DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBJECT CODE: EC 2305

SUBJECT: TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
UNIT II
TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
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The parameters of a transmission line are:
Resistance (R)
Inductance (L)
Capacitance (C)
Conductance (G)
R!,',$)#.! /R0 is defned as the loop resistance per unit length of the
wire. Its
unit is ohm/m
I#12.$)#.! /L0 is defned as the loop inductance per unit length of the
wire. Its
unit is !enr"/m
C)().'$)#.! /C0 is defned as the loop capacitance per unit length of the
wire. Its unit is #arad/m
C3#12.$)#.! /G0 is defned as the loop conductance per unit length of
the wire.
Its unit is mho/m
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The secondar" constants of a line are:
Characteristic Impedance
$ropagation Constant
%ince the line constants R& L& C& G are distri'uted through the entire
length of the
line& the" are called as distri'uted elements. The" are also called as
primar" constants.
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Characteristic impedance is the impedance measured at the sending
end of the
Line. It is gi(en '" )* + )/,&where
) + R - ./L is the series impedance
, + G - ./C is the shunt admittance
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$ropagation constant is defned as the natural logarithm of the ratio of
the
sending end current or (oltage to the recei(ing end current or (oltage of
the line. It gi(es the manner in the wa(e is propagated along a line and
specifes the (ariation of (oltage and current in the line as a function of
distance. $ropagation constant is a comple0
1uantit" and is e0pressed as
2 + 3- . 4
The real part is called the attenuation constant 3 whereas the imaginar"
part of
propagation constant is called the phase constant 4
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5 fnite line is a line ha(ing a fnite length on the line. It is a line& which
is
terminated& in its characteristic impedance ()R+)*)& so the input
impedance of the fnite line is e1ual to the characteristic impedance
()s+)*).
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5n infnite line is a line in which the length of the transmission line is
infnite.
5 fnite line& which is terminated in its characteristic impedance& is termed as
infnite
line. %o for an infnite line& the input impedance is e1ui(alent to the
characteristic
impedance.
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The distance the wa(e tra(els along the line while the phase angle is
changing
through 6/ radians is called a wa(elength.
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The distortions occurring in the transmission line are called wa(eform
distortion or line distortion. 7a(eform distortion is of two t"pes:
a) #re1uenc" distortion
') $hase or 8ela" 8istortion.
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7hen a signal ha(ing man" fre1uenc" components are transmitted
along the
line& all the fre1uencies will not ha(e e1ual attenuation and hence the
recei(ed end
wa(eform will not 'e identical with the input wa(eform at the sending end
'ecause each
fre1uenc" is ha(ing di9erent attenuation. This t"pe of distortion is called
fre1uenc"
distortion.
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In order to reduce fre1uenc" distortion occurring in the line&
a) The attenuation constant / should 'e made independent of fre1uenc".
') :" using e1uali;ers at the line terminals which minimi;e the fre1uenc"
distortion. <1ualisers are networ=s whose fre1uenc" and phase
characteristics are ad.usted to 'e in(erse to those of the lines& which result
in a uniform fre1uenc" response o(er the desired fre1uenc" 'and& and
hence the attenuation is e1ual for all the fre1uencies.
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7hen a signal ha(ing man" fre1uenc" components are transmitted
along the
line& all the fre1uencies will not ha(e same time of transmission& some
fre1uencies 'eing dela"ed more than others. %o the recei(ed end wa(eform
will not 'e identical with the input wa(eform at the sending end 'ecause
some fre1uenc" components will 'e dela"ed more than those of other
fre1uencies. This t"pe of distortion is called phase or dela" distortion.
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In order to reduce fre1uenc" distortion occurring in the line&
a) The phase constant / should 'e made dependent of fre1uenc".
') The (elocit" of propagation is independent of fre1uenc".
c) :" using e1uali;ers at the line terminals which minimi;e the fre1uenc"
distortion. <1uali;ers are networ=s whose fre1uenc" and phase
characteristics are ad.usted to 'e in(erse to those of the lines& which
result in a uniform fre1uenc" response o(er the desired fre1uenc"
'and& and hence the phase is e1ual for all the fre1uencies.
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5 line& which has neither fre1uenc" distortion nor phase distortion is
called a
distortion less line. The condition for a distortion less line is RC+LG. 5lso&
a) The attenuation constant / should 'e made independent of fre1uenc".
') The phase constant / should 'e made dependent of fre1uenc".
d) The (elocit" of propagation is independent of fre1uenc".
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In ordinar" telephone ca'les& the wires are insulated with paper and
twisted in
pairs& therefore there will not 'e >u0 lin=age 'etween the wires& which
results in
negligi'le inductance& and conductance. If this is the case& the there occurs
fre1uenc" and phase distortion in the line.
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#or the telephone ca'le to 'e distortion less line& the inductance (alue
should
'e increased '" placing lumped inductors along the line.
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Loading is the process of increasing the inductance (alue '" placing
lumped
inductors at specifc inter(als along the line& which a(oids the distortion
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a) Continuous loading
') $atch loading
c) Lumped loading
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Continuous loading is the process of increasing the inductance (alue
'"
placing a iron core or a magnetic tape o(er the conductor of the line.
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It is the process of using sections of continuousl" loaded ca'les
separated '"
sections of unloaded ca'les which increases the inductance (alue
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Lumped loading is the process of increasing the inductance (alue '"
placing
lumped inductors at specifc inter(als along the line& which a(oids the
distortion
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Re>ection Coe?cient can 'e defned as the ratio of the re>ected
(oltage to the
incident (oltage at the recei(ing end of the line
Re>ection Coe?cient +Re>ected @oltage at load /Incident (oltage at the
load
+@r/@i
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Re>ection loss is defned as the num'er of nepers or deci'els '" which
the
current in the load under image matched conditions would e0ceed the
current actuall"
>owing in the load
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If the load impedance is not e1ual to the source impedance& then all
the power
that are transmitted from the source will not reach the load end and hence
some power is wasted. This is called impedance mismatch condition. %o for
proper ma0imum power
transfer& the impedances in the sending and recei(ing end are matched. This
is called
impedance matching.
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The insertion loss of a line or networ= is defned as the num'er of
nepers or
deci'els '" which the current in the load is changed '" the insertion .
Insertion loss+Current >owing in the load without insertion of the
networ=CCurrent >owing in the load with insertion of the networ=
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Re>ection occurs 'ecause of the following cases:
A) when the load end is open circuited
6) when the load end is shortBcircuited
C) when the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance
7hen the line is either open or short circuited& then there is not resistance at
the
recei(ing end to a'sor' all the power transmitted from the source end.
!ence all the
power incident on the load gets completel" re>ected 'ac= to the source
causing
re>ections in the line. 7hen the line is terminated in its characteristic
impedance& the
load will a'sor' some power and some will 'e re>ected 'ac= thus producing
re>ections.
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#or a perfect line& the resistance and the lea=age conductance (alue
were
neglected. The conditions for a perfect line are R+G+*.
5 smooth line is one in which the load is terminated '" its characteristic
impedance and no re>ections occur in such a line. It is also called as >at line.