Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sistemas de Producción 5 - Skin Damage
Sistemas de Producción 5 - Skin Damage
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
s
r
r
ln B 141.2
P P h k
q
w
e
O
wf r
Example
27
K 200 md
Pr 3200 psi
Pwf 1500 psi
h 20 ft
Uo 2 cp
Bo 1,18
re 1000 ft
rw 0,5 ft
Determine the productivity for skins of -1, 5, 10 and 50 in a well with a
undamaged (s=0).
28
Skin Factor and Properties of the Altered Zone
If ka < k (damage), skin is
positive.
If ka > k (stimulation), skin is
negative.
If ka = k, skin is 0.
29
Effective Wellbore Radius
Example
Calculate the skin factor resulting from the invasion of the drilling
fluid to a radius of 2 feet. The permeability of the skin zone is
estimated at 20 md as compared with the unaffected formation
permeability of 60 md. The wellbore radius is 0.25 ft.
30
31
Geometric Skin Converging Flow to
Perforations
When a cased wellbore is perforated, the fluid must converge to the
perforations to enter the wellbore. If the shot spacing is too large, this
converging flow results in a positive apparent skin factor. This effect
increases as the vertical permeability decreases, and decreases as the
shot density increases.
32
Geometric Skin - Partial Penetration
When a well is completed through only a portion of the net pay interval,
the fluid must converge to flow through a smaller completed interval. This
converging flow also results in a positive apparent skin factor. This effect
increases as the vertical permeability decreases and decreases as the
perforated interval as a fraction of the total interval increases.
h
h
p
33
Partial Penetration
h
p
h
t
h
1
Sd = Skin due to formation damage
Sp = Geometric Skin due to perforations
34
Geometric Skin - Deviated Wellbore
u sec h u
h
S
u
< 0
35
Geometric Skin - Well With Hydraulic Fracture
r
w
r
w
s
w w e r r
= '
For example,
r
w
= 0.4 ft
s = -3
r
w
= 8 ft
36
Completion Skin
r
dp
L
p
k
R
k
dp
k
d
r
p
r
d
r
w
After McLeod, JPT (Jan. 1983) p. 32.
s
p
- geometric skin due to converging flow to
perforations
s
d
- skin due to formation damage
s
dp
- perforation damage skin
k
d
- permeability of damaged zone around wellbore,
md
k
dp
- permeability of damaged zone around
perforation tunnels, md
k
R
- reservoir permeability, md
L
p
- length of perforation tunnel, ft
n - number of perforations
h - formation thickness, ft
r
d
- radius of damaged zone around wellbore, ft
r
dp
- radius of damaged zone around perforation
tunnel, ft
r
p
- radius of perforation tunnel, ft
r
w
- wellbore radius, ft
37
Gravel Pack Skin
L
g
Cement
Gravel
s
gp
- skin factor due to Darcy flow through gravel
pack
h - net pay thickness
k
gp
- permeability of gravel pack gravel, md
k
R
- reservoir permeability, md
L
g
- length of flow path through gravel pack, ft
n - number of perforations open
r
p
- radius of perforation tunnel, ft
Does not include effects of non-Darcy
flow (high-rate gas wells)
38
Productivity Index
The productivity index is often used to predict how changes
in average pressure or flowing bottomhole pressure p
wf
will
affect the flow rate q.
The productivity index is affected by
Reservoir quality (permeability)
Skin factor
39
Flow Efficiency
We can express the degree of damage on stimulation with the
flow efficiency.
For a well with neither damage nor stimulation, E
ff
= 1.
For a damaged well, E
ff
< 1
For a stimulated well, E
ff
> 1
wf
s wf
ideal
actual
ff
p p
p p p
J
J
E
=
Bacterial Problems
Aerobic -lives only w/ oxygen
Anerobic -lives w/o oxygen
Facultative -w/ or w/o, but better one way
Problems Caused
eats polymer
causes formation damage and corrosion
SRBs may sour reservoir
40
Bacterial Populations
Free Floating -easy to kill, not that plentiful
Sessile (attached colonies)
100,000 x free floating populations,
very difficult to kill,
Live in densly matter layers
protected by slime layer
highly accelerated corrosion underneath
41
Bacterial Sources
Some small populations dormant in reservoir? Probably.
drinking water < 1000 cells/ml
sea water -high populations of SRBs
brackish waters -very high populations
river/pond -moderate to high populations
concentrated brines -very low concentrations
acids -very low to almostnone
42
Bacterial Control
Acids -kills free floating, little effect on sessile colonies
Bactericides -(same as acid) kills free floating, little effect on
sessile colonies
Bleaches and Chlorine -(3% to 8%) strips slime layer,
dissolves cell wall, cant remove biomass. Watch corrosion!
Bleach, followed by acid -good removal history.
43