Tin Hoc Co Ban PDF

Chng 1 - Tng quan v my vi tnh
1. Lich s ca my tnh c nhn

S ra i ca my tnh c nhn
Nm 1975 cng ty MITS ( M ) gii thiu chic my tnh c
nhn Altair u tin trn th gii, chic my ny s dng b vi
x l 8080 ca Intel, chic my tnh u tin khng c mn
hnh m ch hin kt qu thng qua cc n Led

My tnh PC u tin trn th gii Altair
Nm 1977 cng ty Apple a ra th trng my tnh AppleII
c mn hnh v bn phm

My tnh PC hng Apple sn xut nm 1977
Nm 1981 cng ty IBM sn xut my tnh PC c h thng m,
tc l my c nhiu khe cm m rng c th cm thm cc
th khc vo , sau ny thit k ny pht trin thnh tiu
chun ca my tnh ngy nay.
Cng ty IBM ( mt cng ty khng l lc ) tm n mt
cng ty nh c tn l Microsoft thu vit phn mm cho
my tnh PC ca mnh , l c hi ngn nm c mt cho
Microsoft tr thnh cng ty phn mm ln nht th gii hin
nay .

My tnh PC ca hng IBM sn xut nm 1981
thu cng ty Microsoft vit h iu hnh MS - DOS
Chic my ny c tc 5MHz
Sau khi pht minh ra chun PC m rng, IBM cho php cc
nh sn xut PC trn th gii nhi theo chun ca IBM v
chun my tnh IBM PC nhanh chng pht trin thnh h
thng sn xut my PC khng l trn ton th gii .
IBM khng c tho thun c quyn vi MS DOS cho nn
Microsoft c th bn phn mm MS DOS cho bt c ai, v vy
m Microsoft nhanh chng tr thnh mt cng ty ln mnh.

Billgate nm 1981 ng lm vic sut ngy hon thnh h iu
hnh MS DOS cho cng ty IBM, hp ng ca ng ch ng gi
bng 5 pht thu nhp hin nay, nhng ng mun c th gii bit
n sn phm , ri mt ngy khng xa ng s lm ch th
gii trong lnh vc phn mm, l tm nhn ca mt ...t ph .
Ai kim sot phn mm PC
Phn mm my tnh PC c Microsoft kim sot v thng
tr trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca my tnh c nhn .
+ T nm 1981 n 1990 l h iu hnh MS DOS pht trin
qua nhiu phin bn v c trn 80% my tnh PC trn th
gii s dng h iu hnh ny .
+ Nm 1991 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 3.1 v
c trn 90% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng .
+ Nm 1995 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 95 v
c khong 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng.
+ Nm 1998 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 98 v
c trn 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng.
+ Nm 2000 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 2000
+ Nm 2002 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window XP vi
khong 97% my tnh PC s dng .

Billgate ng hong trong th gii phn mm
Mt iu c bit quan trng l c trn 95% my tnh PC
trn Th gii s dng cc sn phm Windows ca Microsoft, v
vy cc cng ty sn xut thit b ngoi vi mun bn c ra th
trng th phi c trnh iu khin do Microsoft cung cp hoc
mt tho thun vi Microsoft sn phm y c Windows
h tr
+ Mt thit b my tnh m khng c Window h tr th coi
nh khng bn cho ai c => l l do lm cho Microsoft
tr thnh khng nhng l nh thng tr phn mm m cn ng
vai tr iu khin s pht trin phn cng PC .
Ai kim sot phn cng PC
IBM l nh pht minh v pht trin h thng my tnh PC
nhng h ch lm c quyn kim sot trong 7 nm t 1981
n 1987, sau quyn kim sot thuc v cng ty Intel .
Intel c thnh lp nm 1968 vi mc tiu sn xut cc chip
nh
+ Nm 1971 Intel pht minh ra Vi x l u tin c tn 4004
c tc l 0,1 MHz

CPU u tin do Intel sn xut nm
1971 c tc 0,1MHz

+ Nm 1972 Intel gii thiu chp 8008 c tc 0,2 MHz
+ Nm 1979 Intel gii thiu chp 8088 c tc 5 MHz
hng IBM s dng chp 8088 lp cho chic PC u tin
ca mnh .
+ Nm 1988 Intel gii thiu chp 386 c tc 75 MHz
+ Nm 1990 Intel gii thiu chp 486 c tc 100 -133 MHz
+ Nm 1993 - 1996 Intel gii thiu chp 586 c tc 166 -
200MHz
+ Nm 1997-1998 Intel gii thiu chp Pentiun 2 c tc 233
- 450 MHz
+ Nm 1999 - 2000 Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 3 c tc
500- 1200 MHz
+ T nm 2001 - nay Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 4 c tc
t 1500 MHz n 3800MHz (v cha c gii hn )

CPU Pentium 4 sn xut nm 2006 vi tc 3,2GHz
tc ny nhanh gp 32.000 ln tc CPU ban u

Intel khng nhng dn u trong lnh vc sn sut CPU m cn
l nh cung cp hng u v Chipset v Mainboard k t nm
1994 n nay .
2. Cc thnh phn trong my vi tnh
Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S h thng my tnh
My tnh l mt h thng gm nhiu thit b c lin kt vi
nhau thng qua mt bo mch ch, s lin kt ny c iu
khin bi CPU v h thng phn mm hng dn, mi thit b
trong h thng c mt chc nng ring bit trong c ba thit
b quan trng nht l CPU, Mainboard v b nh RAM .
3. Nhim v ca cc thit b trong h thng my tnh .
1) Mainboard ( Bo mch ch )

Mainboard ng vai tr lin kt tt c cc thnh phn ca h
thng li vi nhau to thnh mt b my thng nht
+ Cc thnh phn khc nhau chng c tc lm vic, cch
thc hot ng khc nhau nhng chng vn giao tip c vi
nhau l nh c h thng Chipset trn Mainboard iu khin .
2) CPU ( Central Processing Unit ) - Vi x l

CPU l thnh phn quan trng nht ca my tnh, thc hin cc
lnh ca chng trnh khi phn mm no chy, tc x l
ca my tnh ph thuc ch yu vo linh kin ny, CPU l linh
kin nh nhng t nht trong my vi tnh .
3) RAM ( Radom Access Memory ) - B nh truy cp
ngu nhin

RAM l b nh tm thi, lu cc chng trnh phc v trc
tip cho CPU x l, tt c cc chng trnh trc v sau khi x
l u c np vo RAM, v vy dung lng v tc truy
cp RAM c nh hng trc tip n tc chung ca my .
4) Case v b ngun

Case : L hp my gn cc thnh phn nh Mainboard, cc
a, cc Card m rng .
Ngun : Thng i theo Case, c nhim v cung cp in p
cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng .
5) a cng HDD ( Hard Disk Drive )

L thit b lu tr chnh ca h thng, cng c dung lng
ln v tc truy cp kh nhanh, v vy chng c s dng
ci t h iu hnh v cc chng trnh ng dng, ng
thi n c s dng lu tr ti liu , tuy nhin cng l
c nh, khng thun tin cho vic di chuyn d liu i xa .
6) a CD ROM ( Hard Disk Drive )

L a lu tr quang hc vi dung lng kh ln khong
640MB, a CD Rom gn nh d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy
nhin a s cc a CD Rom ch cho php ghi c 1 ln, a
CD Rom c s dng ci t phn mm my tnh, nghe
nhc, xem phim v v...
7) a mm FDD

a mm c th c v ghi nhiu ln v d rng di chuyn i
xa, tuy nhin do dung lng hn ch ch c 1,44MB v nhanh
hng nn ngy nay a mm t c s dng m thay vo l
cc USB c nhiu u im vt tri .
8) Bn phm - Keyboard .

Bn phm l thit b chnh gip ngi s dng giao tip v iu
khin h thng, trnh iu khin bn phm do BIOS trn
Mainboard iu khin .
9) Chut - Mouse.

L thit b nhp bng cc giao din ho nh h iu hnh
Window v mt s phn mm khc, trnh iu khin chut do
h iu hnh Window nm gi .
10) Card Video

Card Video l thit b trung gian gia my tnh v mn hnh,
trn Card Video c bn thnh phn chnh .
+ Ram : Lu d liu video trc khi hin th trn mn hnh, b
nh Ram ca Card Video cng ln th cho hnh nh c phn
gii cng cao .
+ IC : DAC ( Digital Analog Conveter ) y l IC i tn hiu
nh t dng s ca my tnh sang thnh tn hiu tng t .
+ IC gii m Video
+ BIOS : L trnh iu khin Card Video khi Window cha
khi ng .
Card Video c th c tch hp trc tip trn Mainboard
11) Mn hnh Monitor

Monitor CRT Monitor LCD
Mn hnh Monitor hin th cc thng tin v hnh nh, k t gip
cho ngi s dng nhn c cc kt qu x l ca my tnh ,
ng thi thng qua mn hnh ngi s dng giao tip vi my
tnh a ra cc iu khin tng ng.
Hin nay c hai loi mn hnh ph bin l CRT v mn hnh
LCD

4. Khi nim v phn mm
Phn mm l tp hp ca tt c cc cu lnh do cc nh lp
trnh vit ra hng my tnh lm mt s vic c th no ,
khng nh cc thit b in t khc, my vi tnh m khng c
phn mm th n khng hot ng g c .
c c phn mm, cc nh lp trnh phi s dng cc ngn
ng lp trnh vit, ngn ng lp trnh l ngn ng trung gian
gia ngn ng giao tip ca con ngi vi ngn ng my, ngn
ng cng gn vi ngn ng con ngi th gi l ngn ng bc
cao, cng gn ngn ng my gi l ngn ng bc thp .

S dng ngn ng lp trnh iu khin my tnh
Th d : Bn hy lp trnh mt on m to dng ch chy nh
sau
Bn khi ng Notepad
Vo Start / Programs / Accessories / Notepad
Nhp vo on m sau :

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Sau Save As vo mt file abc.html
Trong mc File name g abc.html
Trong mc 'Save as Type' chn kiu 'All files'
=> Sau khi Save xong bn cho chy th File trn xem kt
qu
5. Cc chng trnh phn mm
Trong my tnh phn mm c chia thnh nhiu lp
Chng trnh iu khin thit b ( Drive ) :
y l cc chng trnh lm vic trc tip vi thit b phn
cng, chng l lp trung gian gia h iu hnh v thit b phn
cng, cc chng trnh ny thng c np vo trong b nh
ROM trn Mainboard v trn cc Card m rng, hoc c tch
hp trong h iu hnh v c ti vo b nh lc my khi
ng .
Operation System - H iu hnh
L tp hp ca rt nhiu chng trnh c nhim v qun l ti
nguyn my tnh, lm cu ni gia ngi s dng vi thit b
phn cng, ngoi ra h iu hnh cn cho php cc nh lp
trnh xy dng cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn n .
Chng trnh ng dng .
L cc chng trnh chy trn mt h iu hnh c th, lm
cng c cho ngi s dng khai thc ti nguyn my tnh .
Th d : Chng trnh Word : gip ta son tho vn bn
Chng trnh PhotoShop gip ta s l nh v v...

Cng mt h thng phn cng, cng mt ngi s dng nhng
c th chy hai h iu hnh khc nhau vi cc chng trnh
ng dng khc nhau v cc trnh iu khin thit b khc nhau
6. Vai tr ca phn mm trong my vi tnh
My tnh vi linh kin ch cht l CPU - l mt thit b in t
c bit, n lm vic theo cc cu lnh m chng ta lp trnh ,
v c bn CPU ch lm vic mt cch my mc theo nhng
dng lnh c sn vi mt tc cc nhanh khong vi trm
triu lnh / giy , v vy s hot ng ca my tnh hon ton
ph thuc vo cc cu lnh .
Phn mm my tnh l tt c nhng cu lnh ni chung bao
gm :
+ Cc lnh np vo BIOS hng dn my tnh khi ng v
kim tra thit b .
+ H iu hnh c ci t trn cng nh h iu hnh MS
DOS, h iu hnh Window
+ Cc chng trnh ci t trn cng hay trn CD Rom
Khi ta kch hot vo mt nt lnh v thc cht ta yu cu
CPU thc hin mt on chng trnh ca nt lnh .
Virut thc cht l mt on lnh iu khin CPU thc thi cc
vic vi su : Th d n lnh cho CPU Copy v Paste
nhn bn mt file no ra y cng, hay t ng kch hot
mt chng trnh no chy khng theo mun ngi dng .
=> Virut cng l phn mm nhng n l phn mm c hi do
nhng tin tc c su vit ra, nu ta khng hiu c bn
cht phn mm th ta cng khng tr c cc bnh v Virut .

7. K thut s trong my tnh :
Ngi ta c th ni rng : Th k 21 l k nguyn k thut s,
k thut s n su vo mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi, t
thit b nh nh chi tr em n nhng thit b ti tn u
c s ho tng phn .

Vy k thu s l g ?

Cu hi ny xem ra kh c th gii thch trong mt vi dng
nhng bn hy tm hiu :
=> K thut s l s dng h thng s nh phn biu din
hay x l d liu, h thng s nh phn n rt n gin v n
ch c hai mc 0 v 1 .
Nh vy k thut s chnh l k thut x l, lu tr hoc truyn
d liu bng cc tn hiu ch c hai mc 0 v 1 ( hay khng c
in v c in )
8. Tn hiu s ( Digital ) v tn hiu tng t ( Alalog )
Tn hiu s ( Digital )
L tn hiu ch c hai mc duy nht l
Khng c in v C in , biu din hai trng thi ny
ngi ta dng h thng s nh phn tc l ch c hai con s 0 v
1
0 Biu din cho trng thi : Khng c in
1 Biu din cho trng thi : C in

Tn hiu s ch c hai mc in p 0 v 1
Tn hiu tng t ( Analog )
Tn hiu tng t c trng thi bin i dn dn, tng dn hoc
gim dn => v vy chng c dng hnh Sin
Hu ht cc tn hiu trong t nhin u l tn hiu tng t
nh :
+ Tn hiu m tn ( L tn hiu m thanh i ra tn hiu in )
+ Tn hiu Video ( L tn hiu hnh nh i ra tn hiu in

Tn hiu Analog l tn hiu dng hnh Sin

+ Tn hiu tng t ( Analog ) c v s cc mc in p khc
nhau, v vy chng khng th biu din bng hai con s c
m ta phi biu din chng bng c s 10 ( l c s ta ang
dng )
9. Cc h thng s
H thp phn :
y l h c s 10 m ta vn quen s dng , h ny gm cc
con s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Th d cc s 40 , 90, 115, 200 v v.. l cc s t nhin c
biu din bng c s 10 .

Tn hiu Analog c rt nhiu mc in p nn
phi s dng c s 10 mi biu din c n .

+ Gi s nu ta phi lu tr on tn hiu trn th ta phi lu li
tt c cc gi tr ca chng ln lt theo cc im A,B,C,D,E l :
Chng 2 - Case v Ngun
1. Case : Hp my

Case : Hp my - Sn xut nm 2006

Bn trong Case ch c b ngun
v cc gi Mainboard, a

B ngun ATX trong Case ca my Pentium 4
2. Case ng b
Case ng b l cc my tnh bn sn ra th trng trong c
y linh kin v thit b ngoi vi, Vit Nam Case ng b
thng xut hin dng cc my tnh c nhp khu t M .

Case ng b IBM nhp khu t M .
IBM v Compac l hai nh sn xut my tnh c nhn ln nht th
gii trong nhng nm 1981 n 1997, hai cng ty ny cung cp
phn ln my tnh c nhn PC cho th trng th gii trong thp nin
90 ca th k trc, cc cng ty ny s dng b x l ca Intel v
thu cng ty Microsoft vit h iu hnh.
3. La chn Case khi lp My vi tnh :
Khi lp mt b my vi tnh, bn cn phi la chn mt Case ( thng
my) cho ph hp, v Case lun i km vi b ngun do bn cn
la chn theo cc tiu chun sau :
Hnh dng Case hp vi Model mi khng b cho l li thi
Cng sut ca b ngun : Nu nh bn nh s dng cng
nhiu a th bn cn phi s dng Case c ngun cho cng
sut cng ln, nu bn s dng Case c ngun yu khi chy s
b qu cng sut v d gy h hng ngun v Mainboard
B ngun phi c rc cm cn thit cho cu hnh my ca
bn,
Th d : nu bn lp my Pen 4 s dng socket 478 th ngun
phi c thm rc 4pin
Nu bn lp my c s dng a cng theo chun ATA th
rc ngun nn c rc h tr u ni ngun chun ATA
Cc qut gi lm Mass : My cng c lm mt tt th chy
cng n nh v tui th cng cao .

Cc loi Case mi nht

4. B ngun my vi tnh

B ngun ATX dng cho cc my t Pentium2 n Pentium4

u dy ngun cp in cho Mainboard
cc mu dy v in p, chc nng .
ngha ca cc chn v mu dy
Dy mu cam l chn cp ngun 3,3V
Dy mu l chn cp ngun 5V
Dy mu vng l chn cp ngun 12V
Dy mu xanh da tri l chn cp ngun -12V
Dy mu trng l chn cp ngun -5V
Dy mu tm l chn cp ngun 5VSB ( y l ngun cp
trc )
Dy mu en l Mass
Dy mu xanh l cy l chn lnh m ngun chnh PS_ON
( Power Swich On ), khi in p PS_ON = 0V l m , PS_ON
> 0V l tt
Dy mu xm l chn bo v Mainboard, dy ny bo cho
Mainbord bit tnh trng ca ngun tt PWR_OK (Power
OK), khi dy ny c in p >3V th Mainboard mi hot
ng .

u cm ny ch c trn b ngun
ginh cho Mainboard Pentium 4

u cm dy ngun trn Mainboard
5. Kim tra b ngun
kim tra mt b ngun c hot ng hay khng ta lm nh
sau

Kim tra b ngun ATX
Bc 1 : Cp in cho b ngun
Bc 2 : u dy PS_ON ( mu xanh l cy ) vo Mass ( u
vo mt dy mu en no )
=> Quan st qut trn b ngun , nu qut quay tt l ngun
chy
Nu qut khng quay l ngun b hng .
Trng hp ngun vn chy th h hng thng do Mainboard

6. Nguyn l hot ng ca b ngun ATX .

S mch tng qut ca b ngun ATX
B ngun c 3 mch chnh l :
+ Mch chnh lu c nhim v i in p AC 220V u vo
thnh DC 300V cung cp cho ngun cp trc v ngun chnh .
+ Ngun cp trc c nhim v cung cp in p 5V STB cho
IC Chipset qun l ngun trn Mainboard v cung cp 12V
nui IC to dao ng cho ngun chnh hot ng ( Ngun cp
trc hot ng lin tc khi ta cm in .)
+ Ngun chnh c nhim v cung cp cc in p cho
Mainboard, cc a cng, a mm, a CD Rom .. ngun
chnh ch hot ng kh c lnh PS_ON iu khin t
Mainboard .
Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch .

nh chp bn trong b ngun ATX
1- Mch chnh lu
Nhim v ca mch chnh lu l i in p AC thnh in p DC
cung cp cho ngun cp trc v ngun xung hot ng .
S mch nh sau :

Mch chnh lu trong b ngun ATX
Ngun ATX s dng mch chnh lu c 2 t lc mc ni tip
to ra in p cn bng in gia.
+ Cng tc SW1 l cng tc chuyn in 110V/220V b tr
ngoi khi ta gt sang nc 110V l khi cng tc ng => khi
in p DC s c nhn 2, tc l ta vn thu c 300V DC
+ Trong trng hp ta cm 220V m ta gt sang nc 110V th
ngun s nhn 2 in p 220V AC v kt qu l ta thu c
600V DC => khi cc t lc ngun s b n v cht cc n
cng sut.
2. Ngun cp trc
+ Nhim v ca ngun cp trc l cung cp in p 5V STB cho
IC qun l ngun trn Mainboard v cung cp 12V cho IC dao ng
ca ngun chnh .
+ S mch nh sau :

S mch ngun cp trc trong b ngun ATX
R1 l in tr mi to dao ng
R2 v C3 l in tr v t hi tip duy tr dao ng
D5, C4 v Dz l mch hi tip n nh in p ra
Q1 l n cng sut
3. Ngun chnh
+ Nhim v : Ngun chnh c nhim v cung cp cc mc in p
cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng
+ S mch ca ngun chnh nh sau :

S mch ngun chnh trong b ngun ATX
Q1 v Q2 l hai n cng sut, hai n ny uc mc y ko,
trong mt thi im ch c mt n dn n kia tt do s iu
khin ca xung dao ng .
OSC l IC to dao ng, ngun Vcc cho IC ny l 12V do
ngun cp trc cung cp, IC ny hot ng khi c lnh P.ON
= 0V , khi IC hot ng s to ra dao ng dng xung hai
chn 1, 2 v c khuch i qua hai n Q3 v Q4 sau
ghp qua bin p o pha sang iu khin hai n cng sut
hot ng .
Bin p chnh : Cun s cp c u t im gia hai n
cng sut v im gia hai t lc ngun chnh
=> in p th cp c chnh lu thnh cc mc in p
+12V, +5V, +3,3V, -12V, -5V => cung cp cho Mainboard v
cc a hot ng .
Chn PG l in p bo v Mainboard , khi ngun bnh thng
th in p PG > 3V, khi ngun ra sai => in p PG c th b
mt, => Mainboard s cn c vo in p PG iu khin cho
php Mainboard hot ng hay khng, nu in p PG < 3V th
Mainboard s khng hot ng mc d cc in p khc vn c

Xem s b ngun ATX chi tit
7. Cc bnh ca ngun
Bnh 1 : B ngun khng hot ng, th chp chn PS_ON xung
Mass ( chp dy xanh l vo dy en ) nhng qut vn khng quay .

Th kim tra theo cc bc trn thy qut ngun
khng quay => ngun b hng
Nguyn nhn h hng trn c th do :
Chp mt trong cc n cng sut => dn n n cu ch , mt
ngun 300V u vo .
in p 300V u vo vn cn nhng ngun cp trc khng
hot ng, khng c in p 5V STB
in p 300V c, ngun cp trc vn hot ng nhng ngun
chnh khng hot ng .
Kim tra :
Cp in cho b ngun v kim tra in p 5V STB ( trn dy
mu tm) xem c khng ? ( o gi dy tm v dy en )
=> Nu c 5V STB ( trn dy mu tm ) => th sa cha nh
Trng hp 1 di
Nu o dy tm khng c in p 5V, bn cn tho v ngun ra
ngoi kim tra .
o cc n cng sut xem c b chp khng ? o bng thang
X1
=> Nu cc n cng sut khng chp => th sa nh Trng
hp 2 di .
=> Nu c mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp => th sa
nh Trng hp 3 di
Sa cha :
Trng hp 1: Vn c in p 5V STB nhng khi u dy
PS_ON xung Mass qut khng quay .
Phn tch : C in p 5V STB ngha l c in p 300V DC
v thng thng cc n cng sut trn ngun chnh khng
hng, v vy h hng y l do mt dao ng ca ngun
chnh, bn cn kim tra nh sau :

S mch ngun chnh trong b ngun ATX
o in p Vcc 12V cho IC dao ng ca ngun chnh
o kim tra cc n Q3 v Q4 khuch i o pha .
Nu vn c Vcc th thay th IC dao ng
Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch .

nh chp bn trong b ngun ATX
Trng hp 2 : Cp in cho ngun v o khng c in p 5V
STB trn dy mu tm , kim tra bn s cp cc n cng sut khng
hng, cp ngun v o vn c 300V u vo.
Phn tch : Trng hp ny l do ngun cp trc khng hot
ng, mc d c ngun 300V u vo, bn cn kim tra k
cc linh kin sau ca ngun cp trc :

S mch ngun cp trc trong b ngun ATX
Kim tra in tr mi R1
Kim tra R, C hi tip : R2, C3
Kim tra Dz
Trng hp 3 : Khng c in p 5V STB, khi tho v mch ra
kim tra thy mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp .
Phn tch : Nu pht hin thy mt hoc nhiu n cng sut
b chp th ta cn phi tm hiu v t tr li c cu hi : V
sao n cng sut b chp? bi v n cng sut t khi b hng
m khng c l do .
Mt trong cc nguyn nhn lm n cng sut b chp l
1. Khch hng gt nhm sang in p 110V
2. Khch hng dng qu nhiu a => gy qu ti cho b
ngun
3. Mt trong hai t lc ngun b hng => lm cho in p im
gia hai n cng sut b lch .
Bn cn phi kim tra lm r mt trong cc nguyn nhn
trn trc khi thay cc n cng sut .
Khi sa cha thay th, ta sa ngun cp trc chy trc =>
sau ta mi sa ngun chnh .
Cn ch cc t lc ngun chnh, nu mt trong hai t b hng
s lm cho ngun cht cng sut, nu mt t hng th o in
p trn hai t s b lch ( bnh thng st p trn mi t l
150V )
Cn ch cng tc 110V- 220V nu gt nhm sang 110V th
in p DC s l 600V v cc n cng sut s hng ngay lp
tc .
Bnh 2 : Mi khi bt cng tc ngun ca my tnh th qut quay vi
vng ri thi
Phn tch nguyn nhn :
Khi bt cng tc ngun => qut quay c vi vng chng
t
=> Ngun cp trc chy
=> Ngun chnh chy
=> Vy th nguyn nhn dn n hin tng trn l g ???
Hin tng trn l do mt trong cc nguyn nhn sau :
Kh mt trong cc t lc u ra ca ngun chnh => lm in
p ra b sai => dn n mch bo v ct dao ng sau khi chy
c vi giy .
Kh mt hoc c hai t lc ngun chnh lc in p 300V u
vo => lm cho ngun b st p khi c ti => mch bo v ct
dao ng
Kim tra v sa cha :
o in p u vo sau cu i t nu < 300V l b kh cc t
lc ngun.
o in p trn 2 t lc ngun nu lch nhau l b kh mt
trong hai t lc ngun, hoc t cc in tr u song song vi
hai t .
Cc t u ra ( nm cnh bi dy ) ta hy thay th t khc, v
cc t ny b kh ta rt kh pht hin bng phng php o
c .
Chc nng ca mainboard
1. Chc nng ca Mainboard
..
Mainboard my vi tnh .
Mainboard ca my tnh c cc chc nng sau y :
L bn mch chnh lin kt tt c cc linh kin v thit b ngoi vi
thnh mt b my vi tnh thng nht .
iu khin tc v ng i ca lung d liu gia cc thit b
trn .
iu khin in p cung cp cho cc linh kin gn cht hoc cm
ri trn Mainboard .
2. S khi ca Mainboard .

S khi Mainboard Pentium 4
3 . Nguyn l hot ng ca Mainboard
Mainboard c 2 IC quan trng l Chipset cu bc v Chipset cu
nam, chng c nhim v l cu ni gia cc thnh phn cm vo
Mainboard nh ni gia CPU vi RAM, gia RAM vi cc khe
m rng PCI v v...
Gia cc thit b ny thng thng c tc truyn qua li rt
khc nhau cn gi l tc Bus.
Th d trn mt Mainboard Pentium 4, tc d liu ra vo CPU
l 533MHz nhng tc ra vo b nh RAM ch c 266MHz v
tc ra vo Card Sound gn trn khe PCI li ch c 66MHz .
Gi s ta nghe mt bn nhc MP3, u tin d liu ca bn nhc
c np t cng ln b nh RAM sau d liu c x l
trn CPU ri li tm thi a kt qu xung b nh RAM trc
khi ua qua Card Sound ra ngoi, ton b hnh trnh ca d liu
di chuyn nh sau :
+ D liu c trn cng truyn qua cng IDE vi vn tc
33MHz i qua Chipset cu nam i vn tc thnh 133MHz i qua
Chipset cu bc vo b nh RAM vi vn tc 266MHz, d liu t
Ram c np ln CPU ban u i vo Chipset bc vi tc
266MHz sau i t Chipset bc ln CPU vi tc 533MHz ,
kt qa x l c np tr li RAM theo hng ngc li , sau
d liu c gi ti Card Sound qua Bus 266MHz ca RAM, qua
tip Bus 133MHz gia hai Chipset v qua Bus 66MHz ca khe
PCI
=> Nh vy ta thy rng 4 thit b c tc truyn rt khc nhau
l
+ CPU c Bus (tc truyn qua chn) l 533MHz
+ RAM c Bus l 266MHz
+ Card Sound c Bus l 66MHz
+ cng c Bus l 33MHz
lm vic c vi nhau thng qua h thng Chipset iu
khin tc Bus .
Xem chi tit v Mainboard my Pentium 4
CC THNH PHN TRN MAINBOARD
1. Chipset cu bc (North Bridge )
v Chipset cu nam ( Sourth Bridge )
Nhim v ca Chipset :
Kt ni cc thnh phn trn Mainboard v cc thit b ngoi vi li
vi nhau
iu khin tc Bus cho ph hp gia cc thit b
Th d : CPU c tc Bus l 400MHz nhng Ram c tc Bus
l 266MHz hai thnh phn ny c th giao tip vi nhau th
chng phi thng qua Chipset thay i tc Bus

Chipset North Bridge
Khi nim v tc Bus :
y l tc tryn d liu gia thit b vi cc Chipset
Th d : Tc truyn d liu gia CPU vi Chipset cu bc
chnh l tc Bus ca CPU, tc truyn gia Ram vi Chipset
cu bc gi l tc Bus ca Ram ( thng gi tt l Bus Ram )
v tc truyn gia khe AGP vi Chipset l Bus ca Card
Video AGP
3 ng Bus l Bus ca CPU, Bus ca RAM v Bus ca Card
AGP c vai tr c bit quan trng i vi mt Mainboard v n
cho bit Mainboard thuc th h no v h tr loi CPU, loi
RAM v loi Card Video no ?

S minh ho tc Bus ca cc thit b
lin lc vi nhau qua Chipset h thng .
2. cm CPU
=> Ta c th cn c vo cc cm CPU phn bit
chng loi Mainboard
Khe cm CPU kiu Slot - Cho cc my Pentium 2 :
Khe cm ny ch c cc mu Pentium 2 , CPU khng gn trc
tip vo Mainboard m gn vo mt v mch sau v mch
c gn xung Mainboard thng qua khe Slot nh hnh di
y :

Mainboard ca my Pentium 2
cm CPU kiu Socket 370 - Cho cc my Pentium 3 :
y l cm trong cc my Pentium 3 , cm ny c 370
chn .

cm CPU - Socket370 trong cc my Pentium 3
cm CPU - Socket 423 - Cho cc my Pentium 4 :
y l kiu cm CPU trong cc my Pentium 4 i u ginh
cho CPU c 423 chn .

cm CPU - Socket 423 trong
cc my Pentium 4 i u
y l cm CPU trong cc my Pentium 4 i trung , chp
loi ny c 478 chn .

cc my Pentium 4 i trung
y l cm CPU trong cc my Pentium 4 i mi .

cc my Pentium 4 i mi
cm CPU - Socket 939 :
y l cm CPU trong cc my s dng chip AMD mi nht
gn y.

cm CPU - Socket 939 trong cc my
i mi dng chp AMD
3. Khe cm b nh RAM
Khe cm SDRam - Cho my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 :
SDRam (Synchronous Dynamic Ram) => Ram ng c kh nng
ng b, tc Ram ny c kh nng theo kp tc ca h thng .
SDRam c tc Bus t 66MHz n 133MHz

Khe cm SDRam trong my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3
Khe cm DDRam - Cho my Pentium 4 :
DDRam (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Ram) =>
Chnh l SDRam c tc d liu nhn 2 .
DDRam c tc Bus t 200MHz n 533MHz

Khe cm DDRam trong my Pentium 4
4. Khe cm m rng
1. ISA
ISA ( Industry Standar Architecture => Kin trc tiu chun cng
ngh ) y l khe cm cho cc Card m rng theo tiu chun c,
hin nay khe cm ny ch cn tn ti trn cc my Pentium 2 v
Pentium 3 , trn cc my Pentium 4 khe ny khng cn xut hin .

2. PCI
PCI ( Peripheral Component Interconnect => Lin kt thit b
ngoi vi ) y l khe cm m rng thng dng nht c Bus l
33MHz, cho ti hin nay cc khe cm ny vn c s dng rng
ri trong cc my Pentium 4

3. AGP
AGP ( Accelerated Graphic Port ) Cng tng tc ho , y l
cng ginh ring cho Card Video c h tr ho , tc Bus
thp nht ca khe ny t 66MHz <=> 1X,
1X = 66 MHZ ( Cho my Pentium 2 & Pentium 3 )
2X = 66 MHz x 2 = 133 MHz ( Cho my Pentium 3 )

5. Cc thnh phn khc
1. B nh Cache :
L b nh m nm gia b nh RAM v CPU nhm rt ngn
thi gian ly d liu trong lc CPU x l, c hai loi Cache l
Cache L1 v Cache L2.
Vi cc my Pentium 2 Cache L1 nm trong CPU cn Cache
L2 nm ngoi CPU
T cc my Pentium 3 v 4 Cache L1 v L2 u c tch hp
trong CPU
Khng nh b nh RAM, b nh Cache c lm t RAM tnh
c tc nhanh v gi thnh t .
2. ROM BIOS
( Read Only Memory Basic Input/Output System => B nh ch
c, lu tr cc chng trnh vo ra c s )
=> y l b nh ch c c cc nh sn xut Mainboard np
sn cc chng trnh phc v cc cng vic :
** Khi ng my tnh v kim tra b nh Ram, kim tra Card
Video, b iu khin a , bn phm ...
** Tm h iu hnh v np chng trnh khi ng h iu
hnh .
** Cung cp chng trnh ci t cu hnh my ( CMOS Setup )
Khi bn vo chng trnh CMOS Setup, phin bn Default ca
cu hnh my c khi ng t BIOS, sau khi bn thay i cc
thng s v Save li th cc thng s mi c lu vo RAM
CMOS v c nui bng ngun Pin 3V, RAM CMOS l mt b
nh nh c tch hp trong Sourth Bridge

3. Cc cng giao tip
Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch

* u cm ngun

4. Jumper v Switch
Trong cc Mainboard Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 c rt nhiu
Jumper v Switch, l cc cng tc gip cho ta thit lp cc
thng s nh :
+ Thit lp tc Bus cho CPU
+ Thit lp s nhn tc ca CPU
+ Clear ( Xo ) chng trnh trong CMOS ...

c imcc th h Mainboard
Cc Jumper trn Mainboard

Mt bng hng dn thit lp Jumper trn Mainboard

Lu : Cc Jumper ch cn xut hin trn cc my Pentium 2 v
Pentium 3 , trong cc Mainboard Pentium 4 rt t xut hin cc
Jumper hay Switch l v my Pentium 4 cc tin trnh ny
c t ng ho
1. Mainboard ca my Pentium 2

Mainboard my Pentium 2
c im :
CPU gn vo Mainboard theo kiu khe Slot
H tr tc CPU t 233MHz n 450MHz
H tr Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) l 66MHz v 100MHz
Trn Mainboard c cc Jumper thit lp tc .
S dng SDRam c Bus 66MHz hoc 100MHz
S dng Card Video AGP 1X
2. Mainboard my Pentium 3

Mainboard my Pentium 3 - Socket 370
c im :
CPU gn vo Mainboard theo kiu cm Socket 370
H tr tc CPU t 500MHz n 1,4GHz
H tr Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) l 100MHz v 133MHz
Trn Mainboard c cc Jumper thit lp tc , cc i v
sau khng c .
S dng SDRam c Bus 100MHz hoc 133MHz
3. Mainboard my Pentium 4 soket 423

Mainboard my Pentium 4 ( i u ) - Socket 423
c im :
H tr tc CPU t 1,5GHz n 2,5GHz
=> Mainboard ny c thi gian tn ti ngn v hin nay khng
thy xut hin trn th trng na .
4. Mainboard my Pentium 4 soket 478

Mainboard my Pentium 4 ( i trung ) - Socket 478
c im :
H tr tc CPU t 1,5GHz n trn 3GHz
Tc Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) t 400MHz tr ln
S dng Card Video AGP 4X, 8X
S dng b nh DDRam c tc Bus Ram t 266MHz tr ln
=> Mainboard ny tn ti trong thi gian di v hin nay
(2006) vn cn ph bin trn th trng .
5. Mainboard my Pentium 4 socket 775
Mainboard my Pentium 4 ( i mi ) - Socket 775
c im :
H tr tc CPU t 2GHz n trn 3,8GHz
S dng Card Video AGP 16X hoc Card Video PCI Express
16X
S dng b nh DDRam c tc Bus t 400MHz tr ln
=> Mainboard ny hin nay(2006) ang c a chung trn
th trng .
6. Mainboard Socket 939 cho CPU hng AMD

Mainboard Socket 939 dng CPU hng AMD
c im :
S dng CPU ca hng AMD gn vo Mainboard theo kiu
cm Socket 939
H tr tc CPU t 2GHz n trn 4GHz
S dng b nh DDRam c tc Bus t 400MHz tr ln
7. Mainboard Socket 775 h tr Chip Intel Core 2 Duo
Processor! v h tr Dual DDR2 .

Mainboard vi cng ngh mi nht h tr
chip 2 nhn v Ram c tc Bus nhn i
c 2 Card Video AGP v 2 ROM BIOS
Mainboard h tr Dual DDR RAM
y l cng ngh cho php nhn i tc RAM khi ta lp t
RAM theo mt quy tc nht nh .
- Cc Mainboard h tr Dual DDR c hai cp khe cm nh
hnh di, mi cp c 2 mu khc nhau v hai cp tng ng
vi nhau
- Nu bn cm 2 thanh DDR RAM trn hai khe cng mu hai
cp khc nhau th tc Ram Bus s c nhn i .

+ V d : Bn cm 2 thanh DDR c BUS 400MHz trn hai khe
mu vng hoc hai khe mu th tc BUS s c nhn 2
tc l tng ng vi BUS 800MHz ( Dung lng MB vn
bng tng hai thanh cng li )
- Nu bn cm 2 thanh trn hai khe c mu khc nhau th tc
BUS ca DDR RAM khng thay i .

Mainboard mi c 2 ROM BIOS
+ Khi BIOS b li phn mm th s lm cho Mainboard t lit
khng hot ng c v ton b cc lnh c s phc v cho
qu trnh khi ng my u nm trong IC ny, gim thiu
s ri do cho khch hng v nng cao cht lng cng nh
bn, trong cc Mainboard mi y c thm mt ROM BIOS d
tr, khi ROM BIOS chnh b li th n t ng chuyn quyn
Cc mch in c bn trn Mi board
iu khin cho BIOS d phng hot ng .

Mainboard mi c hai ROM BIOS

H tr 2 khe AGP

Hai khe AGP hai bn v hai khe PCI gia .
- Vi cng ngh ny c th cho php ngi s dng c th chy
2 ng dng ng thi trn cng mt my tnh v a ra hai mn
hnh khc nhau .
- Mi khe AGP s gn mt Card Video AGP v chy mt ng
dng c lp hai ng dng chy trn cng mt h iu hnh
1. Mch iu khin ngun cho CPU my Pentium 3
Mch iu khin ngun cp cho CPU trn Mainboard l mch
in c tnh logic cht ch, gm mt IC to xung dao ng
m cc n Mosfet cp ngun cho CPU, do tnh cht mt
Mainboard phi thch ng vi nhiu loi in p khc nhau v
vy in p cung cp cho CPU khng c nh m thay i cho
ph hp vi tng loi CPU gn trn n .
- V d : Khi gn CPU c ngun nui l 1,5V vo th mch t
ng a ra 1,5V cp cho IC . Khi gn CPU c ngun nui l
1,75V th mch cng t ng a ra ng 1,75V cp cho CPU
=> l tnh cht ca mch n p ngun cho CPU trn cc loi
Mainboard hin nay .

s trn l IC iu khin ngun iu khin 4 in p cp
cho CPU, card AGP, Chipset bc, Chipset nam v cho b nh
Cache
- VOUT1 l in p cp cho CPU , in p ny c th thay i
t 1,3V n 3,5V
- VOUT2 l in p cp cho Card AGP, in p ny c hai
nmc l 1,5 hoc 3,3V
- VOUT3 ra 1,5V
- VOUT4 ra 1,8V cp ngun cho Chipset bc, Chipset nam v
b nh Cache .
Xem chi tit

Mch iu khin ngun cho CPU

2. Mch iu khin ngun cho CPU my Pentium 4

Mch n p ngun cp cho CPU trn bao gm :
IC dao ng => to xung iu khin cc cp Mosfet m ngun
cp cho CPU
- ISL6565A l IC dao ng to ra 3 ng xung , dao ng ra
cho i qua IC ISL6605 tch lm hai v to in p hi tip
a v IC dao ng gip cho IC ny kim sot c in p ra .

- Dao ng c a n cc cp n Mosfet m ngun cp
cho CPU , Cc cun dy L1, L2 v L3 kt hp vi t lc lc
cho in p bng phng .

3. IC to xung nhp cho Mainboard ( to xung Clock cho
Main )
ay l IC rt quan trng trn Mainboard, nu IC ny khng
hot ng th Mainboard s khng hot ng g c, IC ny s
quyt nh tc Bus ca CPU, ca RAM v cc khe m rng
nh AGP v PCI .

c im nhn bit ca IC ny l bn cnh lun lun c mt thch
anh to dao ng c tn s t 10MHz n 30MHz

Cc chn ca IC

Cc mch Logic trong IC
Ch thch cc chn :
- CPU_F : Chn to xung Clock cho CPU
- PCI 2, PCI3 .. : Cc chn tao xung Clock cho khe PCI
- 48MHz : chn iu khin tn s cho cc cng USB
- 24MHz : Chn iu khin tc Bus cho IC giao tip vi
cc cng vo ra
- SDRAM_F : Chn iu khin Bus cho b nh RAM
- SCLK : Trao i xung Clock vi CPU
- SDATA : Trao i d liu vi CPU
- X1 v X2 : l hai chn thch anh
- VDDQ3 : in p nui 3,3V
- VDDQ2 : in p nui 2,5V

Bng cho bit tc Bus ca CPU v Bus PCI
khi thit lp cc chn FS0 n FS3

4. IC giao tip vi cng COM
.

Hnh dng v cc chn IC giao tip cng COM

Bn trong IC l cc mch Triger v cc cng Logic

S giao tip gia IC v cng COM
6. Thit lp tc cho CPU trn Mainboard Pentium 2 v
Pentium 3
( Mainboard Pentium 4 khng cn thit lp v chng t ng
ho )
Trong cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 i u th ta phi thit
lp tc cho CPU thng qua cc Jumper, nu ta khng thit
lp th my c th khng chy ( nh hng Mainboard ) hoc
chy sai tc ca CPU .
Vy thit lp tc cho CPU nh th no ?
Bn hy trn Mainboard c mt bng hng dn v thit
lp tc Bus cho CPU nh di y :
Bng ch dn thit lp tc BUS cho CPU trn cho thy
Mainboard ny h tr CPU c BUS 66, 100 v 133MHz
Bn hy tm trn Mainboard v tr Jumper 1

Jumper 1 trn Mainboard
thit lp tc BUS cho CPU
V ch c mt bng hng dn thit lp s nhn cho CPU
Bng ch dn thit lp s nhn cho CPU
Bn hy tm trn Mainboard v tr SW1
Jumper 1
BUS A B
66 1 - 2 1 - 2
100 2 - 3 1 - 2
133 1 - 2 2 - 3
SW 1
X 1 2 3
x 5,0 ON ON ON
x 5,5 ON ON OFF
x 6,0 ON OFF ON
x 6,5 ON OFF OFF
x 7,0 OFF ON ON
x 7,5 OFF ON OFF
x 8,0 OFF OFF ON
x 8,5 OFF OFF OFF

SW1 trn Mainboard dng thit
lp s nhn tc cho CPU
Sau khi tm thy 2 bng hng dn v cc Jumper1, SW1
trn ta lm nh sau :
+ Thit lp tc BUS trn Jumper1 phi bng tc BUS
ca CPU m bn nh lp, nu bn thit lp sai tc BUS =>
my s khng hot ng ( Nh hng Mainboard )
+ Thit lp s nhn cho CPU ( S nhn bng tc CPU chia
cho tc BUS ca n ) nu thit lp sai s nhn th CPU vn
chy nhng b sai tc .
Th d :
Nu bn lp CPU c tc l 733 MHz v c BUS l 100MHz
th bn phi thit lp nh sau :
=> Thit lp Jumper 1 sao cho c BUS l 100
=> Thit lp SW1 sao cho c s nhn l 7,5
=> Khi tc CPU s l 100 x 7,5 = 750MHz ( Thc t n
s chy tc 733MHz )

Nu bn thit lp Jumper 1 c BUS l 66 hoc 133 th My
s khng chy ( Nh hng Mainboard )
Nu bn thit lp ng BUS nhng thit lp s nhn l 6,0
th CPU ca bn chy tc = 100 x 6,0 = 600MHz bn b
thit v tc .
Nu bn thit lp s nhn l 8,5 th CPU ca bn cng ch
chy tc 733MHz nhng CPU li b nng do bn p tc
.
Bi tp :
C mt Mainboard c cc bng hng dn v cc v tr Jumper1,
SW1 c thit lp sn nh sau :

Jumper 1
BUS A B
66 1 - 2 1 - 2
100 2 - 3 1 - 2

Nhng biu hin h hng Mainbard
---------------------------------------------------------------

Bn hy cho bit CPU ang lp trn Mainboard trn c tc
BUS l bao nhiu ?, tc hot ng l bao nhiu ?
p n cho bi tp
133 1 - 2 2 - 3
SW 1
X 1 2 3
x 5,0 ON ON ON
x 5,5 ON ON OFF
x 6,0 ON OFF ON
x 6,5 ON OFF OFF
x 7,0 OFF ON ON
x 7,5 OFF ON OFF
x 8,0 OFF OFF ON
x 8,5 OFF OFF OFF
1. Nhng biu hin ca Mainboard hng
Biu hin 1 :
Bt cng tc ngun ca My tnh, my khng khi ng, qut
ngun
khng quay
Biu hin 2 :
Bt cng tc ngun, qut ngun quay nhng my khng khi
ng,
khng ln mn hnh .
Biu hin 3 :
My c biu hin tht thng, khi khi ng vo n Win th
Reset li
hoc khi ci t Win XP ngang chng th bo li lm bn khng
th
ci t .
Lu :
Cc biu hin khi hng Mainboard rt ging vi biu hin khi
hng CPU hoc khi ngun b li , do vy khi gp cc biu hin
trn bn cn kim tra ngun v CPU loi tr .
loi tr nguyn nhn do ngun bn hy dng mt b ngun
tt th .
th CPU bn c th cm th sang mt my khc, nu l
CPU ca my Pentium2 hoc Pentium3 th bn cn thit lp
cho ng tc BUS ca CPU th n mi chy ( Xem li phn
thit lp tc cho CPU )
Sau khi bn th v chc chn rng : Ngun v CPU vn
tt nhng my vn b cc biu hin trn th chng t =>
Mainboard ca bn c vn !
2. Cc biu hin sau thng khng phi hng
Mainboard
My vi tnh c nhiu bnh khc nhau v bn lu cc bnh sau
thng
l khng phi hng Mainboard .
a. Khi bt cng tc ngun, my khng ln mn hnh nhng c
ting bp di .
( Trng hp ny thng do hng RAM hoc Card mn hnh )
b. My c bo phin bn BIOS khi khi ng trn mn hnh
nhng khng vo c mn hnh Windows
( Trng hp ny thng do hng a )
c. My hay b treo khi ang s dng .
( Trng hp ny thng do li phn mm hoc a b bad )
d. My t ng chy mt s chng trnh khng theo mun ca
ngi s dng .
( Trng hp ny thng do my b nhim Virut )
3. Phng php kim tra Mainboard
Bn hy thc hin theo cc bc nh sau :
Tho tt c cc a cng, CD Rom , cc Card m rng v
thanh RAM ra khi Mainboard, ch li CPU trn
Mainboard .
Cp ngun, bt cng tc v quan st cc biu hin sau :
Biu hin 1 : Qut ngun quay, qut CPU quay, c cc ting
bip di loa
=> iu ny cho thy Mainboard vn hot ng, CPU vn hot
ng, c ting bp di l biu hin Mainboard v CPU hot
ng v a ra c thng bo li ca RAM ( V ta cha cm
RAM )
Biu hin 2 : Qut ngun v qut CPU khng quay ( m bo
chc chn l cng tc CPU u ng )
=> iu ny cho thy Chipset iu khin ngun trn
Mainboard khng hot ng .
Biu hin 3 : Qut ngun v qut CPU c quay nhng khng c
ting ku loa .
=> iu ny cho thy CPU cha hot ng hoc hng ROM
BIOS nu bn thay th CPU tt vo th h hng l do ROM
BIOS hoc Chipset trn Mainboard
trn l cc bc gip bn xc nh l h hng do Mainboard
hay linh kin khc ca my nhng cha xc nh c l hng ci g
trn Mainboard , lm c iu ny bn hy xem tip phn sau :
Phng php kim tra Mainboard bng Card Test

Card Test Mainboard
4. Cc bc kim tra Mainboard.
Kim tra li xc nh cho chnh xc h hng l thuc v
Mainboard ch khng phi RAM, CPU hay cc Card m rng .
Cch xc nh ny lm theo cc bc phn kim tra
Mainboard
Dng Card Test Main xc nh xem c th l hng ci g
trn Mainboard .
Cc bc tin hnh sa cha Mainboard
Bc 1 : Kim tra xc nh h hng thuc v Mainboard :
Chun b Mainboard nghi hng kim tra ,Dng mt b
ngun tt th, Dng CPU tt th .
Cha cm RAM v bt k mt th g khc ( tr CPU ) vo
Mainboard
Cm zc cng tc ngun ca Case vo Mainboard
Cp in ngun v bt cng tc Power, quan st cc biu hin
sau :
=> Qut ngun v qut CPU c quay, c ting bp di loa .
=> iu ny l biu hin Mainboard vn bnh thng .
=> Qut ngun v qut CPU khng quay hoc cc qut quay
nhng khng c ting bp loa .
=> Biu hin ny cho thy h hng thuc v Mainboard, xc
nh r hn bn dng Card Test Main kim tra .
Bc 2 : Kim tra Mainboard bng Card Test Main
1 - Gii thiu Card Test Main

Card Test Main : Card Test Main ny bn c
th mua t cc Cng ty cung cp thit b tin hc
Bn c th cm Card Test Main vo khe PCI hoc ISA ( Main
i c mi c khe ISA ) kim tra .
Kt qu kim tra s c hin th bi cc n Led hoc ng h
bo s theo kiu s Hecxa ( h 16)

Dy n Led v ng h bo kt qu kim tra
* Ch thch cc n Led :
+ 5V : Bo c in p + 5V
n ny pht sng khi bt cng tc ngun, nu n ny khng
sng th do chp ng ngun +5V trn Mainboard .
3,3V : Bo c in p 3,3V ( Tng t ng 5V )
- 12V : Bo c in p - 12V
n ny pht sng khi bt cng tc ngun, nu n ny khng
sng th do chp ng ngun - 12V trn Mainboard .
+ 12V : Bo c in p + 12V ( Tng t ng - 12V )
RST : Bo tn hiu Reset : n ny ch chp sng ri tt khi ta
bm nt Reset
OSC : Bo tn hiu dao ng ca CPU, nu n ny khng
sng ngha l CPU khng hot ng .
BIOS : n bo BIOS : n ny khng sng ngha l CPU
khng c d liu trn BIOS hoc BIOS hng .
CLK : n bo xung Clock ca Mainboard, n ny sng
thng xuyn k c khi khng c RAM v CPU, nu n ny
khng sng ngha l Chipset trn Mainboard khng hot ng .
2 - Cc bc thc hin kim tra Mainboard
Tho tt c cc thit b ra khi Mainboard k c RAM v CPU .
Cm Card Test Main vo khe PCI ( V khe ny c 2 mi nn ta
khng th cm ngc )

Gn Card Test Main vo khe PCI
Cp in ngun cho Mainboard v bt cng tc Power ( u
dy Power vo ng v tr - xem ch dn trn Main )
Lc ny ch c dy n Led sng, da vo cc n Led cho ta
bit tnh trng Mainboard nh sau :
* Trng thi bnh thng

Cc n ngun bo sng, n CLK bo sng cho thy cc ch
in p ca Mainboard c v Chipset hot ng

* Trng thi chp ngun hoc Chipset khng hot ng .

Mainboard b mt ng ngun 5V, nu l ngun tt
th c th do chp ng 5V trn Mainboard

Mainboard b mt ng ngun 3,3V

Mainboard b mt ng ngun 12V, c th
do chp ng 12V tren Mainboard

C cc in p nhng chipset khng
hot ng, khng c xung CLK
---------------------------------------------
* Nu Mainboard kim tra trng thi bnh thng , ta lp
CPU v RAM vo v bt ngun kim tra li .

Tt c cc n bo sng, ng h dng li
FF cho thy Mainboard v cc linh kin
hot ng bnh thng

n BIOS v OSC khng sng cho thy CPU cha
hot ng, nu thay CPU tt th h hng do mch
n p ngun cho CPU, hoc thit lp sai tc BUS cho CPU

Cc n bo sng nhng ng h dng li C1
cho bit my b li b nh, c th li b nh
RAM hoc li b nh Cache gn trn Mainboard.
SA CHA MAINBOARD ( Chng cui )

Chng 4 - CPU
1 . Khi nim v CPU
CPU ( Center Processor Unit ) - n v x l trung tm : L
mt linh kin quan trng nht ca my tnh, c v nh b lo
ca con ngi, ton b qu trnh x l, tnh ton v iu khin
u c thc hin ti y.
Trong cc CPU Pentium 4 hin nay c ti hng trm triu con
Transistor c tch hp trong mt din tch rt nh khong 2
n 3cm
2

CPU l linh kin quyt nh n tc ca my tnh, tc x
l ca CPU c tnh bng MHz hoc GHz .
1MHz = 1000.000 Hz
1GHz = 1000.000.000 Hz
Hng sn xut CPU ln nht hin nay l Intel ( M ) hng ny
chim n 90% th phn v CPU cho my tnh PC, ngoi ra cn
c mt s hng cnh tranh nh AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen,
Motorola .
2. Cc yu t tc ng n hiu sut ca CPU
rng Bus d liu v Bus a ch ( Data Bus v Add Bus )
Tc x l v tc Bus ( tc d liu ra vo chn ) cn
gi l FSB
Dung lng b nh m Cache
Di y l chi tit v cc yu t trn
2.1 rng Bus d liu v Bus a ch (Data Bus v Add Bus)
rng Bus d liu l ni ti s lng ng truyn d liu
bn trong v bn ngoi CPU
Nh v d hnh di y th CPU c 12 ng truyn d liu
( ta gi rng Data Bus l 12 bit ), hin nay trong cc CPU t
Pentium 2 n Pentium 4 u c rng Data Bus l 64 bit .

Minh ho bn trong CPU c 12 ng truyn
d liu gi l Data Bus c 12 bit
Tng t nh vy th rng Bus a ch ( Add Bus ) cng l
s ng dy truyn cc thng tin v a ch .
a ch y c th l cc a ch ca b nh RAM, a ch
cc cng vo ra v cc thit b ngoi vi v v .. c th gi hoc
nhn d liu t cc thit b ny th CPU phi c a ch ca n
v a ch ny c truyn i qua cc Bus a ch.
Gi s : Nu s ng a ch l 8 ng th CPU s qun
l c 2
8
= 256 a ch

Hin nay trong cc CPU Pentium 4 c 64 bt a ch v nh
vy chng qun l c 2
64
a ch nh .

2.2 Tc x l v tc Bus ca CPU
Tc x l ca CPU ( Speed ) :
L tc chy bn trong ca CPU, tc ny c tnh bng
MHz hoc GHz
Th d mt CPU Pentium 3 c tc 800MHz tc l n dao
ng tn s 800.000.000 Hz , CPU pentium 4 c tc l
2,4GHz tc l n dao ng tn s 2.400.000.000 Hz
Tc Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) :
L tc d liu ra vo cc chn ca CPU - cn gi l Bus
pha trc : Front Site Bus ( FSB )
Thng thng tc x l ca CPU thng nhanh gp nhiu ln
tc Bus ca n, di y l th d minh ho v hai tc ny :

Minh ho v tc x l ( Speed CPU )
v tc Bus ( FSB ) ca CPU
2.3 B nh Cache ( B nh m )
B nh Cache l b nh nm bn trong ca CPU, n c tc
truy cp d liu theo kp tc xa l ca CPU, iu ny khin
cho CPU trong lc x l khng phi ch d liu t RAM v d
liu t RAM phi i qua Bus ca h thng nn mt nhiu thi
gian.

Mt d liu trc khi c x l , thng qua cc lnh gi ca
ngn ng lp trnh, d liu c np sn ln b nh Cache, v
vy khi x l n, CPU khng mt thi gian ch i .
Khi x l xong trong lc ng truyn cn bn th CPU li
a tm kt qu vo b nh Cache, nh vy CPU khng mt
thi gian ch ng truyn c gii phng .
B nh Cache l gii php lm cho CPU c iu kin hot ng
thng xuyn m khng phi ngt qung ch d liu, v vy
nh c b nh Cache m hiu qu x l tng ln rt nhiu, tuy
nhin b nh Cache c lm bng Ram tnh do vy gi thnh
ca chng rt cao .

Tc x l nhanh

Tc x l nhanh

Tc Bus (FSB)
chm hn

3. S cu to ca CPU
CPU c 3 khi chnh l
ALU ( Arithmetic Logic Unit ) : n v s hc lo gic : Khi
ny thc hin cc php tnh s hc v logic c bn trn c s
cc d liu .
Control Unit : Khi ny chuyn to ra cc lnh iu khin
nh iu khin ghi hay c v v ..
Registers : Cc thanh ghi : Ni cha cc lnh trc v sau khi
x l

S cu to bn trong ca CPU
Nguyn l hot ng ca CPU
CPU hot ng hon ton ph thuc vo cc m lnh , m lnh
l tn hiu s dng 0,1 c dch ra t cc cu lnh lp trnh ,
nh vy CPU s khng lm g c nu khng c cc cu lnh
hng dn .
Khi chng ta chy mt chng trnh th cc ch lnh ca
chng trnh c np ln b nh Ram, cc ch lnh ny
c dch thnh ngn ng my v thng tr trn cc ngn nh
ca Ram dng 0,1
CPU s c v lm theo cc ch lnh mt cch ln lt.
Trong qu trnh c v thc hin cc ch lnh, cc b gii
m s gii m cc ch lnh ny thnh cc tn hiu iu khin .
K truyn : My tnh hot ng th no ?
C hai ngi bn, mt lm ngh in t, mt l chuyn gia
my tnh,
Ngi bn ngh in t hi : Ti sa Ti vi nhiu nm
nhng sang n my vi tnh ti vn khng hiu n lm vic th
no m li k diu th ?
Ngi bn chuyn gia my tnh sau mt hi gii thch rng :
My tnh lm vic nh c CPU, c b nh RAM, c cng , c
h iu hnh v cc chng trnh phn mm ch dn, sau mt
hi gii thch m ngi bn in t vn ngn ra chng hiu g .
Ngi bn chuyn gia my tnh lin k v von chic my tnh
vi mt cu truyn di y :

C mt ng th rt cn c c th lm vic c ngy khng bit
mt mi, nhng t bn thn ng ta khng bit l g c, ngc
li ng ta c th lm c bt c vic g nu c s ch dn tng
bc mt.
ng c bn giao mt ca hng c cc dng c lm
vic, ng thi km theo quyn hng dn chi tit cch thc s
dng cc dng c y, tt c nhng th ng ta ct n vo
trong t
Mt hm c mt chuyn gia in t vit ra mt quyn sch
hng dn chi tit cc bc lm ra mt b n nhy ng
thi km theo ton b linh kin cn thit ri gi ti ca hng,
ng ta ct n vo trong t .
Mt ngy khc c mt ngi ho s chun b y giy
mc, bt mu cng vi bn hng dn chi tit cc bc lm
ra mt bc tranh gi ti cho ca hng, ng ta cng ct n vo
trong t.
Ni lm vic ca ng ta c mt ci bn ng ngh cch
ch ngi khong 2m, mt ci khay ng ngh trc mt
cn ci t th cch ch ng ta ngi chng 10m.
Bt u mt ngy lm vic mi, theo s ch dn ca t giy
treo trn tng, ng ta i kim tra ton b cn phng, thy
khng c vn g ng ta sai ngi vo t mang ton b s
dng c lm vic ln bn v sn sng lm vic .
Khch hng yu cu v mt bc tranh, ng th sai ngi
vo t mang ton b dng c v tranh ra ln bn, theo yu
cu ca khch v vi quyn ch dn bn cnh ng ta bt u
v .
ang v tranh khch hng li yu cu ng th lp mch
in t, ng th li sai ngi vo t mang ton b ngh lp
mch trong t ra trn bn, thy chic bn ht ch ngi
gip vic dng li cn ng th gi ln mt thng bo " bn ht
ch " cho khch hng bit, lc ny ng ta khng chu lm g
na .
ng ta lm vic rt nhanh nhng hon ton ph thuc vo
quyn sch hng dn, thnh thong ng ta sai ngi gip vic
mang nhng c trn bn t vo ci khay trc mt, sn
phm lm xong ng th tm vo khay trc khi n c
chuyn ra bn.
ng ta ang lm vic khch hng li yu cu ng ta dng
li lm mt vic khc, ng ta hi " C ct sn phm ang
lm d vo t hay khng " khch hng bo c ng ta sai ngi
ct n vo t, nu khch hng bo khng th ng ta lin b i .

K n y ngi bn in t hi, cu truyn ca anh c lin
quan g n chic my tnh ? anh bn chuyn gia my tnh lin
gii thch.
Cch thc lm vic ca ca hng ng th ny chnh l cch
thc lm vic ca chic my tnh thi
- ng th chnh l CPU
- Chic bn cch ng ta 2m chnh l b nh RAM
- Ci khay trc mt ng ta chnh l b nh Cache
- Ci t cch ng ta 10m dng ng mi th chnh l ci
cng
- Ton b cng c v cc quyn sch hng dn ng ta lm
vic chnh l h iu hnh
- Mt chuyn gia in t v mt ng ho s chnh l hai nh lp
trnh vit ra chng trnh cho ng ta lm vic v s dng cc
cng c c sn .
- Cc quyn sch hng dn chnh l cc cu lnh sai khin ng
ta lm vic
- My ngi gip vic chnh l Chipset trn Mainboard
- T giy trn tng hng dn ng ta vo u mi phin lm
vic chnh l BIOS .
- Khch hng chnh l ngi s dng my tnh .

Oh !! Tht l tuyt vi, n y th ti hiu .

4. CPU i my 586 ( trc i my Pentium2 )

CPU cho my Pentium Pro cn gi l my 586 ,
l th h my trc i Pentium 2
Cc thng s k thut :
Tc CPU t 150 MHz n 233 MHz
Tc Bus l 66MHz
B nh Cache 128K
Nm sn xut : 1995 - 1996
--------------------------------------------------
5. CPU cho cc my Pentium 2

CPU ca my Pentium 2 c hn trn mt v mch
Cc thng s k thut
Tc CPU t 233 MHz n 450 MHz
Tc Bus ( FSB ) l 66 v 100 MHz
B nh Cache 128K - 256K
Nm sn xut : 1997 - 1998
Mainboard h tr : s dng Mainboard c khe cm Slot

--------------------------------------------------------------

CPU ca my Pentium 3

Nhn CPU ghi 1000/256/133/1.7V ngha l
Tc 1000MHz /Cache L1: 256K / Bus 133 / Vcc 1,7V
Cc thng s k thut
Tc CPU t 500 MHz n 1.300 MHz
Tc Bus ( FSB ) 100 MHz v 133 MHz
B nh Cache t 256K- 512K
Nm sn xut : 1999 -2000
cm trn Mainboard l Socket 370

cm CPU - Socket 370 trn cc Mainboard Pentium 3
7 -1 : CPU Socket 423
CPU Socket 423 sn xut vo u nm 2001
Tc t 1.400 MHz n 2.000 MHz
S dng Bus 100 MHz
Lai CPU ny c thi gian tn ti ngn
---------------------------------------------------------

CPU cho my Pentium 4 Socket 478
Cc thng s k thut :
Tc x l t 1.400 MHz n 3.800 MHz ( 2006 ) v cha c
gii hn cui .
Tc Bus ( FSB ) 266, 333, 400, 533, 666, 800 MHz
B nh Cache t 256 n 512K
Nm sn xut t 2002 n nay ( 2006) vn tip tc sn xut .
S dng Mainboard c cm CPU l Socket 478

cm CPU my Pentium 4 - Socket 478
-----------------------------------------------------------
CPU cho cc my Pentium 4 Socket 775 phn bit bng
hai khuyt hnh bn ngut cnh v khng c chn
Cc thng s k thut :
Tc x l t 2.400 MHz n 3.800 MHz ( 2006 ) v cha c
gii hn cui .
Tc Bus ( FSB ) 533, 666, 800 MHz
B nh Cache t 512K n 1MB
Nm sn xut t 2004 n nay ( 2006) vn tip tc sn xut .
S dng Mainboard c cm CPU l Socket 775

cm CPU Socket 775
8. CPU hng AMD mi nht cnh tranh vi Intel
CPU hng AMD - Socket 939 ( ra i 2006 )

cm Socket 939 dng cho cc CPU AMD 939
Chng 5 - B nh RAM
1. Khi nim v b nh
B nh l thnh phn quan trng th hai trong h thng my
tnh, khng c b nh th my tnh khng th hot ng c,
trong my tnh c hai loi b nh hay dng nht l RAM v
ROM
B nh RAM ( Random Access Memory - B nh truy cp
ngu nhin ) : B nh ny lu cc chng trnh phc v trc
tip cho qu trnh x l ca CPU, b nh RAM ch lu tr d
liu tm thi v d liu s b xo khi mt in.
B nh ROM ( Read Olly Memory - B nh ch c ) : y l
b nh c nh, d liu khng b mt khi mt in, b nh ny
dng np cc chng trnh BIOS ( Basic Input Output
System - Chng trnh vo ra c s ) y l chng trnh phc
v cho qu trnh khi ng my tnh v chng trnh qun l
cu hnh ca my.
2. ngha ca b nh RAM trong my tnh

B nh RAM l b nh khng th thiu trong bt k h thng
my tnh no, CPU ch c th lm vic c vi d liu trn
RAM v chng c tc truy cp nhanh, ton b d liu hin
th trn mn hnh cng c truy xut t RAM .
Khi ta khi ng my tnh bt u mt phin lm vic mi,
h iu hnh cng vi cc trnh iu khin phn cng c np
ln b nh RAM .
Khi ta chy mt chng trnh ng dng : Th d Photo Shop th
cng c ca chng trnh ny cng c np ln b nh RAM
=> Tm li khi ta chy bt k mt chng trnh no, th cng
c ca chng trnh u c np ln RAM trc khi c th
s dng c chng.
Vi mt h thng chy ng tc th khong chng ca
RAM phi cn khong 30% tr ln, nu ta s dng ht khong
trng ca Ram th my s chy chm hoc b treo .
3. Dung lng b nh Ram
Dung lng b nh RAM c tnh bng MB ( Mega Byte ),
dung lng RAM cng ln th cha c cng nhiu d liu v
cho php ta chy c cng nhiu chng trnh cng lc .
Dung lng b nh nhiu hay t khng ph thuc vo
Mainboard v CPU m ph thuc vo nhu cu s dng ca
ngi dng. Nu my tnh ci H iu hnh Win XP th dung
lng RAM ti thiu phi t 128MB .
4. Tc ca b nh Ram ( RAM BUS )
Tc b nh RAM l tc truy cp d liu vo Ram .
=> Trong cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 khi lp my ta
chn RAM c tc bng tc Bus ca CPU, nu tc ca
2 linh kin ny khc nhau th my s chy tc ca linh
kin c tc thp hn, v vy ta ln chn tc ca RAM >=
Bus ca CPU
=> Trong cc my Pentium 4, khi lp my ta chn RAM c
tc >= 50% tc Bus ca CPU
{ Vi my Pentium 4 , khi hot ng th tc Bus ca CPU
nhanh gp 2 ln tc ca RAM v n s dng cng ngh
(Quad Data Rate) nhn 4 tc Bus cho CPU v cng ngh
(Double Data Rate) nhn 2 tc Bus cho RAM }
Khi gn mt thanh RAM vo my th phi m bo Mainboard
c h tr tc ca RAM m ta nh s dng .
Di y l cc loi RAM v tc cng
nh CPU tng thch vi n
Chng loi v
tc Ram
Loi Bus CPU
tng thch
Loi Mainboard
tng thch
i my
SDRam
66MHz
66MHz
Thit lp
FSB = 66MHz
Pentium 2
SDRam
100MHz
100MHz
Thit lp
FSB = 100MHz
Pentium 2
Pentium 3
SDRam
133MHz
133MHz
Thit lp
FSB = 133MHz
Pentium 3
Lu : trong cc My Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 th tc
SDRam khi lp vo h thng phi bng hoc cao hn
tc FSB ca CPU
DDR
200MHz
400MHz
Mainboard c h tr
DDR = 200MHz
Pentium 4
DDR
266MHz
400MHz
533MHz
Mainboard c h tr
DDR = 266MHz
Pentium 4
DDR
333MHz
533MHz
667MHz
Mainboard c h tr
DDR = 333MHz
Pentium 4
DDR
400MHz
667MHz
800MHz
Mainboard c h tr
DDR = 400MHz
Pentium 4
DDR2
533MHz
800MHz
1066MHz
Mainboard c h tr
DDR2 = 533MHz
Pentium 4
( New)
DDR2
667MHz
1066MHz
1334MHz
Mainboard c h tr
DDR2 = 667MHz
Pentium 4
( New)
DDR2
800MHz
1334MHz
1600MHz
Mainboard c h tr
DDR2 = 800MHz
Pentium 4
( New)
Lu : trong cc My Pentium 4 th tc DDRam khi lp
vo h thng phi bng hoc cao hn 50% tc Bus (FSB) ca
5. Cc loi b nh Ram
SDRam ( Synchonous Dynamic Ram - Ram ng theo kp tc
ca h thng )
SDRam c s dng trong cc h thng my Pentium 2 v
Pentium 3

SDRam s dng trong h thng my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3
chng c hnh dng nh trn, khe cm c chia lm 3 mi
v c cc tc 66MHz ,100MHz v 133Mhz

Khe cm SDRam trn Mainboard c chia lm 3 mi

DDRam tn y l DDR SDRam ( Double Data Rate
SDRam - SDRam c tc d liu nhn 2 )

DDRam s dng trong cc my Pentium 4
Khe cm c chia lm 2 mi , c cc tc
Bus l 266MHz, 333MHz v 400MHz
CPU v tc DDRam ny phi c Mainboard h tr
( DDR2 l DDR c tc nhn 2 )
Khe cm SDRam trn Mainboard c chia lm 2 mi
DDRam 2 : y l thanh DDR c tc nhn 2 - h tr cho
cc CPU i mi nht c tc Bus > 800MHz

DDRam2 s dng cho my Pentium 4 c cc
loi tc 533MHz, 667MHz v 800MHz
h tr cc CPU c tc Bus > 800MHz

6. Chn RAM cho cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 .
Tnh tng thch ca h thng
Trong h thng my tnh th 3 linh kin l Mainboard , CPU v
RAM lun lun c s rng buc ln nhau hay ni cch khc,
khi lp vo h thng chng phi tng thch vi nhau th mi
cho ta mt tc ti u.

Di y l mt s v d cc bn tham kho .

my Pentium 3, do mt s i my khng t ng nhn tc
FSB ca CPU v vy ta phi thit lp tc FSB cho CPU
thng qua cc Jumper

Hnh nh minh ho => Mainboard thit lp FSB
l 133MHz trong khi lp CPU c Bus 100MHz
=> Trng hp ny my s khng hot ng .

Mainboard thit lp FSB l 133MHz bng vi tc Bus
ca CPU v vy my c hot ng, nhng s dng RAM c
Bus 100MHz do h thng s chy tc l 100MHz

Thit lp tc trn Mainboard l 100MHz b sai so vi
tc Bus ca CPU l 133MHz nn my s khng chy

My c hot ng v thit lp ng tc Bus cho CPU
Tuy my s dng RAM tc 133MHz nhng chng ch chy
tc 100MHz theo CPU

Vi cc my Pentium2 v Pentium 3 m thit lp v s dng
linh kin nh trn l chnh xc v s cho tc ti u .

7. Vn chn RAM, CPU v Mainboard cho my Pentium 4
Trong cc My Pentium 4 khng c Jumper thit lp tc
Bus cho CPU m chng c t ng ho .
Mi loi Mainboard thng thng ch h tr 2 loi tc Bus
cho CPU v 2 loi tc Bus cho RAM, do vy khi mua
Mainboard, CPU v RAM ta phi ch iu ny .
C 3 yu t rng buc nh sau m ta phi tun th khi lp My
Pentium 4 :
+ Bus ( FSB) ca CPU phi c Mainboard h tr
+ Tc Bus ca RAM phi c Mainboard h tr
+ Tc Bus ca RAM >= 50% tc Bus ca CPU (
khai thc c tc ti a ca CPU )
Lu : Nu hai RAM c Bus khc nhau chnh lch l
1USD, th hai CPU tng ng s chnh lch l 10USD, v vy
ta c th chp nhn thit tc RAM khai thc ti a tc
CPU

Ghi ch : Ta nn dng RAM c tc Bus > 50% tc Bus
ca CPU l 1 nc

Ta tham kho cc trng hp sau y

Lp CPU c Bus (FSB) 800MHz vo Mainboard ch h tr
FSB 400 v 533MHz v vy my s khng chy .

Lp RAM c tc Bus 400 vo Mainboard ch h tr RAM
tc 266 v 333MHz v vy my s khng nhn RAM

C RAM v CPU u c Mainboard h tr v vy
my chy bnh thng v chy tc Bus 400MHz
( Trng hp ny hay dng v tc
Bus RAM > 50% Bus CPU 1 nc )

my chy bnh thng v chy tc Bus 533MHz

my chy bnh thng, tuy nhin trng hp ny t dng
v tc RAM = 50% tc Bus ca CPU

my chy bnh thng, tuy nhin trng hp ny t dng
v tc RAM >> 50% tc Bus ca CPU
Ghi ch : Ta nn dng RAM c tc Bus > 50% tc Bus ca
CPU l 1 nc

8. Khi nim v ROM BIOS
ROM BIOS ( Read Olly Memory Base Input Output System -
B nh ch c Lu cc chng trnh vo ra c s )
+ ROM BIOS l mt IC c gn c nh trn Mainboard
(thng gn nhng khng hn ), v thng giao tip trc tip
vi Sourth Bridge .
+ L b nh ch c nn ta khng th ghi d liu vo ROM
c, tuy nhin khi np li ROM ta vn c th ghi vo ROM
bng cc thit b c bit .
D liu trong ROM c cc nh sn xut Mainboard np sn,
d liu ny khng b mt khi mt in, n bao gm :
+ Cc cu lnh hng dn cho CPU thc hin qu trnh
POST my ( Power On Self Test - Bt ngun v kim tra )
+ Cc thng bo li bng ting bp hay bng k t trn mn
hnh khi n kim tra v pht hin li .
+ Bn ( Default) thit lp cu hnh my - CMOS Setup
+ Trnh iu khin bn phm v cc cng vo ra .

ROM BIOS l IC c gn trn Mainboard
ROM BIOS l IC vung chn cm gn chipset cu nam
9. iu g sy ra khi hng ROM BIOS
Khi hng ROM BIOS th CPU khng th ly c d liu
thc hin qu trnh POST my v cng khng a ra c
thng bo g v nh vy biu hin s l
=> My khng c ting bp cng khng ln mn hnh .
Nu ta dng Card Test Main kim ta th thy n BOIS s
khng sng .

Dng Card Test Main kim tra thy n BIOS
khng sng l biu hin ca hng BIOS
10. RAM CMOS
Khi nim v RAM CMOS
L mt chp rt nh nm tch hp trong Chipset cu nam,
RAM CMOS c nui bng ngun Pin 3V v vy d liu
trong RAM CMOS khng b mt khi tt my .
Nhim v ca RAM CMOS
+ Nhim v chnh ca RAM CMOS l lu bng thit lp cu
hnh ca my, cung cp cho CPU trong qu trnh khi ng .
+ Khi ta bt my tnh, qu trnh POST my bt u, CPU s
c v lm theo cc hng dn trong RAM CMOS, nu RAM
CMOS b mt d liu ( v d khi ta tho Pin ra ) th CPU s c
bn CMOS mc nh c ghi trn ROM BIOS
Qu trnh thit lp cu hnh my - CMOS SETUP
+ Thit lp cu hnh my l qu trnh bt buc khi ta thc hin
lp rp 1 b my tnh ( s ni chi tit phn lp my )
+ vo chng trnh CMOS SETUP ta bm lin tc phm
Delete hoc phm F2 hoc phm F10 ( Tu hiu my ) trong lc
my ang khi ng .
+ Chng trnh CMOS s c v hin th ni dung c trong
RAM CMOS cho ta thit lp li, trong trng hp l
Mainboard hon ton mi (Cha c d liu trong RAM
CMOS ) th chng trnh s c v hin th bn Default c
ghi c nh trong ROM BIOS .

11. Biu hin khi hng RAM
Khi RAM hng thng c biu hin l :
Bt my tnh c 3 ting bt di , khng ln mn hnh
Lu : Li Card Video cng c cc ting bp nhng thng thng
l
mt ting bp di ba ting bp ngn .
Nguyn nhn :
RAM b hng
RAM cm vo Mainboard tip xc khng tt
RAM khng c Mainboard h tr v tc Bus
Kim tra RAM
Tho RAM ra ngoi , v sinh chn sch s bng xng sau
lp li
Thay th mt thanh RAM mi ( lu phi thanh RAM c Bus
c Main h tr )
Trng hp sau khi thay RAM m vn cn ting ku nhng
ting ku khc i th ta cn kim tra Card Video hoc thay th
Card Video khc .
Lu : Trong tt c cc trng hp my ln c phin bn
BIOS trn mn hnh l RAM v Card Video bnh thng .
Chng 6 - cng HDD
1. Gii thiu v cng HDD ( Hard Disk Drive )
cng l mt thit b lu tr c dung lng ln dng lu
tr ton b phn mm ca my tnh bao gm .
+ Cc h iu hnh
+ Cc chng trnh ng dng
+ Cc File vn bn v v ...
Cng vi s ra i ca my tnh c nhn nm 1981, nm 1982
hng IBM gii thiu chic cng u tin dnh cho my PC
ch c 10MB nhng bn vi gi 1500USD, cho n nm 2000
th gii sn xut c cng c dung lng trn 40GB
( gp 4000 ln ) v gi th gim xung cn 75USD, v ngy nay
(2006) xut hin trn 300GB , trong tng lai s xut hin
nhng cng hng nghn GB .
Nu nh my tnh khng c cng th ta ch c th chy c
h iu hnh MS DOS xa kia m thi .

Mt cng ngy nay ( 2006 ) c th lu tr
thng tin bng c hng trm hiu sch
2. Cu to ca cng

Cu to bn trong cng
a t : Bn trong a gm nhiu a t c lm bng
nhm hoc hp cht gm thu tinh, a c ph mt lp t v
lp bo v c 2 mt, cc a c xp chng v cng gn vi
mt trc m t quay nn tt c cc a u quay cng tc ,
cc a quay nhanh trong sut phin dng my .

Cu to a v cc u t
u t c - ghi : Mi mt a c mt u c & ghi v vy
nu mt c 2 a th c 4 u c & ghi
M t hoc cun dy iu khin cc u t : gip cc u t
dch chuyn ngang trn b mt a chng c th ghi hay c
d liu .
Mch iu khin : L mch in nm pha sau cng , mch
ny c cc chc nng :
+ iu khin tc quay a
+ iu khin dch chuyn cc u t
+ M ho v gii m cc tn hiu ghi v c

Mch iu khin nm pha sau cng

nh chp bn trong a cng
3. Cu trc b mt a :
a cng gm nhiu a quay vi vn tc 5400 n
7200vng / pht , trn cc b mt a l cc u t di chuyn
c v ghi d liu.

Cc a ghi d liu v u t ghi - c
D liu c ghi trn cc ng trn ng tm gi l Track
hoc Cylinder, mi Track li chia thnh nhiu cung - gi l
Sector v mi cung ghi c 512 Byte d liu .
+ Track v Sector c c l do cc nh sn xut a cng s
dng mt chng trnh c bit nh dng vt l hay nh
dng cp thp cho a.

B mt ca a cng, tn hiu ghi trn cc ng trn ng
tm gi l Track, mi Track c chia lm nhiu Sector
Vi a cng khong 10G => c khong gn 7000 ng Track
trn mi b mt a v mi Track c chia thnh khong 200
Sector .
tng dung lng ca a th trong cc a cng ngy nay,
cc Track ngoi c chia thnh nhiu Sector hn v mi
mt a cng c chia thnh nhiu Track hn v nh vy i
hi thit b phi c chnh xc rt cao .
4. Nguyn tc lu tr t trn a cng
Trn b mt a ngi ta ph mt lp mng cht c t tnh, ban
u cc ht t tnh khng c hng , khi chng b nh hng
bi t trng ca u t lt qua , cc ht c t tnh c sp
xp thnh cc ht c hng.
u t ghi - c c cu to bi mt li thp nh hnh ch U,
mt cun dy qun trn li thp a dng in vo (khi ghi)
hay ly ra (khi c), khe h gi l khe t lt trn b mt a
vi khong cch rt gn, bng 1/10 si tc .

u t ghi - c v lp t tnh trn a
Trong qu trnh ghi, tn hiu in dng tn hiu s 0,1 c
a vo u t ghi ln b mt a thnh cc nam chm rt nh
v o chiu tu theo tn hiu a vo l 0 hay 1 .
Trong qu trnh pht, u t c lt qua b mt a dc theo
cc ng Track c ghi tn hiu, ti im giao nhau ca
cc nam chm c t trng bin i v cm ng ln cun dy
to thnh mt xung in, xung in ny rt yu c a vo
khuch i ly ra tn hiu 0,1 ban u .

Ghi ch : Tn hiu 0 , 1 l tn hiu s ( Digital ) - Xem phn
Tn hiu s .
Ch :
a cng c ghi theo nguyn tc cm ng t , v vy nu ta
cc a cng gn cc vt c t tnh mnh nh Nam chm th
c th d liu trong a cng s b hng !
u t

Cn mang u t v IC khuch i tn hiu u t
5. Khi nim v nh dng a :
Cc a cng khi xut xng th b mt a vn l lp t tnh
ng nht, c th ghi d liu ln a ta phi thc hin qua ba
bc :
nh dng vt l hay nh dng cp thp
Phn vng
nh dng cp cao
Trong nh dng cp thp l cng vic ca nh sn xut a
cn phn vng v nh dng cp cao l cng vic ca K thut vin
ci t my tnh .
6. nh dng vt l ( Hay nh dng cp thp )
y l cng vic ca nh sn xut a, qu trnh c thc
hin nh sau :
+ S dng chng trnh nh dng to cc ng Track
+ Chia cc Track thnh cc Sector v in cc thng tin bt u
v kt thc cho mi Sector

a cha nh dng cp thp a nh dng cp thp
do nh sn xut tin hnh
7. Phn vng a ( cn gi l chia ) - Cng vic ca cc k
thut vin lp rp my tnh
Phn vng l qu trnh chia a vt l thnh nhiu Logic
khc nhau v trn mi logic ta c th ci mt h iu hnh, v
vy mt cng ta c th ci c nhiu h iu hnh .
Nu my tnh c ci t h iu hnh Window 98 th phn vng
l vic lm u tin trc khi ci t, trng hp ny ta s
dng chng trnh FDISK phn vng cho a ( Chng
trnh FDISK s c cp chi tit trong phn ci t Window
98 )
Trng hp my ci t H iu hnh Window2000 hoc
WindowXP th ta c th thc hin to phn vng v chia
trong lc ci t , Chng trnh ci t Win2000 hoc WinXP
c h tr chng trnh chia .
Ngoi ra ta c th s dng chng trnh Partition Magic
chia v to cc phn vng, trng hp ny thng s dng
khi ta chia li trong khi ang c h iu hnh .

a cha phn vng a c chia lm 2 phn vng
8. nh dng cp cao ( FORMAT )
Sau khi chia , trc khi ci t h iu hnh hay lu d liu
vo th ta phi nh dng cp cao ( tc l Format )
Thc cht ca qu trnh FORMAT l nhm cc Sector li thnh
cc Cluster sau nh a ch cho cc Cluster ny, mi
Cluster c t 8 n 64 Sector ( tu theo la chn ) hay tng
ng vi 4 n 32KB
Cc kiu nh dng FAT, FAT32 v NTFS .
FAT ( File Allocation Table - Bng phn phi File )
y l bng a ch gip cho h iu hnh qun l c cc File
hoc th mc trn a, trng hng bng FAT th d liu trn coi
nh b mt .
Trong qu trnh Format thng c cc la chn l Format vi
FAT , FAT32 hay l NTFS
Vi la chn FAT th a s c nh a ch bi 16 bt nh
phn v nh vy bng FAT ny s qun l c 2
16
a ch
Cluster tng ng vi a ti a l 2GB
Vi la chn FAT32 th a s c nh a ch bi 32 bt
nh phn v nh vy bng FAT32 s qun l c 2
32
a ch
Cluster tng ng vi dung lng ti a l 2048GB
La chn NTFS ( Win NT File System ) y l h File ca
WinNT h File ny h tr tn file di ti 256 k t, khi nh
dng NTFS th cc File lu trong ny c th khng c c
trn cc h iu hnh c .

9. My khng tm thy a
Biu hin : Khi ta khi ng my tnh, sau khi bo phin bn
BIOS th qu trnh khi ng dng li dng ch :

Detecting IDE Secondary Slave ... None
ang d tm a trn khe IDE th nh ....bo None

Biu hin my tnh khng tm thy a khi khi ng.
Kim tra :
Kim tra li u cm dy cp ngun cho a
Nu c 2 a cm chung dy cp tn hiu th tm tho dy cp
tn hiu ra khi a CD Rom hoc a cng cn li => sau
th li
=> Lu : nu c 2 a cm chung mt dy cp tn hiu th
ch Jumper ta phi thit lp mt l Master (MS) v mt l
Slave (SL)

Jumper thit lp cho l Master (MS) hay Slave (SL)
nm gia Zc cm ngun v Zc tn hiu

Thay th dy cp tn hiu => sau th li.

Chiu u dy cp tn hiu gia v my
=> Nu lm cc thao tc trn m khng c th ta phi thay
mt cng khc .
10. My khng tm thy h iu hnh
Biu hin : Trong qu trnh khi ng, my dng li v a ra
thng bo li nh sau :

Invalid System Disk
Replace the disk, and then press any key

( H thng a b hng
Thay a khc, sau bm phm bt k )
Thng bo li trong qu trnh khi ng my
Nguyn nhn :
a b li h iu hnh
a b hng cc Sector khi ng trn track s 1(ngoi cng)
a b bad ( sc trn b mt a )

Invalid System Disk
Replace the disk, and then press any key

Sector khi ng trn Track s 1(ngoi cng) l ni lu on
chng trnh mi c nhim v tm v np h iu hnh
Kim tra v khc phc :
Vi my cn s dng Win 98 th Format li C sau ci t
li (xem phn ci t Win 98 )
Vi my ci Win XP th dng a ci t li, trong qu trnh ci
t ta chia li a v Format vi nh dng FAT32 ( Xem
phn ci t Win XP )
Nu trong qu trnh ci t bo li v khng th ci t c
th bn dng chng trnh SCANDISK ( Xem phn sau )
trong DOS kim tra b mt a xem c b Bad khng ?
11. Khi ci h iu hnh th bo li v qu trnh ci t b
gin on
Nguyn nhn :
a cng b Bad
CD Rom mt c km hoc a ci t b sc .
Lp 2 thanh RAM khng cng chng loi , gy xung t .
Cc Card m rng cm thm gy xung t phn cng .
Khc phc :
Dng mt CD Rom tt v mt a CD mi ci t
Chy chng trnh SCANDISK ( nh cc bc phn sau )
kim tra b mt a .
Nu b mt a khng c vn th bn cn kim tra li RAM
v cc Card m rng .
12. My chy thng xuyn b treo trong qu trnh s dng
Nguyn nhn
a cng b Bad
Do RAM hay cc Card m rng ho cp cng tip xc km
Do thit b phn cng b xung t nh lp 2 thanh RAM khc
loi, lp thm Card Vdeo khi Mainboard c Card Onboard v
v..
CPU b nng do qut hng hoc quay qu chm .
Khc phc
Cm li cc dy cp cho a, cm li thanh RAM v cc Card
m rng ( nu c )
Kim tra qut CPU xem tc quay c bnh thng khng ?
Chy SCANDISK ( xem phn sau ) kim tra b mt a ,
nu a b Bad nng th thay a .

Cc bc chy SCANDISK kim tra b mt a
Bc 1 : Vo CMOS SETUP thit lp cho CD Rom khi
ng trc
Bm lin tc phm Delete hoc F10 trong lc my ang khi
ng mn hnh CMOS xut hin nh sau :

Mn hnh CMOS SETUP

=> M trong mc c thit lp First Boot, Second Boot .... sau
thit lp : First Boot l CD ROM

Thit lp First Boot l CD Rom

Bc 2 : Cho my khi ng t a Boot CD
t a Boot CD vo v khi ng li my , my khi ng
t a Boot CD vi A o v du nhc :
Mn hnh khi ng t a Boot CD
Bc 3 : G lnh SCANDISK chy chng trnh kim tra
a
T du nhc g SCANDISK C: (Enter)
chy SCANDISK C
i cho mn hnh SCANDISK qut a xut hin nh di

A :\ >_

A :\ > SCANDISK C :

Mn hnh SCANDISK kim tra b mt a

Nu xut hin cc ch BBB l a b Bad
( a b try sc mt kh nng ghi v c d liu )
Cc im b Bad BBB trn a c th gy ra cc hin
tng sau :
+ a khng khi ng c H iu hnh
+ Khi ci h iu hnh b bo li v qu trnh ci t b gin
on
+ My ang chy hay b treo .
Khc phc khi a b Bad :
S dng chng trnh Partition Magic ( cp phn sau )
ct on Bad ( khng to phn vng trn on Bad ny na )
Nu nh im Bad nm di rc hoc a b Bad nng th bn
cn thay a mi .

Chng 7 - CD ROM
1. Tng qut v a CD Rom
a CD Rom l thit b c trong hu ht cc my tnh hin
nay, n c u im l lu tr c dung lng ln, gi thnh
a CD r, c th di chuyn i ni khc d dng, CD Rom l
a khng th thiu trong qu trnh ci t phn mm cho my
tnh
Phn ny tc gi s trnh by cc nguyn tc ghi v c a
CD Rom, cu to ca a CD Rom v cui cng l mt s bnh
thng gp ca a CD Rom cng nh phng php sa cha
khc phc

a CD Rom
CD ROM ( Compac Disk Read Olly Memory )
V tiu chun nh gi cht lng ca CD Rom da vo cc
yu t
+ Chng loi CD Rom
+ Tc c d liu ca CD Rom :
Tc c d liu ca CD Rom c tnh bng s X
1X c tc truy cp d liu l 150KB
=> 10X s c tc truy cp l 10 x 150K = 1.500KB
=> 48X c tc truy cp l 48 x 150K = 7200KB
=> 52X c tc truy cp l 52 x 150K = 7800KB
2. Cu to ca a CD Rom

a CD Rom
a CD Rom trng c ph mt lp ho hc ln b mt sau
ca a ( b mt dn giy ) , lp ho hc ny c tnh cht phn
x nh sng nh lp bc
a CD c tn hiu th tn hiu c ghi ln a thnh cc
ng Track hnh xoy chn c, tn hiu ghi l cc im ho
cht b t chy mt kh nng phn x, xen k vi cc im c
kh nng phn x .

B mt a CD Rom, tn hiu c
ghi theo cc ng Track
Cc ng track ca a CD Rom c mt rt dy khong
6000 Track / 1cm v vy kch thc ca chng rt nh.
3. Nguyn l ghi d liu ln a CD Rom
D liu ghi ln a CD Rom l dng tn hiu s 0, 1
u ghi, ngi ta s dng sng Lazer ghi d liu ln a

a quay vi tc cao v sng Lazer s chiu tia lazer ln b
mt a, tia lazer c iu khin tt sng theo tn hiu 0 hay 1
a vo .
=> ng vi tn hiu 0 => tia lazer tt
=> ng vi tn hiu 1 => tia lazer sng t chy b mt a
thnh 1 im lm mt kh nng phn x .
Mch Servo s iu khin tc quay a cng nh iu khin
cho tia lazer hi t trn a v ghi tn hiu thnh cc ng trc
hnh son chn c .
4. Nguyn l c tn hiu t a CD Rom
a c d liu c quay vi tc cao, mt c s c d
liu ghi trn a theo nguyn tc :
S dng tia lazer ( yu hn lc ghi ) chiu ln b mt a dc
theo cc ng track c d liu , sau hng ly tia phn x
quay li ri i chng thnh tn hiu in .
Khi tia lazer chiu qua cc im trn b mt a b t chy
s khng c tia phn x => v tn hiu thu c l 0
Khi tia lazer chiu qua cc im trn b mt a khng b
t chy s c tia phn x => v tn hiu thu c l 1
Tia phn x s c Ma trn Diode i thnh tn hiu in,
sau khi khuch i v x l ta thu c tn hiu ban u .

a quay v khi tia lazer chiu qua im b chy s mt
tia phn x => cho ta tn hiu 0, qua im bnh thng
c tia phn x cho ta tn hiu 1
Tn hiu khi c nu ngc vi khi ghi th ch vic cho qua
cng o tn hiu s c o li .
101 => Cng o => 010

5. S khi ca a CD Rom

S khi ca a CD Rom
Lazer pickup : L mt c, c nhim v c d liu ghi trn
a v i ra tn hiu in dng tn hiu s 0,1 .
Mch tch tn hiu : khuch i tn hiu t mt c sau
tch ra hai thnh phn
=> Tn hiu iu khin : L cc tn hiu sai lch c cc tia
lazer ph pht hin cung cp cho mch to p iu khin
=> Tn hiu s : L tn hiu chnh ta cn thu c, tn hiu ny
c ua sang IC s l tn hiu s trc khi chuyn v b nh
my tnh
Mch to p iu khin : To in p iu khin iu
khin mt c hng tia lazer c ng ng track v hi t
ng trn b mt a, ngoi ra mch iu khin cn iu khin
tc quay ca a .
Mch khuch i thc Moto : Khuch i tn hiu iu khin
cung cp cho Moto v cc cun dy trn mt c .
IC x l tn hiu s : X l tn hiu thu c t mt c sau
gi theo ng Bus v b nh chnh ca my .
Bn a tr chut vo nh xem ch thch

Mch in trn CD Rom
6. Cu to ca mt c

Cm mt c ca a CD Rom

Cu to bn trong ca mt c

Cun Tracking : iu khin
im hi t lch theo phng
ngang c ng tm ng
7. B c

B c ca CD Rom
B c ca a CD Rom c cc b phn chnh nh sau :
B phn ra vo ca a - Bao gm :
+ M t Loading
+ Dy cu loa
+ H bnh rng truyn ng
+ Khay a

Mch nguyn l ca mt c
track
Cun Focus : iu khin im
hi t ln xung theo phng
ng hi t ng trn mt
a .
A,B,C,D L cc Diode i nh
sng lazer thnh dng in, 4
diode ny c ra tn hiu chnh
v pht hin sai lch hi t
E,F l hai Diode pht hin sai
lch tracking
LD ( Lazer Diode ) l Diode
pht ra tia lazer
MD (Monitor Diode ) l Diode
gim st bo v cho mch t
ng iu khin cng sut tia
lazer
Bin tr : Chnh kch mt khi
tia lazer b yu
B phn dch chuyn cm mt c - Bao gm
+ M t Sleed
+ H bnh rng
+ Thanh trt

M t quay a : M t Spind

Cm mt c : Lazer Pickup
Bn phm
Chng 8 - Thit b vo ra
1. Gii thiu bn phm
Bn phm l thit b nhp thng tin vo cho my tnh x l,
thng tin t bn phm l cc k t, s v cc ln iu khin.

Bn phm
2. Cu to ca bn phm

S mch in ca bn phm
Mi phm bm trn bn phm tng ng vi mt cng tc u
chp gia mt chn hng A v chn ct B , nh vy mi phm
c mt a ch hng v ct duy nht, ngi ta lp trnh cho cc
phm ny to ra cc m nh phn 11 bt gi v my tnh khi
phm c nhn .
Trong d liu 11 bit gi v c 8 bt mang thng tin nh phn
(gi l m qut bn phm ) v 3 bit mang thng tin iu khin .
8 bt mang thng tin nh phn c quy c theo tiu
chun quc t thng nht cho cc nh sn xut bn phm .

Bng sau l th d khi ta nhn mt s phm, bn phm s gi
m qut dng nh phn v my tnh nh sau :
M qut bn phm c np vo b nh m trn RAM sau
h iu hnh s dch cc m nh phn thnh k t theo bng m
ASCII

Khi bm phm A => bn phm gi m nh phn cho b nh
m sau h iu hnh s i sang m ASC II v hiv
th k t trn mn hnh
3. Sa cha h hng ca bn phm
H hng thng gp ca bn phm l t dy tn hiu v kt phm
1. Bn phm b t dy tn hiu

Biu hin :
My khng nhn bn phm, hoc c cc thng bo li bn phm
Keyboard Erro trn mn hnh khi khi ng

Kim tra :
Bn hy tho cc c pha sau bn phm v m lp sau bn
phm ra

Tho lp sau bn phm kim tra

+ Dng ng h vn nng thang x 1 o cc si dy trong
cp tn hiu t mi hn trn bn phm n cc chn u ni ,
Tn phm M qut nh phn M ASCII tng ng
A 0001 1110 0100 0001
S 0001 1111 0101 0011
D 0010 0000 0100 0100
F 0010 0001 0100 0110
G 0010 0010 0100 0111
H 0010 0011 0100 1000
ta o t mt mi hn tt c cc chn phi c mt chn thng
mch .

+ Nu pht hin thy cp tn hiu t th bn thay mt cp tn
hiu khc .

2. Bn phm b chp phm

Biu hin :
My c ting bp lin tc khng dt .

Kim tra :
+ Kim tra cc phm xem c phm no b kt, bm xung
nhng khng t ny ln c khng ?
+ Bo dng bn phm bng cch dng kh nn thi mnh vo
cc khe ca bn phm cho bi bn bt ra
+ Trng hp cc phm hay b kt do bi bn ta c th tho bn
phm ra, tch phn mch in ra khi cc phm bm, c th
dng nc x phng ra sch cc phm bm sau phi kho
ri lp li .
++ Ch : Trnh khng nc giy vo phn mch in .

3. thay bn phm mi nhng my vn khng dng c
bn phm

Nguyn nhn :
Biu hin trn l do hng IC giao tip vi bn phm trn
Mainboard

Khc phc :
+ Dng ng h vn nng d t chn cm PS/2 ca bn
phm trn Mainboard xem thng mch vi IC no gn =>
IC thng mch vi u cm PS2 l IC giao tip bn phm .

IC giao tip nm gn khu vc cc cng giao tip

+ S dng m hn kh thay IC

MOUSE
Chut l thit b tr trn mn hnh, chut xut hin trong mn
hnh Windows vi giao din hoa, Cc trnh iu khin chut
thng c tch hp trong cc h iu hnh, hin nay th
trng c 2 loi chut ph bin l chut bi v chut quang .

CHUT BI
1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca chut bi.

Cu to bn trong ca chut bi
Cu to :
Bn trong chut bi c mt vin bi cao su t vo hai trc bng
nha c t vung gc vi nhau, khi ta di chut th vin bi
quay => lm cho hai trc xoay theo, hai trc nha c gn vi
bnh rng nha c c l, mi bnh rng c t lng vo
trong mt cm bin bao gm mt Diode pht quang v mt n
thu quang.

B cm bin trong chut bi
Diode pht quang pht ra nh sng hng ngoi chiu qua bnh
rng nha c l chiu vo n thu quang, khi bnh rng xoay
th nh sng chiu vo n thu quang b ngt qung , n thu
quang i nh sng ny thnh tn hiu in a v IC gii m
=> to thnh tn hiu iu khin cho con tr dch chuyn trn
mn hnh.

B cm bin i chuyn ng c hc
ca vin bi thnh tn hiu in
Trong chut bi c hai b cm bin , mt b iu khin cho
chut dch chuyn theo phng ngang, mt b iu khin dch
chuyn theo phng dc mn hnh .

Hai b cm bin a tn hiu v IC gii m ,
gii m thnh tn hiu nh phn a v my tnh
Bn cnh cc b cm bin l cc cng tc nhn phm chut
tri hay phm chut phi

Cng tc nhn tri chui hai nhn phi chut
2. H hng thng gp ca chut bi
1. Khi di chuyn chut thy con tr di chuyn git cc v rt
kh khn

Nguyn nhn :
Trng hp trn thng do hai trc ln p vo vin bi b bn
v vy chng khng xoay c

Khc phc :
+ Tho vin bi ra , v sinh sch s vin bi v hai trc ln p vo
vin bi , sau lp li .

2. Chut ch di chuyn theo mt hng ngang hoc dc

Nguyn nhn :
+ Do mt trc ln khng quay , c th do bi bn .
+ Do hng mt b cm bin

Khc phc :
+ V sinh cc trc ln bn trong
+ Tho vin bi ra v dng tay xoay th hai trc, khi xoay trc
no m khng thy con tr dch chuyn l hng cm bin n
vo trc
=> Ta c th s dng b cm bin t mt con chut khc lp
sang thay th .

3. My khng nhn chut, di chut trn bn con tr khng
dch chuyn

Nguyn nhn :
+ Trng hp ny thng do t cp tn hiu
+ Mt s trng hp l do hng IC gii m bn trong chut.

Khc phc :
+ Kim tra s thng mch ca cp tn hiu bng ng h vn
nng thang x1 , nu c mt si dy t th cn thay dy
cp .
+ Nu khng phi do cp th bn hy thay th IC trong chut.

4. Bm cng tc chut tri hoc chut phi mt tc dng .

Nguyn nhn :
+ Nguyn nhn thng do cng tc khng tip xc, bn tho
chut ra v kim tra s tip xc ca cng tc khi bm, nu cng
tc khng tip xc th thay cng tc
+ Nu cng tc vn tip xc tt th nguyn nhn l do hng IC,
bn cn thay mt IC mi .

CHUT QUANG
1. Cu to ca chut quang
Chut quang hot ng theo nguyn tc quang hc, chut
khng c bi m thay vo l mt l chiu v phn chiu
nh sng .

Chut quang
Cu to bn trong chut quang
+ B phn quan trng nht ca chut quang l h thng pht
quang v cm quang, Diode pht ra nh sng chiu ln b mt
bn, nh b mt s c thu knh hi t, hi t trn b phn
cm quang .
+ Bn cnh b phn quang hc l bi xoay v cc cng tc nh
chut thng thng .

Bn a tr chut vo nh xem ch thch

Bn trong chut quang
Nguyn tc hot ng ca chut quang

B phn quang hc trong chut quang
Diode pht quang pht ra nh sng chiu ln b mt ca tm
di chut , nh ca b mt tm di chut c thu knh hi t
ln b mt ca b phn cm quang, b phn cm quang s phn
tch s dch chuyn ca bc nh => to thnh tn hiu in gi
v my tnh.
+ Diode pht quang c hai ch sng, ch sng yu Diode
c cung cp khong 0,3V . Ch sng mnh Diode c
cung cp khong 2,2V .
+ Khi ta khng di chuyn chut th sau khong 3 giy Diode s
t chuyn sang ch ti gim cng pht x lm tng
tui th ca Diode .

2. H hng thng gp ca chut quang
1. My khng nhn chut

Nguyn nhn
+ Trng hp ny thng do chut b t cp tn hiu
+ Mt s trng hp do hng IC giao tip trn chut

Khc phc
+ Dng ng h vn nng thang 1 o s thng mch ca
cp tn hiu, nu thy t mt si th bn cn thay cp tn hiu
khc .
+ Nu cp tn hiu bnh thng th cn thay th C giao tip ( l
IC cnh gn bi dy cp tn hiu)

2. Chut khng pht ra nh sng , khng hot ng c .

Nguyn nhn
+ t cp tn hiu lm mt Vcc cho chut
+ Hng Diode pht quang

Khc phc
+ Kim tra v thay cp tn hiu nu t
+ Kim tra Diode pht quang ( o nh Diode thng) nu t
th thay mt Diode khc

Chng 9 - Card m rng
1. Nhim v ca Card Video

Nhim v ca Card Video l i d liu s ca my tnh thnh
tn hiu Analog cung cp cho mn hnh.
D liu trong my tnh c tn ti di dng nh phn 0,1 khi
ta m mt chng trnh , d liu ca chng trnh c np ln
b nh RAM CPU c th x l, n thi ni dung ca n
cng c sao chp sang b nh RAM ca Card Video hin
th ln mn hnh .
IC - DAC trn Card Video s i cc bt nh phn thnh tn hiu
v cng sng ca cc im nh trn mn hnh .

Qu trnh a d liu ra mn hnh thng qua Card Video
B nh ROM trn Card Video lu trnh iu khin gip cho
Card video c th hot ng c khi my cha np h iu
hnh Window, trnh iu khin ny c np khi my khi
ng, a s cc trng hp Card video b li l do chng khng
np c trnh iu khin t ROM trn Card video .
Khi h iu hnh Windows c khi ng , my s tm v
np trnh iu khin cho Card Video trong h iu hnh vi
mt phin bn chi tit v y hn .
2. ngha ca b nh RAM trn Card Video .
Tn hiu a ra mn hnh phi l lin tc khng c ngt
qung vi mt tc ln, v l IC i DAC khng th ly
d liu trc tip t RAM ca my c (V tc ny chm)
m chng phi ly d liu t RAM t ngay trn Card Video.
Mi im nh trn mn hnh cn phi c mt v tr nh trn
RAM ca Card Video, mt im nh c t 4 bt n 32 bt
lu thng tin v mu sc .
Th d : Trong Window nu ta chn phn gii cho mn hnh
l
1024 x 768 cht lng mu l 32 bit th cn mt b nh nh
sau :
+ Mn hnh c phn gii 1024 x 768 ngha l c
1024 x 768 = 786.432 im nh
+ Cht lng mu 32 bit ngha l mi im nh cn 32 bit nh
phn (tng ng 4 byte) lu tr mu sc .
+ Lng thng tin cho c mn hnh s l
786.432 x 4 byte = 3.145.728 byte 3 MB
=> 3 MB l dung lng cn thit lu tr mt mn hnh c
phn gii 1024 x 768 v cht lng mu l 32bit .
+ Ghi ch : mu 32 bit l biu din c 2
32
= 4.294.967.296
mu .
Trong qu trnh x l nh ng, mi giy c khong 30 bc
nh c thay th, nu b nh RAM trn Card Video khng
cha s bc nh cn thit th chng s phi i ng
truyn, v vy hnh nh s b git cc khi pht .

Card Video thiu b nh RAM cho
hnh nh ng git cc nh trn
3. Tc Card Video
Tc ca Card Video c nh hng n cht lng ca hnh
nh c bit l cc bc nh c phn gii cao, tc ca
Card chnh l tc np d liu t RAM h thng ln RAM
trn Card Video thng qua Chipset, tc ny tnh bng s
xung nhp / giy
Card Video c tc 66MHz trong 1 giy n thc hin c
64 triu xung nhp .
Card Video h tr ho AGP c tc t 66MHz n
533MHz v tc c tnh theo bi s ca tc 66MHz
+ Card 1X c tc 66 MHz
4.Cc loi Card Video
1. Card Video PCI

Card PCI l Card theo chun c cm trn khe m rng PCI
Tc Card PCI ch t 33MHz
Card PCI c s dng trong cc th h my c trc my
Pentium 2

2. Card Video AGP 1X

Card Video AGP 1X
Tc 1 x 66MHz = 66Mhz
S dng cho th h my Pentium 2


Card Video AGP 2X


Card Video AGP 4X


Card Video AGP 8X

6. Card Video PCI Express 16X

Card Video PCI Express 16X
Tc 16 x 66MHz = 1066 MHz
S dng trong cc my Pentium 4 i mi nht .

7. Card Video on board
L Card Video c tch hp trn Mainboard, thng thng
cc loi card onboard khng c RAM m s dng mt phn
RAM ca h thng do vy b nh dnh cho card on board
thng gii hn khong 8MB n 16MB
Card onboard l gii php nhm gim chi ph cho cc my t
c nhu cu x l ho .
5. H hng Card Video
Cc my c Card onboard thng t b li Card

Cc my c Card video ri c t l hng cao hn, khi hng
Card Video chng thng c biu hin :

=> Khi bt ngun, my ku mt ting bp di v ba ting bp
ngn , khng ln mn hnh . ( Bp......................Bp.Bp.Bp. )

Kim tra :

+ Bn hy thay th mt thanh RAM loi tr , v hng RAM
cng pht ra cc ting ku tng t loa , tuy nhin hng
RAM thng c 3 ting Bp di .

+ Tho Card Video ra khi Mainboard, dng xng v sinh sch
s chn cm, sau th li .

+ Nu hin tng khng i th bn cn thay mt Card Video
khc

6 . Nguyn tc ghi hnh v pht hnh trong my tnh nh th
no ?

Gi s bc nh ca bn gi c chp bng my nh s vi
phn gii 200 x 300 Pixels
Chp nh vy ngha l my nh chia nh bc hnh trn
thnh
200 x 300 = 60.000 im nh
Trong mi im nh ( t 60.000 im trn ) li c ba cm bin
rt nh (Sensor) o li cng sng ca 3 mu c bn l
- Mu ( R )
- Mu xanh l cy ( G )
- Mu xanh da tri ( B )
Cng sng thu c c gi tr t Min = 0 n Max = 255
Cng sng thu c t cc Sensor c a vo mch i
ADC ( Analog - Digital Conveter ) y gi tr sng ca
cc im mu c i thnh dy nh phn 0,1 ( gi l tn hiu
s ca nh )
Tn hiu s ca bc nh c ghi vo th nh hoc c truyn
v my tnh .
Khi ti cm th nh qua cng USB m bc nh ra => d
liu s ca bc nh c np vo b nh RAM v hin th ln
mn hnh m ti c th cm nhn c .

7. Ci trnh iu khin cho Card Video
V sao phi ci trnh iu khin ?
Gi s c hai ngi hai nc khc nhau, khng hiu ting ca
nhau, khi ni chuyn h cn c phin dch :
=> Tng t nh vy th trnh iu khin chnh l phin dch cho
hai i tng :
+ Mt l h iu hnh
+ Hai l thit b phn cng (c th l Card Video lp trn my )
Nu khng c trnh iu khin th thit b khng hiu v khng
thc thi c cc lnh ca h iu hnh, do chng khng lm
vic c vi nhau :
Trn Card Video thng c mt ROM c np sn trnh iu
khin gip cho Card Video c th hot ng c trong mi
trng DOS
Khi ta ci h iu hnh Windows th trnh iu khin trong ROM
trn Card khng h tr, v vy ta phi ci trnh iu khin cho Card
sau khi ci t h iu hnh Windows, trnh iu khin thng i
km thit b bng mt a CD Rom .
+ Mt s loi Card c trnh iu khin c tch hp ngay trong
h iu hnh Window XP , v vy khi ci Window XP chng t
nhn c mt s loi Card trn .

Kim tra trnh iu khin cho cc thit b
kim tra xem mt thit b nh Card Video hay Card Sound
c ci trnh iu khin hay cha bn lm nh sau :
* Kch phi chut vo My Computer / Chn Properties / Chn lp
Hardware / kch vo Device Manager / Mn hnh Device Manager
xut hin nh sau :

Mn hnh Device Manager ( qun l thit b ), cc thit b c trong
danh sch ny tc l chng c ci t trnh iu khin

trn ta thy mc Display adapters c trong danh sch v c tn
trnh iu khin => nh vy l my ci t Drive cho Card
Video

Nu nh danh sch trn cha c mc Display adapters th trnh
iu khin ca Card video cha c ci t .
8 . Cc bc ci t trnh iu khin cho Card Video
Chun b mt a CD Rom c trnh iu khin ca Card Video
ang lp trong my . ( tm mua Drive cho Card theo nhn in trn
Card hoc theo s hiu IC x l trn Card Video ), sau khi c a ta
thc hin ci t nh sau :

Vo Start / Settings / Control panel => ra mn hnh

Kch p vo biu tng Add Hardware => ra mn hnh

Kch Next v i mt lt => ra mn hnh

Chn Yes, I have ... / Kch Next => ra mn hnh

Ko xung di cng v chn dng Add new hardware device /
Kch Next => ra mn hnh sau vi hai la chn

=> Chn dng trn th my s t ng tm Drive v ci t cho
thit b , trng hp khng tm thy th my yu cu ta tm thit b
t danh sch ( Bn hy thc hin la chn ny trc nu khng
c mi la chn theo dng di )

=> Chn dng di ch nh thit b cn ci t danh sch .

Chn dng Display adapters / Kch Next => ra mn hnh sau

Kch tip vo nt Have Disk => ra mn hnh sau

Kch tip nt Browse => hp thoi sau xut hin

Tm trn CD Rom ni c th mc cha trnh iu khin ca Card
Video ang ci ( tm ng tn th mc ) ri bm Open
=> ng dn n File cn tm hin th trn thanh trng thi
hnh di .

Tip tc bm OK => qu trnh ci t s din ra / Chn tip Next
thng bo sau xut hin

Tip tc kch Next i vi giy => hp thoai kt thc xut hin.

Chn Finish kt thc qu trnh ci t

Sau khi ci t xong, bn cn khi ng li my, sau vo mn
hnh Device Manager kim tra li

Nu xut hin Card mn hnh nh trn
l qu trnh ci t thnh cng
Chng 10 - Lp rp my tnh
Chn thit b
Chn thit b l vic lm cn thit khi lp mt b my vi tnh, nu
thit b chn khng ng cch c th lm cho my chy khng n
inh, khng ti u v tc hoc khng p ng c cng vic .
Chn tc cn da trn cc yu t
Mc ch s dng my tnh
Tnh tng thch ca thit b
1. Chn thit b theo mc ch s dng
My tnh s dng cho cc cng vic ho nh
+ V thit k
+ X l nh
+ Chi Game 3D
+ To phim hot hnh.

Cn thit phi s dng cu hnh

+ Chp Pentium tc t 1,8 GHz tr ln .
+ B nh RAM t 512MB tr ln
+ Mainboard c Card video ri
+ Card video 8x vi b nh 32MB tr ln.
+ cng t 40GB tr ln .

Nu cu hnh thp hn th my s chm v khng m bo cho
cng vic, nu cu hnh cao hn th cng tt .

My tnh s dng cho cc cng vic vn phng nh
+ Son tho vn bn
+ Hc tp
+ Truy cp Internet
+ Nghe nhc, xem phim .
+ Cc cng vic khc

C th s dng cu hnh

+ Chp Celeron
+ B nh RAM t 512MB tr xung
+ Mainboard c Card video Onboard
+ cng t 40G tr xung .

Vi cu hnh nh vy th bn c th tit kim c khong
40% chi ph so vi b my cu hnh cao m vn m bo cho
cng vic .

Nu cu hnh cao hn th cng tt nhng s khng cn thit nu
bn mun tit kim kinh ph .
2. Tnh tng thch khi chn thit b
Trong my tnh c 3 thit b c tnh tng thch , bn phi
chn ng b nu khng c th chng s khng hot ng hoc
khng pht huy ht tc dng, ba thit b l

+ Mainboard
+ CPU
+ B nh RAM

Ba thit b ny rng buc tc Bus, bn hy chn theo
nguyn tc sau :
=> Chn Mainboard trc, Mainboard phi p ng c cc
yu cu ca cng vic s dng .
=> Chn CPU c tc Bus ( FSB ) nm trong phm vi
Mainboard h tr .
=> Chn RAM c tc Bus > = 50% tc Bus ca CPU

Theo bng di dy l tc tng thch tt nht

3. Kho st bo gi t cc cng ty
Tc FSB ca
CPU
Tc Bus ca
RAM
Loi Mainboard
400 MHz DDR 266 MHz
C h tr hai tc
trn
533 MHz DDR 333 MHz -
Cc thng s CPU Gii thch
Intel Celeron 2.53 GHz (SK
478/ 256KB/ Bus 533) - Tray
Chip Intel Celeron / Tc
2,53GHz / Socket 478 / B nh
Cache 256KB / Tc Bus 533 -
hng tray ( l hng khng i theo
qut )
Intel Pentium 4 2.4E GHz
(SK 478 / 1.0MB/ FSB 533) -
Tray
Chip Intel Pentium4 / Tc
Cache 1MB / Tc Bus 533 - hng
Tray ( l hng khng i theo qut )
Intel Pentium 4 - 2.66E GHz
(SK 775/ 1.0MB/ FSB 533/ -
Box
Chip Intel Pentium4 / Tc
Cache 1MB / Tc Bus 533 - hng
Hp( l hng ng hp c km theo
qut )

Cc thng s Mainboard Gii thch
ASUS P4RD1-MX
(ATIS200/SK 478/VGA &
Sound & NIC onboard/800
FSB)
Main ASUS P4RD1 -MX
Socket 478 / Card mn hnh, Card
sound, Card mng tch hp trn
Main / H tr Bus CPU 800MHz
ASUS P5P800-MX
(Intel 865GV/SK 775/VGA &
Sound & NIC/ 800 FSB)
Main ASUS P5P800-MX
Chipset Intel 865GV / Socket 775 /
Card Video, Card sound, Card net
tch hp trn Main / H tr Bus
CPU 800MHz
Cc thng s RAM Gii thch
DDR 512MB bus 400
Kingston
Thanh DDRam dung lng
512MB / tc Bus 400MHz / hng
Kingston
DDR II 256MB bus 533
SamSung, KingMax

DDRII 256MB / tc Bus
533MHz / hng Samsung
DDRII c tc t 533 MHz tr ln
v chng khng thay th cho DDR
c v c in p khc nhau
4. Chun b thit b cho mt b my tnh
Mt b my tnh ti thiu cn nhng thit b sau
1. Case ( Hp my )
Case l v my, hy chn case sao cho m bo c
thong mt cho my, b ngun thng i theo case hoc bn
ri, hin nay ta nn dng ngun c cng sut > = 350W

2. Mainboard
Mainboard l thit b quan trng nht m bn cn quan tm,
Mainboard n quyt nh trc tip n tc v bn ca
my, nn chn mainboard ca cc hng uy tn nh Intel,
Gigaby, Asus, v mt s hng khc v c s dng chipset ca
Intel
Khi chn Mainboard cn quan tm n Socket v FSB ca
CPU v Bus ca RAM

3. CPU
Phi chn CPU thch hp vi Mainboard m bn chn v
CPU phi c tc m bo vi yu cu cng vic ca
khch hng .

4. RAM
Bn phi ch RAM c dung lng m bo cho yu cu cng
vic ca khch hng, cn tc Bus th ph thuc vo Bus ca
CPU

5. Card Video ( Nu Mainboard cha c )
Nu nh Mainboard cha c Card Video on board th bn cn
phi lp thm Card Video ri, dung lng RAM trn Card
video cng ln th cho php bn x l c cc bc nh p
hn v khi chi Game nh khng b git , cn tc bao nhiu
"x" ca Card phi ph thuc vo Mainboard

6. cng HDD
Bn c th mua cng t 10GB tr ln l my c th chy
bnh thng vi Win XP, tuy nhin bn nn chn dung lng
gp 2 ln dung lng bn s s dng l tt nht, khng nn
dng qu ln trong khi dung lng s dng qu t .

7. Keyboard
Bn c th ch mt bn phm bt k theo s thch

8. Mouse
Bn c th ch mt con chut bt k theo s thch

-----------------------------------------------------------

V b my tnh y cn b xung cc thit b sau :

9. a CD Rom
Bn c th lp hay khng lp CD Rom u c, nhng khi
mun ci t phn mm ta phi cn n n, bn c th dng
CD Rom c hay mi u c m khng nh hng n
tng thch ca my .

10. Card Sound ( Nu Mainboard cha c )
Nu Mainboard bn chn m khng c Card sound on board th
bn s khng nghe c nhc, c th nghe nhc bn cn lp
thm Card sound ri .

11. Speaker
Bn c th mua mt b loa bt k ty theo s thch min l loa
c b khuch i cng sut m tn trong .

12. FDD
Bn c th lp hay khng lp mm u c, xu hng ngy
nay t s dng mm m thay vo l cc di ng USB c
bn cao hn v dung lng ln hn.

13. Card Net ( Nu Mainboard cha c )
Khi bn c nhu cu ni mng LAN hay mng Internet th cn
phi lp Card net nu nh Mainboard cha c Card on board .

=> Nh vy b my tnh ti thiu c th hot ng c cn
c 8 thit b v b my tnh tng i y c ti 13 thit b .

5. Cc bc tin hnh lp rp
Lp CPU, qut CPU v thanh RAM vo Mainboard

Lp CPU v RAM vo Mainboard t bn ngoi

Lp Mainboard ( c CPU v RAM ) vo hp my, cn ch
cc chn c nu bt sai cc chn c c th lm chp in hng
Mainboard hoc t mch in trn Mainboard .

Khi lp vo Case cn lu cc chn c bt Mainboard

u dy cp ngun cho Mainboard, u cc dy cng tc
ngun, cng tc Reset, n bo ngun, bo cng v loa vo
Mainboard theo hng dn trn Mainboard hoc trn quyn
hng dn i theo Mainboard .

Gn Card Video vo ( nu Mainboard cha c Card onboard )

Cm dy tn hiu mn hnh, bn phm, chut vo my , cp
in ngun v bt cng tc
=> Nu sau vi giy bt cng tc c mt ting bp v mn hnh
xut hin cc dng ch ( phin bn BIOS - nh hnh di ) l
qu trnh lp t trn ng v my chy .

Sau khi lp xong Mainboard, CPU, RAM vo Case
ta cp in v bt ngun th , nu c mn hnh
nh trn l qu trnh lp trn OK

=> Nu m hnh khng ln, c cc ting bp di loa th bn
cn cm li RAM v Card Video .

Sau khi bo ln phin bn BIOS bn tt in v lp tip cng
v CD ROM vo my, khi lp cng v CD Rom bn lu
:
+ Nn lp mi trn mt si cp ring => my cho tc tt
hn, khi lp nh vy ta khng cn thit lp Jumper
+ Trng hp bt buc phi lp 2 trn mt cp th bn cn
thit lp Jumper cho mt l Master kia l Slave, bn c th
lp mt cng v mt CD Rom trn cng mt cp hoc 2
cng trn cng mt cp .
+ Cp tn hiu chia lm 2 on th lp on di hn v pha
Mainboard

Nu cc lp chung cp th thit lp mt l Master
v mt l Slave, nu bn khng thit lp nh vy c
th my s khng nhn a
6. Thit lp cu hnh cho my . ( CMOS SETUP )
y l vic lm bt buc sau khi lp rp v trc khi ci t h
iu hnh, qu trnh ny cho php ta thit lp cu hnh ca my ,
trong c mt s thit lp cn thit ta phi thc hin trc khi ci
t l :
Thit lp CMOS v ch mc nh (Default )
Kim tra xem my nhn cng cha ?
Khai bo a mm .
Thit lp CD-ROM khi ng trc .
Cc bc thit lp CMOS c cp bi sau :
7. V sao phi thit lp cu hnh cho my ?
Khi ta bt my tnh, u tin BIOS s cung cp chng trnh
khi ng my, tip sau l qu trnh kim tra thit b cn gi
l POST ( Power On Seft Test - Bt ngun v kim tra ), qu
trnh POST c thc thi theo ni dung np trong RAM
CMOS.
Cu hnh mc nh (Default) ca my c nh sn xut np
trong BIOS, khi ta kch hot chng trnh CMOS SETUP th
phin bn mc nh c np ln b nh v hin th ln mn
hnh cho php ta c th thay i cc la chn .
Sau khi thay i xong, nu ta bm SAVE th bn CMOS ta va
thay i c nh vo b nh RAM CMOS, nu RAM
CMOS c ni dung th mi ln khi ng CMOS SETUP n
s ly ni dung t y.
RAM CMOS l mt loi b nh tiu th rt t in nng, RAM
CMOS hin nay c tch hp trong Chipset Sourth Bridge v
c nui bng Pin 3V trn Mainboard, mt qu Pin c th s
dng c khong 5 nm.
Trong qu trnh POST my th CPU s ly thng tin trong
RAM CMOS thc thi, trng hp d liu trong RAM
CMOS b xo hoc ht Pin th my s chy tm bng chng
trnh mc nh c trong ROM, nu chng trnh mc nh m
khng ph hp vi cu hnh ca my hin ti th my s b bo
li trong khi khi ng .
Bc 1 : Vo mn hnh CMOS

Khi ng li my, trong lc my khi ng => bm lin tip
vo phm Delete i vo mn hnh CMOS
( Ch nu bm Delete khng c th bm F2 hoc F10 )

=> Mn hnh CMOS s c hin th nh sau :
Bn a tr chut vo xem chi tit

Mn hnh thit lp CMOS SETUP
* m mt mc, bn di vt sng vo mc v Enter
di chuyn vt sng ta dng cc phm mi tn

Di chuyn vt sng bng cc phm mi tn
* thay i la chn ta s dng phm PageUp hoc PageDow
* Cc la chn Enabled : l cho php
Disabled : l khng cho php
Bc 2 . Thit lp CMOS v ch mc nh

Thit lp CMOS v ch mc nh l tr v trng thi ban u
ca my, thng thng trng thi ban u l trng thi chun .

Di vt sng xung dng

LOAD BIOS DEFAULTS ( Enter )

Hp thoi sau xut hin
Bn chn phm Y v ( Enter )

Load Option Settings (Y/N)? N

Di tip vt sng xung dng
LOAD SETUP DEFAULTS
V cng lm tng t nh trn

Bc 3 : Kim tra xem my nhn cng cha ?

Vo mc
STANDARD CMOS SETUP

cc dng

Nu nh cc dng trn c hin th cc thng s ca a nh
SIZE, CYLS, HEAD v v.. th a my nhn .
Ngc li nu cc thng s bng 0 th a cha c
nhn

Nh hnh trn ta thy dng Primary Master v dng
Secondary Master ta thy xut hin cc thng s ca a
=> Nh vy l my nhn cc a trn .
Nu nh thng s ca c 4 dng trn u l s 0 th ngha l
my cha nhn cc a .
=> Trng hp my cha nhn a, bn cn kim tra li cp
tn hiu, dy cp ngun v c bit l cc Jumper nu nh bn
u 2 a chung 1 cp tn hiu th phi thit lp mt l
Master kia l Slave .

Jumper thit lp cho a

Bc 4 : Thit lp a mm FDD
Primary Master
Primary Slave
Secondary Master
Seconmary Slave

Vn trong mc
STANDARD CMOS SETUP
Trong phn thit lp a mm

Trng hp c lp mm th ta khai bo nh trn my mi
s dng c mm .

Trng hp my khng lp mm th ta phi khai bo nh
sau :
Drive A : None
Drive B : None

Ch : Nu khng c mm trong my m ta thit lp l c
mm th my s bo li v dng li trong qu trnh khi ng .

Bc 5 : Thit lp cho CD ROM khi ng trc

Vo mc BIOS FEATURES SETUP

Di vt sng xung mc
Boot Sequence : CDROM, C, A
Thit lp cho CDROM ng trc .

Hoc mt s my c cc tu chn khc
First Boot : CDROM
Second Boot : HDD1
Third Boot : FDD

Th bn chn mc First Boot l CDROM

Bc 6 : Lu li v thot

Bm phm F10 sau chn Y ( Enter )

Hoc di vt sng xung dng
SAVE & EXIT SETUP ( Enter ) => Ra bng la chn

SAVE TO CMOS and EXIT (Y/N)?N Chn Y v (Enter)
Lu : trn l cc thay i cn thit chun b cho qu trnh
ci t tip theo, cc la chn khc khi ta a v ch mc nh
l my thit lp v ch ti u, v vy ta khng cn phi thit
lp
trn cc mc khc .
Sau khi thit lp CMOS xong, lc ny bn bt tay vo ci
t H iu hnh cho my ( Xem trong phn ci t )

Chng 11 - Ci t h iu hnh Win98
1. Kin thc c bn cn thit .
hiu v c th x l c mi tnh hung trong qu trnh ci
t th bn cn phi nm c cc kin thc c bn sau :
1. Khi nim v h iu hnh
2. Cc loi h iu hnh thng dng.
3. Cc lnh c bn ca h iu hnh MS DOS
4. Cch s dng chng trnh NC
5. Phn vng v nh dng cho cng

2. Khi nim v h iu hnh .
H iu hnh l ton b chng trnh phn mm c nhim v
qun l v cp pht ti nguyn ca h thng, iu khin mi s
hot ng ca my tnh .
My tnh khng c h iu hnh th chng khng th s dng
c cc a v khng chy c cc chng trnh ng
dng .

H iu hnh qun l ti nguyn h
thng v cc chng trnh ng dng
3. Cc loi h iu hnh
1. H iu hnh MS DOS
+ y l h iu hnh u tin dnh cho my tnh c nhn do
cng ty Microsoft pht trin, h iu hnh ny ra i nm 1981
v c s dng cho n khi ra i Window2000 th mi t
b .
+ H iu hnh MS DOS khng c giao din ho nh
Window, cc thao tc hon ton da vo cc lnh t bn phm .
+ Mc d hin nay ta khng cn dng MS DOS nhng n vn
l cng c ht sc quan trng cho k thut vin sa cha my
tnh .
+ Cc h iu hnh Window95 v Window98 chng ph thuc
vo h iu hnh MS DOS hay ni cch khc trc khi ci t
Window95 hay Window 98 ngi ta phi ci t MS DOS
trc v khi hot ng cng vy , h iu hnh MS DOS khi
ng trc sau h iu hnh Window mi c ti vo b
nh .

2. H iu hnh Window 95
+ L h iu hnh vi giao din ho ca cng ty Microsoft,
ra i nm 1995

+ H iu hnh Window95 hot ng trn nn DOS tc l khi
ci t ta phi ci t MS DOS trc
Khi s dng MS DOS cng khi ng trc sau h iu
hnh Window95 mi c ti vo b nh .

+ y l h iu hnh nng cp ca phin bn Window 95, c
thm mt s ng dng c b xung nh Internet Explorer , h
iu hnh ny vn ph thuc h iu hnh MS DOS nh
Window 95, do khi ci t Window 98 ta phi ci t MS
DOS trc .

+ H iu hnh Window 2000 l mt bc t ph ca
Microsoft khi h pht trin h iu hnh mi thot khi s l
thuc ca MS DOS
+ Khi ci t h iu hnh Window 2000 ta khng cn phi ci
t MS DOS l im ni bt ca Window 2000 .
+ Chng trnh ci t Window 2000 h tr nhiu khu t
ng ho khin cho vic ci t tr ln n gin hn.

5. H iu hnh Window XP
+ H iu hnh Window XP ra i nm 2001 vi giao din p
v d s dng , l h iu hnh ci tin ca Window 2000 , h
iu hnh Window XP c qu trnh ci t tng t Window
2000 v chy nhanh hn Window 2000 do chng c gim
bt cc h tr v mng .
+ Cng nh h iu hnh Window 2000, h iu hnh Window
XP khng ph thuc vo MS DOS, trong qu trnh ci t c
h tr nhiu khu t ng v c bit h iu hnh Window XP
c th t nhn c hu ht thit b phn cng khi ci t .

4. Gii thiu h iu hnh MS DOS
H iu hnh MS DOS l h iu hnh chnh dng cho my
tnh c nhn t nm 1981 n 1990, sau khi ra i h iu hnh
Window95 v Window98 th h iu hnh MS DOS vn c
s dng, cho n khi ra i Window2000 th h iu hnh MS
DOS khng cn c s dng na, tuy nhin trong Window
2000 v Window XP vn c mt ca s cho ta chy MS DOS
nhng y l mi trng DOS o .
MS DOS khng cn c s dng nhng l vi ngi s
dng, cn i vi mt k thut vin my tnh th MS DOS li l
cng c chnh sa cha v x l cc li v phn cng, ngoi
ra MS DOS cn l cng c hu hiu k thut vin x l cc
li phn mm h thng .
C th ni rng nu bn cha nm c MS DOS th cha th
tr thnh k thut vin my tnh c .
* Chy MS DOS trong mi trng Window XP
Window XP l h iu hnh khng cn ph thuc vo MS DOS
nhng vn c mt ca s cho php ta chy MS DOS trong mi
trng o .
chy MS DOS trong Window XP ta lm nh sau :

Vo Start / Run => ra ca s

nhp vo ba ch : cmd < Enter >

Xut hin ca s vi mi trng DOS nh sau :

Ca s mi trng DOS trong Window XP

* Cc lnh c bn ca MS DOS

Ghi ch trc : Lnh mu tm
<Enter> : L bm phm Enter
Lnh tr v th mc gc
T du nhc g lnh CD \ <Enter>
Khi du nhc s tr v th mc gc l a .

Lnh xem a hoc th mc
T du nhc g lnh DIR < Enter >
=> khi ton b th mc v tp tin s c lit k :

C:\Documents and Settings\vu van vinh > CD \
<Enter>

C:\ >_

Nu danh sch di qu 1 trang th bn hy g lnh DIR / P

Lnh vo trong th mc
T du nhc g lnh CD TENTHUMUC <Enter>
=> khi con tr s chuyn ra ngoi th mc

Lnh ra khi th mc
T du nhc g lnh CD.. <Enter>

Lnh chuyn a
T du nhc th mc gc g tn a E : <Enter>

C:\ > DIR <Enter>

04/04/2006 11:17 PM <DIR> WINDOWS
04/04/2006/ 11:24 PM <DIR> Program Files
04/04/2006 12:10 AM CONFIG.SYS
04/05/2006 12:17 AM AUTOXEC.BAT
04/04/2006 12:25 AM <DIR> Inetpub
C:\ >_

C:\ > CD WINDOWS <Enter>
C:\ WINDOWS > _

C:\ WINDOWS > CD.. <Enter>
C:\ > _

C:\ > E : <Enter>

E:\ > _

Lnh xem ni dung tp tin
T du nhc g lnh TYPE TEN.TXT <Enter>

Lnh chy mt ng dng
T du nhc g TENUNGDUNG <Enter>

trn l cc lnh c bn ca MS DOS , cc lnh ny cc bn
s phi s dng thng xuyn trong qu trnh lp rp cng nh
sa cha My tnh .
Vi Window XP bn c th thc hnh cc lnh trn thng qua
ca s cmd , bn i vo ca s ny nh sau :

+ Vo Start / Run / g cmd ri bm OK ca s cmd xut
hin nh sau :

E:\ > TYPE SERIAL.TXT <Enter>

Serial Number : 111210145245
E:\ > _

A:\ > FDISK <Enter> ( Chng trnh chia )

A:\ > SCANDISK C: <Enter> ( Chng trnh kim
tra
a )

Ca s cmd cho php ta thc hin cc lnh ca MS DOS
Ch : Khi bn chuyn a hay vo th mc khng c l do

a hoc th mc khng tn ti .

5. Gii thiu chng trnh NC
NC l mt chng trnh tin ch chy trn mi trng MS
DOS , chng trnh NC cho php ta thc hin cc lnh rt n
gin nh vo ra th mc, to v xo th mc, xo tp tin, Copy
d liu v v..
Vi mt k thut vin my tnh, vic hiu v s dng thnh
tho NC l mt iu cn thit, v khi sa cha my tnh hay ci
t h iu hnh th cc thao tc bng cu lnh l bt buc v
NC l chng trnh nhm n gin ho cc thao tc .

Mn hnh NC
Mn hnh NC c 2 ca s l ca s tri v ca s bn phi, mi
ca s hin th thng tin ca mt a, v chc nng th 2 ca
s l nh nhau , mt thi im ta ch dng c 1 ca s , ca
s ang s dng c vt sng ( nh ca s bn phi trn ) ,
chuyn i ca s lm vic bng phm Tab .
* Thc hnh NC trong Window XP .
Khi chy h iu hnh Window XP , bn c th chy NC thng
qua ca s cmd , t mn hnh Window XP bn vo NC nh
sau:

Vo Start / Run g cmd ri bm OK

Khung ca s MS DOS xut hin

+ G lnh CD \ chuyn v th mc gc
+ Chun b mt a Boot CD c chng trnh NC , kim tra xem

CD ROM l g

Nh trn th CD ROM l (H)
Chuyn sang ( H ) l a CD ROM sau g NC\NC
<Enter>
=> Mn hnh NC xut hin nh hnh di

C:\Documents and Settings\vu van vinh > CD \
<Enter>

C:\ >_

C:\ > H : <Enter>

H:\ > NC\NC <Enter>

Mn hnh NC c 2 ca s lm vic
6 Hng dn s dng NC
chuyn ca s lm vic
Bn bm phm Tab

Thay i a trn mt ca s
Bn bm F9 Sau dng cc phm mi tn tm n mc
Left nu mun thay i a trn ca s tri hoc Right
nu mun thay i a trn ca s bn phi , tip theo tm n
mc
Drive... ri bm <Enter>

Sau khi bm <Enter> => Danh sch cc a c hin th

=> Dng phm mi tn chn ly a cn m ri nhn <Enter>

M mt th mc
Dng cc phm mi tn chuyn vt sng vo th mc cn m
ri nhn <Enter>

Thot khi th mc
Chuyn vt sng ln dng c hai chm trn cng ri nhn
<Enter>

Xem ni dung tp tin
Chuyn vt sng vo tn File cn xem ri nhn phm F3

Ni dung File s c hin th , mun thot ta nhn ESC

S CD Key ci t Window 98

To mt th mc trn mt a
Gi s mun to th mc SETUP trn D ta lm nh sau :

Chuyn vo D sau nhn phm F7 to th mc

G t SETUP nh trn ri nhn <Enter>
=> Th mc SETUP va to s xut hin nh hnh di :

Xo mt th mc
Di vt sng vo thu mc cn xo ri nhn phm F8

Nhn phm mi tn xung ch Delete chuyn sang mu
vng ri nhn <Enter>

Chn All xo tt c

Copy mt th mc
Di vt sng vo thu mc ngun ri nhn F5
Th d Copy th mc NC trn D ta m D ra, di vt sng
vo th mc NC ri nhn F5

Mc nh n s ch n th mc ch l a hay th mc ang
m ca s bn kia , chuyn phm mi tn xung cho ch
Copy i mu vng ri nhn <Enter>

Mun Copy vo mt th mc no th nh ng dn c th
ca th mc ch vo thanh nhp ng dn .
Th d Copy ti th mc SETUP trn E ta g
E:\SETUP sau chuyn xung Copy ri <Enter> nh
hnh di .

Chy mt chng trnh ng dng
Di vt sng xung File c ui .EXE ri nhn <Enter>

Thot khi mn hnh NC
Bm phm F10 sau chn YES ri nhn <Enter>

Thot khi mn hnh MS DOS
C mt s trng hp sau khi thot khi NC l xut hin mt
mn hnh MS DOS bao chm c mn hnh
thot khi mn hnh MS DOS ta g lnh EXIT <Enter>

7. Chng trnh FDISK - Phn vng cho a cng
Phn vng l vic lm bt buc trc khi ci t Window 98
ln mt a mi .
Phn vng l s dng chng trnh FDISK chia a vt l
ra thnh nhiu a Logic nh C , D , E , F ...
Mt a vt l c th chia ra ti a thnh 24 Logic , nhng
trc khi chia ta phi to thnh 2 phn vng gi l Phn vng
chnh ( Primary Partition ) v phn vng m rng (Extended
Partition) .
Trn phn vng chnh s ly ton b dung lng lm C mt
cch mc nh, ta khng th chia phn vng chnh thnh hai
c.
Trn phn vng m rng cho php ta to ra cc Logic theo
th t t D , E , F .... cho n gn ht bng ch ci .

a mi cha phn vng a c chia lm 2 phn vng

Phn vng chnh ly ton b lm C ( mc nh )
Phn vng m rng c th to c nhiu Logic

8. Cc bc thc hin phn vng .
Chun b :
- Mt my tnh lp t hon chnh, thit lp cu hnh
CMOS SETUP v thit lp CD ROM khi ng trc .
- Chun b mt a Boot CD ( c b ci Window 98 )

Khi ng FDISK :
- Cho a Boot CD vo v khi ng li my
=> My s khi ng t CD ROM trc v ra mn hnh
DOS nh sau :

G lnh FDISK <Enter>

A:\ > _

A:\ > FDISK <Enter>

Sau khi g lnh trn
mn hnh sau xut hin .

T mn hnh trn bn chn phm [ Y ]
<Enter>
( Lu : Nu bc ny bn chn N th
chng trnh ch nhn c dung lng 2G
mc d bn lp ln hn )

Mn hnh tu chn FDISK
To phn vng chnh ( Primary Partition )

T mn hnh FDISK Option
Chn [1] to phn vng <Enter>
ra mn hnh sau

Chn s [1] to phn vng chnh
<Enter>

Chn [N] chia lm nhiu
( Nu bc ny bn chn [Y] th chng
trnh ch to ra mt a )

Nhp li dung lng cho phn vng chnh ri
nhn <Enter>
=> Ton b dung lng phn vng chnh s
ly mc nh lm C .

To phn vng m rng ( Extended Partition )
Nhn phm ESC quay v mn hnh
FDISK Option

T mn hnh FDISK Option
Chn [1] to phn vng <Enter>

Chn [2] to phn vng m rng
<Enter>

Ly ton b dung lng cn li <Enter>

Mn hnh di xut hin cho php ta chn
dung lng cho Logic th nht

Nhp li dung lng cho Logic D
<Enter>
( Nu mun chia thnh nhiu th nhp dung
lng cho D nh hn dung lng ca phn
vng m rng )
Sau khi kt thc to cc Logic
Nhn ESC tr v mn hnh FDISK
Option

Kch hot phn vng chnh lm phn vng khi ng .

T mn hnh FDISK Option nhn s [2]
<Enter>

T mn hnh Set Active Partition
Nhn s [1] <Enter>
Sau chn tip s [1] <Enter>

9. nh dng cho a ( FORMAT )
Sau khi to phn vng v chia bn cn nh dng cho C
bng lnh FORMAT C: /S va Format cho C va
Copy 3 File ca h iu hnh MS DOS sang C .
Trng hp g lnh trn m bo li th bn thc hin ln lt
hai lnh sau :

Lnh SYS Copy 3 File h iu hnh MS DOS sang C, nu
ta khng g lnh ny th my khng khi ng c
n y sau khi Phn vng, chia v Format cho C
bn c th bt u ci t Window 98 , cc bc ci t
Window 98 bn xem chi tit trong bi sau :
Ch A xut hin trn Partition 1 sau ch
Status
Nhn ESC hai ln thot khi chng trnh
FDISK sau nhn t hp 3 phm
( Alt + Ctrl + Delete ) khi ng li my
A:\> FORMAT C: /S <Enter>

A:\> FORMAT C: <Enter>
Sau khi Format xong bn g tip lnh
A:\> SYS C: <Enter>

Cc bc ci t Window98
Sau khi phn vng a cng v Format cho C xong , bn
hy thc hin cc bc ci t nh sau :
Cho a Boot CD c b ci Win98 vo v khi ng li my,
xut hin mn hnh vi A:\>_ T du nhc g tn CD
Rom chuyn sang CD ROM
Ch : nu chia a cng thnh 2 C v D th CD ROM s
l E tip theo .
- Sau khi chuyn sang E dng lnh DIR kim tra xem c
th mc Win98 khng .

Chuyn sang E ( Sau khi dng lnh DIR
kim tra thy trong E c Win98 )
T E g lnh CD vo th mc Win98

T du nhc sau th mc Win98 nh
trn g lnh SETUP.EXE nh hnh di

u tin chng trnh ci t s chy
ScanDisk kim tra a

Khi ScanDisk kt thc ta chn Exit
Qu trnh ci t bt u

Khi ra mn hnh trn ta click chut
vo Continue

Khi dng li mn hnh trn ta click
chn dng access the Agment
sau tip tc click Next

n mn hnh yu cu bn nhp m Serial bn
hy nhp vo dng m nh bn di
F73WT-WHD3J-CD4VR-2GWKD-T38YD
Sau khi nhp xong s Serial bn
click Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh chn a ci t xut hin
bn chn C:\WINDOWS
sau click Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh Setup Options xut hin bn
chn kiu ci t l Typical sau click
Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn nhp tn cho
my vo mc Name , dng Company c th
b trng , sau click Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn chn dng
Install the most common components ..
sau click Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn chn dng
Vit Nam sau click Next tip tc

Mn hnh trn xut hin bn
click Next tip tc

Mn hnh trn yu cu bn cho a mm vo
to a khi ng do bn hy chn
Cancel

Mn hnh thng bo thi khng to a khi
ng v click OK tip tc ci t

i sau vi pht mn hnh trn xut hin :
thng bo yu cu bn b a mm ( nu c )
ra khi a, sau click OK khi ng

li my .
Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn t li thi
gian v ngy cho my , dng la chn
mi gi bn chn dng
GMT+07.000 Bangkok, Hanoi, Jakata
sau click Apply ri click Close
Tip tc my s ci Updating cho h
thng trong vi pht

Tip tc l qu trnh t ng tm v ci t
Drive
cho cc thit b phn cng .

Chng 12 - Ci h iu hnh Window XP
1. Cc bc ci t Windows XP ln mt cng mi ( hoc
cng cha phn vng )
Chun b :
Mt my tnh lp rp hon chnh
Mt a ci t Windows XP : SP1 hoc SP2
Vo CMOS SETUP thit lp cu hnh cho my v thit lp
cho CD ROM khi ng trc ( Xem li chng lp my )
Bt u ci t :

Cho a ci Windows XP vo v khi ng li
my, qu trnh ci t s bt u vi mn
hnh mu xanh nh sau :
i trong t pht n khi dng li mn hnh
nh sau

Bm ENTER ci t , sau vi pht
my dng li mn hnh sau :
Bm phm F8 ng ci t, sau mt lt
my dng li mn hnh sau :

Bm phm C to phn vng cho a,
mn hnh sau hin th :
trn hin th dung lng ca ton b a,
Bn nhp li dung lng nh hn cho C,
( Nu bn ly ton b dung lng th a
cng ch to ra mt Logic )

Sau khi to C vi dung lng nh hn dung
lng a, khong trng cn li c yu cu
to phn vng tip, bn hy chuyn vt
trng xung dng di .
Chuyn vt sng xung dng di to phn
vng tip theo, nhn phm C to phn
vng , nhp ton b dung lng cn li lm
D, nu mun to tip E th nhp li dung
lng nh hn

t vt sng ln C, nhn Enter thc
hin ci t, mn hnh sau xut hin yu cu
bn chn kiu Format nh hnh di .
Bn hy chn kiu Format l
FAT file system (Quick)
sau nhn Enter tip tc .

Mn hnh trn xut hin bn nhn ENTER
ng Format , mn hnh s tin hnh
Format trong khong vi chc giy .
Tip theo l qu trnh Copy cc File ca h
thng, i cho n khi mu vng chy ht
100%

Sau khi Copy xong my ra thng bo s khi
ng li sau 7 giy khi chy ht vch , bn
c th Enter khi ng li my .
Khi my khi ng li, bn khng ng ti
bn phm th my s t khi ng vo
Windows XP v tip tc ci t .
( nu bn ng vo bn phm my s khi
ng t a CD Rom v n li ci t li t
u )

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn Click Next
tip tc
Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn nhp tn my
vo Name : Th d MAY1 sau
Click Next tip tc .

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn b trng cc
mc yu cu nhp Password, sau
Click Next tip tc .
Khi mn hnh trn xut hin, hy nhp mi
gi
l GMT + 07.001 Bangkock, Hanoi, Jakata
Sau Clk Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn chn kiu ci

t l Typical settings sau Click Next
tip tc.
Khi mn hnh trn xut hin, bn Clk Next
tip tc.
i n khi mn hnh trn xut hin,
Click Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin, bn chn
Local area netword LAN sau
Click Next tip tc .
Mn hnh trn xut hin bn
nh du vo hai Check box Automatic
bn trn sau Click Next tip tc .

Mn hnh trn xut hin bn nh du
vo No not at this time
sau Click Next tip tc
Mn hnh trn xut hin bn nhp
tn cho ngi s dng my tnh
sau Enter kt thc ci t .
Chng 13 - Tin ch Ghost
1. Gii thiu v Ghost
ci t h iu hnh Windows v cc chng trnh ng
dng bn phi mt khong 60 pht , nhng bn c th dng
chng trnh Ghost sao chp ton b a v ch mt
khong 10 pht
Mt dn Game hoc dn Net thng b li h iu hnh hoc
li cc phn mm, bn c th Ghost ton b a vo mt File
d phng, khi cn thit bn s Ghost tr li v bn li c
mt b my nh lc mi ci t .
2. Cc tin ch ca Ghost
Bn c th Ghost t mt a cng c chng trnh c ci
t ( gi l a ngun ) sang mt a cng khc ( gi l a
ch )

Ghost t a 1 sang a 2 c dung lng bng nhau
sau khi Ghost xong, a 2 s ging ht a 1
Ghi ch : Phn m trong C l phn c d liu .
Ghost t a 1 sang a 2 c dung lng nh hn
sau khi Ghost xong, dung lng cc thay i nhng
t l % ca cc khng thay i
Lu : Nu ch qu nh so vi ngun s b li
v bn khng th Ghost c
Bn c th Ghost ton b a vo mt File Image ca mt
khc d phng, khi cn thit th bn Ghost ngc li .

Ghost a 1 vo File Image trn a 2 d phng

Ghost ngc li t File Image trn a 2 v
a 1 khi a 1 b li h iu hnh
Bn c th Ghost ton b mt logic sang mt logic khc
Th d Ghost ton b C a 1 sang C a 2

Ghost t Partition sang Partition khc
Bn cng c th Ghost ton b logic C thnh mt File nh
trn mt Logic khc cng a hoc khc a d phng, khi
cn thit bn Ghost ngc tr li t File nh v Logic ban
u .

Ghost t logic C a 1 thnh
mt File Image trn D a 2
Ghost ngc li t File Image v C trong trng hp C b
li h iu hnh .

Ghost ngc li t File Image d phng trn D a 2
v C a 1 khi a 1 b hng h iu hnh .

Bn cng c th Ghost t C thnh mt File Image
trong D trn cng mt a cng
3. Cc im cn lu khi Ghost
Nu bn ci Windos XP vo a ngun th sau khi Ghost sang
a ch bn ch dng c trn my c cng chng loi
Mainboard .
Trng hp khc loi Mainbord th t nht hai loi Mainboard
phi c cng tn Chipset chnh ( North Bridge )
Khi Ghost t a sang a, nu a ch c d liu th ton b
d liu c s b xo v c thay th bng d liu mi nh a
ngun .
4. Mc ch Ghost t a sang a
Khi bn cn lp nhanh mt b my tnh trong khong 15 n 20
pht, bn cn s dng chng trnh Ghost sao chp ton b
ni dung v cc phn vng ca a ngun ( l c ci t
chun ) sang a ch ( l lp mi trong my ), so vi thi
gian lp rp v ci t hon chnh cho mt b my mt khong
80 pht th chng trnh Ghost tit kim cho bn c 60
pht lm vic .

Dng a 1 c d liu lm a ngun Ghost
sang a 2 ( a ch ) l a cn ci t .
5. Cc bc tin hnh
Chun b mt a ngun ( c ci t chun )
Lp a ngun chung cp tn hiu vi a cng trong my, thit
lp Jumper cho a ngun l Master v a ch l Slave

Thit lp Jumper cho a ngun ( c d liu ) l Master
a ch ( cha c d liu) l Slave
Vo CMOS SETUP thit lp cho CD ROM l First Boot
Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li
my, my s khi ng vo mn hnh MS-DOS vi du nhc t
A
A:\> _
G lnh Ghost <Enter>

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Chn Local => Disk => To Disk

Chn To Disk <Enter>

Chng trnh yu cu bn chn a ngun, bn hy chn dng s 1
( Dng s1 l vi thit lp Master ) nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh s mc nh chn ch l Drive 2 cho bn
bn nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh cho php bn c th thay i kch thc cc logic
trn a ch mc New site, nu bn khng mun thay i th
gi nguyn kch thc mc nh
Sau nhn phm Tab chuyn mc chn xung OK v
nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh hi bn c ng Ghost vi cc la chn trn hay
khng?
bn chnh Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh bt u Ghost trong khong 5 pht ( tu theo tc
my, tc my cng cao th thi gian ny cng ngn )
Thanh trng thi bn trn cho ta thy % d liu hon thnh .

Khi qu trnh Ghost hon thnh 100%, bn cn chn Reset
Computer
khi ng li my .
=> Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh .

6. Ghost t a vo File Image .
Tin ch ny gip bn Ghost d phng a cng vo mt File
nh, v nh vy vi mt a d tr bn c th lu c nhiu
File nh Ghost t nhiu a cng ci t trn cc Mainbord
khc nhau.

Ghost ton b a 1 thnh File Image trn a cng th 2

File Image d tr c th c Ghost ra mt cng mi
Cc bc thc hin :
Chun b mt cng c ci t lm ngun .
Mt cng khc dng lu File Image, cng ny cn c
phn vng v Format trc bng chng trnh FDISK v lnh
Format .
Hai cng trn u chung mt cp tn hiu, thit lp cho
ngun l Master, cn lu File Image l Slave .
my.
T du nhc g lnh Ghost <Enter>


Chn Local => Disk => To Image

T To Image nhn <Enter>

A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Chn a ngun l Drive 1 nhn <Enter>
Giao din sau xut hin .

Bn chn Logic ni t File Image, bn bm phm Tab a la
chn v mc Look in dng phm mi tn tri xung .

Chn Logic t File Image ( v d trn ang chn F )
ri nhn <Enter>

t tn cho File Image trong File name (v d trn t tn l
LUUTRU)
sau dng phm Tab a mc chn sang phm Save
ri nhn <Enter>

Giao din trn yu cu bn chn t s nn cho File Image
- Nu bn chn No l khng nn .

- Nu bn chn Fast l nn li cn khong 80%

- Nu bn chn High l nn li cn khong 60%
Thng thng ta chn t s nn cao nht l High
sau khi chn t s nn bn nhn <Enter>

Chn Yes ng vi cc la chn trn .

Qu trnh Ghost c thc thi trong khong 5 pht ( tu tc
my )
sau khi thanh trng thi t 100% l xong .

Bn chn Continue sau thot khi chng trnh Ghost
Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh .

7. Ghost t File Image ra a .
Bn c th s dng File Image trn Ghost ra mt a cng mi
khi
lp my, hay Ghost ra a b li h iu hnh sa cha .

Ghost t File Image ra a cng
Cc bc tin hnh
Chun b mt cng c cha File Image lm File ngun .
Mt cng mi m bn cn ci t
u hai chung cp tn hiu, thit lp cho c File ngun l
Master, mi cha c d liu l Slave .
my.


Chn Local => Disk => From Image

Chn From Image nhn <Enter>

A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Bn dng phm Tab a la chn vo mc Look in, sau m

a c cha File Image .

Chn File Image cn Ghost ri nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh s t chn a ch cho bn, bn nhn <Enter>

Bn c th thay i li kch thc cc Logic trong mc New size,
hoc
nguyn kch thc mc nh
Dng phm Tab chuyn mc chn xung OK ri nhn <Enter>

Bn chn Yes ng vi cc la chn trn .

Qu trnh Ghost thc thi trong khong 5 pht ( tu theo tc my )

Khi kt thc bn chn Reset Computer khi ng li my
=> Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh

8. Ghost t Partition sang Partition
Bn c th Ghost ton b d liu ca C a 1 sang C hoc D
trn
a 2, qu trnh l Ghost t Partition sang Partition, trng hp
ny
thng c s dng cho cc a c phn vng sn .

Cc bc tin hnh
Chun b mt a c ci t chun lm a ngun .
a ch phi l a c phn vng hoc mt a ang s
dng b li phn mm .
Lp 2 a chung cp, thit lp mt l Master mt l Slave,
Master s c hin th v tr Drive 1 khi Ghost .
Thit lp trong CMOS SETUP cho CD ROM khi ng
trc
my


Chn Local => Partition => To Partition

Chn To Partition nhn <Enter>

A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Bn hy chn a ngun, trn a Drive1 l a bn thit lp l
Master,
sau khi chn a ngun bn nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh tip tc yu cu bn chn phn vng trn a ngun,
thng
thng bn chn dng Primary l cha h iu hnh .

Chng trnh yu cu bn chn phn vng trn a ch, bn c th
chn
Primary hoc Logical sau <Enter>

Ca s trn hi bn c ng vi cc la chn trn khng ? bn
chn
Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Qu trnh sao chp bt u v ko di trong khong 5 pht th kt
thc

Qu trnh sao chp kt thc, giao din trn xut hin, bn hy chn
Reset Computer khi ng li my .
=> Qa trnh Ghost hon thnh

9. Ghost t Partition n File Image
Bn c th Ghost t Partition sang mt File nh d phng,
khi hng bn s Ghost ngc tr li t File Image v phn vng
ban u .

Ghost t Partition thnh File Image

trn cng mt a cng .
Cc bc tin hnh .
Chun b mt a c ci t chun lm a ngun .
dng .
trc
my


Chn Local => Partition => To Image

A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Chn To Image <Enter>

Bn hy chn a ngun, Drive1 l c thit lp l Master

Tip theo bn cn chn phn vng trn a ngun m bn cn Ghost
d
phng, thng thng l phn vng chnh Primary .

Chng trnh yu cu bn chn phn vng ch ni t File Image

Ghost ti, bn c th chn mt trong cc a trong mc Look in

Bn nhp tn cho File Image vo mc File name, th d trn t tn
l
LUU_C sau dng phm Tab chuyn mc chn sang phm Save
v
nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh s yu cu bn chn t s nn, bn nn chn t s nn
cao
nht l High sau nhn <Enter>

Mt giao din hi bn c ng vi cc la chn trn khng ? bn
chn Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh tin hnh Ghost trong khong 5 pht ( tu tc
my )

Khi kt thc bn chn Continue sau thot khi chng trnh
Ghost v khi ng li my .

10. Ghost t File Image v Partition
Bn c th s dng File Image d phng Ghost ngc tr v
phn vng tu .

Ghost ngc li t File Image v Partition

trn cng mt a cng .
Cc bc tin hnh .
Chun b mt a c File Image lm a ngun .
dng .
trc
my


Chn Local => Partition => From Image

A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Chn From Image <Enter>

Dng phm Tab a mc chn v mc Look in, sau chn
phn
vng cha File Image, nu khng nh bn hy lc tm trong cc
logic
C, D, E, F trn

Nu c File Image th chng s c hin th trong khung ca s,
chn
ng tn File ri nhn <Enter>

Tip theo bn cn chn a ch , bn lu khi cm hai trn 1
cp,
th thit lp l Master s c hin th dng s 1 nh trn .

Tip theo bn cn chn phn vng ch Ghost ti, nu bn chn
Primary th bn s Ghost ti C, nu chn l Logical th bn s
Ghost
ti D .

Tip theo l ca s hi bn c ng vi cc la chn trn khng,
bn
chn Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh bt u sao chp trong khong 5 pht, cho n khi
thanh
trng thi chy ht 100% .

Kt thc bn hy chn Continue ri thot khi chng trnh
Ghost,
sau khi ng li my .
Chng 14 - Partition Magic
1. Gii thiu v Partition Magic
My tnh bn ang s dng, nu bn mun to thm mt a
hoc thay i kch thc cc a m khng mun ci t li
Window hoc mun bo ton d liu th hy dng Partition
Magic
a b hng ( b Bad) mt s ni lm cho my chy hay b
treo bn c th dng Partition Magic ct on a Bad
i .
Nh vy Partition Magic l chng trnh gip bn phn vng
li a cng, thay i kch thc cc a nhng vn bo ton
d liu cho bn, khc vi chng trnh FDISK l khi phn
vng a cng th ton b d liu b xo ht .
2. Ci t v s dng Partition Magic
Partition Magic l chng trnh chy trn nn Windows, c
th s dng bn phi ci chng trnh Partition Magic sau
chy chng .
Bn tm mua a CD Rom c b ci Partition Magic
( khong 38MB )
Hoc bn c th Download phn mm Partition Magic xung
sau ci t .

Vo trang ny Download Partition Magic 8.0

M th mc Partition Magic 8.01 Full trn ra v kch vo
biu tng Setup ci t .

Nu qu trnh ci t yu cu m Serial th bn m file Serial
ly m Serial .

Sau khi ci t xong bn c th chy chng trnh
PartitonMagic

Chy chng trnh PartitionMagic :
Vo Start / Programs / PowerQuest PartitionMagic 8.0 / kch
vo PartitionMagic8.0
Ca s Partition Magic xut hin nh sau

Ca s PartitionMagic

Thanh trng thi hin th kch thc cc
a v phn c d liu (mu vng)

Thanh cng c

3. Cc chc nng thng s dng ca Partition Magic
Cc cng c thng s dng l
Create partition To phn vng
Delete partition Xo phn vng
Resize/Move partition Thay i kch thc phn vng
Convert partition Chuyn i nh dng phn vng
a) Thay i kch thc cc a :
Th d : Gim kch thc E sau tng kch thc cho
F ta lm nh sau :
Clch chut phi vo E / chn lp Resize/Move

Ca s sau xut hin

trn hin th thng tin v ia E phn mu xanh en
l phn c d liu, phn mu xanh nht l khng
c d liu .

a tr chut vo u thanh trng thi trn, tr chut i
thnh
mi tn <=> , bm gi chut tri v d vo trong thu hp
a li, to ra vng khong trng mu xm => sau nhn
OK

Ta thy E co li v ra mt khong trng mu xm
Tng kch thc cho F
Kch chut phi vo a F trn thanh trng thi, chn lp
Resize/Move ca s sau xut hin

a tr chut vo cui mu xanh, tr chut i thnh mi
tn, bn hy ko phn mu xanh trm vo phn mu xm ri
nhn OK

Kch thc ca hai thay i, by gi bn Click chut vo
nt Apply trn thanh cng c chng trnh thc thi cc
thay i cho bn

Nt Apply trn thanh cng c .
b) Xo phn vng v to phn vng mi .
Bn c th xo cc to sau to li cc Logic mi .
Th d : xo F i v to li thnh 2 khc ta lm nh sau :

Click chut phi vo F sau chn Delete...

Bm OK xo

F b xo ra mt khong trng mu xm
To phn vng mi :
Clck chut phi vo khong trng mu xm, chn dng
Create...

Hp thoi sau s xut hin

Bn chn kiu phn vng trong Partition Type l FAT32
V nhp kch thc cho vo Size ( nu bn mun chia
nhiu th nhp kch thc nh hn kch thc ang hin
th trong )

trn l to kch thc cho F bng 50% khong trng
Tip tc lm nh trn cho phn khong trng cn li v ly
ton b dung lng khong trng cn li lm mt .

mi to c l I
By gi bn Click chut vo nt Apply trn thanh
cng c chng trnh thc thi cc thay i cho bn

Nt Apply trn thanh cng c .
c) Chuyn i nh dng ca phn vng
Khi bn s dng mt a c dng lng ln hng trm GB
th qu trnh ci t Windows XP ch cho bn mt la chn
duy nht l Format vi NTFS , bn khng th s dng c
nh dng FAT32 , v vy sau khi ci t bn c th s dng
Partition Magic Convert li thnh FAT32 .
thay i nh dng mt a no bn lm nh sau :

Kch chut phi vo a cn thay i, chn dng Convert...

Ca s sau xut hin

nh du vo mc chn FAT sau OK
4. Dng Partition ct Bad
1. Biu hin a b Bad ( hng)
Khi s dng my tnh c cc du hiu :
My hay b treo
M file hoc ghi d liu hay c thng bo li.
=> l nhng du hiu ca b mt a b Bad ( b hng khng
ghi
c d liu )
Khi a b Bad bn c th dng chng trnh Partition Magic
ct on Bad i bng cch khng to phn vng trn on
a b Bad .
2. Kim tra a cng bng chng trnh SCANDISK
bit a cng ca bn c b Bad hay khng bn s dng
chng trnh Scandisk, y l chng trnh chy trn nn MS-
DOS v khng c trong Window XP v vy chy
SCANDISK bn cn chy t a Boot CD .
Bn chun b mt a Boot CD ( nh a ci Win98 )
Vo CMOS SETUP v thit lp cho CD Rom khi ng
trc
( Xem li bi thit lp cu hnh CMOS SETUP cho my trong
chng Lp rp my tnh )
Cho a Boot CD vo v khi ng li my , mn hnh MS
DOS xut hin vi A:\> _
Bn g lnh SCANDISK C nh sau :

Chng trnh SCANDISK hin th b mt a

Cc vng c ch B l a b Bad
3. Ct Bad bng chng trnh Partition Magic
Gi s khi bn SCANDISK E thy rt nhiu im b Bad tp
trung na u ca E, khi bn lm nh sau :

A:\> SCANDISK C: <Enter>

Khi ng chng trnh Partition Magic

Click chut phi vo E / chn dng Resize / Move ...
sau ko cho kch thc E thu hp li nh sau

Sau b trng v khng to phn vng cho phn a b Bad trn
u im : Khi c d liu, u t s khng c n khu vc a
b Bad ( do ta khng phn vng ) v nh vy my khng cn b
treo
hay sinh li ghi, c .
Nhc im : a cng b mt dung lng cc khong trng
khng
c phn vng .
4. Cnh gic khi mua a c
Vi tin ch ca Partition Magic trn, mt s a hng c th
b ct Bad v bn cho bn vi gi ca a cn tt, v vy khi
mua a c bn cn lu mt s im sau :

+ Dung lng ca tt c cc a logic C, D, E .. cng li phi
bng vi dung lng ghi trn nhn ca a cng, nu tng dung
lng cc a logic m thp hn hng trm MB th c th a b
ct Bad .
+ Nu c th c bn yu cu cho chy th chng trnh
Partition Magic th s bit ngay .
+ Dng chng trnh SCANDISK kim tra b mt a nh
trn cp .
Chng 15 - Ni mng LAN
1. Mng LAN ( Local Area Network - Mng cc b )
Mng LAN l mng cho php kt ni nhiu my tnh li vi
nhau trong phm vi mt phng, mt t chc, mt c quan vi
mc
ch :
- Lin lc cc my vi nhau
- Chia s thng tin
- Chia s ti nguyn

Mng LAN kt ni nhiu thit b .
2. Cc kiu u mng LAN
a) Mng LAN u kiu BUS

Mng LAN u kiu BUS
Vi kiu BUS cc my tnh c ni vi nhau thng qua mt
trc cp, hai u trc cp c cc Terminador nh du im
kt thc ng trc, mi my tnh c ni vi ng trc
thng qua mt Transceptor .
u im :
+ u im ca cch u mng ny l tit kim c dy cp
Nhc im :
+ Nhc im ca u mng kiu ny l tc chm
+ Khi trn ng cp c s c th ton b mng s b ngng
hot ng .
+ Khi mng c s c rt kh kim tra pht hin ra v tr b li .
=> V cc nhc im trn nn mng ny t c s dng .
b) Mng LAN u kiu RING ( Kiu vng )

Mng LAN u kiu RING (vng)
Vi kiu RING cc my tnh c ni vi nhau trm mt trc
khp kn, mi my tnh c ni vi ng trc thng qua mt
Transceptor .
u im :
+ u im ca cch u mng ny l tit kim c dy cp,
tc c nhanh hn kiu BUS .
Nhc im :
+ Nhc im ca u mng kiu ny l tc vn b chm
+ Khi trn ng cp c s c th ton b mng s b ngng
hot ng .
+ Khi mng c s c rt kh kim tra pht hin ra v tr b li .
=> V cc nhc im trn nn mng ny cng t c s
dng .
c) Mng LAN u kiu hnh sao STAR

Mng LAN u theo kiu STAR
Mng LAN u kiu hnh sao cn c mt thit b trung gian
nh Hub hoc Switch, cc my tnh c ni vi thit b trung
gian ny.
u im :
+ u im ca kiu u mng ny l tc nhanh .
+ Khi mt my trn mng c s c th khng lm nh hng
n cc my khc .
+ D dng tm ra v tr li khc phc sa cha .
Nhc im :
+ Tn nhiu dy cp mng, do chi ph tng .
=> V c nhiu u im hn v vy mng ny c s dng
rng di trong thc t .
3. Cp mng .
Trong thc t ta thng s dng kiu u mang hnh sao s
dng Hub hoc Switch lm thit b trung gian, trong trng hp
ny ta s dng cp mng 8 si .
Trng hp ta u hai my vi nhau ta cng dng cp mng 8
si
Dy cp mng 8 si .
Khi u my tnh vi Modem ADSL ta cng s dng cp 8
si .

Dy cp mng 8 si dng u ni 2 my tnh
hoc u gia my tnh vi Modem ADSL
4. Card mng - Card Net
cc my tnh c th giao tip c vi nhau cn phi c
mt Card mng ( Card Net ), Card Net c cm vo my tnh
thng qua khe PCI .

Card Net
Card Net c th c tch hp Onboard trn mt s Mainboard
Card mng c nhim v m ho d liu truyn i v gii m d
liu nhn c thng qua mi trng mng .
Card mng c th hot ng c th chng cn c trnh
iu khin ( Drive ), trnh iu khin c trn a CD km theo
Card mng hoc trn a ci t Mainboard nu card mng
Onboard .
Nu bn ci t Window XP th h iu hnh ny t ng ci
t Drive cho hu ht cc Card Net c trn th trng .

5. Cc bc thit lp mng LAN .

Ni mng c nhiu my tnh .
Cc bc cn thc hin
Ci t Card mng cho cc my
Chun b mt Switch t 8 n 24 cng .
u dy cp tn hiu t Switch ra cc my
t li tn cho cc my .
Thit lp a ch IP cho cc my
Kim tra s thng mng .
B ch Password trn cc my
Chia s quyn truy cp .
a) Ci t Card mng cho cc my .
Nu my tnh ca bn c sn Card mng th qu trnh ci t
Window XP, a s cc trng hp h iu hnh s ci sn trnh
iu khin cho bn .
Nu bn lp Card mng mi th bn cn ci t trnh iu khin
cho Card
=> Bn lp Card mi vo my, bt khi ng my tnh, trong
qu trnh khi ng h iu hnh s t nhn ra Card mi v yu
cu bn ci t Drive, bn cho a Drive ( km theo Card khi
mua ) vo my v ci t theo cc hng dn trong qu trnh
ci t.
Ci t xong bn khi ng li my sau vo mn hnh
Device Manager kim tra .
+ Kch phi chut vo My Computer / Chn Properties / Chn
Hardware / Chn Device Manager
=> Mn hnh Device Manager xut hin :

Nu bn nhn thy c tn Card mng trong danh sch trn l
Card mng c ci t, nh trn ta thy c Network
adapters tc l Card mng c ci t .
b) Chun b mt Switch 8 cng hoc 16 hoc 24 cng tu theo
nhu cu s dng .

Switch 8 cng

Switch 16 cng

Switch 24 cng
c) u dy cp t Switch n cc my .

Chun b mt km bm dy mng .
Ct dy mng t Switch n my, chiu di ti thiu l 2,5m
chiu di ti a l 100m .
+ Hai u dy ct v bc nha h cc si dy khong 1 cm

+ La cc si dy vo trong Zc cm

Sau khi bn la dy vo zc, cho Zc mng vo km v bp
mnh tay

Cp u t Switch n cc my cn c u song song nh
hnh di y .

Cp t Switch n my c du song song nh trn
th t cc mu dy c th thay i, nhng bn u
theo th t trn l tt nht .
Ch : Cp mng t Switch n cc my l cp c u song
song, tc l v tr cc si dy hai u zc cm l nh nhau
d ) t li tn cho cc my trong mng
cc my trong mng c th lin lc c vi nhau th mi
my cn c mt tn v tn ca cc my trong mng khng c
trng nhau , bn cn t li tn cho cc my nh sau :
+ Kch phi chut vo My Computer / chn Propeties /
chn Computer Name mn hnh sau xut hin :

Kch vo phm Change... hp thoi sau xut hin

Nhp tn my vo Computer name
Kch chn mc Workgroup : v nguyn ch MSHOME
( Mc Workgroup cc my phi nh nhau )
=> Sau nhn OK
e ) Thit lp a ch IP cho cc my .
Bn c th chn mt trong hai cch sau :
Cch 1 : Thit lp a ch IP ng .
cc my c th gi v nhn d liu th chng cn c mt a
ch IP, bn c th thit lp a ch IP ng cho cc my nh
sau :

T mn hnh Desktop

Kch phi chut ln biu tng Network / chn Properties

Kch phi chut ln biu tng
Local Area Connection / chn Properties

Kch p vo dng
Internet Protocol ( TCP/IP )

nh du vo dng Obtain an IP address automaticaly
v dng Obtain DNS server address automaticaly
=> Sau Click OK
Ch : nu thit lp a ch IP t ng th ton b cc my
trong mng u phi thit lp a ch IP l t ng .
Cch 2 : Thit lp a ch IP tnh
Bn thc hin cc bc nh trn, n bc cui cng sau :

Bn nhp a ch IP nh trn cho my s 1

Bn nhp a ch IP nh trn cho my s 2
Nh vy gia cc my trong mng ch cc nhau s cui
cng ca dng u tin, y chnh l s IP tnh gn cho mi
my, s ny c th nh t s 1 n 254 v khng c trng
nhau trong mt mng .
Cc s pha trc l 192.168.1. l nh nhau trong mt mng
Cc s dng Subnet mask c my t ng in vo nh
trn
Trong mc thit lp bn di bn hy trng .

Lu : Nu mng thit lp IP tnh th phi thit lp cho tt c
cc my trong mng l IP tnh .
f ) Kim tra s thng mng
Bn khi ng li cc my tnh trong mng, i sau khong 5
pht sau bn lm theo cc bc sau :
Kch p vo biu tng Network trn mn hnh Desktop

=>

Kch vo dng View workgroup computers
mn hnh sau xut hin :

Cc my xut hin trong ca s ny l cc my c thng
mng, tuy nhin cng c trng hp my thng mng nhng
khng xut hin trn ca s, khi bn cn kim tra t ca s
cmd

Kim tra s thng mng thng qua ca s cmd
+ Vo Start / kch vo Run...

G cmd trong ca s ri nhn OK ca s cmd xut hin

Gi s bn ang ng trn My 1, bn kim tra xem c thng
vi My 4 khng ta lm nh sau :
T du nhc trn g lnh : PING MAY4 <Enter>

Thng bo trn cho bit khng tm thy my 4

Lm cc bc tng t vi my 3

Kt qu trn cho thy my 3 c thng mng
khi my no c thng mng th chng trnh cmd s lit k
a
ch IP ca my cng vi thi gian truy cp nh trn .
Sau khi thit lp a ch IP cho cc my l bn c th s
dng mng truy cp Internet ch cn bn yu cu mt thu
bao ADSL v mt Modem ADSL c nh cung cp thit lp
sn cc thng s cho bn
=> Bn u cp tn hiu t Modem ADSL vo mt cng bt k
trn Switch l s dng c
Lu : on cp t Modem ADSL n Switch phi l cp tn
hiu u cho, cp ny thng i theo Modem ADSL .
Tuy nhin nu dng li bc ny th bn cha s dng c
ti nguyn trn mng ni b ca nhau, v vy bn cn phi b
ch Password trn cc my v ci t chia s ti nguyn
cho my khc c th truy cp vo cc a, cc bc ny s
cp bi tip theo .

Tip theo - Cc bc thit lp mng LAN
g ) B ch Password trn cc my .
Nu bn ang ngi trn MAY1 m bn Click vo biu tng
MAY3 hoc cc my khc th bn s nhn c mt thng bo
li, nguyn nhn l do bn cha b ch Password trn
MAY3 hoc trn cc my khc .

Bn cn phi b ch Password trn tt c cc my trong
mng, cc bc thc hin nh sau :
Vo Start / Settings / Control panel

Kch p vo biu tng Administrative Tools trn

Kch p tip vo biu tng Computer Management trn
M mc Local Users and Groups
Kch vo User bn s thy mn hnh User nh sau :

Ta thy cc biu tng User b nh du , bn hy b cc du
trn i bng cch
Kch chut phi vo cc biu tng User / chn Properties

Ban u ta thy c 3 mc nh hnh di b nh du
=> Hy kch b nh du cc mc
User cannot change password ( b nh du )
Account is disabled ( b nh du )
Ch li nh du mc
Password never expires ( nh du )
=>
Sau Click OK
Bn hy b nh du cho tt c cc mc User trn, kt qu
nhn c nh hnh di

Sau bn thot ra ngoi v khi ng li my .
L : a s cc my sau khi b ch Pasword nh trn l
cho
php my khc c th truy cp vo my ca mnh, tuy nhin trong
mt
s trng hp bn vn thy thng bo li, trong trng hp bn
lm nh sau :
Vo Start / Settings / Control panel

Kch p vo biu tng : Administrative Tool

Kch p vo biu tng Local Security Policy

M th mc Local Policies
Kch vo th mc User Rights Assignmen

Sau kch p vo dng
Access this computer from the net...

Kch vo Add User or Group

Kch vo Advanced

Kch vo Find Now

Kch vo dng biu tng c ch Guest
sau Click OK
sau Click OK tip

Lc ny bn nhn thy dng Guest trong ca s trn
sau Click OK v thot khi cc ch thit lp .
h ) Ci t v thit lp chia s mng .
Sau khi b ch Password trn cc my, bn c th kch vo biu
tng cc my trn mng s khng cn b bo li nhng bn vn
cha
thy xut hin cc a

Kch vo biu tng cc my th d MAY2 bn ch nhn thy
nh sau :

V bn khng thy cc a ca MAY2 xut hin v vy bn vn
cha th s dng c cc d liu ca MAY2
c th s dng c cc a ca my 2, bn cn ci t chia s
mng trn MAY2 , cc bc thc hin nh sau :
Kch p vo My Computer trn mn hnh Desktop

Kch chut phi vo mt a bt k,
chn dng Sharing and Securty...

Kch p vo dng ch
If you understand the risk but stiil want to share the root of the
drive, click here

Kch p vo dng Network Setup Wizard .

Click Next

Gi nguyn nh du nh trn v Click Next

Click Next tip tc

Click Next tip tc

Chn nh trn ri Click Next tip tc

Bn s nhn thy mn hnh trn, mt mn hnh
bay t mn hnh bn tri sang hai mn hnh bn phi .

Click mc chn di cng nh trn sau Click Next

Click Finish kt thc ci t
Sau khi ci t xong , by gi bn hy thit lp quyn chia s
cho cc a
* Bn kch p vo My Computer trn mn hnh Desktop

Kch chut phi vo E
chn dng Sharing and Securty...

Kch p vo dng ch
If you understand the risk but stiil want to share the root of the
drive, click here

nh du vo dng Share this folder on the network
sau Click OK

Ta thy E xut hin hnh bn tay, v nh vy l bn
cho php cc my khc c th truy cp vo E
Bn thit lp tng t cho cc a m bn mun chia s qua
mng

6. Kt ni Internet ADSL cho mng my tnh .

Sau khi bn thit lp c h thng mng LAN c nhiu
my u chung vo Switch, bn ch vic cm dy cp ca
Modem ADSL vo mt cng bt k trn Switch l bn c th
s dng c Internet .
Dy ni t Modem ADSL n Switch bn phi s dng dy i
theo Modem, y l dy cp mng u cho ( Xem dy u
cho mc sau ) .
Cc thit lp thng s cho Modem ADSL l do nh cung cp
thc hin, v iu ny phi ph thuc vo ic ch IP ca my
ch .
Kt ni Internet ADSL cho my tnh c nhn .

Bn khng phi lm g c, nh cung cp s thit lp cho bn
ch vic s dng, bi v cc thng s thit lp cho Modem
ADSL
l ph thuc vo pha Server
Cp mng t Modem ADSL n my tnh l cp i theo
Modem , y l cp mng c u cho .
Ni mng ch c 2 my tnh .

Trong trng hp bn ch u 2 my tnh vi nhau, bn c th
u trc tip v s dng cp u cho, cc thit lp hon ton
tng t nh mng c nhiu my .
Bn u cho dy cp theo s nh sau :

Cp mng u cho
V tr dy s 1 o cho dy s 3
V tr dy s 2 o cho dy s 6
Cc v tr dy khc gi nguyn
Cp u cho s dng cho cc trng hp
u t Modem ADSL n my tnh
u t Modem ADSL n Switch
u t my n my khng thng qua Switch
Cp song song s dng trong cc trng hp
u t Switch n cc my trong mng LAN .
Dng c sa cha my tnh
Dng c sa cha my tnh
1 . ng h vn nng

ng h vn nng ( gi khong 70.000 )

ng h s c thanh o tn s ( gi khang 130.000 )
2. M hn sng v m hn hi

M hn sng ( gi khong 150.000 )

M hn hi ( gi khong 1.500.000 )
3. Card Test Main

Card Test Main ( gi khong 80.000 )
4. Km v T vt cc loi

Km bm dy mng ( gi khong 100.000 )

Km ct
5. Mt b my tnh

Mt b my tnh
6. Mt a CD ROM

a CD ROM
7. Monitor

Sa cha cc h hng ca my tnh

Monitor th
8. Mt s lnh kin my tnh khc v a phn mm ci t, a
dit Virus

Chun b mt s a phn mm nh a Boot CD
a ci Win XP (SP1, SP2) v a ci t cc
chng trnh ng dng khc
- My tnh l mt b my gm nhiu thit b kt hp li
cng vi phn mm iu khin to ln mt b my tinh
vi v phc tp, bt k h hng mt thit b phn cng no
hay li do phn mm u lm cho my tnh b trc trc
- sa cha tt bn cn c c kin thc v phn cng v
phn mm ca my tnh, cc kin thc c trnh
by trong cc chng trn.
- Sau y l cc bnh h hng lin quan n phn hp
my, nguyn nhn v phng php kim tra sa cha .
Cc bnh thng gp ca my tnh
1. Bnh 1 : My khng vo in, khng c n bo ngun, qut
ngun khng quay .
2. Bnh 2 : My c n bo ngun khi bt cng tc nhng khng
ln mn hnh, khng c ting ku li Ram hay li Card Video .
3. Bnh 3 : Bt ngun my tnh thy c ting Bp......
Bp......Bp........ c nhng ting Bp di trong my pht ra,
khng c g trn mn hnh .
4. Bnh 4 : My tnh khi ng, c ln mn hnh nhng thng
bo khng tm thy a khi ng , hoc thng bo h thng
a b hng .
DISK BOOT FAILURE , INSERT SYSTEM DISK AND
PRESS ENTER
5. Bnh 5 : Khi khi ng my tnh thng bo trn mn hnh l
khng tm thy A hoc A hng :
Boot Failure
Insert BOOT Diskete in A
Press any key when ready
6. Bnh 6 : My khi ng vo n Win XP th Reset li, ci li
h iu hnh Win XP th thng bo li v khng th ci t .
7. Bnh 7 : My chy thng xuyn b treo hoc chy chm so
vi tc thc .
Trong cc bnh trn th Bnh 1, Bnh 2 v Bnh 6 thng thng
do hng Mainboard cn cc bnh khc thng do hng RAM,
Card Video, cng hoc li phn mm

Nguyn nhn v phng php kim tra sa cha
Bnh 1 : My khng vo in, khng c n bo ngun, qut
ngun khng quay .

Nguyn nhn : ( do mt trong cc nguyn nhn sau )
Hng b ngun ATX
Hng mch iu khin ngun trn Mainboard
Hng cng tc tt m Power On
Kim tra :
S dng mt b ngun tt th, nu my hot ng c th
do hng b ngun trn my => Phng php sa ngun c
cp chng CASE v NGUN .
Kim tra cng tc tt m hoc dng T vt u chp trc tip
hai chn P.ON trn Mainboard => Nu my hot ng l do
cng tc khng tip xc .
Cc bin php trn vn khng c l do hng mch iu khin
ngun trn Mainboard .

Mch iu khin ngun trn Mainboard

=> Bn hy d ngc t chn P.ON ( chn cp ngun cp 20
chn, chn c dy mu xanh l l P.ON ) v bit IC khuch
i m Damper, d mch iu khin ngun theo s trn,
kim tra Transistor trn ng P.ON trn , kim tra in p
nui (5V) cp cho IC Damper, thay th IC Damper .
- Nu mch hot ng th sau khi bt cng tc, chn P.ON
ang t 3V gim xung 0V .
=> Dng my hn kh hn li IC Chipset nam Sourth Bridge
Phng php s dng my hn kh

My hn kh c 2 trit p l
- Trit p chnh nhit l HEAT
- Trit p chnh gi l AIR
- Nt chnh nhit bn chng 30 n 40% , hoc khong
400
o
C ( nu my c ng h o nhit )

- Nt chnh gi bn 40% .

S dng my hn hi

- Hn li Chipset Sourth Bridge - Khi hn bn pha nha
thng vo nc ra mch in ri qut ln lng IC .
- a m hn u khp trn lng IC, khi cm gic ti nhit
nng chy ca thic th dng Panh n nh IC xung mi hn
tip xc, Chipset l IC chn gm .

Chipset Sourth Bridge l IC chn gm
Bnh 2 : My c n bo ngun, qut ngun quay khi bt
cng
tc nhng khng ln mn hnh, khng c ting ku
li
Ram hay li Card Video .

Nguyn nhn :
Ngun mt in p P.G
Hng CPU
Hng Mainboard
Li phn mm trn ROM BIOS
Hng loa bn trong my v Ram hoc Card video ng thi
=> Nu cc thit b trn tt m li Ram hay Card Video th c
ting ku khi khi ng .
=> Nu hng cc a th vn ln mn hnh, vn bo phin bn
Bios
Kim tra :
Bn cn kim tra kt lun xem c phi do Mainboard hoc
CPU hay khng ?
Trc tin hy thay mt b ngun ATX tt loi tr , nu
thay ngun khc m my chy c th do hng ngun trn
my
=> Bn sa b ngun trn my => lu chn PG ( mu xm )
khi qut ngun quay chn ny phi c in p khong 3V n
4V, nu chn ny khng c in th my khng khi ng
c . PG ( Power Good = Ngun tt )
Kim tra loa bn trong my v chc chn rng loa bn trong
my vn tt .

Loa bo s c cho my tnh

Tho RAM, Card Video v cc a ra khi my ch li
CPU gn trn Mainboard ri bt cng tc ngun kim tra .
=> Nu khng c ting ku loa th => Mainboard hoc CPU
cha hot ng .
=> Thit lp li Jumper cho ng tc BUS ca CPU ( vi
Mainboard Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 )
=> Nu thao tc nh trn nhng my vn khng c cc ting
bp di loa l hng Mainboard hoc hng CPU
=> Sa cha Mainboard c cp phn sau
Bnh 3 : Bt ngun my tnh thy c ting
Bp.....Bp......Bp......
c nhng ting Bp di trong my pht ra, khng c
g
trn mn hnh .
Nguyn nhn :
My b li RAM
=> Li RAM thng pht ra nhng ting Bp....... di lin tc .
My b hng Card Video
=> Hng Card Video thng pht ra mt ting Bp.......di v
ba ting Bip Bip Bip ngn .

Kim tra & Sa cha :
Nu my c nhng ting Bp........Bp.......Bp....... di lin tc
th thng thng do li RAM, bn hy tho RAM ra khi
Mainboard , dng du RP7 lm v sinh sch s chn tip xc
trn RAM v khe cm sau gn vo v th li .

V sinh sch khe cm RAM bng du RP7 hoc bng xng

V sinh sch chn RAM cho kh nng tip xc tt nht

Nu khng c th bn hy thay mt thanh RAM mi ri th
li

Nu my c mt ting Bp di v nhiu ting bp ngn th thng
thng l do li Card Video .
=> Bn hy v sinh chn Card Video v khe cm Card Video
tng t chn RAM .

V sinh khe cm AGP

V sinh chn cm Card video

=> Nu khng c bn hy thay mt Card Video tt cng loi
ri th li .
Bnh 4 : My tnh khi ng, c ln mn hnh nhng thng
bo
khng tm thy a khi ng , hoc thng bo h
thng a b hng .
DISK BOOT FAILURE , INSERT SYSTEM DISK AND
PRESS ENTER
( A KHI NG B HNG, CHO A H THNG
VO V BM PHM BT K )

Nguyn nhn :
Hng cp tn hiu ca cng
Cp ngun ca cng khng tip xc
Hng h iu hnh trn cng
u sai Jumper trn cng
Hng cng
Kim tra & Sa cha :
Cm li cp tn hiu v cp ngun ca cng cho tip xc tt

Cp cng

Nu my c hai cng th tm thi tho mt ra v th li
Nu hai cm trn mt dy cp th cn thit lp mt l MS
(Master - chnh) v mt l SL (Slaver- ph)

Hai cng u chung cp

V tr thit lp Jumper trn
Vo mn hnh CMOS kim tra xem my nhn cng
cha ?
=> Khi khi ng bm lin tip vo phm Delete vo mn
hnh CMOS .
- Bm vo dng Standard CMOS Feature
xut hin nh sau :

trn cho thy dng IDE Channel 0 Master nhn c
[Memorex DVD +/-RW Tru]
v dng IDE Channel 2 Master nhn c
[WDC WD800JD-00HKA0]

=> Nu nh tt c cc dng trn u bo [ None ] th ngha l
my cha nhn c cng no c => Bn cn kim tra cp
tn hiu hoc thay cp ri th li => Nu kt qu my vn
khng nhn c a th bn cn thay cng mi .
=> Nu my nhn c cng nh trn th bn hy ci t
li h iu hnh cho my .
Bnh 5 : Khi khi ng my tnh thng bo trn mn hnh l
khng tm thy A hoc A hng :
Boot Failure
Insert BOOT Diskete in A
Press any key when ready
Nguyn nhn :
Khi khi ng my, trong A vn c a qun cha b ra .
A b hng
My ht Pin CMOS
My khng lp A nhng trong CMOS li khai bo A l
[1,44M 3,5 in ]
Kim tra & Sa cha :
Tho ht a ra khi A khi m my
Kim tra Pin CMOS nu < 3V th thay Pin mi sau thit lp
li CMOS .
- Khi my ht Pin CMOS => cu hnh my c thit lp trong
RAM CMOS s b xo ht, khi my s s dng bn Default
trong BIOS kim tra thit b, trong bn Default lun lun
khai bo A l [ 1.44M 3,5in ] v vy nu my khng lp A
n s b bo li khi khi ng .
Nu my khng lp A th phi khai bo trong mn hnh
CMOS A l [ None ], B l [ None ]

Phin bn Default lun lun khai bo A nh trn

Nu bn khng lp A vo my th cn
khai bo A l [None] , B l [None] nh hnh trn
Bnh 6 : My khi ng vo n Win XP th Reset li, ci li h
iu hnh Win XP th thng bo li v khng th ci
t .
Nguyn nhn :
My b li RAM ( dng nh )
My gn 2 thanh RAM khc chng loi hoc khc tc Bus
Trn Mainboard b kh hoc b phng lng cc t ho lc
ngun .
My b xung t thit b, gn nhiu Card ln khe PCI
Kim tra & Sa cha :
Kim tra RAM, nu trn my gn 2 thanh th hy tho th mt
thanh ra ngoi ri th li, khi gn 2 thanh vo my th phi
cng Bus, cng chng loi v nn c dung lng bng nhau .

Thay th thanh RAM khc ri th li .
Tho ht cc Card m rng ra, ch li Card Video trn my
ri th li => nu my chy c l do li Card hoc my xung
t thit b .
Quan st cc t ho lc ngun trn Mainboard nu thy c hin
tng phng lng th bn cn thay th t mi .

C dy t bn trn b phng lng => cn thay mi

Ch :
- Khi thay t ho trn Mainboard bn phi cho tht nhiu nha
thng sao cho khi tho t ra th mi m hn phi chm bn
trong nha thng, nu bn tho khan c th s lm hng mch
in ca Mainboard .
- Bn c th thay t mi c in p bng hoc cao hn t hng
v in dung c th thay sai s n 20% .
Bnh 7 : My chy thng xuyn b treo hoc chy chm so vi
tc thc .
Nguyn nhn :
Hng qut CPU
Cp tn hiu v cp ngun ca cng tip xc chp chn
My b nhim Virus
Li h iu hnh
cng b Bad phn vng cha h iu hnh .
Kim tra & Sa cha
Kim tra xem qut CPU c quay bnh thng khng ?

Nu qut CPU khng quay th my s b treo
sau khi chy c vi pht
Thay th cp tn hiu ca cng v lm v sinh chn cm dy
ngun ln cng ri th li .

Nu cp tn hiu ca cng tip xc chp
chn s lm cho my b treo

S dng cc phn mm mi nht qut Virus cho my, phn
mm qut Virus cn phi cp nht mi thng xuyn th qut
mi c hiu qu .
Ci li h iu hnh cho my ( xem li phn ci t ) .
Sau khi lm cc bin php trn vn khng c th c th
cng b Bad, nu cng Bad nng th khi ci h iu hnh s b
li, nu Bad nh th bn vn ci t bnh thng nhng khi s
dng my hay b treo .
=> Kim tra a c Bad khng bn lm nh sau :
- Vo mn hnh CMOS thit lp cho CD ROM khi ng
trc
- Cho a Boot CD vo v khi ng my t a Boot CD s
xut hin mn hnh sau :

A:\>_

Phng php sa cha Mainboard
T mn hnh trn bn g SCANDISK C : < Enter >
=> i cho my t qut kim tra , bn bm Enter khi my dng
li sau s xut hin mn hnh SCANDISK nh sau :

Mn hnh trn cho thy trn C c mt s im b Bad
( cc v tr c ch B mu l b Bad " a hng " )
Khi hng Mainboard tu theo mc nng nh m sinh ra
nhng hin tng sau :
1. My khng vo in, qut ngun khng quay .
2. My c vo in, qut ngun quay nhng khng ln mn hnh,
khng c m thanh bo s c .
3. My khi ng b Reset li khi vo n mn hnh Win XP hoc
ci t Win XP b bo li .
4. Mt trong cc cng chut, bn phm hoc cng USB b mt tc
dng .
Bnh 1 v 3 trn c cp bi trc, phn ny chng ti
s cp n phng php kim tra sa cha cc bnh 2 v 4
trn .
Bnh 2 : My c vo in, qut ngun quay nhng khng ln
mn hnh, khng c m thanh bo s c .
Kim tra kt lun l Mainbord hng .
Dng mt b ngun tt th v loi tr c nguyn nhn do
ngun .
C th gn CPU sang mt Mainboard ang chy tt loi tr
kh nng hng CPU .
Ch gn CPU vo Mainboard, kim tra loa bo s c v chc
chn l tt, cp ngun vo Mainboard v bt cng tc P.ON
Khi ngun tt v CPU tt gn trn Mainboard, bt cng tc m
khng c tn hiu g loa bo s c l Mainboard khng hot
ng
Nguyn nhn lm Mainboard khng hot ng
Chp mt trong cc ng ti tiu th
Hng mch dao ng to xung CLK trn Mainboard
Hng mch n p ngun cho CPU
Hng North Bridge hoc Sourth Bridge
Li phn mm trong ROM BIOS

Mainboard v cc linh kin lin quan
n s hot ng ca Mainboard
Cc bc kim tra
Tho tt c cc linh kin ra khi Mainboard
- Gn Card Test Main vo khe PCI

- Cp ngun cho Main board
- M ngun ( dng t vt u chp chn PWR - chn cng tc
m
ngun cho qut ngun quay )
=> Quan st dy n Led trn Mainboard

Ch thch :
- Cc n +5V, 3,3V, +12V, -12V sng ngha l c cc
in p +5V, 3,3V, +12V, -12V hay cc ng p bnh
thng
- n CLK sng l IC dao ng to xung CLK trn Mainboard
tt
- n RST sng ( sau tt ) cho bit Mainboard to xung
Reset
khi ng CPU .
- n OSC sng cho bit CPU hot ng
- n BIOS sng cho bit CPU ang truy cp vo BIOS .
Khi cha gn CPU vo Mainboard th n OSC v n BIOS s
khng sng cn li tt c cc n khc u pht sng l
Mainboard bnh thng ( ring n RST sng ri tt )
Khi gn CPU vo, nu tt c cc n Led trn u sng l c
Mainboard v CPU hot ng .

Mainboard v CPU hot ng th tt c n Led u sng
Mt s trng hp h hng
Mainboard b chp mt trong cc ng in p

Mainboard b chp ng ngun 5V
biu hin l n 5V tt

Mainboard b chp ng ngun 3,3V
biu hin l n 3,3V tt

Mainboard b chp ng ngun 12V
biu hin l n 12V tt
Mch dao ng to xung CLK trn Mainboard khng hot ng

Mch to xung CLK ( xung Clock ) khng hot ng
biu hin l n CLK khng sng
Xem chi tit v mch to xung CLK
Kim tra mch to xung CLK
- o kim tra Vcc 3,3 V cp cho IC dao ng to dung
- Ra bng nc ra mch in khu vc IC dao ng ri
sy kh
- Thay th IC dao ng to xung CLK t Mainboard khc
---------------
Cc ng in p u tt, c tn hiu xung CLK nhng
khi gn CPU vo Mainboard khng sng n OSC

Khi gn CPU vo nhng n OSC v n BIOS vn
khng sng, hin tng trn chng t CPU cha hot ng
Vi trng hp trn bn cn kim tra mch n p cp ngun
cho CPU

Cc n Mosfet ( trong vng xanh )
iu khin cp ngun cho CPU

Ba cp Mosfet ( trong xanh )
iu khin cp ngun cho CPU

IC to dao ng iu khin cc n Mosfet
cp ngun cho CPU

Xem s nguyn l mch cp ngun cho CPU
Kim tra mch cp ngun cho CPU nh sau :

Khi cha gn CPU th o ti chn ra cp ngun cho CPU ( o
trn cc cun dy L1, L2, L3 s trn ) phi l 0 V
Khi gn CPU ( tt ) vo th chn cp ngun cho CPU ra ng
vi in p ghi trn CPU
=> Tho mn hai iu khin trn l mch iu khin ngun cho
CPU hot ng tt .
Cc trng hp sau l hng mch iu khin ngun cho CPU
Cha lp CPU vo Mainboard nhng c in p ra trn cc
cun dy L1, L2, L3 .
Khi lp CPU vo th in p ra cp cho CPU sai so vi in p
ghi trn thn CPU .
=> Cc trng hp trn l do hng mt trong cc n Mosfet
hoc hng IC to dao ng , Bn cn kim tra theo hng nh
sau :
=> o ngun cp cho IC, IC c cp ngun l 5V (Main Pen
4) hoc cp hai ngun l 5V v 12V (Main Pen 3).

IC dao ng iu khin ngun cp cho CPU
trn Mainboard Pentium 4
Kim tra cc n Mosfet iu khin ngun

n Mosfet iu khin ngun

kim tra bn cn g mi hn chn G v chn S ra sau o
kim tra .
Sau y l mt s kin thc v n Mosfet
Mosfet ( Transistor trng ) - Cu to v phng php
kim tra

Hnh dng Mosfet
1. Mosfet l Transistor trng c cu to khc vi Transistor
thng thng , chng c nhy cao hn v c s dng
trong hu ht cc b ngun Monitor , mch iu khin ngun
trn Mainboard
2. Cu to .

Mosfet Transistor

Mosfet c 3 cc l
G ( cc cng ) , D ( cc thot ), S ( cc ngun )
v nguyn l hot ng chng tng t vi 3 cc B, C , E ca
Transistor thng thng , nhng v cu to chng khc vi n
BCE .

+ Cc ngun ( S ) v cc thot ( D ) c ni vi hai cht bn
dn N t trn nn c tnh cch in, khong gia hai cc l
vng ngho in tch t do .

+ Cc cng ( G ) c t bn trn khong trng gia hai cc
N v cc ly bng mt lp cch in l SiO2 , cc G cch in
hon ton vi cc D v cc S .

+ Khi cho mt in p chnh lch vo hai cc D v S th khng
c dng in chy qua nhng khi ta a mt in p dng vo
cc G, in p ny sinh ra hiu ng trng trong khong trng
gia hai lp bn dn N, v di tc dng ca t trng th xut
hin dng in chy qua t cc D sang cc S .

in p t vo chn G khng to ra dng in GS m ch to
ra hiu ng trng trong Mosfet v vy mt tn hiu c cng
rt yu cng c th lm cho Mosfet m rt mnh .

Dng in chy qua hai cc D - S ch ph thuc vo in p
chn G m khng ph thuc vo cng ca tn hiu

=> V vy Mosfet c coi l linh kin c nhy rt cao v
chng c s dng trong cc b ngun Monitor v cc b
ngun ca nhiu thit b in t cao cp ngy nay .

3. Th nghim v s hot ng ca Mosfet .

Th nghim v s hot ng ca Mosfet

Khi K1 ng in tch np vo t C1 lm cho n Mosfet dn,
khi K1 m, in tch trn t C1 vn tn ti do khng c dng
GS do n Mosfet vn duy tr s dn in cho n khi cng
tc K2 ng, in p trn t C1 thot = 0V th n mi tt .

4. K hiu ca Mosfet
Mosfet thng c k hiu l K... , 2SK... , IRF...
Th d K3240 , IRF630 v v.. trong n K c cng sut
ln hn v thng s dng trong mch ngun, cc n IRF c
cng sut nh hn nn s dng trong mch cng tc, mch
Regu v t s dng trong mch ngun .

K hiu ca Mosfet

Quy nh v cc cc :
- Cc G - bn tri
- Cc D - gia
- Cc S - bn phi .

5. o kim tra Mosfet

Chun b : ng h thang x 1K

Nu l Mosfet cn tt th kt qu o s nh sau :

o gia G v S c hai chiu kim khng ln

o gia G v D c hai chiu kim khng ln

Dng Tvt chp G vo D thot in trn cc G

Sau khi G thot in cc G th o gia D v S c mt chiu
kim khng ln ( chiu que en vo D que vo S kim khng
ln )

-----------------------------------------------------------

Cc trng hp sau l Mosfet b hng

o gia G v S kim ln => l chp G S

o gia G v D kim ln l chp G D

Hoc mc d thot in chn G

o gia D v S kim vn ln sau khi thot in cc G l b
chp DS
----------------------------------------------------------

nh minh ho

Trng hp kim tra in p cp cho CPU bnh thng,
Mainboard c dao ng nhng vn khng sng cc n
OSC v BIOS

=> Trng hp ny c th do Chipset b li
=> Dng my hn kh kh li Chipset nam

Kh li chipset nam bng my hn kh

CPU hot ng nhng khng truy cp BIOS

Biu hin : n BIOS trn Card Test Mainboard khng sng
=> Trng hp trn thng thng do li BIOS
=> Thay BIOS ly t Mainboard cng chng loi sang th
Lu : Nu BIOS ( cng s ) nhng ly t Mainboard khc
loi s khng chy c v phn mm bn trong BIOS chng

Kim tra thy Mosfet hng
khc nhau .

Bnh 4 : Mt trong cc cng chut, bn phm hoc cng USB b
mt tc dng .
Nguyn nhn mt tc dng chut, bn phm .
Hng IC giao tip chut, bn phm .

nhn bit IC giao tip bn c th d ngc t cc cng
chut bn phm v ( s dng thang x1 o thng mch )
Nguyn nhn mt tc dng cng USB
Vi cng USB khng hot ng bn cn hn li Chipset nam
( dng my hn kh li ) v tn hiu a ra cng ny c ly
t Chipset nam .

Cng USB ly tn hiu t Chipset nam v ra ngun 5V
ly t ngun 5V chnh ca Mainboard

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