airbag

, Airbag (

. (

airbag

. (2008 )

306

2008)

; airbag

.
airbag

. [ ]

. Airbags

2008)

. (

airbag .

[ ]

1970

airbag ,

. [ ]

[ ]

2.1

( SRS )

2.2
2.3

2.3.1 airbag
2.3.1.1

2.3.2

airbag

2.3.2.1

airbag

2.3.2.2

2.3.3
2.3.4

airbag
airbag

2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7

1990 ;

airbag

airbag

airbag 1980

2.3.8

2.4

3.1

3.1.1

3.1.1.1
3.1.2
4

4.1

U.S.A. 4.2

6
6.1 Airbag

7.1 Airbag
7.2
8
9
10

, 1970 ,

( ACRS )

airbag

. ' airbag

, ,

; airbag .

. ,

. seatbelts

. [1] [2 ] [ 3] [4 ] [5 ],

terminological

--

[ 6]

ACRS 1975

. [7 ]

airbag 1941

Linderer

1951

Hetrick , ,

# 896,312

12, 1953

18, 1953 2,649,311

[9] Linderer airbag

. 1960

Hetrick

6, 1951 ,

. [8] Linderer

Linderer airbag

. [10 ] [ 11]

Hetrick ,

. Hetrick airbag

"

1975

"

1971 ,

. [ 14]

14

. airbag

. [15]

"

, Yasuzaburou Kobori ( )
1964 airbag "

. [12] [13 ]

, Hetrick 1951

. Hetrick

, 1953 airbag

airbag

30

1967 ,
airbag .
. [11]

airbag
azide

, ..

- Livia

, airbag

1970 ,

Towne

1974 ,

ACRS

airbag .

, [ 21]

. ACRS

. [ 20]

" . ACRS

[22 ] (

, 1971

airbag , [22 ]

airbags, 1970

"

airbag

1977

airbag ,

. [19]

AR3 )

airbag

( RPO

Toronado

1973

, . [ 18]

" Ceptor "

[16 ] [ 17]

1990

[ ].

1970

. [18]

( SRS )

airbag

Phasenfoto1
Phasenfoto2
Phasenfoto3

1981 ,

,
airbag

944S

airbag

( W126 )

airbag

. [23 ]

1987 , 944
944

( SRS )

( )

. airbag

airbag .

airbag

1988 ,

NHTSA

airbags

airbag

1900

. 1998 [ 31] ,

, ,

. [31 ]

MK5b ;

.
,

, /

, airbag
Mk4

1990

306

, NHTSA

1991

1992 facelifted

. [31] [ 32]

airbag . 1990

1, 1998

1990

4,600

, ,

[30 .

airbag

1991 . 1992 [ 24] ,

Intermodal

. [24]

1, 1999

1993 ,

. [25 ]

1993 4

. [28 ]

. [ 27]

. [ 29]

minivans

. [26]

1993 , 1999

airbags .

1994 , airbag

procon

2000

airbags

Avensis , 1998

206

, .

airbag

" "

Citron 4
,

. [ 33]

airbag

airbag

airbag

 Citron 4 airbag

Vectra

airbag

airbag .

airbags

airbags

airbag

[ 34] 2007-09 Silverado / GMC ,

airbag

2009-12

[ 35]

airbag .

airbag

airbag

airbag

/ )

ribcage

Autoliv ,

850 1994

2010 Mk.5

backrest

1995

1995

airbags

1997

airbag

1998

airbags

airbag

' airbag

1998

"

rollovers

airbag

airbag

. [36]

'

. 1998

airbags

airbags

Offroad

airbags

airbags

, ,

2006 C70

C70 2001

airbags

E39 5

( HPS )"

Progrs

[37 ] S80

airbag

45 %

) . [ 38]

airbag .

MPVs

,
3

. airbag

airbag

Avensis , "

airbag 1996

. [ 39]

Avensis

. [40 ] [ 41] EuroNCAP 2003

. " [ 42]

Sportage

airbags , .

airbag 2000

airbag

airbag

2008 ,

2008

iQ

airbag

iQ

'

. [ 43]

airbag .

Yaris

submarining

airbag

2009 ,

airbag

airbag

Majesta
,

. [44 ] Takata

airbag 2012

. [45 ]

2009 ,

ESF

. [ 46] 2011

2013

2010 LFA

2013 MKT

172 , 182,

206

2012 V40 airbag

[47 ] ( 88 %)

, V40

EuroNCAP

Airbag

1970

. 2006

airbag

airbag

. [48]

Airbag

accelerometers ,

"

Helite
. [49 ]

airbag

. [50 ] [ 51]

.
Airbag

"

airbag

[52 ] (

) ( ECU

) , [53 ] [ 54]

) , .

. ,

Dainese

'

'

squeezes ,

flaps

, airbag

.
(

airbag

( ,

airbag
airbag
40

250

(1) 2 NaN3 2 + + 3 N2 (

tensioners

"

Tensioner ,

. airbag ,
20 30

15 30

N2 ( ) + +

60-80

, airbag

airbag NaN3 50-80

SiO2 .

(2) 10 2 KNO3 K2O + + + + 5 Na2O

. airbag

azide ( NaN3 ) , KNO3

"

. airbag

airbag

1 3

airbag

, ,

airbag inflates

, 2

airbag inflator

, .

(3) K2O + + + + Na 2 O 2 SiO2 K2O3Si + + Na2O3Si (

N2

, KNO3

NaN3

SiO2 N2

hygroscopic

SiO2 5

azide ,

bitetrazole

. ,

, nitroimidazole ,
,

. [ ]

guanidine

.
.

( No3 ) 2 ( SrCDH )

. N2
500

20 m

SiO2

KBrO3 . N2

KNO3 , 10

Na 2 O

, NaN3

K2O

( ( NH2NHCONHNH2 ) carbohydrazide

99% .

300

. Akiyoshi

KNO3 NaNO3

10 m

NaN3

hygroscopic

. NaN3
, 5 tetrazole ,

. azide reagents

airbag

airbags

gyroscopes

. .

. [56]

23

, accelerometers

. [55]

: Airbags

airbag

( 14 )

, ,

. ,

airbag

airbag

. Airbags

MEMS

. [57]
,

. MEMS ,

MEMS

150-200 ( 300-400 )

. Airbag ,

MEMS

. rolamite

. MEMS

1990

. rolamite ,

" rolamite "

hysteresis

ADXL -50

airbag

airbag

airbag

 , airbag

. Igniter

airbag

, airbag

inflator

("

airbag

")

azide ( NaN3 )

, ,

azide

(N2 )

inflator

azide
azide 50

airbag

azide 200

[58 ]

, , nitroguanidine ,
nonmetallic

azide ( .. tetrazoles , triazoles ,

, [59 ]

nitrocellulose (

),

( No3 - )

borohydride ( NaBH4 ) ,

..

( NH4NO3 )

formers ..
dicyanamide

( NO2 - ) ,
,

( ..,

chlorates ( ClO3 - )

perchlorates ( ClO4 - )

2000
. 12.

.
2001.
. 25
.
. 147 .
.1

0.04

);

tricarboxylic .