BO MON TOAN NG DUNG - HBK

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TOAN 1
GIAI TCH HAM MOT BIEN
BAI 7: KY NANG KHAI TRIEN TAYLOR

TS. NGUYEN QUOC LAN (12/2007)

KHAI TRIEN C BAN: MU, LGIAC, HYPERBOLIC

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T khai trien ham y = ex Khai trien sinx, cosx, sinhx, coshx

Muchan
2
x
e x 1 x ...
2!

Mule

x2 x4

1 x 2 n
cos x 1 ...
ox 2 n 1 , x 0
2! 4!
(2n)!
n

x3

1 x 2 n 1
sin x x ...
ox 2 n 2 , x 0
3!
(2n 1)!
n

Tng t nh sin x, cos x nhng khong

andau
shx, chx
2
2n
x3
x 2 n 1
x
x
shx x ...
ox 2 n 2 , chx 1 ...
ox 2 n 1
3!
2n 1!
2!
(2n)!

x3
tgx x o x 4 , x 0
3

Chu y phan d cosx, sinx, chx, shx: o nho cua

so hang b triet tieu!

KHAI TRIEN C BAN: LUY THA, 1/(1 x), LN(1 + x)

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Ham nghch ao inverse function (Tong cap so nhan):

1
1
n
1 x x n ox n ,
1 x x 2 1 x n ox n
1 x
1 x

Tong quat: Ham luy tha (1 + x) Nh thc Newton (1 + x)n

1 x 1 x

1
2!

x2

n 1
n!

x n ox n

f x 3 1 x encap
3
x 1 1 x 2 1 1 1 x 3
1 1 1 2 ox 3 , x 0
3 3 3 2! 3 3 3 3!

VD: Khai trien MacLaurint ham

Giai:

1
3

1 x

ln(1 + x): 1/(1+x) xn/n,

an dau

x 2 x3
(1) n1 n
ln1 x x
x ox n
2 3
n

BANG KHAI TRIEN CAC HAM C BAN: 7 HAM

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Ham
ex

cos x

sin x
1
1 x
1
1 x

1 x

ln1 x

Khai trien

Phan d Lagrange

x 2 x3
xn
1 x
2! 3!
n!
2n
x2 x4
n x
1 1
x 2n
2! 4!
2n !
2 n 1
x3 x5
x
n
x 1
x 2 n 1
3! 5!
2n 1!

ec
x n 1
n 1!
cossin c 2 n 2
x
2n 2!
cossin c 2 n 3
x
2n 3!
1n1 1 n 2 x n1
1 c

1 x x 2 x 3 1 x n
n

1 x x 2 x3 x n

1 x

1
2!

x
2

n 1
n!

n
x 2 x3 x 4
n 1 x
x 1
2 3 4
n

xn

PPHAP KHTRIEN MACLAURINT: TONG, HIEU, TCH

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a ham can khai trien ve dang tong, hieu, tch (ham, tphan) cac ham c
ban. Ap dung kh/tr MacLaurint c ban
2
5 ln1 x
1 x
2
2

x
x
Giai: f x 1 x ... 21 x x 2 ... 5 x ... ox 3
2
2

VD: Khai trien MacLaurint en cap 3:

f x cos x cosh x

VD: Khai trien ML en cap 3:

f x e x

2
2

x
x
3
Giai: f x 1 ox 1 ox 3 1 ox 3 , x 0
2!
2!

Chu y: Co the s dung ca ao ham, tch phan (coi chng C!)

VD: Khai trien ML en cap 2:

f x ln x 1 x 2 1

KHTRIEN MACLAURINT HAM THNG: DUNG 1/(1 x)

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1
1 x

Vi thng (ty so, phan so) 2 ham so: Dung

Chu y: mau so bat buoc phai xuat hien so 1!

x
e
1
VD: Khai trien MacLaurint
a/
, cap
2 b/
, cap
3
2 x
cos x
2
2

1
1
1
x
x
x
2
2
Giai: a / e x
1 x ox 1 ox
2 1 x 2 2
2!
2 4

x
1
1
3 x
3
b/

1 ox ox ...
2
3
cos x 1 x 2! ox
2
2

1
f x 2
x 4x 3
1
1 1
1 1 1
1
1
f x

x 1 x 3 2 x 1 x 3 2 3 1 x 3 1 x

VD: Khai trien MacLaurint en cap 2

Giai:

KHAI TRIEN MACLAURINT VI HAM HP

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Ham hp f(u(x)): Khai trien lan lt tng bc. au tien khai trien
MacLaurint u(x), sau o khai trien f(u) & cat en luy tha c yeu cau
(Co the oi th t).
Chu y quan trong: Luon kiem tra ieu kien u(0) = 0!

VD: Khai trien MacLaurint

a / sin x 2 b / cos x encap

4

3
u
Giai: a / u x 2 & u 0 0 sin u u ... x 2 ox 4
3!
12

2
4

x2 x4

x
x
1
4
4
b / 1 ox 1 ox 1 u ...
2 24
2
2 24

u
VD (canh giac!): Khtrien MacLaurint y = ln(2 + x) en cap 2

KHAI TRIEN TAYLOR QUANH x x0: A VE KTR ML

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Khai trien Taylor f(x) quanh x = x0: oi bien t = x x0 va s dung khai trien Mac
Laurint cho ham f(t)
Cach 2: Bien oi e (x x0) xuat hien trc tiep trong ham so!
VD: Khai trien Taylor ham
Giai: Cach 1: t = x 2
Cach 2: Tao (x 2) trong ham

1
f x quanh x0 2 encap
3
x
1
1
1
1
1
t
f x

1
x t 2 2 1 t 2 2 2

1
1
1
f x

x 2 2 2 1 x 2 2

f x 3 x quanh x0 8 encap
2

VD: Khai trien Taylor ham

13

21 1 x 2 ...
Giai: 3 x 2 8 21

NG DUNG KT TAYLOR. TM GII HAN

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Tm lim: Khai trien ML vi phan d Peano + Ngat bo VCB

VD: Tnh

x3
4
x
4
x x ox

o
x
6
x sin x

lim 6

lim
lim
3
3
3
x 0
x 0
x
x
x0
x

VD: Tm

sin 3 x 3 ln1 x
sin 3x 4 sin 3 x 3 ln1 x
lim
lim
x
x 0
x0
x2
e 1 sin x

VD: Tm

ln1 x
1
lim

x 0 x 1 x
x

(SGK/80)

2
lim x x ln1
x
x

x 1 x ln1 x
x 0
x 2 1 x
x ln1 x x ln1 x
lim 2
2
x 0
x 1 x
x 1 x

lim

NG DUNG KT TAYLOR. TNH GAN UNG

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Tnh gan ung & c lng sai so: phan d Lagrange

n

f ( x)
k 0

x0

k!

x x0 , Rn
k

f n 1 c
(n 1)!

x x0

n 1

, c x0 , x

VD: Tnh gan ung gia tr so e vi o chnh xac 10-4 (SGK/79)

Giai:

1 1
1
ec
3
e 1
, c 0,1 e S ,
1! 2
!
n! n 1!
n 1!

Tng t: Can chon bao nhieu so hang trong khai trien ham y = ex e co the
xap x e vi o chnh xac 10-4
VD: Goc x nao cho phep xap x sinx x vi o chnh xac 10-4

VI PHAN

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Ham kha vi tai x0 y = Ax + o(x), x 0 : So gia ham so bieu dien

tuyen tnh theo x va vo cung be bac cao cua x

Vi phan: dy = Ax = f(x)dx

f x0 x

C : y f x

Nhan xet: Ham co ao ham Co

vi phan: Ham kha vi
1/ C: hang so dC = 0 &
d(Cy) = Cdy
2/ Vi phan tong, hieu,
tch, thng:

f x0

O
d u v du dv
d uv vdu udv

x
x0

f ' x0 x

x0 x

u vdu udv
d
v2
v

VI PHAN HAM HP

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y f x , x : bienoclap
y f x , x xt : hamhp dy y ' dx

Vi phan cap 1: bat bien!

Vi phan cap 1:

VD: Tnh dy cua a/ y = sinx b/ y = sinx, x = cost

Giai:

b / dy cos xdx cos x sin tdt hoacy sin cos t dy

x : Bienoclap d 2 y f ' ' dx 2 , d 3 y

Vi phan cap cao:

y f x , x xt d 2 y f ' ' dx 2 f ' d 2 x

x x' ' dt 2

VD: Tnh d2y: a/ y = arctgx b/ y = arctgx, x = sint

S:

a/d y
2

2x

1 x

2 2

dx

sin t 2
b / d y y ' ' dx
dt
2
1 x
2