d"w ,oixcdpq) minyd itlk elit` zxfer
) "zxtxtgde xypd" lynd mil`yrn I xn`n z` epl xikfn (177 ,
"dn rcei `ede uiivn xetiv ,dn rcei `ede xrep xeng ,dnly" :l"fg
mler ,mler mdiptl f` gztp" :dxeya ,lyn eze`a .('h ,'` ,x"iydy)
,oixcdpq ,inlyexi) "zlkz eleky zilh" iehiad cdcdn "`lt eleky
.('e
ie`" :dxni`d ly ,iyteg ,ilezid mebxz oirn epyi "ryxd" lyna
:(`"q zekxa) "ixvin il ie`e ,ixvein il
minyd miyiprn zexar lr
.dnc`d dyiprn zeevn lre
) mil`yrn I (21 'nr ,
iehiaa xiczd yeniyd lr ,"zeixhi`l dxez oia" ezqna ,ocq ac
zegt xac ly zernyna ,yiciia zeixhi` - oyw`l] "oyw`lzxeY"
,lynl dfd iehiad z` jted bx`apiihy xfril`" cvik d`xn [jxr
) lezida cgi mibfnp ,zeixhi`de dxezd ,miaikxnd ipy eay milyn II
:(60 'nr
zkzeg xak oikqd !hwy
oywel zxez
.oexg` wqet enk ,`knqxa enk zkzeg
!ebrlz l` ?dn miigd ,exn`
.wqer jka ip`e ,zeixhi` ly wva dlr df
bx`apiihy xfril` ly eilyna l"fgne `xwnd on zexewn
245
mrd ita `vnp (zeixhi` jezgl) 'oyw`l ow`xa' iehiad lwyn lr
jezgl dlindy itk j` ,wqet `ede (dxez jezgl) 'dxez ow`xa' iehiad
xn`nk ,wFqtl mb zpnqn `id jk ,zekizgl xac ly jezig zpnqn
ote`a jezgl ernyn ,wqt yxeyd - jyndae .'oicd jezig' iehiad
zeihwewa uivn wvad dlrl zgzne ,('zeni `le diyix wiqt') iceqi
,ocq c) "ippig lyn dfi` ,ed .`xnbd sc zenkg oet znkg ic ,`"z ,
.(185 'nr ,1967
jiigl yi ,ok" :dxeyd zwgyn "ureid lra" lyna ,ote` eze`a
) "ryxl mil`yrn I cibn dipcira `lrz" :l"fg xn`n mr (37 'nr ,
eyexit "jiigl" o`k ,ab` .(f"h 'bn) epnfa lreyl dciw cew - "dil
- eipiye ,lezg - lezgd x`yp" :df lyna dpexg`d dxeyde .spgzdl
edinxi) "?eizexeaxag xnpe ,exer iyek jetdid" mr zazkzn "!miipiy
.(bk ,bi
a mil`yrn I xefgn epyi eay ,(242227 'nr) "zeize`" mya mly
."`aiwr iaxc `zia`tl` yxcn" ly zizxivid ezrtyd zxkip
dn iptn" :zitxbd dzxev itl zpiievne ze` lk zpgap df yxcna
aygp `edy iptn ?mc`ipak milbx izy el yie sewf sl` ly ey`x
eipt dn iptn ,zia" ."miilbx el oi` xwye ,miilbx el yi zn`e ,zn`k
."lkl oigezt eizlcy zial dnec 'ay iptn ?'a itlk eipt 'be ,'b itlk
.ziatl`d ly ze`e ze` lk zpiite`n jke
mbxz ,wil`ia p"g l` dax ceak z`xia qgiizd bx`apiihy xfril`
wtq hrnk oi` .zeax mipy jyna enr azkzde eixiyn dnk
zepy lr xtqn wil`ia eay ,"gitq" z` ezrya `xw bx`apiihyy
,wil`ia p"g) "miilc befe lq`"l sl`d dnecn "gitq"a .ezecli
mixetiq .(gix 'nr ,1956 ,`"z ,
zeige zenda zenca :mipt dnka od s` il e`xp zeize`d x`y zxev"
iz`vn `l dry itly ,mzq zepeyn zeixak e` ,milke mibce zetere
dyely lra oetity oin df ixd - o"iyd .dfd mlera `nbec oiicr odl
"zg` lbx lr zcnere x`eev zhyet dciqg ef ixd - c"nld ;miy`x
"mecxw zpiga - z"lcd ...sbn df ixd l"nibd" .(hixgix 'nr ,my)
.(hix 'nr ,my)
lwpxt xfril`
246
lyndn ,"zeize`" xecnd jezn milyn ipyn ze`nbec o`k `ian ip`
:"'b"
?minya `heg minrtl in ,mz` mirceid
!lnibd
,rxd xvi zxxernd ,zippigd lbxd ixd `id
- zvw ryrzydl dl wygzd f` ,ep
.jnqd z` segcl
"!hrn eze` lblb` dad" ,zxne` `id ",df lebir"
) mil`yrn I (227 'nr ,
:"cei ly evew" lynd one
,zrwex dlbxa lnibde
?dfk xac mzrny" .ohwd oetl`d z` zyxbn
!dfd ohwd WnWd" ,zwrev `id ,"sgcp `ed
lq` - z`fk cer d`xp dti`
"!miilc ipy mr
) mil`yrn I (238 'nr ,
.wil`ia lv` enk `ed ienicd jynd .oetl`l dyrp sl`d
miyxyxnd ly yixde
.zNCd cil zg` dxeya cenrl dvex dpi`
"?zelcd ef" ,zwrev `id "o`k dl dn"
`ly ,z`ypznd y"ixdy jk .iper ornyn ,"z"lc" ode "y"ix" od
dlind on yix ze`d wx zeidl zaiig ,z"lc mr zepkyd dl d`i
.(yiciia "jrlcprx") "miyxyxn"
.(oec`) "x`d"d cil cenrl dvex dpi` dkex`d wicvde
!dkk" ?dnle recn ,zxne` z`f dn
"!(al) ux`d el oi` ik !ryx `edy iptn
,my el xv ,lbx jyen ohwd ee cnlde
bx`apiihy xfril` ly eilyna l"fgne `xwnd on zexewn
247
."mely"a ?dti`
"!dkg ,jeynz `p l` !h`l !jnr midel`"
?jxr dfi` ?mely dfi`"
glya mi`ven ely oiyd z` m`
- dieay ,ely mnde
!(ohyd ,l`nq) mn jnqa `weec
dnwpa dze` e`vnze
.dnglna elit`e
."(dpey zvw yeala my ik m`)
,zgztpd dtipn enk ,zgtpzn oiyd eli`e
,qeeh ly eapf ztipnk
:drebp `hga ixd sewd - sewd on zwgxzn
!xwyd icia dxyked dly xifgd lbx
) mil`yrn I (238 'nr ,
ygxzn ,"r"xc a"` yxcn"a ziatl`d ly ibibgd crvnd zeawra
hrnk ,ilezid crvn oirn bx`apiihy xfril` lv` "zeize`" xecna
.(ci ,a ,'a l`eny) "epiptl ewgyie mixrpd `p enewi" gqepa
248
bx`apiihymebxz
ly einebxzl wil`ia ly eqgi lr zexrd
eixiyl bx`apiihy *
bx`apiihy xfril` ly ekxcl zipeyl dfilp` o`k zeyrl dqpn ippi`
ilra ,mipey mixvei oia deeyn xwgn `l mbe ,wil`ia z` enebxza
mipyd miraya yiciil wil`ia z` mbxzl eqipy ,dnewxeriy
mieew dnk hhxyl wx dvex ip` .eixg`le bx`apiihy iptl ,zepexg`d
dyr bx`apiihy xfril`y minebxzd l` wil`ia ly qgid ly `yepl
.eixiyl
xeaq ip` ,z`f zexnl j` ,icnl mvnevn `ed ihpeelxd xnegd
i`ck lkmcew .`idylk dpenz lawl xyt` dfd hrnd jezn elit`y
`l ,recid lkk ,mlern enqxet `l ,o`k mi`aend minebxzdy ,oiivl
* zrdazka mqxtzd dfd xvwd hqwhd hiiw rprcl`b ic 'nr ,1972 ,76
ly iytegd enebxza wil`ia ongpmiig ly mixiy drayl ieeilk ,2422
:md mixiyd .lwpxt '`l zeced dpey`xl my eritedy bx`apiihy xfril`
"oxrhy jif oyrl oe` jif ocpiv qr" ,("mixixtv") "jrlcpbx`nheb"
mkaal lr") "zleRn ` ux`d xr` bp`l oiey" ,("miake mivivn miakek")
mi") "zeceq hin hRy oeihanqhk`p" ,("?ji`") "?ehqia Eee" ,("mnyy
"xrcilxrhpiee ic oet" ,("lilicnb") "jrlheRilil" ,("zeceq hlet dnncd
ly epeafrn egwlp minebxzd" :xiaqn `ed zxzekl dxrda .("sxegd ixiyn")
zgtyny xg`l ,milyexia zine`ld dixtqa zrk ievnd bx`apiihy xfril`
ikcxn x"c z` daehl o`k xikfn ip` .dpzna df cqenl eze` dxqn bx`apiihy
z` ytgl xeyi`d lr ,dixtqd ly cidiazk zwlgne oeikx`d ldpn ,acp
."mnlvle bx`apiihy xfril` ly einebxz ly mihqwhd
.dix`xeb dcedi yiciin mbxz
bx`apiihymebxz
249
dpy 40 ze`lna ,eiykr wx minqxetn md .mixtqa `le zriazka
.bx`apiihy xfril` ly ezenl

cltxbpe` 'n `vn ,wil`ia ly ezxivil minebxzd swid lr exwgna
,cltxbpe` 'n) zety 26l mbxez xxeyndy ("wil`ia zia" ldpn)
,"zexg` zepeyla wil`ia" mifpb .(195 'nr ,d"kyz aia`lz ,a
enqxety minebxz wx oeayga `iad `edy ,my oiivn cltxbpe`
.zepey zeizextq zeipqk`a enqxety minebxz llk `le ,mixtqa
enbxzy mixxeyn ly ce`n zcaekn dilnt exwgna dpen cltxbpe`
'` ,aiil ip`n :zeny dnk wx xikf` mdipiany ,yiciil wil`ia z`
oeixhixwdy oeeik .xe`ipy onlfe ux`eey i"i ,orfiix mdxa` ,oiqril
oia mixkfp `l ,xtq ly zxbqna eritedy minebxzl wx qgiizdl did
on dnk dpd .bx`apiihy xfril` `le uxt l"i `l ,wil`ia inbxzn
lrn eritedy wil`ia ly eixiyl qbx`apiihy xfril` ly minebxzd
,"cilqwl`t" :zepey zena ryicii ,riprnexqiexb x`t j`p`nl` x
,"dxeUa ic" ;1 'nr ,1923 ,uiaepx'v ic hiidxt ;28.4.1923 ,my ,
,"x`i`w" j`ee ic ,"hk`px`t" ;4 'nr ,1934 ,1211 ,hyx`wea ,
xrhrla ryix`xrhil q`akeMxa oet" ;196 'nr ,1934 ,13 ,dyx`ee ,
,"xrxh ic" ,"orbp`frb hiiw rprcl`b ic mrp" ;8382 'nr ,1949 ,2
,"lhrhy oi` hip oe` h`hy oi` hip" ,"lbilt rpc xrhpe` jin
ipwtil zlidw .207 'nr ,1963 `"z ,(oexkf xtq)
dna j` ,mixirv mixxeyn itlk al agex ,recik oibtd wil`ia
enebxzn egex zxen jk lr dcirn xzid oia .ip`y - minebxzl rbepy
myd zgz dzrya dnqxety ,"dbxdd xira" ely dn`etl uxt ly
,jkl dnxb ef gex zxen `weece .dxefpv inrhn ,"aexinp `yn"
,inroal azkna azek `edy itk ,envra dn`etd z` mbxz wil`iay
dfa jl gley ip`e ,zicedi 'aexinp `yn' z` iznbxz" :1906 zpya
) "jkl il mxb uxt ly rxd enebxiz .zg` zxaeg ,wil`ia p"g zexb`
.(17 'nr ,ipy jxk ,g"vxz ,`"z
wil`ia ly exiyl enebxz z` bx`apiihy xfril` mqxit 1923 zpya
lwpxt xfril`
250
,"xye`n mebxz" :oeiv jez "cilqwl`t" myd zgz ,"daeh oa` inl"
mbxzl xeyi`d z` wil`ian ezrya lawl dkf `l uxt ik giken dfe
,1906n wil`ial uxt ly eazkn e`x) eze` zqpk ,h"vxz ,`"z ,4 ,
.laiw ok bx`apiihy xfril` eli`e ,(3231 'nr
xfril` ly azknae ,bx`apiihye wil`ia eazkzd mipy oze`a
:el azek `ed ,1923 i`na 21n ,uiaepx'vn wil`ial bx`apiihy
ily zeiyrnd xtq z` dfa jl gley ip` ,xwid wil`ia" ic ief` iee
yneg hpxrlrb oa`d jrlrbiit z` mbe [yneg mixetivd ecnl cvik]
zrdazk ic hiidxt ."aia` zxeya" jxiy ly mebxz `vnz eay ,
icnb' ,'mr ixiy' ,'uiw ixiy' ,'sxeg ixiy' :jixiyn miax iznbxz xak
gly`e lkd wizr` jkxg` ,mixiy dnk cer mbxz` .cere ,'xdf' ,'lil
.(`"z ,"wil`ia zia" oeikx`) ."jl
dzidy jk lr ;eca` bx`apiihyl wil`ia ly eiazkny ce`n lag
xfril`y azknn micnl ep` bx`apiihyl wil`ia oia zeazkzd
yicii ixtq l"ene zixarl dxend ,exiroae ecinlzl azk bx`apiihy
zr' !l`xyiux`l il `xew wil`ia" :1926 zpya jxra ,onhiex rhp
lk :i"yx yexit .cgia epvawe :xn`py enk - il `ed azek - 'qepk
) ."zg` dxeag eyri mipvawd xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea ,hyx`wea ,
.(116 'nr ,1947
lk z` wil`ial bx`apiihy gly ef zeazkzd zxbqnay gipdl yi
,1923 i`na 21dn ,lirl xkfedy azkna el gihady itk ,einebxz
."jl gly`e lkd wizr` jkxg` ,mixiy dnk cer mbxz`" :azk my
d`vez `ed bx`apiihy ly einebxzl wil`ia ly mgd eqgiy ,o`kn
.mihqwhd mr xxeynd ly xiyid xywd ly
,lirl iz`ady itk ,oeiva mieEln bx`apiihy ly minebxz dnk m`
iab lr ixd ,"xye`n mebxz" mebxz" :oiievn mixg`d minebxzd aex
mle` .z`f xy`z cin ixard xewnd mr d`eeyde ,"yiciil iyteg
z` riayd bx`apiihy ly "yiciil iytegd" mebxzd jxcy ,xxazn
.wil`ia ly epevx
zavp ,dxiyd megza hxta ,onein mbxzn lk iptl ,xac ly exwira
bx`apiihymebxz
251
eze` azek did m` xiyd z` azek envr xxeynd did cvik ,dl`yd
`ed mebxzd ly gqepde ,mbxezn zeidl cner `ed dil`y dtya
zexnl ,bx`apiihy ly "ezaeyz" .ef dl`yl mbxznd ly ezaeyz
.wil`ia ly eipira og d`yp ,xewnd itlk ytegd
xtqd lr dcen `ed eay ,uiaepx'va "bx`apiihy cre" l` eazkna
milyn xfril` ly epeafr z` xikfdl wil`ia b`c ,eil` glypy
`vz `ly cr ehwyz l`e egepz l`" :ely minebxzd z`e bx`apiihy
.bx`apiihy xfril` ly hrd zyexi ly dpexg`d dcewpd cr xe`l
:mda oexg`d cr ,azky xac lk .zg` ze` elit` rxbizy xeq`
xeq` .xe`l z`vl miaiig einebxz elit`e ,miclid ixiy ,eizeiyrn
) ."edylk xac ca`iy xrhrla ryix`xrhil .(478 'nr ,1933 ,30
wxe j` bx`apiihy mbxz ,iwqaegipxyh ly cg` xiy caln
wil`ia ly epiiprl ztqep zecr `id dl` minebxzl db`cde ,wil`ian
.eixiyl bx`apiihymebxz ly gqepd l` xzeia mgd eqgie
252
mixtqay epiig lr
*
miiwn ,icedi mxagn j` ,xkip oeyla eazkpy zexivi s`
,zicedi `id ezaizk zpeeke ,icedid mrl dwife zepn`p
llka xexiaa od - icedi xeaivl ,mvra ,zcrein `ide
.epzextq
ocq ac
lr mc`ipa ly miyrnde miigd ,xard z` zxfgynd ,dixehqidd cva
ziyep`d dxagd ly dzegztzd zeclez z` xwegd rcnd ,iceriz ceqi
zxg` zeihpze`a ,miiw ,drecid dzeaiyg lr dly qwltnewd lka
qenlewa zxgpy miigd ly irvn`izlad xe`id ,zexg` zeirnynae
.xteqd ly
,eztewzae ezaiaqa oezpd mc`a opeazn ,oeixehqidd enk ,xteqd
.eizeti`ye eixeqi ,eiig wte` mr mipey mirvn`a epiptl eze` bivne
.ipgex sewiy oirn `id d`vezd
,uxt l"i ,mkilr mely ,ilcpn enk mixteq eid oilete diqex zecdil
cvd z` mdizexivia ex`izy mipey`xd z` wx xikfdl m` ,y` mely
iptl ax onf ,xn` onyixt cec .ekiizyd eil` hayd ly ipiite`d
miigl zeawr meye yrxa micedid miaeyid eaxgp eli`y ,d`eyd
mixirfd mdihxt ihxt z` xfgyl did xyt` ,exiizyp `l miicedid
.ilcpn ixtq it lr xzeia
zit` dniyp ilra mixveil epikf `l ,dipnex icedi hay ,epgp`
dtya epixteq eazk dfn cal .y` mely e` ilcpn lyk micnin zagx
* zwelg lbxl xtexb awri y"r oxwd mqxty zipeylecd zxaega qtcp hqwhd
.109 'nr ,1975a xtexb iqxt
mixtqay epiig lr
253
enk mixra eclepy micedi recn :xwgp `l oiicr df `yep .zipnexd
dqce`a enk dcind dze`a yicii exaic my ,iedexec e` o`yehea ,q`i
,zixara e` yiciia `le zipnexd dtya z`f lka eazk ,dyxeea e`
e` ziqexd zecdid wiga egnvy mixteqd ziaxn iabl xacd didy itk
dwif lr exny jkl zecede mnr ly digd oeyla exviy zipletd
.eiig ze`ivn l` zcnzn
ceaixd ,icnrnd akxdd ,iyep`d xnegd ,dipnex hay axwa
mb oeinc dide ,oilete diqex zecdi ly dl`l minec eid ilklkizxagd
,lynl ,enk zepey zenbn oeebn meiw ly dwihnlaextd zpigan
dwixn`l dxibd ,zeinyihp` ,mfil`iveqe zepeiv ,dlkydde zeciqgd
.dpdke dpdk cere
ex`izy mixvei dnk zipnexa eazky micedid oia eid ,mewn lkn
ly qenqewexw`nde qenqewexwind z` miig mirav legkna epl
:ephay glvei`l ly ezecli ,exbelw oei ly hyx`w`e `il`w 'i ly
,ult mixyr d`n ehib ,xec`oa ixe` ly dpy miitl` df li`kin ly
,o`ihq`aq lrxd dfk xtq ly zxzek lk .mixg`e o`ixec lin` ly
ly dyegz ,xken xar ly lewza epxecipa ly mala zxxern
.epzi`n cg` lk ly zeieeg mr zeinihpi`
dnk cr oiadl epl rixtn dfd itxbeiaehe`d hpnl`d `weecy okzi
a icedid hayd ly "ewqxt" oirn mvra mieedn elld mixtqd .dipnex
extqie zixarl mrti` mllka enbxezi elld mixtqdy zeewl yi
,zipnexd zecdid ly dizeewze dize`lz ,dizeti`y lr ixard `xewl
zelaep dnk mb zixarl mbxzl epilr daeg i`ce .zxken epi` hrnky
eaigxi ,exiyriy zpn lr ,ecel 'i lye siqei 'a ly ,eqif l"` ly
.ef zixehqidzizextqd zecr ziiab ly dicnin z` ewinrie
mb `eapy ywia ,dfd icedid hayd z` jk lk ad`y ,xtexb awri
zxb`" mr l`xyia mipeyd miicedid mihayd ly lecbd ybtnl epgp`
dax dn xtexb oiad ohiit ly dwcd divi`ehpi`a .eplyn "oiqgeid
dtya micedid icilr dxvepy zextq ly zixehqidzine`ld zeaiygd
jez ef zextq ly ibelezp` xgan e`iveiy yxc `ed ez`eeva .zipnexd
.micedid miigde ieedd etwzyp mda mihpnl`d zybcd
lwpxt xfril`
254
ly zeipebqqd zeiencd ok enke ,e`cpl jexa ,dxetv ly oinipa
hyx`w`e `il`w epiclil maal mry dn lr zixara extqie e`eai
.miwegx zefegn mze`a epiig lr mdl exqnie epickple
255
ezxivia micedi ly zeienc
Ep`iaFcq li`kin ipnexd xteqd ly
*

`ly lecb xteq zinlerd zextqa `evnl ozip zewegx mizirl wx
,zyhyehn zenca xaecn mizrl mpn` .icedi ly zenc ezxivia dlrd
micedi ly zeienc l` dkiynd .zniiw `id j` ,dxivid ileya z`vnpd
z` xiyrdl dieyr zecgeind mdizepekz xe`izy ,jka ile` zxaqen
,cg` cvn ,icedi`ld ipira qtzp icedid .dxivid ly iyep`d sepd
deedn dnvrlyk ef dcaer .hrn dpeyk mb zradae ,libx mc`oak
.izepn` oEeibl xewn
lecb xteq zinlerd zextqa `evnl ozip zewegx mizrl wx m`
`l xteq yebtl xzei cer xicp ixd ,micedi miriten `l ezxiviay
z`f dyer s` `l` ,micedi ly zeienc x`zn `edy cala ef `ly icedi
jyenn onf zeigl zepncfd el dzid oky ,mnir daexw zexkd jnq lr
.mzvigna
;zehyten zeicedi zeienc aevir ly dkex` zxeqn yi ixvepd mlerl
,"igvpd icedid" e` ,dycgd zixad on q`a`x`a eze` ,lynl ,jk
llkd on mi`vei caln .dxidfn dxiixw mipy ze`n jyna mdl dzidy
zepeirx zenlbnd zeicedi zeienc wx drivn zinlerd zextqd ,micg`
ixde dxegy dkqn igvpd icedid ipt lr dher cg` xteq .mihyten
`ll rytp mc`l lnq ,(eelx`n 'w ly) "dhlnn icedid" lawzny
mirava zhyten zenc dze` z` x`zn bpiql enk xteqyke ;dpwz
* :xtqd jeza mqxtzd xewnd dnly zxhr - jealaei lwia dnly zkixra ,
mbxz .213204 'nr ,1967 ,wxeieip ,"zepYn" z`ved ,onwxhyipewfg dyn
.dix`xeb dcedi yiciin
lwpxt xfril`
256
lk lr mc`d z` lnqnd icedid ,"mkgd ozp" lawzny ixd ,mixida
.eizelrn
`l xteql oncfd ce`n zewegx mizirl wx ,lirl izpiiv xaky itk
wfla oebk mixteq .mce xya micedi wnerle aexwn xikdl icedi
dtewza exvie eigy ,axrna mixg`e (18701812) qpwice (18501799)
zeicedid zeiencd z` zn`a exikd `l ,micedid ly divtivpn`d xg`ly
eayi mpn` my ,dtexi` gxfnn mixteqd mze` exikd zegt cer .mdly
ipya mvra eig j` ,df cil df ce`n jyenn onf micedi`lde micedid
.d`pye zepcyg ly medz icilr micxten ,dfn df miwegx zenler
.dxegy dkqn dher zipnexd zextqa dligz rited "igvpd icedid"
,didy ,zipnexd zextqd icqiinn ,(18901821) ixcp`qwl` dliq`e
bfen ly ezenca icedid z` x`iz ,ixepine xeeig i`fgne xxeyn ,ab`
dxgznd z` bexdl okeny leepn ,xtkd iayez z` lirxny gfxnzia
.mepdibd on xyi gibdy xevik ,xeviwa ,ely
mavny mixteq zipnexd zextqa mi`ven ep` ,19d d`nd seqa xak
"gqt ly citl" mya xetiqa ,lynl .maill rbp micedid ly cgeind
ezenc ,(19121852) dl`i'b`xw l"i ,lecbd ipnexd oewiqlwd azky
xicbd lwia dnlyy itk ,avern ,extka cigid icedid ,laif daiil ly
xeaibd ,epztewzl xzei aexw .mc`d ly meiwd zcxg z` lnqnk ,z`f
z` mlbn "wixrd lExhy wivi`" Ep`ixAx Eieeil xteqd ly exetiqa
.miyxey xqg mc` ly ineiwd eavn
`ll .dpey`xd mlerd zngln ztewza zygxzn df xetiq zlilr
icedid liigd z` liaedl miliigd cg`l d`xed ozep cg` oivw ,daiq lk
oeekzn icedidy dp`eza ,diixia eze` bexdle jenqd xril lexhy wivi`
wivi` ly extk oa `ed liig eze` ik xxazn mle` .aie`d dpgnl wexrl
liaen mpn` `ed .wize xkn `l` oecedi dfi` mzq epi` wivi` exeare
`ed .oivwd eilr cwt dn el xtqne wivi` lr mgxn j` ,xril eze`
exi`yda dpgnl ay liigd .aie`d cvl xearle wexrl wivi`l uriin
el oi` mb j` ,dneqg dxfg jxcd wivi` xear .xria ecal wivi` z`
dlez `ed ok lr ,zxg`d jxcl zeptl ick miifite miiytp zegek ic
.mneyd xwtddghyay xria ur lr envr z`
ep`iaecq .n ipnexd xteqd ly ezxivia micedi ly zeienc
257
hrnk xqen `l xagnd ;`id s` zhyten zenc epid lexhy wivi`
.ce`n hrn eilr rci mvray gipdl yie ,xetiqd xeaib lr mihxt mey
zeritend zeicedi zeienc ly okxr cgeina lecb ,dl` zeaiqpa
ezxivia ini f`n zeigl dxicp zepncfd el dzidy icedi`l xteq ly
.micedi zvignae zicedi daiaqa ezecli
dxiira clep (19611880) Ep`iaFcq li`kin ,lecbd ipnexd xteqd
dreci dzid o`wy`t zlidw .q`in wegx `l zpkeyd ,o`wy`t zicedid
eid ,oi'fixn iaxd i`v`vn ,o`wy`tn iaxd l` .dly ziciqgd xvga
eid mikenqd mixtkd on mixvep s`e ,ux`d zevw lkn micedi mi`a
.dreyie xefn mxear biyi "oiaxd" ik miywane zepexec mi`ian
,oicjxer ,ep`iaec`q ly eia`e micli ipb oiicr eid `l zr dze`
.(xtexb awri xxeynd il xtiqy itk) "xcg"l ohwd "ubiiy"d z` gly
mzpky lr ep`iaecq xtqn ,"mipey`x zepexkf" itxbeiaehe`d exetiqa
z` x`zn `ede ,xzeia aehd exag ,xfiil lr ,dlcd dzepg lr ,dxy
dfi` mei lk `ivndl mdilr"y mdilr xn` edyiny ,dxiira micedid
."dqpxt zehext 35 mdl `iaiy ,ipe`b oeirx
j"pzd z` ce`n ad` ,xaryl "xcg"d cinlz ,ep`iaecq li`kin
mbxz ok` `ed zixar rciy edyin zxfra) .zipnexl eze` mbxzl mlge
zeaiyg z` yibcdl ipevxa mle` (.mze` mqxte ,milidz iwxt dnk
zeicedi zeienc eid `l ybt xteqdy mipey`xd micedidy dcaerd
mihp`ixe `l s`e zixvepd zcd ly cenild ixtqa `evnl ozipy
micli ,mce xya miiynn micedi `l` ,"ccepd icedid" ly miizextq
lr siwydl el dxyti` ef dcaer .rrexzd mzi`y mixbean e` ,eliba
.zenecw zercn xxgeyn hana micedid iig
mrd ly eiig z` zx`zne mikxk zexyr dpen ep`iaecq ly ezxivi
`nex xagn didyn xzei la` .ikp`d xivd lre iwte`d xivd lr ipnexd -
mipnfa eidy itk ,midcn xtqn did `ed ,dagx dniyp lra hqilaep ,mip
.gxfnd iweeya lecb ldw mdixetiq mqwa ewzixe ekyny dl` exar
lr o`k akrz` .micedi ly zeienc zeriten eizexivin zeaxa
daiaqd oky ,wdaen icedi ite` ilra mdy ,cala mixetiq dyely
.zifkxnd dlilrl rwx wx mda zynyn zicedi`ld
lwpxt xfril`
258
dlilrd .df my `yepd icedi `vnp "ex`cFf w`qi`" xetiqd fkxna
,uegan zx`ezn zencd .o`wy`t ,xteqd ly ezcled zxiira zygxzn
mr zeixwnde zeicxetqd zeyibta xtqnd ipira zxiihvn `idy itk
,zek`ln daxd yi ,icedid dceqin xken ,wivi`l .wivi` `ed ,w`qi`
ageq `ed uiwa ,htp xken `ed sxega .dhrn dkxa odn d`ex `ed j`
,dl` miixwir miweqir ipy cva .dceqin iweawa dqenr ezlbr z`
miclid z` eitzk lr `iadl eciwtzy xfer ,'xtlA' ynyn mb `ed
dfi` renyl deewiza hrn zedzydl ade` `ed my ;"xcg"l mihertd
on dpew ,weya oxbz mb `ed ,jkl sqepa .cnlnd itn dxez xac
.edyn gieexdl ick d`nge zeter d`ld xkene mixki`d
cer eze` xkef `ed .zepey zeiepncfda icedid mr ybtp xtqnd
'mivwy' mixag mr xtqd zian `viy drya ,xy`k ,zeclid zepyn
mdy jez mipa`a ezlbre wivi` z` daeh gexa minbex eid md ,mixg`
:dti fxgznd ipnexd mrd xiy z` ,oecf zpeek ila ,mixy
Hai jidane, barba ta
Face dracu badana.
jpwfn ,oecedi iid
.zyxan cyd xviin
dnxacl lnqk ynyn eppi` wivi` ;miihnxc miavn lehp xetiqd
ageqy ,mgldzt ornl zeyw lnry ,iynn mc`oa `ed `l` xg`
[...] .qeq el dpwi cg` meiy mlege ,daelrd ezlbr z` uiwae sxega
zixtkd dy`d mr gwnzn `edy drya ce`n izxivi zeidl aiig wivi`
,epzyd mipnfdy xtqnd iptl opelzn `ed .weyl zeter d`iand
x`zn xtqnde .owcfd envr `ed eli`e ,xzei miiptveg eyrp mixki`dy
.wivi` ly zeipnlegd eipirn haipd iyep`d xrvd z` epl
mle` ,qeq zepwl ick sqk ic jeqgl gilvn wivi` ,xac ly eteqa
la`zn wivi` .xvw onf xeark zxbtzny daelr dqeq `l` df oi`
.envra dlbrd z` aegql aiig didi eini seq cre dzrny oiane dilr
dnglndn zepenz e` ,lwp`i" `xwp icedi `yep lr xg` xetiq
ep`iaecq .n ipnexd xteqd ly ezxivia micedi ly zeienc
259
`edyk ,dnglnd onfa zepiia xgeqy icedi avip efkxna ."divilba
.miccvd ipy ly miliigl ezxegq z` xken
.zilily zenck xiihvdl jixv did dfd icedid ,laewnd qetcd itl
mdilr"y ,micedid lr zeclin rciy dn gky `l ep`iaecqy `l`
."dqpxt zehext 35 mdl `iaiy ,mei lk ipe`b oeirx dfi` `ivndl
.dihtniq elit`e `xewd ala dpad xxerl dpeek jezn x`ezn lwp`i
:ziyily zifgl elek lk oezp lwp`i ,zei`avd zezifgd izyl jenqa
.dqpxtd lr dywd wa`nd ly zifgd :xidvd envra ep`iaecqy itk
;zifgay miliigd z` `le izin` xeaib xeza eze` `weec aivn ip`"
mgl zt biydl ick rbx lka eytp z` sxgnd ,meiwd zifga xeaib `ed
."ezia ipal
drixid agex zpigan od ,ep`iaecq ly xzeia aeygd icedid xetiqd
,o'vihleta zygxzn ezlilr ."qip`q dig" `ed ,ezeki` zpigan ode
cnl ef xira .dpnn wegx `l ,o`wy`tn xzei dlecb zicedi dxiir
.oekiza ep`iaecq
,zeicedi ze`hniq" :dzaiaq rwx lr zavern qip`q dig ly dzenc
setkd eab lr `yepd ,okqne ipr mr ynyd zgz ygex my .zelzetn
."eidel`l lltzne ,ely oebx'fa xacn ,eizexv z`
,miicedid mibga ,reayd zenia micedid iig z` x`zn xteqd
,zexpd lr mikxan .zg` zaa mixvrp elld miigd lk" xy`k ,zaya
zevix ly reay xg`l .jexr ogley cil ezlitza ligzn dgtynd y`x
xya ,dlg lek`l enr lr deeiv midel` ,zetehg zegex` ly ,zeb`ce
."mibce
mr dig .ixvepa ad`zz ,qip`q aiile dwax ly mza ,qip`q dig
.gfxnziaa bfen dia` did my ,xtka mipy xtqn exxebzd dzgtyn
mixvepd zexegade mixegad lr lkzqdl dad` dcli f` dzidy dig
dxrp ,dig o'vihletl zxfeg dgtyndyk .xkika oey`x inia micwexd
xekiy dia`e ,m`n dnezi ,dixvep dxrp mr zcciizn ,dwxitl dribdy
.cren
ziaa dcnl `l dig .zepad izy oiay zecicid z` x`zn ep`iaecq
mip`nex dl d`ixwn dzcici dvixecEh okle ,`exwl zrcei dpi`e xtq
lwpxt xfril`
260
on znqwen lcd dzial day dig .mi`ltp dad` ixetiq mr milef
mix`eznd mixacdy dnvrl zpiincne dipir z` znver ,mixetiqd
`ide ad`n mr z`vei dvixeceh xy`ke .dzi` miygxzn mixtqa
ly jyndk digl mi`xp mixacd ,enir dizeyibt lr dzcicil zxtqn
dzciciy dn ik zpiincne dziad zkled `id .e`xw miizydy mip`nexd
zrcei dig .dnvr dzi` mvra `l` dvixeceh mr dxw `l dl dxtiq
z` ze`xl ick dkenq dpita zxzzqn `id ,miybtp miipyd okid
.dipir ena ygxznd
lr dixetiq z` renyl dhedl dzxag dnk cr al dny dvixeceh
zexrpd izy oia zecicid .d`piwe cyg zeybx z`lnzn `ide ,daed`
.dviw l` d`a
dyrn lr xtqnd ,my melira azkn lawn dvixeceh ly dia`
dxibqn dpi` dxrpd ,dze` dkn `edy zeknd lk `eeyl .eza ly `hgd
.daed` my z`
,dig ly dad`d o`nex ligzne dvixeceh ly xetiqd miizqn o`k
d`ae ybtidl ebdp miipyd mewn dfi`a zrcei dig .ze`ivna mrtde
`l efe lkd rcep dvixeceh ly dia`ly ,ad`nd ,o`thyl xtql myl
,miyp ipiipra dqepn ,lya xab ,o`thy .xzei ezi` ze`xzdl lkez
aaegk o`thy z` bivn ep`iaecq .eil` zkynp dig ik cin oian
eilr dq`np dvixeceh .sqk rva xecg sqepae zelny scex ,zebeprz
.zxg`a dtilgdl icnl dvexn `ede ,dk oia onfn
dxrpd ly ziybxd zexxerzdd z` dax zepicra x`zn xtqnd
,cgtd zeybx .dzad` caln xac dliaya miiw `l dzrny ,dicedid
mb .cde` qgi jezn miavern ,dig ly dn` ,dwax ly db`cde dyead
dfd wqrd ik zepey mikxca dig z` xidfdl zeqpnd ,zeicedid zepkyd
ik ,dl zexiaqn od .dax zeiperave zeiga zex`ezn ,aeh xnbii `l
mle` .dicedid ,dze` aefrl llk qqdi `l ,dvixeceh z` afry ,o`thy
`id .zepkyd zevr z` `le ,dn` ly xnd dika z` zrney dpi` dig
iekic lya mivxtzn dweyze oe`nv jezn ieeykrd rbxl dlek zxknzn
jynd lr o`thy mr ggeyl llk dqpn dpi` `id ;zexec ixecn mixvi
.dnvr oial dpia elit` cizrd lr dzrc z` zpzep dpi`e ,miqgid
ep`iaecq .n ipnexd xteqd ly ezxivia micedi ly zeienc
261
dfi` lr aeygl ligzn ,eza mr dxewy dnl llk rcen epi`y ,a`d
z` aeye aey xteqe oikdy dipecpd z` oex`d on `iven ,dxear zilkz
zeipkez lr llk renyl dvex dpi` dig mle` .xavy ohwd mekqd
.dia`
df xace ,dxd dig ;i`av zexyl aviizdl aiig o`thyy meid ribn
dze`xl oken epi` elit` `ed ,ekxcl `vei `edyk .eipira og `ven epi`
.mely xnel ick zakxd zpgza
l` ,o`wy`tl dlra z` gelyl dig ly dn`l zvriin dpwf dicedi
z` wiqtdl dqpz `id miizpiae ,aeh beeif eza xear ywal ,iaxd
zad z` `ven `ed ,o`wy`tn dziad xfeg a`d xy`k .dig ly dpeixd
.dteba hytzne jled xak oe`tiwdyk ,zqqeb
zifga zegeyd oia blcnd ,oiid xgeq lwp`i ,dceqdin xken wivi`
dl` lk ,mze` aaeqd lk mr dixede qip`q dig ,exgqna jiyndl ick
q ly ezxivia ihefw` heyiw zpigaa mpi` on`p ceriz `l` ep`iaec
mzi`y meiwd znglne xrvd ,dwrend ly ddeab zizepn` zeki` lra
.xfe dyw mler jeza micedid miccenzn
262
"mixgap mixiy" xtqd z`ved mr
xtexb awri ly
*
mixiyd jxkl xaczixg`a oiihy ` oet oh`y oi` ,(oa` ly dliva)
mixiyd aex" :"mkilr mely" d`vedd zazek ,1934 ,hyx`wea
o`k dpeekde ,(93 'nr) "dnglnd iptl cer eazkp df jxka milelkd
ly zeiecrd zetqep df hxt xeyi`l .dpey`xd mlerd znglnl i`ceea
,oiaex oae`x xiivd lye qw`l dyn zeaxzd owqre ohqivilaetd
.xtexb awri ly miaexw micici mdipy eid zepey zetewzay
"xrR`xb awri xrhkic oyicii ohin ht`yhp`w`a on" exn`na
zpya ik ,qw`l dyn azek (xtexb awri iciid xxeynd mr izexkid)
zra ike q`ia f` xxebzdy xtexb lv` xwal xag mr cgi jld 1910
daezk ,xzeia dar zxagn ogleyd zxibnn xtexb `ived" xewia eze`
mvr cr mze` xkef cer ip`y ,mixiy ly dxey `xew ligzde ,zetitva
'wicprnewniid`' ,'rc`prxrq' ,'zinley' mixiyd eid dl` .dfd meid
"(zixgy igxt) 'ornelapbx`n' ,'zegilq' ,'xag ` ev' ,(dziad iaeya)
,qw`l dyn) ovixRyxrcrt ryihqix`enrn 'nr ,1973 ,hyx`wea ,
.(59
mlerd zngln qexta ik xtexbl oexkf axra xtiq oiaex oae`x
,oae`x xiivd ,`ed ike ,mixiy jxk `ivedl xtexb opekzd dpey`xd
.mixiy dnkl mineyix zeyrl ligzd xak
,1916 zpya dpey`xd mlerd znglna szzydl dligzd dipnex
* xtqd jeza rited ,epnfe ezeiyi` ,xtexb awri - hv of oe` xrR`xb awri
oeafr ly zizextqd dcreed"e ,`"z ,"l`xyia dipnex iler zecg`zd" z`veda
.299297 'nr ,1976 oelwy` ,"xtexb
xtexb awri ly "mixgap mixiy" xtqd z`ved mr
263
,mixiy jxka mi`xewd z` zepdl xtexb ywia day dpy dze`a `weec
,1934 zpya `l` xe`l `vi `l opkeznd mixiyd jxky rxi` jke
.rax`e mirax` oa xak did xtexb awriyk
ly ldpnde cqiind ,onhiex rhp azek xacdzixg` ly eneiqa
ritei dfd xagnd ly ipy mixiy jxk" ik ,"mkilr mely" z`ved
.(my) "aexwa
ritedy onfa ,1934 zpya ,ezrya ik ,zrcd lr lawzn oh`y oi`
oiihy ` oet ly ipy sqe` `ivedl xtexb awri ly ezrca zn`a did ,
epnvrl xiaqdl lkep `l ok `l m`y ,xaczixg`a xn`py itk mixiy
jxkl qipkd `l dnl oiihy ` oet oh`y oi` mixiy ly mieqn xtqn
xaigy ditxbeilaiaa oiirny in .ea miqpekn eidiy eppgzd ynny
adf) "xralif oe` cl`b" xiyd ik ,lynl ,ze`xl leki ,hgey ikcxn
zrdazka xak rited (sqke hkil xiyd ike ,e"rxzd"rxz ,1 jxk ,
a rited (`n``a` zia) "miid on" ,hkil ,e"rxzd"rxz ,3 jxk
elld mixiydy `ed xaqdd ,ok m` .dl`k ze`nbec cer `evnl xyt`e
."aexwa ritedl" cizr didy ,mixiy ly ipyd jxkl micrein eid
xg`l `le "aexwa" `l lretd l` `vi `l xacd zepey zeaiq lya
jxkd ,ok m` .okn xrcil rprailwrb ,aia`lz ,(mixgap mixiy)
a liawn mebxzae yiciia xewna ,1975 sqe` eze` mvra `ed ,zixar
ly mixiyd lk z` llek `ed .xtexb awri ly ziheitd ezxivin ipy
oiihy ` oet oh`y oi` zxzekd zgz eqpeky mixiy ly xgan oke ,
.(oeafrd on) "oeafr mrpet"
ly rty dfi`a rcei xtexb awri ixiyn cg` ly ciazk d`xy in
zenilyl xxeynd ly ezti`y .dxey lk ztwen dzid gqep iiepiy
ztlgd icilr mrt ,elld ze`qxibd iiepiya oewiz oin dnvrl dywia
.cala milind xcq ztlgda mrte zxg`a dlin
rawie xgai z`fd dxecdnd ly jxerd ik ,ez`eeva ywia xtexb
ly dcre xtexb awri dpin ez`eeva .iteq gqep zepeyd ze`qxibd oian
,ixar zextq xwege xxeyn ,yiciia i`qne xxeyn :miyp` dyely
azk z` `exwl jixv did dyelyd on cg` lk .dxecdnd ly jxerde
qpkidl ie`x dne fepbl yi dn envra hilgdle ecal mixiyd ly cid
lwpxt xfril`
264
ly zerc zecg` ,d`eevd itl ,dyexc dzid xiy fepbl liaya .uaewl
mikqi dyelyd on cg`y witqn did xiy mqxtl liayae ,dyelyd lk
.jkl
,envr xtexb awri icilr dpkedy ,mixiy ly dniyx cer dzid
qpkidl mikixv eid md :mdilr dhily dl dzid `l dcreedy mixiy
ly mixiyd lk milelk eid z`fd dniyxa .xtexb ly epevx itl xtql
oiihy ` oet oh`y oi` .oeafrd on xtqn mixiy cere
ziytp dpigan did xtexb awri :jxerd zexrdl izgky xwir oirne
ok it lr s`e ,dipnexa mixirvd ,eplek oian xzeia xirvd wtq ila
ly d`nd ,dxyr ryzd d`nd l` ,zipgex zenck ,jiiy did `ed
xtexb ly ezyiba .daezkd dlinl ceak z`xi ly qgie dnnex dpen`
,ycewd zcear l` qgid on edyn did hxta dxiyle llka zextql
.ygla dlitz oin dzid eytpa zxncfn dzidy dlin lke
265
"dipnex zecdi" xtqd mr
lwia dnly ly
*
dphw dxiira ,divilb ly dgxfna 1896 zpya clep lwia dnly
zpya wxeieipa xhtpe ,iw'vihqi` z`xwpe xhqiipcd lr zayeid
.1969
,ixhqe`d `ava oivwk szzyd day ,dpey`xd mlerd zngln ixg`
dhlewta cnel `ed mye ,dpiaewea zxia ,uiaepx'va lwia rwzyn
.xehwec x`eza eicenil z` miiqn `ed 1922 zpyae ,mihtynl
szzyn `ed dae hyx`wea dxiad xirl xaer `ed dpy dze`
zena jxer ,yicii oeylay miizeaxzd miiga d`lne dagx zetzzyd
.oicjxerk ezcearn qpxtzne ze`vxd ozep ,zeizextq
zevx`l xbdne dipnex z` dxixa zila lwia afer 1939 x`exata
ikxer ewigxd 1938a "yaid mexbetd" zxbqna cery xg`l ,zixad
zexewn z` enzqe micedid mdizinr z` mdizexey jezn miipnexd oicd
.mzqpxt
dze` dwiprd divilby milebcd miyi`d zveawl jiiy lwia dnly
akrzn dkeza zehlea zeienc dnk lry dveaw dze` ,dipnex zecdil
.dfd xtqa envr lwia
,cala ,h`bxd ,dpyid dipnex ly zecdia extqa wqer epi` lwia
zngln ixg` xvepy ihilete`ibd xevid ,izax dipnex ly zecdia `l`
,diaxqa zefegnd dipnex l` egtqp 1918 zpya .dpey`xd mlerd
* ,lwia dnly :xtqd jeza rited dipnex zecdi dipnex iler zecg`zd" z`veda ,
'nr ,1978 ,oelwy` ,"xtexb oeafr ly zizextqd dcreed"e ,`"z ,"l`xyia
.ehbi
lwpxt xfril`
266
miiz`n h`bxa dzpny ,zicedid diiqelke`d" ;dipaliqpxhe dpiaewea
ze`n rayl mixkfpd milagd getiq mr ribd ,zeytp sl` miyelye
,`ial .z) "mitl` draye miyiye ,dipnex :zelidwd qwpt I ,milyexi ,
.(ew 'nr ,1969
dfd dxwna la` ,micax micax iepa mdixeftl epnr ihayn hay lk
mihaya ynn `l` ,hay eze`ay cala mipey micaxa `l xaecn
zeixehqid zecigi ,dyrnl ,eeig miycgd milagd icedi" .mipey
zecdin wlg diaxqa zecdi dzid dnglnd iptl .zecxtp zeizeaxze
zecdie ,dixhqe` zecdin wlg dzid dpiaewea zecdi ,diqex
izy oiay mipyd mixyr ztewz .dixbped zecdin wlg - dipaliqpxh
mr elld milagd zyely icedi ly mbefinl d`iad `l mlerd zengln
.(my ,my) "dipnex icedi
oiay ipeyl enxby zepeyd zeaiqd oia .dfd avnd lr denzl oi`e
dcaerd z` mb oeayga `iadl yi ux`d ilag zyely ly micedid
zeiekf ixqegn dpey`xd mlerd zngln idly cr eid h`bxd icediy
d"xiwd zklnn wlg dipaliqpxhe dpiaewea icedi eid mznerle .gxf`
mbe ;zexec dfn hpnlxta mibivpe zeigxf` zeiekf eid my micedile
.zx`etnd diqex zecdin wlg mzeid lr mi`b eid diaxqa icedi
miiyi` miqgi enwxp izeaxzde ixehqidd rwxd ly ipeyd s` lr
seziy dide izax dipnex ilag lk ly micedid oia mixeyin daxda
,dyrnl dkld ,oneiw lr zewa`ida hxtae mipey mighya `ln dlert
elrt milagd lkn micedi .zettexde zeixhd zeigxf`d zeiekfd ly
dgilvde zeillkd zexigaa dtzzydy ,"zicedid dbltnd" zxbqna
zeinyihp`d cbp wa`na ,ipnexd hpnlxtl dibivpn gelyl mb
icedi oia hxta ,zeiccg zertyd mb eide .'eke znii`nde znvrznd
dpde .mdl eidy miaxd mitzeynd mixacd lr daeclen icedie diaxqa
ly eiig zepy od od ,mlerd zengln izy oiay dl`d mipyd mixyr
ly xzeia lecbd ewlg ycwen odle ,izax dipnexa lwia dnly
.xtqd
oi` mbe ,dixehqid ixtqa laewnk ziceriz zizyz el oi` dfd xtqd
egeka zexfgeynd ,zeieeg ly mekiq oirn `ed `l` ,dixehqid xtq df
lwia dnly ly "dipnex zecdi" xtqd mr
267
izax dipnex z` lwia dnly xfgyn ziwprd wxeieipa :oexkfd ly
.dneiw ly mipy zexyr izy jyna lrte ig day
,zizextq zxewia ,dixehqid" :`id xtqd ly dpyind zxzek
xaecny zizextqd zxewiad ."zepexkf on `id dpyind zxzeka dilr
zepexkfe dixehqid mixecnd ipy ;lwia ly zrcepd dlernd dnxd
ce`n zxkip dixehqidd lr zepexkfd ly mzrtyde ,cgi mibfnzn
.drixkn minrtle
,daeclen zecdi mr rbn mey hrnk el did `l lwia dnly
la` .hyx`weae uiaepx'v :mixrd izy lr xwira miaaeq eizepexkfe
`exwl ic jk lr cenrl liayae ,diaxqa zecdil mipezp ezad`e eal
."aepiyiw inkg" wxtd zligza eixac z`
dyely dfd xtqa mpyiy denzl oi` lirl mixen`d mixacd xe`l
"apiyiw inkg"e "hyx`wea inkg" ,"uiaepx'v inkg" :minkg iwxt
`l` ,dlilg ,zizexixy diilt` ef oi` ."q`i inkg" mya wxt ea oi`e
xird on miiyi` zepexkf lwia dnlyl el eid `l :`id dheyt daiqd
o`k `iap ,l`xyia m`dexird ,iq`i ly dnewn cwtii `l ornl .q`i
:q`ia oc`tcleb mdxa` lr xbp`n wivi` ly eixacn rhw
dwizrd xird zeaegx ipt lr jld zeaevw zeriqtae y`x caeka"
,mipeepge zelbrilra ,milaq .dng ly deeifa mitehyd ,d`pde
migeztd zpelgd cra .eiptl mdiraek exiqd ,mdizeiepg igzta ecnry
,`p incxid' :zwepizl yxr xiy dxy m` !mixnfn .mililv eil` eribd
ziaa zenftn zeiphiigzexrp ly dldwn ;'dldxy jn` dxy / ,dlxy
yiwn xlcpq ly diiley ;'miitk zevixga / migixd eaeq' :dk`ln
drce dxez `ede / ,geyl jled aegxa `wix' :dnidpa xihtne eyihta
.'xeq` xac lk dyere / gex drexe lha jled / ,xqg
zcwr'ay mixiyd .elld mixnfn ely eixiy z` .oc`tcleb wghvp
yibxd dqepnde libxd oexh`izd yi` .'dtyknd' ,'`akekxa' ,'wgvi
jk .oexh`izd gqepn da yiy dxnf `l` ,ef `id mzq dxnf `l ik cin
aeaiga ."dcxe lEnFt" ely xh`izd oba ,elv` mixiyd z` elld ehlw
,xbp`n wivi`) ."mixiyd lew eil` ribd myny ,oelgd l` epir `yp
zeaexw zeienc .(74 'nr ,1941 `"z ,iwqpely '` zixar ,
lwpxt xfril`
268
ml`ebl cer mikgnd "q`i inkg" lr xaecn `l o`k mb mpn`
micedid eid dl`ke ,"jnr"a xaecn `l` ,diiypd megzn mze` dlriy
eid md dl`ke ,zncewd d`nd idlya oc`tcleb inia q`ia miheytd
wivi` inia mb .eply d`nd ly zepey`xd mipya xbp`n
xira zepaxd qk lr ayiy ,lyd ryedimdxa` axd ,dht`n iaxd
.l`xyiux` seq - `id oewixhepa q`iy dilr xn` ,q`i
zexvg lr ,dly mrd iheyt lre dinkg lr xird dzid z`fke
zerepzd lr ,dly dwcvd zexage q"yd zexag lr ,dly mix"nc`d
,mininzd dicedi ipend lre ,mipeyd dipeeble dinxfl day zeine`ld
xbp`n wivi` ly ,oc`tcleb mdxa` ly mdizeal z` dnnig mzxiyy
xex`d zigynd day cr mvra dkynpy dxiyd ef .dirney lk lye
.cg`k xyd lre xiyd lr ,mdilr ofxbd z` sipde
miiwe ig `ed cqg ly rbxae ,mcp `l mdd mipebipd ly cdd j`
.epizeala mrtne
e"lyz oeeyg ,oelwy`
269
oeyny
eailxn z` dpzn
(envr ly dlild iptae dipta ,migxdoa` ipta) *
miaFHd izFnFlgA FnM
;gvpl mibEfn Epx`Wp
Fl did `l mlFrOW bEGd
FNWn ow
cgiA FYaWmFwn rawe
.FhaW lW WFcTd xtqA
clilM rinWn zg` dniWpA
,mXn EpizFnW
Ep` oi`W mlFrd dSxnE
,WExtl miwEwf
.dnE in mc`lM rcFie
Ep` mix`Wp bEEife
.mFwnE onf lkl mB
FliaWA
,dOxnd xaBd liaWA
,FaMWn iABlr
,dliNd wnr KFzA
* .1991a dnqxtzd `id .yiciin ely dn`etd z` envra mbxz lwpxt '`
270
y n y e o
271
a`Md mvrA `Ed wlgzn
,KY` mB ,iY` mB
dnnCA oif`nE
.zFfEfBd izFxrU lRnl
Fcilr KEnqe
DzpWA `id zkIgn
.wqtPW DzExrp mFlg l`
,cng `Ed KtEB z` KMlMW ,WFbC
rxRzn qEq FnM ldhvd
mixd `Ed FpFciM dvwA zr
.ipir miYW z`e izwrf
dfMW dhFW iFd
,ipir iM xaq `Ed
.KzF` Etq` okFzA ,calA od
dzid zn`de
iA miWEgd lMW ixg` wxW
KA mi`Nnzn Eid
ipir iYW KE`x wx zFpFxg`
,zlRxrn ,dxExA`l dI`x
zxWFtE zWhWhn
xipUd on miBlRM
.wnrd l` micxFId
.iaal did ztCxn dIgM
ikFp` ,oFWnW
il aiaQn xW`
dNbr oxB ivgA miaXizn
.oc dHn lW eipwf
,d`Bd iO`e
lwpxt xfril`
272
uEBd dtEB z` sxd`lA zcCnnd
dlrnlcr dW`x z` Kkxg` ddiabnE
oA hiAdlE ipir l` riBdl liaWA
oFbie drpkdA dW`x dpiMxd
dpFW`xd mrRA oA dz`x zr
,Kz`EaA
ihaWipA mirpkpe mipMxPW FnM
.caMd minXd xfb iptl
,xiWaE zFlFgnA ,miRzA
:oC dhn zFpA ipR z` zFncwn Eid
oFWnW"
.Fz`vA WnXd zxEabM LzxEaB
,wxFU lgpA cFr mithFW min `l
.minxFf FA miYWilR inC iM
,Lixg` EttFrzi sxhzFtFr
.miYWlR ixbRO ax xUA mlik`Y
!gMdax Epig` ,EpxFaB
,wFgxn Lzaxw Wibxn WiNd
"!LaizPn wgxzn `iaNd
i`FA z` EnCw od Kke
,drXd DzF` mB
izEq lr miYWilR mcA zr
incA Y`e
wxFU lgPn iYxfg
.crinlFrl gSpn
,a`FnA ,oFpx` xtkA
WbRdl EpxAcp
y n y e o
273
lnB lW x`EvA dNvn lEvlv lM
iaal ixzAn xzA xwr
wnr dliNd xaM Did
zxIXd iciRl zrA
.dnFxC Ewigxd
,ExiMfd md ile
,ia` ziA sq lr ,izEcli iniA Ki`
mdixg` hiAn iziid
.zFliNA
,Ekrc xaM zFNvnd ilEvlv
,mCal miciRNd K`e
,drEvR dIgA ,zFzipgM
.lIld z` miaTpnE mixTcn Eid
dxGd a`Fn ux`A
zipXA izEcli il` d`aE daW
.iOr daihide
.dnE`n Kilr iYrci `l oicr
,zFniOd zxnfe ,dcVd
,mFId lW FxF` Elit`e
,Eid `l oiCr
dGd mFIdM
.KzEncl rwx K`
KlrA lr l`WW KlFw
ia`FOd abFId iR z`
xcBd cil
xzFiA mxde DaBd lBd z` iAlA xxFr
dnMlM ,wgxd
lwpxt xfril`
274
`Ed Fcal aNdW
dpFW zFidl lFki
.FNW miwnrnA Ktktde
FzgixR zrA ixRurM
,odd zFnnId iYWA iziid oM
,ilrn mixRv sEvtv mr
,ilrn mixFaCd mEfnf mr
.miWxXA dnnCd ilA K`
zFnFdY ipW oiA dxv drEvxM
df l` df miftFgd
,cgiA EpzFid zrW `id
miwFgx xzFId mlFrd zFvTnE
,df z`xwl df Ep` mi`A
miIgl d`pwe cWg EpAlaE
.xg`d dvTl xarn EpiigW
,oFpx`A oFxg`d lilA
,KiMxA lr oErW iW`x
,KOr lW mixiW il YxW
ipf`l did aFhe
KitA zWlR lW dpEBP
mFId ribde `AW cr
.EpizFpiA xf FnM aSpe
oFpx`
,aNd wnrA lhsEhth
mFId lW Fhdl Elit`
.cqg lW shlM mW
y n y e o
275
oFpx`
.iOr Ykld ild` KFY l` mB
mipwGd lbrnA iYaWA
,zWlR lW dpEBp ikFzA oBpzn
a`Fn lW dizFxR gixe
,znVand KciskA
,KlFw df ipf`A lvlvnE
DlrA `Fal zl`FXd dX`d lFw
.xcBd cil mW ,abFId iRn
dnglOd dcUn
Kn` z` iaXA EkilFd
dOxr dxrp
.gwlOd oFndA
izEclid sEBd mxhaE
liWade oqgzd
zwRcYn xaM ziid Y`
.dAll zgYn
KO` lW zllgnd dzEripv
Kia` lW zExwtdde
mivRpznE miWBpzn miNbM
.KncA mibeCfnE
mWl
,invr KFY l` wgxdwgxd
zFidl ligYn ip` FAW mFwnl
,zFidl lcg ip` FaE
,x`A KFY l` FnM ,mWl
.zwrFf iWtp dzid
lwpxt xfril`
276
,xwA lW drWaE
,KY` dWiBtl KxCA
,Y`ilW ,ilW dlilC
miWxR dWlW iz`xwl E`A
.miYWilR
,mdOr iYwa`p
.mdilr iYxaB
il Eai`kd izFrAv` inxB
odilr KtEB z` lYg`e
.hdlA iYbtd hdle
FCal KtEB l` `l K`
,iWtp iA dbxr
,ilW dngd ,Y`
?FCal sEB il` bFxrl mc` KM lFkid
mCd lW Fzgzx `lde
micixEd Kx` lkl
d`ld sEBd lW delXd FzribxE
md cinY dN`M
.dX` lM zaxwA
zFOxrd eizFrFxf iYWA
,dix`d z` oFWnW rQW
dlilC FnkE
,dxf ,zxg` dX` lM dlFki
.igM z` lNcl
.iYbxr dipir l`e dil`
mlFrn xW` dipir
.owxA z` xFMfl iYlki `l
iYrbrbzd lMn xzFie
y n y e o
277
,calA invr lr
oFWnW lr
Kcilr `EdW itM
,KY`e
.dxFMf` `l FzF` mbe
,mFi FzF` ,ipirl aSp `Ed ig dPd
.ihaWl htFW izidp FA
dxFgv oFz` lr izF` EaiMxd zr
zxvFvg zriwzE li`oxw zrExzA
.dgnU mFi FzF`A
,mFi FzF` ,`A `Ed
,miYre zr Fl iziRSW FnM
.Klde `A `Ede
dnE`n iA waC `l
mirbx mzF` zecgn
.mdilr rbrbzn `l ip`e
!ilU migxoa` Fd
oFWnWM adF`d lM
,rcFi `Ed
alz`Hg lM
,`id dbbW
aNd zxeMn mixFaCd zcre
,dix`d iR l` sESd zxvF`
KQnzn dcxPd WaCde
.iaSd oxw ilr
,Y`iNW Y` ,dlilC
cinY WnXd l` Ybxr Y`
lwpxt xfril`
278
,dlt`d z` cinze
.z`xi Y`
oFWnWM adF`d lM
rcFi `Ed
mFi FzF` FnkE
gSpnd dix`d iPW z`
.wpr iYlgWd Kl ,hEg ilr
ligWn Kl dYr iziid oM
xF`zF`xn ipFxg`
zFhEgXd ipir lW
Kx`Ev lr mniUl
.zfxgn
279
ipy wlg
lwpxt xfril` zece` lr mixn`n hwl
280
281
ifbx` xFcEh
dfegd
*
,ziztxvae zipnexa ,zexecdn izya ,q`ia dpexg`l ritedy xtq
,exagn .dxfen dwizya xeaivd icilr lawzd ,"zicedid dirad"
zexnl ,oekpd rbxa ef diraa oecl ybip ,oefg lra xeqtext
zra ihpeelx `lk d`xp `yepd zepezird ibega mil`ehwlhpi`ly
egxh `l llky ,miniieqn miicedi mibeg mle` ,icedi envr `ed .z`fd
epnlera bedpk ,dwcvd mey `ll rx my el e`ived ,ezrc seql zcxl
mze` ly mzeywrzd z` xfgyn lwpxt xfril` ;mi`iapa xaecnyk
ekf ,mei ly eteqa ,xy` cr zewixie mitecibl dligz elwzpy mi`iap
.ycewd iazk ly qxkdar xtqa mdl ie`xd mewnle dxkdl
eipira did .izia sq z` xary rbxd onl ilr aagzd lwpxt xfril`
l dlbpy in ly ,dfegd ly wdea eze` deeznd z` d`ex `ede ceq e
repl eligzd ceqid iaikxn mxha cer ygxzdl cizry dn ly hytend
eaila dieay zexytd zxqge dlelvd ezpeaz .mdipia xagzdl zpn lr
jezn `l j` ,cceazn yi` `ed .miigd z` oiicr xikn epi`y ,cli ly
fkxzdl el drixtn mzegkep ik ,mzxagn rpnp `ed ;mc`ipaa leflif
oin`d `ed .mixebq zeaale zezlc lr wtcznd mc` d`xp jk .epefga
dnec l`yn eizeawrae ,xtqa eiykr mqxtzdy ,ux`a jxry l`yny
icn xge`n didi mxha oexzt z`xwl xzeia oekpd crvd md ,l"ega
minr ly ine`ld mneiw oecp eay mexetd ,zecge`nd zene`d oery itl
.zi`nvr dpicnl mzekfe
zia znwd ornl wa`pd xirvd oii`xnd eplv` laiwy zeaeyzd
on od ,zihilet dpad ilehp zextqd iyp`n od xign lka icedi ine`l
* .lwpxt xfril` ly epeafra `vnp df hqwh ly ,daizk zpekna ,cidazk
.dix`xeb dcedi zipnexn mbxz
ifbx` xeceh
282
e` miwte` zexv ,zexea zetwyn ,dpt mdil`y miihiletd miyi`d
wxe j` ok m` oenh df xtq ly ekxr .`cixb ziaihwiaaeq dyib
divte`d len aivdl" gilvny cigid ,ea lwpxt xfril` ly ezegkepa
daihwtqxtn zelkzqd 'lerpnd xegl cran' dvvd ly zlaewnd
aeliy icilr ine`ld oexwird z` exiaqda ."eap xd zbqit lrn dagx
zeikep`) ,"elek mrd ly zeikep`d zkxrn jeza" cigid ly mfi`eb`d
icxebd xywd z` zg`a xizn lwpxt xfril` ,(zagxend zernyna
ly oevxd" cvik oiadl eywiay miax mibede micneln ebg eaiaqy
ze`vez ly lelknl seqal liaen envr ikxevl cinz oezpd cigid
."ipey`xd sgcl xarn daxd zebxegy zeakxen
zicedi zclen lr mleg `edy oeeik ,zipeiv han zcewpn `vei lwpxt
`ed .dpy miitl` iptl micedil dca` efy xg`l ,itehe` hrnk melg -
oexztd z` d`ex epi` `edy ,jka wx miinyxd mipeivd on lcap
mewna ,sqep ghya mb `l` ,cala l`xyiux`a zicedi zeayiizda
xiardl elkeiy zpn lr micedil wpreiy ,ux`d xeck ipt lr edylk
.xacnd on mnir e`ypy mdizeperne mdilde` z` mdil`
m`zda ,mipey mipte`a dl`k zervdl daibn zicedid ldwd zrc
e` zeinihte`d zcin itl ,zxg` e` ef dveaw ly izxagd avnl
in .cg` lka mixxern z`fd zra ze`ivnd mr zeccenzddy dwiptd
mipin`n ,fekix zepgna e` xdeqizaa mi`elk eid m` mb ,aeh mavny
on zeyygle db`cl mewn oi` xak [1944] hqebe`a 23d ixg` ik
ayiizdl ick dipnexn dxibdd oeirxl miyy md oi` ok lr ,cizrd
.ycg mewna
mxha j` ,il`xyiux`d oiiprd oinil daviizd mpn` zixad zevx`
dhnye dizerexf z` dgzt `id ,mnvr micedid z` dail l` dvni`
zevx`d z` xign lka aefrl mivex micedid mipendd .zeend mil mze`
zebbetzne zkled zeinyihp`d ik dncp zehil`l .dnonf eayi mday
mrd ipend ly zeivi`ehpi`de ,xacd jk `ly miyg mipendd eli`e
,minyihp` ly ycg beq uv dpexg`ly mb dn .llk jxca od zepekp
:dyigkzdl dyw ixd zizvltne zicxeqa` d`xiz drtezdy lkky
ipa zexey l` zixyt` jxc lka mippzqn s` dl` .minyihp` micedi
dfegd
283
ly mihqipiaeyl jetdle lkd gepfl ye`i jezn mipkend ,mzpen`
xtqn iptl ,jk .mzaiaqa zegeexd zercd z` mvn`a m`ven zevx`
icn ipnexk micedid mih`ptd icilr qtzpy ,xyken xteq ,mipy
mid zty lr epliihy drya il xn` ,icn icedik mipnexd icilre
onxka xrep dpgna mixirv zveaw ly zvne`nd mzcear z` epi`xe
mixpeibld mdizexeyl micedi milawn mpi` mdy ce`n lag" :daliq
."dl`d
,mnvr micedid ly od :letk jxev lr dper zicedi zclen znwd
zg` mrt ,uwd `eai jk .miicedi miherin yi oday zepicnd ly ode
.efn ef zelcap zeine`l zeieyi oia zenird iqgil ,cinzle
lhen epi`y iynnd iyi`d ekxr swezn ,lwpxt xfril` xeqtext
zexiaa daeygd ezegily jyndl enr ipan reiq reazl i`kf ,wtqa
,ezpen`e enr ipa eli`e ;ezne` ly dixeqi mrhn xixbyk dtexi`
miieyr eivn`n .mzxfra evnwi `le eaxqi `ly ,izrcl ,`id mzaeg
.oegvipl eliaei mdy oin`n invr ip` ;d`vez efi`l dxwn lka liaedl
1946 ,uxna 26
284
ocq ac
eaiaqe zextqd mlern zenc lr :
ezernyne lwpxt xfril` zece` lr
*
`
xzei icinlzne ,izlkyd icnln lkn" :dxin`d lr izidzyp mrt `l
xzei icinlzne ,zrc izykx icnln lkn :llkjxca yxetny ,"mlekn
ipyd ,milidza weqtn gewl oey`xd ,miwlg ipy ef dxin`l .dl` lkn
la` ,dnkeg mdn ykx ,eicnlnn cnly iny ,cgia mzernyne ,l"fgn
.eicinlzn xzei cer cnl `ed ,cnln jkxg` dyrp envr `ed xy`k
lkn" :("oit` `ipnz" ,hiw wxt ,milidz) weqta mippeazn xy`k j`
dlindy xxazn ,"il dgiy jizecr ik izlkyd icnln lkn 'e mr d`a
weqtd mb d`xp jke .izlkyd icnln lkn xzei :dzernyne ,oexzid
jke ,mipwfn xzei oian ip` :ezernyny ,"opeaz` mipwfn" :`ad
xzei icinlzne" :dxin`d ,jynda .mipnidn yicii inebxz mb mixeaq
"eizeax z` mikgnd cinlz df ,mkge" :dxin`d gexa `id ,"mlekn
eiiAx z` mikgnd cinlz edf mkg :rnyn ,(`"r ,c"i ,dbibg)
.(eipax)
xne` ,ily drepvd dbxcnd l` mxd okecd on zcxl il dyxei m`
zeax izcnl ,iclg inia minrt dnke dnk iziidy itk ,cnln xezay
mixbean micinlz ly mcnln zeidl il `vi xy`k cgeina ,icinlzn
ily dxiixwd ly xzei zxge`nd dtewza il dxwy itk ,xzei miqepne
xac` cere df oiipr lr xacl il `vi xak .zeinewnd ze`hiqxaipe`a
.zepncfda jk lr
* ,ocq c :jeza yiciia rited xewnd ,mex` oe` jeY - yicii b`lx`t ,2 jxk
.dix`xeb dcedi mbxz .5446 'nr ,1989 ,aia`lz ,"jeal`xUi"
eaiaqe zextqd mlern zenc lr
285
a
`le ,zxken zenc f` did xaky ,lwpxt xfril` 'x mb jiiy df wxtl
e lcb `ed ,iFlFcFR cili .cala ezaiaqa libn wqr ,q`ia xwira cnl
dipnexa xhynd itelig mr ;(oexh`iz ,dnxc) zepn`e zextqa xirv
on`p did `ed ezqitz itlr - miibele`ici` minrhn zeticxn laq
.zihqil`ixehixhzihqiyicii han zcewp jezn df did j` ,yiciil
ly jxra ,(1968) "xehxrhil xryici xrp xrc oe owiqwrl"a
ziztxv ,zipnex) zipeylzlzd ezaizk zxkfen ,eilr onley edil`
mb xkfen seqa .zywaznd ditxbeilaiad z`aene ,(yicii xwirae
lr (dhiqxaipe`d l"v) zinlyexid dixtqa hxehwec lr car `edy
.bx`apiihy xfril` lv` lynd ly zeixewne zexewn
b
xfril` lr ely hxehwecd z` xnb icil `iad `l lwpxt xfril` ,mpn`
,jxr zelra zecear izy mxz `ed z`f znerl j` ,bx`apiihy
,ziy`x .dribdy dnxl bx`apiihy lr xwgnd ribn did `l odicrlay
xtqd xe`l `vi xy`k milyn ipy ellkp eay ,(h"kyz ,aia`lz)
envr bx`apiihyy milynd mr jxkd :bx`apiihy ilyn ly mikxkd
evx`ipay jxkde ,ezxiht xg`l wx `vi dfe ,ipctw ote`a jxre xga
`ed lcadde - (1940 ,qxii` qep`ea) e`ived dpihpbx`a miaxqad
uiaepx'va dritedy dcigide dpey`xd d`veday ,jka wx mvra
,ihiiaeqd aizka xtqd qtced envr bx`apiihy xfril` ly ezeaxerna
dxzie qxii` qep`ea ly d`veddy cera ,"iwqaii" mya dvnyl recid
,ipyd jxkde - `"eeii ly laewnd aizkd zaehl jk lr milyn ,
i`vei oebxi`" zervn`a d`ived bx`apiihy dwax zxn ,ezpnl`y
ly dxvw dncwd mr ,(1956 ,aia`lz) l`xyia (diaxqa) "ip`wtil
ly ef d`veda ellkp mikxkd ipy .laiil l`ipc milyn xfril`e ,
xfril` zxivi lr d`lnd ditxbeilaiad z` my mqxit lwpxt
cwy `ed meid cre f`n mzqd one ,zr dze`a dievn dzidy bx`apiihy
.dneiqe dkynd z` zraez `ide ,dilr siqedl i`ce
mbxznk bx`apiihy xfril` lr exwgna ycig `ed jkn xzei la`
ocq ac
286
itk ,bx`apiihy xfril` ly adlp ciqg didy ,wil`ia p"g ly yiciil
eilyn z` d`x xy`k ,dpey`xd mlerd zngln iptl od ,z`f gikedy
`ivedl oken did iwvipax g"i mr cgi ,`ede ,ciazka bx`apiihy ly
ly ezxiht xg`l ode ,yiciia ,dqce`ay "dixen" z`veda milynd z`
xfril` ly dlin lky ,eicicil azk ,wil`ia ,`ed xy`k ,bx`apiihy
.xeniyl die`x bx`apiihy
wil`ia ongp miig ixiy" ,lwpxt ly eneqxt zhlad zywazn o`ke
mebxz" ,mya sxiv `edy xwgnd oke ,"yiciia iyteg mebxza
a mdipy) "bx`apiihy ,hiiw rprcl`b ic .(173 'nr ,1972 ,76
c
zkxrda al agx ,recik ,did wil`ia" :mi`xew ep` df xwgna
dcirn xzid oia .ip`y - mebxzl rbepy dna j` ,mixirv mixxeyn
dn`etd z` mbxz uxt xy`k oibtd ,wil`ia ,`edy gexd zxen jk lr
."'aexinp `yn' myd zgz d`vi dxefpv inrhny ,'dbxdd xira' ely
z` mbxz envr `edy jkl dnxb wil`ia ly epevx zeriayi` `weece
('uiaepiax 'n) inroa l` azkna z`f xikfn `ed .yiciil ely dn`etd
dfa jl gley ip`e ,zicedi 'aexinp `yn' z` iznbxz" :1906 zpya
) ."jkl il mxb uxt ly rxd enebxiz .zg` zxaeg ,wil`ia p"g zexb`
.(17 'nr ,a jxk ,g"vxz ,`"z
mikqd `l wil`iay ceray ,exn`n jynda yibcn lwpxt xfril`
,z`f dyri bx`apiihy xfril`y mikqd `edy ixd ,eze` mbxzi uxty
.dxnzyd `l epxrvly ,zaezkz dldpzd miipyd oiae
d
uxt l"ie wil`ia p"g oia exvepy migeznd miqgid oiipr lr akrz` `l
uxt ik ,xirdl ipevxa j` ,"dbxdd xira" ly yiciil mebxzd oiba
oa`l dktd `ide ,wenre iceqi ote`a "dbxdd xira" dn`etd z` deeg
wil`ia ly ezrtyd `lly xikfdl ice ,zicedid ezii`xe ezqitza dpit
itk ,"oyid weya ,dlila" uxt ly dnxcd mlerl d`a dzid `l
lr ctwend extqa yxetna z`f gikede xidad wexny `pg 'texty
eaiaqe zextqd mlern zenc lr
287
iazkn ,mbxznd uxt ly icnl dxiyrd ezelirt oiiprle .`yepd
uxt lr zextqdy s` lr ,xzei zeipxcen zexivil cre (zldw) ycewd
wil`ia lr ixtq ,mipt lk lr .oiicr dven `l df oiipr ,icnl dtpr
lr wxt mb lelkiy itk ,jk lr cgein wxt ,deewn ip` jk ,lelki
lwpxty mixnegd itlr wil`ia ly enbxznk bx`apiihy xfril`
,bx`apiihy xfril` ly epeafra oiiry ixg` mdil` ribd `ede .dlrd
.milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ziixtql dpzna dwiprd ezgtyny
e
iabl ezyibe ezcnra ,envr lwpxt xfril`y ,oiivl ie`x o`k ile`
oia e` ,yiciide zixar oia miqgid - eply iniptd ipeyld qwltnewd
ii wil`ia dfd cakpd befd icilr ezrxkda rtyed - zixare yic
f`n xwira ,ely zihxtd ditxbeiad ef dzidy mb okziie ,bx`apiihy
,oelwy`a raw ayez zepexg`d mipya ezeida ,l`xyil eziilr
.lreta ziynn dnlyd ly dii`xl ipexwr cebip zii`xn eze` dliaedy
dn :xzei zizedn dxryd l` liaedl ile` dleki z`fd `zkqnd lk
itk ,zxg` zldpzn dzid bx`apiihy ly ditxbeiad eli` dxew did
iwvipaxe wil`ia eli` dpey`xd mlerd zngln iptl ,ixyt` did dfy
e` ,yiciia bx`apiihy ly extq z` zi`qce`d "dixen"a mi`iven eid
el i`cky f` hilgd dipnexa igy bx`apiihy xfril` .dnglnd xg`l
mely y"r xtqdzia ly ldpn ynyl zipihld dwixn`l z`vl
,ewqt `ly dpad iiywe miyw miyp` ly zepiera my lwzp j` ,mkilr
eide ely zeiaiqxbextd lya eze` leqtln ,lwia dnly xtqny itk
eteqa .one`le xpeivw`ix mdipira did ik ,eze` zepbln elcg `ly in
dlidzl dkfe dipnexl xfg ,y`n enk mdn gxa bx`apiihy xac ly
rqp mxha cer ,epl xtqn lwpxty itk ,mle` .uiaepx'va zgvp
rhp ecinlz l` azkna bx`apiihy xfril` azk ,zipihld dwixn`l
ec xvei `ed s`) yiciia l"ene zixarl dxen ,exiroa ,o`nhiex
- il `ed azek - qepk zr !l`xyiux`l il `xew wil`ia" :(zipeyl
dxeag eyri mipvawd lk :i"yx yexit ,cgi epvawe :xn`py enk
) ."zg` xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea lag .(116 'nr ,1947 ,hyx`wea ,
ocq ac
288
z`f mr cgi ,xnzyd `l bx`apiihyl xbiy wil`iay azkndy ce`n
laiwy azknd jnq lr wil`ia ixacn o`nhiex icilr xqnpy dn
azknd ik xryl ozip jix`zd itl .ihpze` wtq ila `ed bx`apiihyn
azkzd `ed ik xazqn .l`xyiux`a ayiizd wil`iay iptl cer azkp
,`ed ik zrcd lr lawzn .dipnxba ddy cery dtewza bx`apiihy mr
z` rpkyl my mzeida cer eayg ,iwvipax mb `linn d`xpke ,wil`ia
.qepik zr ly gexa mz` cgi cearl l`xyiux`l `eal bx`bpiihy
xfril` eli` mixacd mi`xp eid cvik ,dl`yd zl`yp ,ok m`
`a dide ely zipkezle wil`ia ly ez`ixwl dprp ok` did bx`apiihy
z` o`k `ivedl elgdy ,miinewnd yicii ixteqly jk ,aia`lzl
yde zeknq zlra zeiyi` ztxhvn dzid ,mdixtq ,mdipezir ,efk drt
cg` icia z`aen df oiiprl di`x ?dlert szyl mipdp eid md mbe `ede
iav awri - zinewnd yiciid zextqa mipey`xde miipivxd mixveidn
jk xg`e ,uiaepx'va did `ed o`kl ekxca ik ,xtiq `ed .lbxy
ewfige epaxic ,eilr erityd ely begde bx`apiihy xfril`e ,dplieea
.yiciid megza ely zeivelgd z`
f
itk ,epipia yibtd lwpxt xfril` - onhiex rhp 'x z` izxkd ,ok
bdp `ed ;epvx`a exwiay dipnexn mixg` mixteq mr ize` yibtdy
oke ,dcnzda oda gkp envr `edy ,ily ze`vxdl mze` `iadl
`ede ,(aia`lze ,oli`xa ,milyexi) izcnil oday ze`hiqxaipe`a
.epldipy zegiyd on hrn `l epgeexd epipyy dnece .dnyl z`f dyr
ligzdy hxehweca hwpy dyibd mvr ize` dniyxd ,xzid oia
icenila adlp jnez ,xpqlt oihx`n ziaxrl xeqtextd ,icici .aezkl
ik ,mihxehwecd creea xag xeza xeaq did ,eply dhiqxaipe`a yicii
,ziceda exnzypy itk miwizrd milyna weqrl aiig `eand wxt
itl ely `eand z` dpa lwpxty cera ,dnecke ziqxt ,ziaxr
) oh hileti` ly iztxvd hxehwecd Hippolyte Taine cala mihrny ,(
.lynd `yep lr azke xwgy mixkefe mircei
eaiaqe zextqd mlern zenc lr
289
g
,dipnexay ,ziztxvd dtyl lwpxt ly ezaxwl rbep df oiipry oaenk
xikfdl ie`xd on .otecz`vei drtez dzid `l ,dpyid dipnexa xwira
lr ,(1945) zicedid dirad lr ziztxva lwpxt ly eizecear z`
.(1993 ,1937) zipnexa azky mixetiqd z`e ,(1947) exl`n dxcp`
od ,yiciia zeaezkd zeceard z`f lka od elv` xwird j`
cenild xtq .xzei zexge`nd od ,zencwend j`xRy xrfcpe` (1940)
.1938 ,dyx`e :xryd lr oiiev ok lre il`blizla ote`a rited
,e`ived xp`t wgvie `edy dibelezp`d `id xzei zxken ryicii rp
bpehkic xtexb awri ly dncwd mr zeipihl zeize`a wizrza dligz ,
mr ,(1947) zxteyne zagxen ,zeixar zeize`a xzei xge`ne (1945)
`ly gikene d`xn my `aend xnega oeir .xbp`n wivi` ly dncwd
mr cgi ,zeibelezp`l mkxc z` e`vn zexivid lk `le mixagnd lk
didy ,ax dk xneg ebiyd mikxerdy lr lrtzdl `ly xyt`i` z`f
iy yiciid megzl .creind mi`xewd ldw xear oprxne ycg i`ce miki
,(1947 ,hyx`wea) "yicii oet htpewev obree rb`xt xrc ev" dqnd mb
cenild ixtqe d`xwn hx`ee ryicii q`c i ,(1948 ,q`i) j`xRy ryici
.(1958 ,1957 ,hyx`wea)
mbxz lwpxt xfril` ux`l e`ea ixg`y ,xikfdl invrl dyx` ,ab`e
,onley edil` ,xaryl ely ibele`ici` szeye cici ly dcear zixarl
zpeekn dzid ,xagnd il xtiqy itke ,qetcl liqphqd on dxar `ly
xn`nd eze` ly xagnl iz`xw .onley lr ily iqenlet xn`n cbp mb
mfiyiciid llba lwpxt ly xaryl ibele`ici` szey liqphqa xzepy
mdxa`) xic`oa .` did mdly lbcd `yepy ,mdly mfil`ixehixhde
ly ez`eev lr" lwpxt ly exn`n z` mb df oiiprl d`xe .(oifex
zrazk `ivedl dyry oeiqipd z` mbe (1948 ,hyx`wea) "xic`oa
onley enk lwpxt ,mvra .(1947 xanhtq ,q`i) cp`lxt mya
xy`k xzei exxazi mixacde ,z`fd miptd zletk mzqitzn ewgxzd
eipa izedy zra xwira ,onley edil` mr izeyibte izegiy lr xtq`
.wxei
ocq ac
290
eaiaqe zextqd mlern zenc lr
291
h
zegib mr ,epvx`a ,o`k eini aex ayi lwpxty ,xikfdl ipevxa dzr
xzei dkex` driqp ,qix`ta eixewia z` wx xkef ip` .l"egl zehrn
:zixara ezcear zxywzn eil`y dipnexa xvw xewiae ,dwixn`l
.(1970 ,aia`lz) "zipnexd zextqa zeicedi zeienc"
i
awri ,dipnexa yicii zextq ly uelgl ezepn`p `id cgeina zhlea j`
dipnexa cer yiciid xac ornle ly jxc uxetl wcva aygpy ,xtexb
z` epiy mde yicii ixaeca mixiyrd zefegnd dl etqepy iptl ,dpyid
,ily ziyi`d dxaqd itlr .zelxebd z` mb `linne zeivxetextd
mewipe` oia" :miahw ipya oiipr epl yi xtexb lv`y oeirxd iabl
dteq`a mb ritend ,"feixewl awri - hv of oe` xrR`xb awri
epnfe xtexb l`xyia dipnex iler zecg`zd mrhn `ived lwpxty ,
ik dnec ,(e"lyz ,oelwy`) xtexb awri ly epeafra lthnd creede
dxiee`d mb .feixewd ipt lr mewipe`d ly ewlg xzei aeyge lecb
ebyid od exkfle xxeynd ly ekxre ezernynl qgia exvepy zelirtde
milw`d z` x`zl llk ozip `l ,lwpxt icrla .lwpxt xfril` ly
zeiyi` aiaq dxiee`d z` ,o`k ddy xy`k xtexb awri aiaq xvepy
.exhq`n el e`xw eivixrny ,dwfg
odk aeci` ly ditxbepend hwle dgkiy `edy ,(e"lyz ,`"z)
ezcled zxiira cvik oiadl ick i`ceea zriiqn ,ecqga il yicwd
ezenca dligz ,zipxcend yiciid zextq dclep ,oli`kin ,daeclena
oe`il ecicie exiroa ly ezenca xzei xge`ne xtexb awri ly
`edy ,mi`vilb ipy ly mdiyxeil mze` jted `ede .(yhixra) yihxra
ikcxn 'x ,cexan uilnde likynd :dlert szyle cciizdl mdl ozep
cec 'x ly epa) oli`kina ofg did zeax mipy jynay ,xwqilxhq
xzeia lecbd ofgd ile` did cec 'x - lnkFxw ongp 'x ly xag ,xbpiflFe
rlreelree `xwpy ,a`f oinipa 'x ,'fx`afn innrd xxeynde ,(epnf ly
cec oa ikcxn) xwqilxhq ikcxn 'x lr ily ditxbepenae ,up`xwprxdr
.hexit xzia jk lr cenr` (h"q ,c"axn -
ocq ac
292
`id ,xhtp xtexb awriy xg`l cegia ,xtexbl lwpxt ly ezexiqn
,lwpxt b`c ,df ly ezxiht lr dricid dribd xy`k .zenqxetnd on
ly ez`eev z` miiwl lrte repvd epeayg lr dxeawl o`kl e`iadl
wa`p `ed .l`xyil zniiwd oxwl dxiyrd ezyexi z` xiardl - xtexb
eteqa .oicikxer ly mdizeleagz cbp d`eevd revial dxeaba ynn
ulgp oip`v ikcxny xg`l dpeylke dgexk dniew d`eevd ,xac ly
oezira sixg qenleta dfd oiiprd ornl qrp rhvrl ip`y xg`le
`edy il azke il xn` xtexb awriy ,ipeivr x"c hteyd iptl izfxkd
oxwd ,recike .ez`eev ly lretl `ivenl lwpxt xfril` z` dpnn
,oxw dnwed xtexb awri ly exkfle ,dyexid z` dlaiw ok` zniiwd
,yicii iazek ,dipnexn micedi mixteql miqxt dpy lk dwiprnd
wx ep`e ,oxwd zelirtl zeixg`a `yep lwpxte .zipnex e` zixar
!igl dk :el lg`p
f"nyz ,lel`
293
lwia dnly
lwpxt xfril`
*
mixag mr ybtidl izgny ,l`xyia jxra dpy iptl izidyyk
milrete minleg epiid mzi` cgiy ,miaexw micici mdn micg` ,micicie
,il dwiprd ze`pda dlecbdy `l` .dipnexa dxivide zeixeaivd megza
ody meyn ,mcew exikdl izwtqd `ly jxa` mr izyibt ,wtq ila
x`exat seqa ,izafry xg`l wx dlr ixeaivd ghya ode dxivid ghya
.lwpxt xfril` i`qid xegad ,dipnex z` ,1939
`ed .ewqpehp` zepya dlg dxiviae zeixeaiva ely dxekad zrted
dlertd itpr zyely lkae ,cenil xtq xagne dxen ,ibebct owqr did
itn il reci ez`xed lre xtqizaa ezepwqr lr .zepiihvda dyr
zraep ,cenild xtql xy` .zeadlzda jk lr extiqy mixg`
ly gex .xtqd z` il gly xagndy meyn ,oey`x xewnn izeadlzd
zewepiz cinrd `ede ,epnn scip ziy`xa ly gix ,ekezn dayp dlgzd
dipta miwizeed miaeyid ztn lr zicedid dipnex ly oax zia
dlgzd zepeiqp lr ixdy ,wxeieipa dlecb jkn iz`pd dzide .miinvrd
...mleg ixec did dl`k miihpze`
zg`d ,yicii zxiy ly zeibelezp` izy q`i daeclen zxian eribde
miipxcend yicii ixxeyn oey`x ly dncwd mr) zeipihl zeize`a
z`n `ean mr) zeraexn zeize`a diipyde ,(xtexb awri ,dipnexa
xaig zeibelezp`d z` .(xrbp`n wivi` zec`l`ad ly xec`aexhd
ril` mr cgi xp`t wgvi wizeed ixagde ixecoa .i`qid lwpxt xf
dpyid dipnexae ,ely mixyrd zepy ziy`xa ,1947a ,f` did lwpxt
* ,lwia dnly :xtqd jeza rited dipnex zecdi dipnex iler zecg`zd" z`veda ,
,1978 ,oelwy` ,"xtexb oeafr ly zizextqd dcreed"e ,aia`lz ,"l`xyia
.406405
lwia dnly
294
mc` rited hrnk daxgd zicedid q`ia .`lt xcba zn`a did diedcd
.dnfeie oefg ,dtepz lra ixeaiv owqre yiciia wixan i`qn ,xirv
dteq`a ezqn xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea `yep lr dzid (1947)
,dipnexa zihqil`ixehixh drepz miwdl ccenzd i`qid jxa`d .ixeaiv
`l mfil`ixehixha .elek icedid mlerl cx`bp`ee` zeyridl dcrepy
zpicn ly dnewzd ilag mvra mfil`ixehixhd z`e mlern iz`hg
zl`yl" xirvd lwpxt ly ezqny `l` .izepiad `ly i`ce l`xyi
zaiyn zeadlzda daezk dzid `id .d`pd il dnxb "yicii ly dcizr
lr ily zxewia xn`na izpiiv jk) zpnein ciae zexirv ly ytp
d xrkialn`f .(
wtzqd `l ,ely mixyrd zepy ziy`xa yi`d ,lwpxt xfril`
xdn yig ."dyere xne`" llkd lrt elv` .mfil`ixehixh lr daizka
mibidpnd gex iyp` lv` oiipr xxer `ed .dlirt dveaw dgnve dzlr
zegiy likd xy` ,ely iztxv xtq izlaiw okn xg`l dpy .dipnexa
oke micedi miyi` mr lwpxt ldipy icedid mfil`ixehixhd oeirx lr
dzidy ,dieyr dzidy zegiy zteq` dzid ef .miipnex mixteq mr
.oiipr xxerl zaiig
,yiciia rci eze`e dweyz dze`a xteq `ed "i`q`id `ltd"
xteq cvn dxkdl ekf zipnexa eizeqn .ziztxvae ,zipnexa ,zixara
jyna dipnex ixxeyn lecb `ed ewqpin` i`din xg`ly ,ifbx` xecEhk
.dzxivi zeclez lk
ezxni` ,ixec ipane exec ipan miax lr enk ,xnel ozip lwpxt lr
ly xeaiv iwqrl ehdl ."edfga zexxebzn zenyp izy"y ,dzib ly
zizyltd xira zixarl dxen `ede l`xyia meik igd ,lwpxt xfril`
zizextq dcearl ehdln cala dnerf dcina zegt ,oelwy`a ,xakyn
.zixwgne
xfril` z` mipt l` mipt dpey`xl izybt 1964 xanvc ycega
zcear oikn `ede ely mirax`d zepy ziy`xa meik `edy ,lwpxt
dhiqxaipe`a yiciil dxczwd cil bx`apiihy xfril` ilyn lr xehwec
ize` lhp ,zaya oey`xa ,jkxg` .oelna ilv` xwia `ed .zinlyexid
ly d`ixwd ixcgn cg`a ozep ocq ac 'textdy zextqa xeriyl
lwpxt xfril`
295
,xaryl owqrde xteqd ixag l` izppeazd .ziaia`lzd dhiqxaipe`d
daizkd ogley lwpxt xfril` ly enipta egvip dzry ,il did dncpe
iqetihd cgtd rxzyn deabde wvend jxa`d ly eipt lr .diixtqde
dtvnd gexd ikxr ly mlerd iptn mixirv mixteqe micneln ly
mb df llka ,mlekl yi jkitl .ixwgnde izxivid mzxdadle mceairl
d`xi `l` zeeipr `l mvra `idy ,zeeipr ly ran ,lwpxt xfril`l
xbz` ly zepekp z`f mr cgie dnilydle dzeyrl yiy dceard iptn
.drval
mb adf ini eid mde ,l`xyia dkepg ini ,miinilw` adf ini ecnr
.lwpxt xfril` l` zexidna dygxzpy daexwd zecicil qgia
ipelnzia ogley lr lewnyxa lwpxt ize` riztd x`epi inin cg`a
ziyixgd dpeknde ,zehrn `l zery jyn dgiy epldip ;dgiya gzte
a dnqxet ef dgiy .dpif`d hiiw rprcl`b ic .1966 ,54
1966
296
jpxb opgei
"zicedid dirad" lwpxt '` ly extq lr
*
zipnex - ze`qxb izya rited xy` ,lwpxt xfril` ly extqa d`ixw
ly mipiiprn mihaid zelbl zxyt`n ,mipy 34 iptl - ziztxve
mb mdly zeil`ehw`d lr exnyy ,dzeakxen lka zicedid dirad
dipnexa miiwzdy ,dfd "oeifetniq"a ze`aend zercde zecnrd .epinia
,miihilet miyi` ,mixteq) dlrn inx miyi` zetzzyda 1945 zpya
meid mb miiwy mieqn gexjld dpn`p dxeva zetwyn ,(mipnexe micedi
.axrna minieqn miihilet miyi` lv`e mil`ehwlhpi` mibeg axwa
.diaikxne dirad itlk ihpleeian` qgi lr cirn df gexjld
zicedid dirad zivnz" :ditly dwxc` 't rcepd xteqd ly ezrc
minr axwa mixeftd micedil miilnxep miig i`pz xevil jxeva `id
`idy itk ,lecb icedi`le icedi xeaiv lr f` zlaewn dzid ,"mixg`
ef ezcnr .l`xyi zpicn ly dznwd xg`l dpy 31 ,dzr mb zlaewn
mixg` mitzzyn icilr mb dpey hrn gqepa zraen dwxc` ly
Ep`wyxhR ,EivxwEl ,EREl x"c ,dfFxb ExhR :mdipia ,dfd oeifetniqa
.mixg`e
qiib ,oeifetniqd dgpne xtqd xagn ,lwpxt xfril`y yibcdl yi
itzzynd z` ul`l ick il`ehwlhpi`d exyek lk z` mr ccenzdl m
lwpxt dze` ,dly zeibxhd `elna dirad ly miiynnd mipezpd
mrl gihadl xyt` cvik" :jk jxra ,milw miqp`eip mr ,xicbd
cizre meiw ,ziv`pd d`eyd ly mincd ugxn ly oaxewd ,icedid
."?ilnxep mr lkl yiy mi`pz mze` zxbqna
* zrdazka mqxtzd xewnd Secolul 20 mbxz .8 'nr ,1979 i`n ,(hyx`wea) ,
.dix`xeb dcedi zipnexn
"zicedid dirad" lwpxt '` ly extq lr
297
xg`l cin ,1945 zpya miiwzd df oeifetniqy ,jkl al miyl epilr
axrna od dax dzid zil`ehwlhpi`de zixqend dkeand .dnglnd meiq
itzzyn lv` mb zxkip ef dkean .ihqipenewd gxfna ode ,ihqilhitwd
on mi`vei ;f` ly dipnexa dpey`xd dxeyd on miyi` ,oeifetniqd
.qeiee`lt 'i x"ce eqif l"` ,envr xagnd md ef dpigan llkd
edylk mewna xne` dzb" :xtql dncwda azek lwpxt xfril`
mc`dipay iptn ,mdy itk md mc`d iigy ,ely ditxbeiaehe`a
epze` miaiign epaiaq zecaerd .axwd xg`l wx dibhxhq` micnel
micnel mpi` micedidy oeeik ,mdy itk md miicedid miigdy zecedl
epi` epnry ,xagnd ly efd dxkdd ."axwd ixg` elit` dibhxhq`
xefgl ,f` xxyy avna ,el znxeb ,"dixehqidd gwl" z` cenll lbeqn
fekix :zicedid diral oekpd oexztd iabl ezrc z` zepywra rinydle
ghya icedi fekix zradae ,dnecwd zclena micedi ly il`ixehixh
mlerd inr icilr jk myl dvweiy ,ux`d xeck ipt lr mieqn
`edy s` lr ,xagnd oreh jk .`xepd gaha dqpzdy mrl "ievit"k
.micedid z` mb `l` ,"miiebd" z` wx `l rpkyl lw didi `l ik rcen
ly dznwd xg`l dpy 31e oeifetniq eze` xg`l mipy 34 ,mpn`e
laewn epi` micedid ly il`ixehixhd fekixd oexzt ,l`xyi zpicn
.epnra lecb wlg lr dyrnl
,zetixg zezin` dnk dfd oeifetniqd zxbqna riad ifbx` xeceh
xxeyndy ,yibcdl ipevxa) .micedid l` od ,mipnexd l` od zepeEknd
dl` zeybxl ozpe lwpxt xfril` l` dax dad`e zecici ygx lecbd
dpicn znwd" :xzid oia xne` ifbx` .(dtlrae azka ianet iehia
dixehqida xzeia dywde dwivnd dirad ly cigid oexztd dpid
laqd lk zexnl .izeclik xxazd zelleazdd oeirx [...] .zipxcend
dxivid zegekl rcen ,dxezd xtq z` xard on enir `yepd mrd ,rciy
zeinyihp`d [...] .h`iblt lr xytzdl lkei `le oiicr ea miygexd
`idy dncp s` mizrl ,dnonfl z`agzn `ide yi .zniiw dcaer `id
diiehiaa llegziy zetvl dyw .ycgn zvxtzn `id dpide ,dnlrp
."izernyn iepiy
ly mail zneyz z` ribtnae dcnzda dptn lwpxt xfril`
jpxb opgei
298
zeihpleeian`d ,lecbd oeq`d xg`l ,eiykr mb"y ,jkl mipiicznd
k mlerd inr ly mqgia zeriavde zine`ld ezti`ye icedid mrd itl
xzein .etevxt z` seygl yiy aie`d od z`fd zrae ,iepiy `ll exzep
dgvn lr 'oiw ze`' oirn `id oeq`dzxde zkynpd ozegkepy ,siqedl
."zieeykrd dxagd ly
ditl d'vew ly ezrvd ,axr inr mr mely biydl epzti`y xe`l
zi`xp "oexzt wtq ila zeedl leki miaxrd miayezd ly xtqpxh"
.zizeclie zighy
siwydl ywrzn ,micedid ly on`pe wize cici ,oeihw`l`b dl`b
,dvetp dyib ,"zibele`iz dira" lrk elxeb lre icedid mrd iig lr
.axrna mixvep mibega mb ,ab`

x"c ,oeifetniqa wlg elhpy dlrndinx miihiletd miyi`d zyely
mirpnp ep`wyxht eivxwele ,etel di`lewip x"c ,dfexb exht
.zicedid dirad mr ihqil`xe gketn gxe`a ccenzdln
ribdl ilan oevx riayn oexzt `evnl yiy drca dfexb x"c
'eke miaxrd ly oiierd qgid on b`cen `ed .zicedi dpicn ly dznwdl
,micedid elaqy ze`xepd zecia`d sxg ik ayeg dfexb x"c .'eke
milbec mz`y zepexwrd ly ,mkly did xac ly eteqa oegvipd"
."mda
od ,dipnexa micedid ly mzex`yid lr `ed mb uilnn etel x"c
yibcn etel x"c ,df xywda .dipnex ly dzaehl ode micedid zaehl
.dipnex ly dzegztzdl micedid ly dlecbd mznexz z`
xtqn ,xzeia zkxren zil`ehwlhpi` zeiyi` ,ep`wyxht eivxwel
s`e ,mkilr mely lr azk `ed oey`xd izextqd exwgn z`y epl
epnn .ely xehwecd zceara dipnexa zicedid diraa weqrl oeekzd
ep`wyxht xrvd daxnl j` ,xzei dwinrn dyibl zetvl did xyt`
ef ,1945 zpyn zihqipenewd dbltnd ly dzcnra envr z` aivd
dqitza wac ep`wyxht .m"e`a ewinexb ly ene`pl dncwy
"zicedid dirad" lwpxt '` ly extq lr
299
ippi` zipxcend dtewza icedid mrd z`" :exne`a dpyid zitiheixhqd
."ayei `ed ekezay mrd ly zine`ld zxbqna dxrznk `l` d`ex
,zniiw `idy zepibda dcen mpn` ep`wyxht ,zeinyihp`l xy`a
avnd z` xtyp xy`k" :fixkne wnerl oiipra oecln rpnp `ed j`
."mlriz zeinyihp`dy geha ip` ,dihxwenc da bidppe ux`a ilklkd
lr zicedid dirad z` oegal ie`xd on ,izrc itl" :mkqn ep`wyxhte
dipnexa o`k miniiwd miihiletde miizxagd ,miilklkd mi`pzd rwx
zipendd dilrde l`xyi zpicn znwd ."dler `id ea xg` mewn lka e`
"zihqil`x" dyib ly hrend jxrl zgvip dgked md dipnex icedi ly
df "l`ny" ibega epinia mb oiicr zernyp ep`wyxht ly zefzd .ef
.axrnd zevx`a xg` e`

,Ep`iaFcq li`kin lecbd xteqd ly eixacn dler oprx gexayn
itlk diztniqe oiipr miihxwpew miavna ode ezxivia od oibtd xy`
eribd ,dwizr zeaxz jezn e`viy micedid" :ep`iaecq itl .micedid
dixehixhl `l ,zeyep`l mikiiy md .ddeab zegztzd zbxcl
`le ux`d xeck ly migxf` eplek ep`" :ik oin`n ep`iaecq ."znieqn
ux` micedil oi`y dcaerl rbepae ."cala znieqn ux` ly migxf`
oi` m`d invr z` izl`y xak" :mx lewa xdxdn ep`iaecq ,mdlyn
."xzei aeh gztzdl micedil xyt`n df avn oky ,oexzi jka
ick jka oi` j` ,gaeyn izextq oepbqa `hazn mpn` ep`iaecq
oeirx lk dlrn `ed oi` eixac ly micenrd 12ay dcaerd lr zetgl
ly ibxhd cnind mr ccenzdl oeiqip mey mda mi`ven `l ep`e ,ixewn
.dirad
dirad" lr oeifetniqa micaeknd mitzzynd ly zeaehd zepeekd
mle` ,wtqa zelhen opi` ,wpciine uieeye` xg`l xvw onf ,"zicedid
,dirad ly zibxhd ze`ivnd on icn miwegx mnvr md ik dncp
diaikxn ly dpad jeze lelknk dze`xl icka miixehqidd diyxeyn
i`pezirde ihiletd mlera epinia mb xxey dnec avn .miixwird
.dwixn`ae axrna
jpxb opgei
300
dpey`x zicedi zeiyi` ,eqif l"` `ed xtqa mipiicznd oexg`
dtewzd onl zeinyihp`l zeaiqd z` ogea eqif .dipnexa dlrna
dribtd z` ccern herin mzeid mvr" :dl` epinil cre dwizrd
weica riavn `ed ."mda rebtl dxbne d`piw xxern mkxr ;micedia
xtq ly milyexi itlk ihpnexd daigd qgi z` licany dn lr uxnp
milyexi lye icedid mrd ly miiciinde miil`xd mikxvd on j"pzd
day ux`a wx ixyt` ine`ld epneiw jynd ik rpkeyn eqif .ziynnd
:onfd ly miizednd micnind zyely ipenxd ote`a eicgi mikexk
.cizrde deedd ,xard
,zpiievn dqn ,xaczixg`a dfd oeifetniqd z` mkqn lwpxt xfril`
id dirad z` miaikxnd mihpnl`d dax zexidaa mipgap day ,ziced
min zyxt ly dpy ,1945 zpya epnzqdy itk zeitivde zeewzd
.zilxeb
301
'uiaeaiil le`t
dxeabe dad` zece` lr dcb`
lwpxt xfril` ly "oeyny" dn`etd
*
ixeaivd obd zece` lr mipyd jyna eazkp miax miizextq mitc
q`ia dtid Copou z` xiyae dfexta mnr e`iad dl` mitc .(e`etew)
minyd ,mixxeynd ly mdicrv cd z` ,dilihd ivr ly mgix
ly ziyixgd dpibpd lewl zeihpnex zeyibt e` llkjxca miixext`d
.mipnfd lkn mipn`le mixagnl meqxt `iad e`etewd .zi`avd zxenfzd
mirxzyn mdy s` ,oelwy`a ine`ld wx`td ly eitep ,z`f znerl
mia mitwzyny ,mikfd ,milegkd minyl zgz mipya ze`n xak
ly mzad` xetiq mpn` .zextqa `ln aevirl ekf mxh ,oekizd
zexivia aver ,mlekl recid ,dlilce oeyny miizcb`d mixeaibd
mixeaib ik dcaerd z` hiladl ilan j` ,zepey zeilwfene zeizextq
.oelwy` ly wx`ta dfl df mzad` z` elib dl`
megza ze`iwa ykxy ,(oelwy` - q`i) lwpxt xfril` 'text
izenl`d xetiqa d`xyd `vn ,l`xyiux` ly dixehqidde ditxbe`bd
oia didyk eixerp zepya xak ditdtid dlilce xeaibd oeyny ly dfd
,yiciia ditdti dn`et azk `ed .e`etewa dilihd ivr zgz miliihnd
.q`ia oiicr xxebzdyk ,1953a z`fd dcb`d ixeaibl zycwend
q`ia yicii dtya oexh`izl zizyzd dgped xy`k ,miyingd zepya
xteqd mr cgi ,lwpxt xfril` mzxp ,`xity efi` i`nad ly eledipa
oikdl ,oexh`izd ly x`ehxtxl be`cl :zepey zeniynl ,`x`w .i
ewd z` reawl ,mixirvd mipwgyd zwdl z` jixcdl ,minebxz
* zipnexd dtya oezira rited xewnd Viata noastra 14a ,(aia`lz)
.dix`xeb dcedi mbxz .1992 x`exata
'uiaeail le`t
302
iehia icil e`a lwpxt xfril` ly miizextqd eixeyik .'eke izepn`d
inin cer dkex` zxeqn q`ia el didy ,yicii oexh`izl eznexza mb
dpiba eizebvde lecbd octcleb mdxa` Pomul verde .
mday ,yiciia zeceare mixn`n daxd mqxt lwpxt xfril` 'text
iig ly zeixehqid zetewz mb oke ,yicii ixteq ly mdizexivi z` xwg
zpyn "oeyny" dn`etd z` xicbd ocq ac 'text .dipnexa micedid
zpya l`xyil ribd lwpxt xfril` xy`k ."zten zxivi"k 1953
zlra oelwy`a ayiizdl ,dxwna `ly e` dxwna ,xga `ed ,1962
.icb`d xard
eze` mi`ven ep` .mipeEbne miax cinz eid zizeaxzd ezlert inegz
xak .miycgd milerd z` zixar cnln liawnae mihpcehq iptl dvxn
xtq :oebk ,efn ef izedn ote`a zepey eidy zecear mqxt `ed dipnexa
dibelezp`de (ziztxve zipnexa ,1945) zicedid dirad lr zepei`x
bpehkic ryicii rp mipey mixwgn mqxt `ed ux`a .(yiciia ,1947)
ly extq ly zixard dxecdnd z`veda szzyde dipnex icedi lr
mya lwia dnly dipnex zecdi .(1978)
ax mipy xg`l dze` mbxz ,"oeyny" dn`etl lwpxt xfril` xfg ze
zelrdl gilvd xagndy ,xnel yi .1991 seqa drited `ide ,zixarl
z`lnne zi`kx` dn`etd oeyl .xicp izextq itei zlra dxivi o`k
dcaer ,z`f mr cgi .dlilr gexl zn`ezd dxiee` zxivia ifkxn ciwtz
oa ixard `xewl dyibp zegtl "oeyny" dn`etd z` dyer dpi` ef
.zipxcend zixard xaec ,epini
miax mirhwa .iy`xd xeaibd mr zipeirx dpigan ddcfn xagnd
`ed xg` cvne ,gvepnizlae ihlgd ,wfg xeaibk xiihvn oeyny
ieyr xaby dyi`d lnqk zx`ezn dlilc .mipt xi`n ad`nk dlbzn
xabd z` mlbn lwpxt xfril` ly oeyny .oey`x hana da ad`zdl
xeaibl ie`xk eze` zelawne zevixrn oc haya zexrpy il`ici`d
.ecnrna
xe`izn xaer lwpxt xfril` day zeirahde zelwd z` oiivl oiiprn
ly zeybxde zeweyzd mr zedcfd jez ,oey`x sebl iyily seba
miixebl`d mixe`iza wx `l dlbzn dn`etd ly ditei .envr xeaibd
dxeabe dad` zece` lr dcb`
303
z` zepn`pa xfgyl gilvn xagnd .znxefd zixard oeyla mb `l`
lr hlzydl mid on eribd mizyiltd xy`k ,mini mze` ly dxiee`d
.oelwy` zenc`
xfril` 'text ,zixarl yiciin dn`etd z` on` cia xiardy xg`l
ax ldw jk icilry zeewl yi ;zipnex dqxb lr dzr caer lwpxt
.dxikdl elkei eply hayd ipan xzei
304
xciia miig
ly dibelezp`de xbp`n wivi`
q`in yicii zxiy
*
dnk iptl dygxzdy dcefit`a df xetiq ligzdl ie`xd on ile`
;wxeieipa "bpixxrhrax`"d ly lecbd mihxvpewd mle`a mipy
ly mineqxitd zyely ly zekxrnd ze`vnp oiipa eze`a
mrt icn miniiwzn df mle`a ."qhxreex`t" mday ,mixtq icixi
zexyr iptl eritedy ,yiciia mixtq ly zexicp zexecdn zepwl xyt`
mr mi`vei mde ,yicii zty iaaeg o`kl mi`a mly mei jyna .mipy
.mzgzn`a miax zexve`
cg` xtq eciae elld micixid cg`n xfg xeq`i dyn iciid i`nad
rbnl oyein exxetzd hrnk miaidvnd eitcy ,qb xiip lr qtcen cala
dibelezp`d did df .zerav`d bpehkic ryicii rp dkxrpe dhwely ,
q`i zipnexd xira 1947a dritede ,lwpxt xfril`e xp`t wgvi icia
."uxR .l .i riprnex oet fxwxehlew xryicii" z`veda
?`weec df xtqa wxeieipn iciid oexh`izd yi` oiiprzd df recn
,ohdpn fkxna ,ezxica izxwia xy`k zekix`a il xtiq `ed jk lr
.zepey zetya mixwie mixicp mixtq dliknd eziixtqn izndcpe
zty z` izcnl dfd xtqa - xeq`i dyn il xiaqd - oian dz`"
da xira ,q`ia df did .zekenpd zezika cinlz iziid xy`k ily m`d
."izecli ilr dxar dae izclep
oiipr ize` j` ,cakpd oexh`izd i`na ly eizeybx z` ahid izpad
did df ."xbp`n wivi` :dncwd" :dibelezp`d xry lr oEivd cgeina
.xaqde geprit yxcy yecig ixear
* oereaya mqxtzd xewnd qhxreex`t yiciin mbxz .2001 i`na 25a ,(wxeieip)
.dix`xeb dcedi
q`in yicii zxiy ly dibelezp`de xbp`n wivi`
305
mipey`xd eicrv z` dyr mye xbp`n lcb day xird dzid q`i
dibelezp`d ly xryd lr izlkzqd xy`k .zizextqd dxivid dcya
:bxapxhy awri ly eixac ipexkfa elr ,xbp`n ly eny z` izi`xe
innr oiindeae icedi dk`lnlra lv` zclepy ,dz` sicrz dn"
l` dlcd zicedid divilbn jxe xirv xrp jzeida cer jze` xiardy
ite`a ,dly gfxndizaa drecid ,q`i ,xzei draVd zipnexd xird
"...?sicrz dn ...itivtqd icedid
divilba iinelew xird z` yak iqexd `avd ,1914 zpya df did
dcearl lawzd wivi` .q`il exar mde xbp`n zgtyn dxxebzd day
ewiqrnl ller `edy lelrz llba j` .e`vena ik'v ,owf hiig lv`
.myn wlzqdl dileyd xbp`n ul`p dfa miweqire zerevwn silgd `ed
lv` car jyndae dlecb zepga oaf did ,xRq lv` car :df xg`
.mipey`xd eixiy z` azk `ed ,q`ia ,my .mixg` miwiqrn
l` .xbp`n ly dncwdd l`e dibelezp`d l` miay ep` eiykr la`
dzr df .dzid ef dtewz efi`e 1947 did dzrted jix`zy gkyp `p
f` `weece ,icedid mrd on yily dnr dlhpy mincd zngln dniizqp
e` dyx`e e` deewqena `l i`ce ,oecpela e` wxeieipa `l - driten
iir d`ln dzid `id mby ,q`i zil`ivpiaextd xira `l` ,qix`t
- dnglnd y`a elr yiciia zeize`de qetcd zkxrn lke zeaxeg
mipeny) 89 ly mixiy dliknd ,zipxcen yicii zxiy ly dibelezp`
dxeab dyrn ynn did df .laz iagx lkn yicii ixxeyn (!dryze
ly dnec dibelezp` mikxerd ipy e`ived cala miizpy iptl :izextq
`id .micenr 112 dae ,q`i ,xir dze`ae d`ved dze`a ,yicii zxiy
xtqd dide zeipihl zeize`l wizrza `l` zeixar zeize`a dqtced `l
...dnglnd xg`l dipnexa ritedy oey`xd iciid
da eqpeke micenr 320 ly ,dycg dibelezp` xe`l d`vi dpde
et`y mvra jkl .yiciia miazekd mixxeynd lk hrnk ly zexivi
uegpd xnegd lk mzeyxl cnr `ly eced md xtql `eana .mikxerd
xabzdl evl`py mipeyd mileyknd ;uaewd zkixrl eybipy drya
cxtp sc lr myxidl mrt dkfi cery ,envrl wxt" zpigaa md mdilr
zpy ly zxxgeynd dtexi`a ziciid zizeaxzd diiyrd zecleza
xrciia miig
306
ahin z` llky ,llkd on `vei xgan lawzd mpn`e ."(1947) f"yz
mibveind mixxeynd 89 jezny ,o`k oiivp) .yicii zxiy ly mixveid
lfiix ,iwvile` qh`n :cala dyely dzr miiga exzep sq`na
dfk `ltp hwl bivdl ie`x `vnpy in .(xawveq mdxa`e iwqpilki'f
ziciid dxiyd on` ,xbp`n wivi` oaenk did yicii i`xew ldw iptl
!mikxerd ly mvx` oa sqepa didy
epl reci ,xbp`n ly ditxbeiad z` xwgy ,cltpfex mely zekfa
`ed .dibelezp`d lr elnr lwpxte xp`ty zra xxeynd did okid dzr
mikxtn micecp xg`le ,ztxva miv`pd ipxetivn oexg` rbxa lvip
dl` eidy oiivn cltpfex .mipy xyr jyna dprzd my ,oecpell ribd
zizxivid dtewzd zrada j` ,xbp`n ly eiiga xzeia zexnd mipyd
did `l" zextqa ezeprci agexe wner zpigan .ely xzeia dixetd
did `l ;eilrn dgciy izextq xp`'f did `l ;eze` oiipr `ly `yep
."...eiig xetiq z` xikd `ly lecb xxeyn
xyw xevil mikxerd ly mcia dlr cvik oiicr mircei ep` oi`
lka .dibelezp`a lelkl epeekzd mdy mixneg eicil xeqnle xbp`n mr
mdiiywl rcen did `ed ik dler xtql xbp`n ly ezncwdn ,dxwn
ifkxn lk z` siwdl dywiay ,dibelezp`d oepkz zra mikxerd ly
,q`ia xe`l z`vl zcner `idy jkl rcen did xbp`n .yiciia dxivid
,eaxgp zeixtqd .xzeia mi`xepd minexbetd cg` ygxzd day xir
swyn xgand z`f mr cgie ,mikxerd icil eribd `l miycg mineqxt
e`inexd" z` d`ex `ed xp`t wgvia .yiciil dad`e gaeyn mrh
ocern yeg lra mc`" - lwpxt xfril`a ,"yicii zxiy ly izin`
on beeif oin ,il`ici` bef" - mitzeyd ipyae "zeih`etd zeiewcl
."minyd
sprd" z` d`ex `ed da yicii zxiyl xbp`n ly eqgi `ed ipiite`
abypde dlrpd byidd `id .zipxcend yicii zextq ly xzeia dtid
dyicgd dxiyd mr zelwa zexgzdl dleki `id efky xezae ,xzeia
mlerd ly mitepd lk .mipeebe mililv ly rty .mixg` minr ly xzeia
ynyd x`en dtepe xiaiq ly xetkde blyd itep :da miybtp
micxew`d mr wxeieip ly miipaxe`d miqppeqicd ;l`xyiux` ly
q`in yicii zxiy ly dibelezp`de xbp`n wivi`
307
,zipletd dtvtvd ,i`hild dpaild ,ipnexd sepd ly miilxehqtd
."il`xyiux`d lwcde ipnexd migetzd ur ,zipi`xwe`d daxrd
lr dnverae une`a dcrvy yicii zxiyn zelrtzd `ln xbp`n
jk lk zwiiecne zizivnz dxcbd ozp `l ecaln yi` .dlek laz ipt
.dly xzeia milernd mixveid on did envr `edy ,ziciid dxiyd ly
aygzda ,q`in dibelezp`d ly dncwdd on rhw cer `iadl ywazne
zextq ixwegl zelwa dyibp dpi` ,ze`ivn zxwi dzr `idy dcaera
,yicii zxiya minyep minilw`d lk" :dxeyd on `xewl `l i`ceeae
il die`e ,ikezde dfgd mec` ,xinfde ,diwewd :mixetiv ipin lk da yi
miienicd oke .epiiga oeq` ixyan mixetiv - qFMde axerde seypid mb -
miae`yd miycgd dl` cva ,ygzd ,iavd ,dpeid :miiq`lwd miicedid
."gvde oald icbde adfd ztikec :xelwletd on
oexzid z` :ziciid dxiyl rbepa xbp`n yibcn cg` oiipr cere
zevx` oia xfetnd icedid mrd ly dxivi dzeid mvrn dnir xenyd
mey ,mlera dpit meyy wcva oerhl dleki `id ok lr ;mipey minre
on ,iyekd ly df cre ik"pzd aihend on - dl mixf mpi` `yep
.zi`hild "dpiic"d cre zipnexd "dpiec"d
ely zixiyd ditxbeiad jezn ztqep dcewp `iadl xyt` ,evxz m`e
dibelezp`l dncwdd ly dteqa dlrn xbp`ny dceqit` jnq lr envr
rnyy xiy ldw iptl mrt mfit ,'fcela ezeiday ,xtqn `ed :ziq`id
feexa lr zexetq milin :bxanla gfxnziaa ipi`xwe` ieb ly eitn
jex` obpzd ogld ."dvex ip` dn rcei ippi`e" daepcd lr hyy
milind ;elhazp xewnd ly milinde ogld z` hlw ldwd .ilekplne
ogld .yiciia milina divfiaextni` ick jez etlged zeipi`xwe`d
jtd `ed zexetq zewc jeze xg` avwn laiw ilekplnd ipi`xwe`d
o`ke ...oebip ly leblb o`k ygxzd .evxz m` iciqg ,icedi cewixl
`l m` mlerd zxiy lk mvra `id dn ixde" :dpwqnl xbp`n ribn
inler oebip ?mlerd z` midel` `xa ezervn`ay oebip ly eleblb
."mipeyd miine`ld mihpnxtnha ezetwzyda
,xbp`n wivi`" :oEivd riten dncwdd ly dteqa .dpexg` dxrd
raexa ixdy ,eppiiprl ce`n aeyg df hxt mb ."1947 ,chqtnd ,oecpel
xrciia miig
308
.c hxbxn ly mixtqd zepg d`vnp "dxfe dxw oecpela" chqtnd
mewn xbp`n `vn ,cltpfex mely xtiqy dn itl ,dlv`y ,fe`dxhee
z` azk `ed my ,ok`e .exear zeyw dk eidy dnglnd zepya hlwn
.o`k epxtiq dilry dibelezp`l dncwdd
309
xd eleq
lwpxt xfril` 'text mr oei`x
*
litextd z` hhxyl jaeha li`ez m`d ,lwpxt 'text :xd eleq
?jly il`ehwlhpi`d
dwizrd dxni`d epl dreci .jl zeprl dn rcei ippi` :lwpxt xfril`
,ilqwecxt ote`a .ixyt`izla df ixd dyrnl j` ,"jnvr z` rc"
li`kin ,ote` lka .jnvr z` xy`n xg` mc` xikdl lw xzei daxd
mb xne` jke ,"daepcd on mc`" `ed ik envr lr xnel bdp o`ihqaq
,daeclena gcip "lhrhy"n ,"dphw dxiirn icedi" ip`y invr lr ip`
axd lr dcla"d zekfa zeipenl`d on znieqn dcina dynpy ,q`i cil
,miigd lkl izedf z` draw ef dcaer .xbp`n wivi` ly "ielcetn
gxfna "lhrhy"n icedi ip` .il yiy dcigid zedfd ef ik il dncpe
.dtexi`
ze`na micedid miclid lk hrnk ly dl`l zenec eid izecli zeieeg
izyrxde izytgzd mixeta ;i"yx mr yneg xcga izcnl .zepexg`d
z`ixw zra ryxd ond ly eny xkfedy zni` lk zqpkdziaa oyrxa
dvwa mec` getz mr ohw lbc icia izfg` dxez zgnya .xzq` zlibn
mday zecyd .dxezd yeaikl lecbd axwa gvpn lig izeidl ze`k
eipa erx oday zecy oze` ,orpk zecy mvra eid ,izeclia izwgiy
.'eke ,o`vd ixcr z` epia` awri ly
,1947a q`ia mqxety ,bx`apiihy xfril` ly xetiql dncwda
ly dfd lhrhya" :invr lr mb zradae elld miclid lr izazk
xcga ycewd iazk z` gprtn `edy jez ,icedid clid ,dtexi`gxfn
* :uaewa rited xewnd Solo Har, Generatia confruntarilor ,"qexit`t" z`ved ,
.dix`xeb dcedi zipnexn mbxz .111105 'nr ,1994 ,aia`lz
xd eleq
310
zexec lk mr ybtp ,mipya ze`n exnzydy miicedid mibga szzyne
."lhazd eli`k onfd cnin .mziieeg z` deege encwy micedid
ily `a` .oekiz xtqzia did `l ielceta ik ,1930a q`il epxar
q`il zeineinei zeriqp zpkql cigid ecli z` seygl dvx `l l"f
xybd" ,zeicedid zepekyd izy mr ,q`i xird ,mini mze`a .dxfgae
,dxezdicenlz mr ,mix"enc`d zexvg mr ,"diwewd wey"e "mec`d
wx ,"lhrhy" oirn mvra `id mb dzid ,q"y cenill zezexag mr
.zegt inihpi`e xzei qlke`n
mdxa` xira exi`ydy zeawra oiicr yibxdl ozip did zr dze`a
mizad one ,dnonf mewna eigy ,xbp`n wivi`e xtexb awri ,oc`tcleb
xxebzdl xar xbp`n .dad` ixiye yxrixiy :yiciia dxnf d`yip cer
cnly ,elibn xbead 14 oa xrpd zeyxa .1915 zpya ezgtyn mr q`ia
azky mifexg mr zxagn f` xak dzid ,uiaepx'va zipnxb difpniba
xxeyn mewnae ,ehr zty z` "dxind" q`i ly dxiee`d .zipnxba
yicii xxeyn dkezn dginvd zicedid q`i zipnxbd dtya sqep icedi
.lecb
'` mei" .1941 ipeia 21a mexbetl cr q`i dxiird dldpzd jk
`ede dfd "lhrhy"a ig ip` iig ini lk .dfd mlerd z` hhen "`edd
xxeyn ixd `ed oexkfd ,znlyen dipenxd zxxey epipia .ikeza ig
.lecb
gxfn q`c" :xakn df yxzydy gpen miiw zixara ode yiciia od
mipnexd micedid ,ep` ."dtexi` gxfn zecdi" - "mehpcii ryirR`xii`
micedid ly zipendd dxibdd gkep .z`fd zecdid ly ipbxe` wlg eppd
nd ly diipyd zivgndn lgd ,dwixn`l dipnexne oiletn ,diqexn d`
itxbe`ib gpenk dligz yniyy ,"dtexi` gxfn zecdi" sexivd ,19d
day dixtni`" idef .zixehqid dixebhw ly zernyn laiw ,cala
xqiwd ly zexidid ila z`f xne` ip` ."mlerl zrwey dpi` ynyd
,wxeieipa mixveie miig dtexi` gxfn i`vei micedid j` ,icxtqd
wlg elhp dipnex icedi .qxii` qep`ea e` milyexi ,qix`ta ,aia`lza
.dtexi` gxfn zecdi ly dtprd zizxivid zelirta wlg milhep oiicre
mieedn epgp` eli`e ,z`fd zecdid z` lilk hrnk dcinyd d`eyd
lwpxt xfril` 'text mr oei`x
311
zelecbd zexivid lxeba dlri dn :dl`yd zl`yp .oexg`d xecd z`
wx `id eiykr epilr zxaerd xaynd ztewz m`d ?z`fd zecdid ly
zeewl yi f`e` ,"digz" mrti` `eaz mpn` m` ?dngiewil oirn
...f` cre .dpnn zepdl dkfz yiciia dxivid mby
dywaa il xtq .ifbx` xFcEh xxeynd ly ezia i`an ziid :'d 'q
.lecbd xxeynd mr jiqgi lr ,eziaa dxiee`d lr ,yi`d ifbx` lr
oeifetniq obx`l ick hyx`weal iz`a 1945 zpy ly sxega :'t '`
ipya q`ia dpy dze`a rited df oeifetniq .zicedid dirad `yepa
zxzekd zgz ,ziztxvae zipnexa ,mineqxt zicedid dirad zekfa .
,ifbx` ly ezial izrbd ,mipetlh dnke d'vew c"p azky dvlnd
n" hega izkyn .hyx`weaa hyx`w`e xdeqdzia zaxiwa ,"xFyivx
`a ,mialk dnka deeln ,envr ifbx` xecehe xrya wizr oenrt ly
ily mialkdy in" :il xn` ifbx`e icil eayiizd mialk ipy .geztl
milina ze`xl ozip ."dti xzei cer eze` lawn ip` ,dti eze` milawn
f` iziidy oyiiade xken `ld xirvd dkf ely qgil ehen oirn dl`
eze`n mipy 17 jxe`l llk dpzyd `l df iaal qgi .ifbx` ly ecvn
iz`a f` .dipnex z` izafr xy`k 1962 x`exatl cre 1945 uxn yceg
.eci z` izwyip dcixta .miipira zernc eid epipyl .epnn cxtidl
zxcedn d`veda "mifexg" eixiy xtq z` il ozpe ize` waig ifbx`
ez`v mr" :dycwd eilr myx `ed ;ziheitd ezxivi ziaxn z` lleky
wlg df xtqa fpeb ip` ,lwpxt xfril` ,aed`d icici ly mlerd l`
."iailn
ziy`x ly mipy oze`a ifbx` ly eavnl eiykr qgiizdl dvex ip`
oezira ely zexvwd zeniyxd z` mei lk azk `ed .ycgd xhynd
Adevarul ce`n cr cxhen did ihqipenewd xhynd .(zn`d)
rited cg` mei .mi`xewd xeaiv lr daxd ozrtyd lya dl` zeniyxn
"dxiyd ly dpeawix e` oeawixd zxiy" mya `neh oixeq ly hltnt
e`ved eixtq ,eixac z` mqxtl ifbx` lr xq`p cin .ifbx` z` siwzdy
ick cr eze` dcip ihqipenewd xhynd .mixtqd zeiepgne zeixtqd on
izxaic 1952 e` 1951a .eny z` elit` xikd `l ipnexd xrepdy ,jk
lyn iz`xwe bx`apiihy xfril` lynnd lr q`ia oekiza dzika mrt
xd eleq
312
ixg` ,epid ifbx`y micinlzl izxtiq .ifbx` icilr mbxezny ely
xag" :xn`e mw cg` cinlz .xzeia lecbd ipnexd xxeynd ,ewqpin`
eze` aivn dz`e ,xac mey eilr mircei `l ep`y xteq zxkfd ,dxen
lre zexba zepigaa ogaidl epilr miyceg dnk cera .ewqpin` cil
ik ,be`cl `l micinlzl izxn` ."eprny `l elit` dfd lecbd xteqd
.dfd xteqd lr mze` el`yi `l zexbad zepigaa
,"dxytdd" dze` dpik bxeapx`y dtewza ,oil`hq ly ezen xg`l
zextql exifgdle ifbx` ly eny z` xdhl hilgd ihqipenewd xhynd
xag mb dide zipnexd dincw`d xagl xgap ifbx` ,jynda .zipnexd
.gekyl ifbx` did leki `l ely iecipd ztewz z` mle` .hpnlxta
jldy drya xq`p ,EvEx`a ,ifbx` ly cigid epa ,1948 zpya
wxe j` dzid exq`n zxhne dwihileta wqr `l mlern evex`a .aegxa
d`xp" :ifbx` il xn` elv` mixewiad cg`a .a`d ifbx` z` cigtdl
`vnp iziay oeeik ,il` `eal une` mdl yiy mihrnd oia dz` ik
ifbx` il `xw elv` xg` xewia zra ."dh`hixEwqd ly icinz awrna
yicwd `ed xzei xge`n ."dlil ,il gpd" ,ye`ie wenr avr `hiay xiy
.dycwdd mr xtqa rited xiyde ,eze` il
df dide "xeyivx`n"a xryd lr izwtczd 1950 zpya minid cg`a
mb `a miizpia .eze` exxgyy ze`xl izgny .il geztl `ay evex`a
dp`l izptlih" .dxw df cvik il xtiq `ede epz`xwl ifbx` xeceh
z` zkty eprnly xhyndy oeeik ,xwe`t zxab' :dl izxn`e xwe`t
ip` ,ewqpin` ly miaelrd eiiga xkfp `lka zeax mipy zayie jnc
z` .izpwifa icivl didi cigid ipay jnn ywal zekfd il yiy ayeg
.'ily oad `edy iptn wx xdeqdziaa `lkp `edy ,ahid zrcei ixd
."exexgiyl uegpd lk z` zeyrl il dgihad xwe`t dp`
mixiyd xtq z` mqxt ifbx` ,onf xeark 1907 weica elv` izxwia .
itc dae dthrn zg` dxibnn `ived ifbx` .qetca did xtqdy zra
dlqt dxefpvd - il xn` - d`x" .miqtcen eid xaky mixiy ly zedbd
,dfd jxkd jezn mixiy dnk il 1907 dfd xtqay il xiaqd ifbx` ."
irytl mifnx mb ea eid j` ,dpy dze`a mixki`d gah z` riwed `ed
.ipnexd xki`d itlk ihqipenewd xhynd
lwpxt xfril` 'text mr oei`x
313
zyxend xeniyl dcnzda lrety ink reci dz` ,lwpxt 'text :'d 'q
zextq iig z` mcwl s`eyy ink ,yiciid ly zizeaxzde zipeyld
m`d .dl` mi`yepa zeqn ,mixwgn ,mixtq znqxt .cizra yicii
?df oiiprl qgiizdl dvxz
q`ia mexbetd mei ,"`edd '` meia" yiciia aezkl izhlgd :'t '`
,icnl xirv liba ,1938a mqxtl izlgzd .1941 ipeia 29a
mail zneyz z` exxery ,zipnexa mixetiq ly mikxk ipy eritedyk
il`blizla ote`a izqtcd 1940a .Ewy`eei` d'bxe'be d'vFw c"p ly
.q`ia bxavxd ly mqxetnd qetcd ziaa micinlzl yicii cenil xtq
`xwp xtqd j`xRy xrfcpe` myxp dtihrd lr zexexa zeaiqne ,
gly `x`wux`eey wivi` xteqd ,dnglnd ixg` ."1938 ,dyx`e"
xanvcn 24 'qn rcind oelra .wxeieipa "`eei" oeknl xtqd ly wzer
aezikd mr xtqd ly dtihrd meliv driten `eeii ly 1947
jxka mb driten ef dtihr ."icedi xtq ly zi`exdd dixehqidd" qwpt
zelidwd zecdil ycwend ,oiihypal`ial xece`iz x"c ly ezkixra ,
.dipnex
mipey mihaida oecl ick mixirv dnk eptq`zd 19421941 sxega
mixirvd on cg` .yicii zextql rceezdl icke miicedid miigd ly
xwane hyx`wea zhiqxaipe`a xeqtext minil ,Eh`xa oiee`q did elld
xg`l .zexeng zepkqa zekexk eid dl` zeireay zeyibt .rcep izextq
"uxt l"i" izeaxzd begd z` dniwd ef dveaw ,1944 hqebe`a 23
,dibelezp`d .yicii zxiy ly dibelezp` 1945a q`ia mqxty
dncwda dgztp ,xp`t wgvi xteqd icilre icilr dkxrpe dhwely
dibelezp`d ,zeixar qetc zeize` ly xcrd lya .xRFxb awri z`n
aey drited ef dibelezp` ,1947 zpya .zeipihl zeize`a dqtced
y zexyra zxyren `idyk ,zeixar zeize`a mrtd ,q`ia mre mixi
ly dcizr lr dqn izazk dpy dze` .xbp`n wivi` ly `ean ixac
sq`na dnqxtzd ef dqn .yicii oeyl .xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea
d zkxrna xrkialn`f xb`d jexa ,oncixt awri ,xtexb awri eayi
z` lke lkn exzq dqna izilrdy zepeirxdy oeeik .onhiex rhpe
zxrd oirn dteqa dtiqed zkxrnd ,zihqipenewd diqwecezxe`d
xd eleq
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,lwpxt xfril` ly z`fd daeygd dqnd z` minqxtn ep`" :dxdad
ly df oeilib ."dizepwqn lk mr minikqn ep` oi`y zexnl xrkialn`f
.ily dqnd llba eneqxt xg`l zepehlyd icilr mxged
'textd ly dcarna hphqiq`k f` cary ,xhky ewpi x"c ,icici
.dqnd ly miqitcz d`n :iy il wiprd ,hyx`weaa E`lFwip o`thy
l`ipc xteqd .yiciia mipey zriazkl oke ,miax mixteql mdn izgly
iciid oereayd jxer didy ,laiil hlreep z` mqxt ,aia`lza
ly zepeilb dnka mikynda drited `id wxeieipa eli`e ,z`fd dqnd
oereayd rnihy xrhrax` rx .
zeqne mixn`n ,xtqizaa yicii cenill mixtq dyely mb iznqxt
xteqd ixy` .zipnexae zixara mb j` ,yiciia daxd izazk .mipey
.zg` dty ly uexra `hazny
?cizrl zeipkez :'d 'q
ipira dipnex icedi" mya dibelezp` qetcl oikn ip` :'t '`
xtq aezkl mb ipevxa ."mixtqa epiig" dpyind zxzek mr ,"mdixteq
ikxc" o`nxq`e awri ly extq znbeck ,"ipnexe icedik ikxc" mya
izazky mixwgne zeqn xtql qpkl lwey ip` ,sqepa ."icedie ipnxbk
,dipnexa mipey zriazka meik mixfetn mde ,zipnexe zixar ,yiciia
on xgan mr xtq xe`l `ivedl jixv iziid ile`e .dwixn`e l`xyi
`l dritedy ,"oeyny" ily dn`etd .ciiazka izi` mixenyd mixiyd
eizexvtd zeawra dnqxet `id .ciiazk mze`n dgewl ,zixara xakn
.ocq ac 'text ly
milin" `evnl xzegy in xeary jkl i`ce rcen xd eleq xxeynd
:mihqwh ipy cinz mvra miniiw zeycg zeiernyn iehial "zeni`zn
.xiipd lr zelrdl gilvn `edy dfe ,lnlnne ekeza dlerd df epyi
hqwhd bfnzn xiip lr zqtcend dxivid len avipd xxeynd xear
hqwh miiw `xewd xear eli`e .aezkd hqwhd mr eiwnrna gilady
.xiipd lry df - cala cg`
daexr oirn eynyiy ,mixwan ly mzrc zeegl wewf gketnd xveid
jk .laben ef daexr swez j` .ezxivi ly iaihwiiae`d dkxr iabl
xxeynd iabl dax dkxrd mdipy eriad mkilr melye dzb ,lynl
lwpxt xfril` 'text mr oei`x
315
xteqd lr gay ixac azk dyhip ,(18571780) d'fp`xA iztxvd
elld miztxvd mixteqd ipy z`f mre ,(19101864) x`px le'f iztxvd
,ezen xg`l mqxety epnei zekfa wx miiw x`px .epinia ixnbl egkyp
mixacl eqgiizd dipnexa mpn` .aexl dl`k ze`nbec cer yie
d'bxe`'b ,oeihw`l`b dl`b ,ifbx` xeceh ,dwxc` 't iznqxty
dnly eazk zixarae yiciia iznqxity dn lre ,mixg`e ewy`eei`
lirlc ze`nbecd xe`l j` ,ocq ace ,jpxb opgei ,qetnw o'bE`` ,lwia
.cizrl daexr mey jka oi`
`l ,zextq meya ,xteq mey :llk oirn gqpn iziid ,il dyxei m`
wxe j` `l` ,eilr eazk mixg`y dn zekfa onf jxe`l ecnrn lr xny
.azk envr `edy zexivid zekfa