TRNG AI HOC A LAT

KHOA CONG NGHE THONG TIN

Giao trnh




IEN T
CAN BAN






Thang 1 - 2005

LI NOI AU




Giao trnh IEN T CAN BAN la tai lieu hoc tap danh cho sinh vien
Khoa Cong nghe Thong tin.
ien t can ban trnh bay cau tao va hoat ong cua cac linh kien ien
t va mach cua chung. ay la nhng kien thc c s e hieu biet cau truc may
tnh va cac thiet b phan cng cua ky thuat cong nghe thong tin. Noi dung chu
yeu cua giao trnh la mo ta cau tao, ac trng cua cac linh kien ien t ban
dan nh diode, transistor, IC va cac mach ng dung can ban cua chung.
Giao trnh gom 11 chng
Chng 1: Mot so khai niem
Chng 2: Diode ban dan va mach diode
Chng 3: Transistor
Chng 4: Phan cc transistor
Chng 5: Khuyech ai transistor
Chng 6: Khuyech ai cong suat
Chng 7: Cac hieu ng tan so cua mach khuyech ai
Chng 8: Cac linh kien ban dan ac biet
Chng 9: Khuyech ai thuat toan
Chng 10: Cac mach dao ong
Chng 11: Nguon nuoi
Noi dung cua giao trnh rat rong ma thi gian lai han che trong 60 tiet
do o mot so van e b bo qua. Sinh vien co the tham khao them textbook
bang tieng Anh sau ay tai th vien Khoa Cong nghe Thong tin.
Electronic Principles Malvino, Mc Graw-Hill, 1999
Sinh vien cung co the vao Website: www.alldatasheet.com e co them
cac thong tin chi tiet ve so lieu ky thuat cua cac linh kien.
Do trnh o ngi viet co han, chac chan giao trnh con co nhieu thieu
sot. Rat mong c s gop y cua ban oc.


a Lat, thang 1 nam 2005
Phan Van Ngha


Trang 1
Chng I
MOT SO KHAI NIEM


I.1 S GAN UNG

Trong cuoc song chung ta thng xuyen dung s gan ung hay xap x.
Trong ky thuat cung vay. Chung ta thng dung cac mc gan ung sau:
Gan ung ly tng (oi khi goi la gan ung bac 1)
Gan ung bac 2
Gan ung bac 3
Mo ta chnh xac
1) Gan ung ly tng. Mot oan day AWG22 dai 1 inch (2.54cm) co
ien tr thuan R=0.016, cuon cam L=0.24H va tu C=3.3pF. Neu chung ta
tnh ti tat ca cac anh hng cua RLC th tnh toan lien quan en dong va the
se mat nhieu thi gian va co the phc tap. V vay trong nhieu trng hp, e
n gian, co the bo qua RLC cua oan day dan.
S gan ung ly tng, la mach tng ng n gian nhat cua thiet b.
V du, gan ung ly tng cua mot oan day noi la mot vat dan co tr khang
Z=0. S gan ung nay la u cho cac thiet b ien t thong thng. Trng hp
ngoai le se xay ra tai tan so cao. Khi o phai xet en cam khang va dung
khang. Gia s rang 1 inch day noi co L=0.24H va C=3.3pF th tai tan so
f=10MHz cam khang va dung khang tng ng cua chung la 15.1 va
4.82K. Chung ta thng dung gan ung ly tng oi vi day noi khi tan so
f<1MHz. Tuy nhien khong co ngha la chung ta khong can e y en chieu dai
cua day noi. Tren thc te, can lam cho day noi ngan en mc co the.
Trong khi tm hong cho mach hay thiet b, mot gan ung ly tng la u
dung. Trong giao trnh nay chung ta dung gan ung ly tng cho cac thiet b
ban dan bang cach gian lc chung nh cac mach tng ng n gian. Bang
cach dung gan ung ly tng, chung ta de dang phan tch va hieu hoat ong
cua cac mach ban dan.
2) Gan ung bac 2. Gan ung bac 2 them mot hoac nhieu thanh phan
vao gan ung ly tng. Neu gan ung ly tng cua 1 vien pin la 1.5V th gan
ung bac 2 cua 1 vien pin la mot nguon the 1.5V noi tiep vi 1 ien tr 1O.
ien tr nay goi la ien tr trong hay ien tr nguon cua vien pin. Neu ien
tr tai be hn 10O, the tren tai co the be hn 1.5V do sut the qua ien tr
nguon. Luc nay cac tnh toan can phai kem theo ca ien tr nguon cua pin.

Trang 2
3) Gan ung bac 3 va cac gan ung cao hn. Gan ung bac 3 kem
theo mot so phan t na vao mach tng ng cua thiet b. Tham ch cac gan
ung cao hn na can phai lam khi phan tch mach. Tnh toan bang tay oi
vi cac mach tng ng gan ung cao hn bac 2 tr nen rat kho khan.
Trong trng hp nay chung ta se dung chng trnh may tnh. V du EWB
(Electronics Work Bench) hoac Pspice la cac phan mem may tnh trong o
dung cac gan ung bac cao e phan tch mach.
Tom lai, viec s dung gan ung loai nao la phu thuoc vao yeu cau cong
viec ma chung ta phai lam. Neu chung ta ang tm loi hay sa cha thiet b,
gan ung bac 1 la u. Trong nhieu trng hp gan ung bac 2 la la chon tot
v de dung va khong yeu cau may tnh. oi vi cac gan ung cao hn can phai
dung may tnh va mot chng trnh.


I.2 NGUON THE

Mot nguon the ly tng tao ra mot hieu ien the la hang so tren tai. V
du n gian nhat cua mot nguon the ly tng la mot acqui hoan hao, mot acqui
ma ien tr trong cua no bang 0.
Hnh 1-1a la hnh ve mot mach, trong o nguon the V
1
=10V noi vi
ien tr tai R
L
=1. Von ke ch 10V, ung bang gia tr cua nguon the.
Hnh 1-1a: Nguon the va tai


Hnh 1-1b cho thay gian o cua hieu ien the tren tai va ien tr tai.
Theo gian o, hieu ien the tren tai van 10V khi ien tr tai thay oi t 1
en 1M. Noi mot cach khac, mot nguon the ly tng tao ra mot the tren tai
la hang so bat chap ien tr tai la ln hay be. Vi mot nguon the ly tng, ch
co dong tai thay oi khi ien tr tai thay oi.

Trang 3
Hnh 1-1b: Quan he gia the tai va tr tai

Gan ung bac 2 cua nguon the.
Nguon the ly tng la thiet b ch co ve mat ly thuyet, no khong ton tai
trong thc te. V khi ien tr tai gan bang 0, dong tai se gan bang vo cung.
Khong co mot nguon the thc nao co the tao ra mot dong tai vo han v nguon
the thc luon luon co ien tr trong (ien tr nguon). Gan ung bac 2 cua mot
nguon the phai kem theo ien tr trong nay.
Hnh 1-2a mo ta y tng nay. ien tr trong 1 noi tiep vi bo acqui ly
tng. Khi o gia tr ch tren Von ke la 5V thay v 10V.
Hnh 1-2a: Nguon the vi ien tr trong

Hnh 1-2b la gian o cua the tren tai va ien tr tai cua mot nguon the
thc. The tren tai ch at c gia tr 10V khi ien tr tai ln hn ien tr
nguon nhieu lan, ln hn en mc co the bo qua ien tr nguon.
Nguon the manh (Stiff Voltage Source)
Chung ta co the bo qua ien tr nguon khi no nho hn ien tr tai t
nhat la 100 lan. Tat ca cac nguon the thoa man ieu kien nay goi la nguon the
manh.

Trang 4
Hnh 1-2b: The tren tai va tr tai oi vi nguon the thc


Mot nguon the manh neu thoa ieu kien:
R
S
< 0.01R
L
(1-1)

ien tr tai be nhat ma nguon the van manh la:
R
L(min)
=100R
S
(1-2)


Theo (1-2) ien tr tai be nhat phai bang 100 lan ien tr nguon. Trong
trng hp nay, sai so tnh toan do bo qua ien tr nguon la 1%. Gia tr sai so
nay la u nho e bo qua trong gan ung bac 2.

Lu y:
nh ngha ve nguon the manh ap dung cho ca nguon DC lan nguon AC.
Gan ung bac 2 ch co y ngha tai tan so thap. Tai tan so cao, cac he so can
phai xem xet them la cam khang va dung khang.


I.3 NGUON DONG

Hnh 1-3: Nguon dong

Trang 5

Mot nguon the DC cung cap mot the tren tai khong oi oi vi cac ien
tr tai khac nhau. Nguon dong DC tao ra mot dong tai la hang so oi vi cac
ien tr khac nhau. V du mot nguon dong ly tng la mot acqui co ien tr
trong rat ln nh hnh 1-3.
Trong mach hnh 1-3, dong tai tnh bi:
I
L
=V1/(Rs+R
L
)
vi R
L
=1, Rs =1M , dong tai bang:
I
L
=10V/(1M+1)=10A
Trong tnh toan tren ay, ien tr tai anh hng khong ang ke len dong tai.

Hnh 1-4: anh hng cua ien tr tai oi vi dong tai

Hnh 1-4 ch ra anh hng cua ien tr tai oi vi dong tai. Dong tai
van la 10A trong mot vung rong cua ien tr tai. Khi ien tr tai ln hn
10K (R
L
>1% R
S
) th dong tai bat au thay oi.
Nguon dong manh.
Chung ta co the bo qua anh hng cua ien tr nguon cua mot nguon
dong neu no ln hn ien tr tai t nhat la 100 lan. Moi nguon dong thoa ieu
kien nay goi la nguon dong manh.
Nguon dong manh neu thoa ieu kien:
Rs >100R
L
(1-3)
Trong trng hp gii han, ien tr tai ln nhat ma nguon van c
xem la nguon dong manh khi
R
L
(max)=0.01Rs (1-4)
Theo (1-4) ien tr tai ln nhat bang 1/100 ien tr nguon.
Hnh 1-5a ky hieu mot nguon dong ly tng, trong o thiet b tao ra mot
dong hang Is vi ien tr noi cua nguon Rs la vo cung.
Hnh 1-5b ch ra gan ung bac 2 cua nguon dong. o ien tr trong
R
S
mac song song vi nguon dong ly tng I
S
. Phan cuoi cua chng nay se

Trang 6
xem xet nh ly Norton, khi o chung ta se biet tai sao Rs lai mac song song
vi nguon dong I
S
.
Hnh 1-5: Nguon dong

Bang sau cho thay s khac nhau gia nguon dong va nguon the.

ai lng Nguon the Nguon dong
Rs Rat be Rat ln
R
L
> 100 Rs < 0.01Rs
V
L
Hang Phu thuoc R
L

I
L
Phu thuoc R
L
Hang


I.4 NH LY THEVENIN



Hnh 1-6: The Thevenin

Trang 7

nh ly la mot menh e co the chng minh bang toan hoc. Sau ay
chung ta xem xet mot so khai niem lien quan en nh ly Thevenin, ten mot
ky s ngi Phap.
The Thevenin (V
TH
): Tren hnh 1-6, the Thevenin la the o c gia
2 au ien tr tai (hai au AB) khi khong co ien tr tai (ien tr tai h
mach). V vay oi khi the Thevenin con goi la the h mach.
The Thevenin:
V
TH
=V
OC
(1-5)
Tr Thevenin (R
TH
): la ien tr o c gia 2 au ien tr tai khi
ien tr tai h mach va khi tat ca cac nguon giam ti 0.
Giam nguon ti 0 co y ngha khac nhau oi vi nguon dong va nguon
the. Cu the nh sau:
oi vi nguon the: ngan mach
oi vi nguon dong: h mach
Vay nh ly Thevenin e cap en cai g? Theo nh ly Thevenin, moi
hop en cha mach gom nguon DC va cac ien tr tuyen tnh (la ien tr
khong thay oi gia tr khi thay oi the tren no) nh hnh 1-6a co the thay the
bang mot nguon the Thevenin va mot ien tr Thevenin tng ng nh hnh
1-6b. Khi o dong qua tai bang
I
L
=V
TH
/(R
TH
+R
L
) (1-6)
nh ly Thevenin la mot cong cu manh. No khong ch giup n gian cac
tnh toan ma con giup giai thch hoat ong cua cac mach ma neu ch dung cac
phng trnh Kirchhoff th khong the lam c.
V du: Tnh the va tr Thevenin cho mach hnh 1-7.
Hnh 1-7

e tnh the Thevenin chung ta h mach ien tr tai R
L
. De dang thay
rang V
TH
= 24V.
e tnh tr Thevenin can h mach tai va ngan mach nguon 72V. Khi
o:

Trang 8
R
TH
= 4 + (3//6) = 6K
Co the dung Von ke va Ohm ke e o the Thevenin va tr Thevenin.
o chnh xac cua cac phep o phu thuoc vao loai may o c s dung. V du
neu s dung may o the loai ch th kim co o nhay 20K/V tai thang o 30V
th tr khang vao cua may o la 600K. Khi o the o c se be hn the
Thevenin mot chut. Thng ngi ta dung von ke co tr khang vao vao ln
hn tr Thevenin t nhat la 100 lan. Khi o sai so se be hn 1%. e co tr
khang vao cao, ngay nay ngi ta dung von ke so (Digital Multimeter) vi tr
khang vao c 10M.


I.5 NH LY NORTON

Tren hnh 1-8a, dong Norton I
N
c nh ngha la dong tai khi ien tr
tai ngan mach. V vay dong Norton con goi la dong ngan mach.
I
N
= I
SC
(1-7)
ien tr Norton la ien tr o gia hai au ien tr tai khi h mach
ien tr tai va tat ca cac nguon giam ti 0.
R
N
= R
OC
(1-8)
Do ien tr Thevenin cung bang R
OC
, nen the viet:
R
TH
=R
N
(1-9)
ngha la ien tr Thevenin va ien tr Norton la bang nhau.

Hnh 1-8: Mach Norton

Trang 9
Trong hnh 1-8a, hop en cha mach bat ky gom nguon DC va cac ien
tr tuyen tnh. nh ly Norton phat bieu rang, co the thay the mach hnh 1-8a
bang mach hnh 1-8b.
Di dang bieu thc:

V
L
=I
N
(R
N
//R
L
) (1-10)

Theo (1-10) the tren tai bang dong Norton nhan vi ien tr tai mac
song song vi ien tr Norton.
nh ly Norton va Thevenin la tng ng. Tren thc te, co the bien
oi nguon the Thevenin thanh nguon do ng Norton va ngc lai. Hnh 1-9 cho
thay cac cach bien oi.

Hnh 1-9: Bien oi Thevenin - Norton

Co the thay rang tr Norton va tr Thevenin la giong nhau. Quan he
gia dong Norton va the Thevenin la
I
N
= V
TH
/ R
TH
(1-11)

V du: Gia s rang chung ta a rut gon mot mach thanh mach Thevenin
nh hnh 1-10. Hay bien oi mach nay thanh mach Norton.

Li giai: Dung phng trnh (1-11) ta co:

Trang 10
I
N
= 10V/2K = 5mA
Hnh 1-10b ve mach Norton tng ng cua mach Thevenin tren hnh
1-10a.


Hnh 1-10

Trang 11
Chng II
DIODE BAN DAN VA MACH DIODE


II.1 CAC LOAI CHAT BAN DAN

Theo tnh chat dan ien, co 3 loai vat chat:
Chat dan ien
Chat khong dan ien (ien moi)
Chat ban dan
Trong chat dan ien thng ch co 1 electron vung hoa tr, trong khi
o cac chat ien moi co 8 electron vung hoa tr. Ban dan co tnh chat trung
gian gia ien moi va chat dan ie n, chung co 4 electron vung hoa tr.
Germanium (Ge) va silicon (Si) la cac chat ban dan ien hnh.
trang thai tinh the tinh khiet (khong b pha tap), moi nguyen t Ge va Si dung
4 electron hoa tr cua chung e lien ket vi 4 electron hoa tr cua 4 nguyen t
khac tao ra cau truc tinh the ben vng ve mat hoa hoc.
Khai niem lo trong trong chat ban dan. nhiet o tren 0 o tuyet
oi (>-273
0
C) cac electron trong mang tinh the se chuyen ong nhiet. Nhiet o
cang cao th chuyen ong nhiet cua cac electron cang ln. Chuyen ong nhiet
nay co the lam cho 1 electron trong vung hoa tr chuyen len cac quy ao co
nang lng cao hn. Luc nay electron la t do. No di chuyen trong vung dan.
Cung vi s tao thanh mot electron t do, se xuat hien mot lo trong (mang
ien tch dng) trong vung hoa tr. So electron t do ung bang so lo trong.
Lo trong la iem khac biet quan trong nhat gia ban dan va vat dan.
Neu ton tai 1 ien trng ngoai, th trong chat ban dan se co dong chay
qua. Dong nay la dong cua cac electron t do va lo trong ngc chieu nhau.
o dan ien cua ban dan tinh khiet tang theo nhiet o va co gia tr be.
e tang o dan ien cua ban dan tinh khiet can phai pha tap (doping).
Co 2 cach thng dung:
Pha tap loai N (negative). e tang so electron t do trong ban dan,
ngi ta pha tap nguyen t hoa tr 5 (con goi la chat cho, Photpho chang han)
vi ban dan tinh khiet, tao thanh ban dan loai N. Trong ban dan loai N, de
dang thay rang nguyen t chat cho se tha 1 electron va lam cho so electron
trong ban dan loai N chiem a so. Lo trong la phan t thieu so trong ban dan
loai N.
Pha tap loai P (positive). Ngi ta pha tap nguyen t hoa tr 3 (con goi
la chat nhan, Nhom chang han) vao ban dan tinh khiet e tao ra chat ban dan

Trang 12
loai P. Trong ban dan loai P, phan t tai ien a so la lo trong, phan t tai
ien thieu so la electron t do.
Ban dan loai N va loai P co the che tao t tinh the Ge hoac Si. Cong
nghe Ge la cong nghe cua nhng nam 60 (the ky 20). Ngay nay, hau het cac
chat ban dan la Si.


II.2 TIEP XUC PN

Gia s co mot mau ban dan Si tinh khiet. Ngi ta pha tap mau ban dan
sao cho phia ben trai la ban dan loai P, con phia ben phai la ban dan loai N.
Bien gii gia ban dan loai P va ban dan loai N goi la tiep xuc PN. Tiep xuc
PN a dan en cac phat minh ve diode, transistor, IC (Integrated Circuits)...
Viec hieu biet tnh chat cua tiep xuc PN la c s e hieu biet hoat ong cua
cac linh kien va thiet b ban dan.
Tiep xuc PN con goi la mot diode ban dan (t nay tr i goi la diode).
Chung ta hay xem xet cac tnh chat cua mot diode khi khong phan cc.
Hnh 2-1: Tiep xuc PN khong phan cc

Tai lp tiep xuc, se hnh thanh mot vung ngheo ien tch (depletion
layer) do s khuyech tan cua electron t N vao P sau o cac electron nay tai
hp vi lo trong lam cho so phan t tai ien tai vung nay giam. S khuyech
tan cung tao ra mot hang rao the nang hng t N sang P. nhiet o 25
0
C,
hang rao the nang co gia tr c 0.3V oi vi Ge va 0.7V oi vi Si. S hien
dien cua rao the ngan can qua trnh khuyech tan tiep tuc va he trang thai
dng.






Trang 13
II.3 DIODE BAN DAN CO PHAN CC

Hnh 2-2a cho thay ky hieu cua mot diode. Ben ban dan P goi la Anode
(ky hieu la A), ben ban dan N goi la Cathode (ky hieu la K). Tren s o ngi
ta ky hieu diode nh mot mui ten ch t P sang N hay t Anode sang Cathode.
Hnh 2-2b trnh bay mot mach diode. Trong mach nay diode c phan
cc thuan (Va>Vk). S phan cc thuan lam cho cac electron t do ben ban dan
N va lo trong ben ban dan P vt qua moi noi tao thanh dong ien trong diode
(dong Iak).

Hnh 2-2: Diode va phan cc thuan diode

Trong phong th nghiem co the setup mot mach nh hnh 2-2b. Bang
cach o dong va the tren diode ng vi phan cc thuan va phan cc nghch
(Va<Vk) co the ve gian o quan he gia dong va the tren diode nh hnh 2-3.

Hnh 2-3: Gian o IV cua diode

Trang 14
Theo hnh 2-3, khi phan cc thuan, dong qua diode se khong ang ke
cho en khi Vak > hang rao the nang (barrier potential). Ngc lai, khi phan
cc ngc, co 1 dong ien rat be qua diode cho en ien ap at len diode vt
qua ien the anh thung (Breakdown Voltage =BV).
Trong vung phan cc thuan, ien the tai o dong Iak bat au tang
nhanh goi la ien the moi noi (knee voltage) cua diode. ien the moi noi co
gia tr bang hang rao the nang. Khi phan tch mach diode phan cc thuan
chung ta thng xet xem ien the tren diode la be hn hay ln hn ien the
moi noi. Neu ln hn, diode de dang dan ien. Neu be hn, diode khong dan
ien (dan ien kem). Chung ta nh ngha ien the moi noi cua diode silicon
la:
Vk0.7V (2-1)
ien the moi noi cua diode germanium la 0.3V. Hien nay diode
germanium t c dung, nhng ien the moi noi cua no thap la mot u iem
va v vay mot so ng dung van dung diode germanium.
Khi ien the tren diode vt qua ien the moi noi th dong qua diode
tang nhanh va theo quy luat tuyen tnh. Luc nay diode ong vai tro nh ien
tr. Chung ta goi ien tr nay la ien tr Bulk (R
B
) cua diode.
R
B
= R
P
+R
N
(2-2)
Trong o R
P
va R
N
la ien tr tng ng cua vung P va vung N. Chung
phu thuoc vao mat o pha tap va kch thc cua cac vung nay. Thong thng
R
B
< 1. Chung ta ch quan tam en R
B
cua diode trong gan ung bac 3.
Trong giao trnh nay chung ta khong xem xet en gan ung bac 3.
Neu dong ien qua diode qua ln, s qua nhiet se pha huy diode. V
vay trong bang so lieu ky thuat (data sheet) cua nha may san xuat co ghi dong
cc ai cua mot diode. o la dong ien toi a ma diode co the hoat ong
bnh thng va khong lam giam tuoi tho cung nh cac ac trng cua no. Dong
thuan toi a cua 1 diode thng c ghi bang I
max
, I
F(max)
, Io... V du diode
1N456 co I
max
=135mA.
Co the tnh cong suat tieu tan (power dissipation) cua mot diode giong
nh tnh cong suat tieu tan cua mot ien tr. No bang tch gia dong va the
tren diode.
P
D
= V
D
.I
D
(2-3)
Gii han cong suat (power rating) cua mot diode la cong suat toi a ma
diode co the tieu tan va khong lam giam tuoi tho cung nh cac ac tnh khac.
Neu ky hieu gii han cong suat la Pmax th
P
max
= V
max
.I
max
(2-4)


Trang 15




II.4 DIODE LY TNG

Hnh 2-4 cho thay gian o dong the cua mot diode trong vung phan cc
thuan. Lu y rang dong qua diode xap x bang 0 cho en khi the tren diode
at ti gia tr hang rao the. Trong vung lan can 0.6V en 0.7V dong qua diode
tang. Khi the tren diode ln hn 0.8V dong qua diode tang rat manh va o th
la ng thang.


Hnh 2-4: Gian o dong the cua diode phan cc thuan

Tuy thuoc vao kch thc vat ly va mat o pha tap, cac ac trng cua
diode nh dong thuan toi a, gii han cong suat... co the co gia tr rat khac
nhau. Mac du gia tr dong va the cua cac diode th khac nhau nhng dang cua
gian o quan he gia dong va the tren moi diode tng t nhau nh hnh 2-4.
Tat ca cac diode silicon eu co ien the moi noi xap x 0.7V.
Trong khi phan tch mach, hau nh chung ta khong can s chnh xac
tuyet oi. Do o co the dung gan ung cho diode. Chung ta hay bat au bang
gan ung ly tng. Theo o, diode nh mot thiet b co tnh chat sau: no dan
ien tot (ien tr bang 0) khi phan cc thuan, va hoan toan khong dan ien
(ien tr vo cung) khi phan cc ngc.
Hnh 2-5a ch ra gian o dong the cua 1 diode ly tng. Theo o diode
ly tng co ien tr bang 0 khi phan cc thuan va co ien tr bang vo cung khi
phan cc ngc. Noi cach khac, diode ly tng giong nh mot cong tac

Trang 16
(switch) nh hnh 2-5b. No ong (close) khi phan cc thuan va h (open) khi
phan cc ngc.

Hnh 2-5: ng cong dong the cua diode ly tng va mo hnh


V du: Dung mo hnh diode ly tng tnh the tren tai va dong tai tren s
o hnh 2-6.
Hnh 2-6: Mach diode ly tng

Do diode phan cc thuan, no nh cong tac ang ong. Do o toan bo
nguon the 10V at len tr tai. Vay
V
L
=10V
Theo nh luat Ohm, dong tai bang:
I
L
=10V/1K = 10mA



Trang 17


II.5 GAN UNG BAC 2 CUA DIODE

Chung ta se dung gan ung bac 2 khi muon tnh chnh xac hn cac gia
tr dong va the tren diode.
Hnh 2-7a ch ra gian o dong the cua 1 diode trong gan ung bac 2.
Theo o, se khong co dong qua diode chng nao the tren diode cha vt qua
gia tr 0.7V. Hnh 2-7b cho thay mach tng ng cua diode silicon trong gan
ung bac 2. No gom mot cong tac noi tiep vi mot hang rao the 0.7V. Neu the
Thevenin ap len diode ln hn 0.7V, diode se ong (dan ien thuan). Khi
diode ang dan, the ri tren diode la 0.7V oi vi moi gia tr cua dong thuan.
Noi cach khac, neu the Thevenin be hn 0.7V, cong tac la h va khong co
dong qua diode.
Hnh 2-7: Gan ung bac 2 cua diode

V du. Dung gan ung bac 2 cua diode e tnh dong, the va cong suat
tieu tan tren diode cho mach hnh 2-8.

Trang 18
Hnh 2-8: Mach diode gan ung bac 2

Do diode phan cc thuan, no tng ng mot pin 0.7V. ieu nay co
ngha la the tren tai bang
V
L
=10V-0.7V =9.3V
Theo nh luat Ohm, dong tai bang
I
L
=9.3V/1K=9.3mA
Cong suat tieu tan tren diode bang
P
D
=(0.7V).(9.3mA)= 6.51mW



II.6 NAN IEN NA CHU KY

Hnh 2-9: Mach nan ien dung diode

Hnh 2-9a ch ra mach nan ien na chu ky. Nguon ac tao ra mot ien
ap xoay chieu. Gia s rang diode la ly tng. na chu ky dng cua nguon
the, diode phan cc thuan. Diode se nh mot cong tac ang ong nh hnh 2-
9b. Tn hieu na chu ky dng cua nguon the se xuat hien tren ien tr tai.

Trang 19
Vao na chu ky am cua nguon the, diode nh cong tac h mach, tren tai se
khong co 1 ien the nao (hnh 2-9c).
Dang song ly tng.
Mach nan ien na song nh hnh 2-10a se ch lam cho diode dan trong
na chu ky dng va khong dan trong na chu ky am cua nguon ac.
Hnh 2-10b la gian o dang song loi vao. No la mot song sin co gia tr
tc thi la v
in
va gia tr nh la Vp(in). Do o tren tai se thu c tn hieu dang
na song. ieu nay cung co ngha la dong qua ien tr tai la dong mot chieu.



Hnh 2-10: Dang song cua mach nan chu ky

Tn hieu loi ra na song nh hnh 2-10c la ien the dc kieu xung. No
tang t 0 en cc ai, roi lai giam ve 0, sau o tiep tuc bang 0 trong na chu
ky am. e co c nguon dc dung cho cac thiet b ien t, can phai loc dang
tn hieu na song nay.

Trang 20
Gia tr cua the loi ra ly tng la:
Vp(out)=Vp(in) (2-5)
Gia tr dc cua tn hieu na song.
Gia tr dc cua 1 tn hieu la gia tr trung bnh cua tn hieu o. Neu o tn
hieu bang von ke dc th so ch chnh la gia tr trung bnh cua tn hieu.
Gia tr dc cua mot tn hieu na song bang:
Vdc=Vp/=0.318Vp (2-6)
Theo (2-6) neu gia tr nh cua 1 tn hieu na song la 100V th gia tr dc
hay trung bnh cua no la 31.8V.
Tan so tn hieu loi ra cua mach nan na chu ky bang tan so cua nguon
ac loi vao.
f
out
= f
in
(2-7)
Co the thay rang dong qua diode bang dong qua tai.
Idiode =Idc
Gan ung bac 2.
Trong gan ung bac 2, the tren tai nho hn the cua nguon vao mot
lng 0.7V nh cong thc sau:
Vp(out)=Vp(in) - 0.7V (2-84)

II.7 BIEN THE

Tai Viet nam, nha ien cung cap ien ap li (Line Voltage) danh nh
220V, tan so 50Hz. ien ap thc ma chung ta nhan c co the thay oi t
200V en 240V phu thuoc vao thi iem trong ngay, v tr va nhieu yeu to
khac. ien ap 220V la qua cao oi vi cac mach ien trong cac thiet b ien
t. o la ly do tai sao phai dung mot bien the ha the trong hau het cac thiet b
ien t. Bien the giam ien ap li t 220V xuong cac gia tr be hn va an
toan hn e dung vi diode, transistor va cac thiet b ban dan khac.
Hnh 2-11 cho thay mot bien the. ien ap li at trc tiep vao cuon s
cap cua bien the. Goi N1/N2 la ty so gia cuon s cap va cuon th cap. e
bien the la ha the th N1>N2.
Hnh 2-11: Bien the

Trang 21

Dau cham pha. e bieu th quan he ve pha tren cac cuon day cua bien
the ngi ta dung dau cham pha. Cac au day co dau cham se co cung pha.

Quan he gia the va so vong tren 2 cuon cua bien the la:
V
2
/V
1
=N
2
/N
1
(2-9)
Co the dung cong thc (2-9) cho gia tr nh, gia tr hieu dung va gia tr
tc thi.
V du: Tnh the tai cc ai va the tai dc cho mach hnh 2-12.
Hnh 2-12: Bien the va mach nan 1/2 chu ky

Giai: Ty so bien the la 5:1. Do o the tren cuon th cap la:
V2=120/5=24V
ien the nh tren cuon th cap bang:
Vp= 24/0.707 = 34V
Vi diode ly tng, the nh tren tai bang 34V.
The dc tren tai bang:
Vdc=Vp/ = 34/ = 10.8V
Neu dung xap x bac 2 cho diode, the nh tren tai va the dc tren tai
tng ng bang 33.3V va 10.6V

II.8 NAN CA CHU KY

Hnh 2-13: Mach nan ca chu ky

Trang 22

Hnh 2-13 la mot mach nan ien toan song (ca chu ky). Cuon th cap
cua bien the co iem gia c noi at. Mach nan toan song tng ng 2
mach nan na song ghep lai. V bien the co iem gia, moi mach nan co ien
the vao ch bang ien the cuon th cap. Diode D1 dan trong na chu ky
dng trong khi o D2 dan trong na chu ky am. Trong ca 2 na chu ky, ien
the tren tai co cung cc tnh, dong tai v vay la dong co hng. Chung ta se
phan tch mot so ac iem cua tn hieu loi ra toan song nay sau ay.

Gia tr dc hay trung bnh.
Do tn hieu loi ra toan song gom 2 lan tn hieu na song nen gia tr dc
cho bi:
Vdc=2Vp/ = 0.63Vp (2-10)
Theo (2-6) gia tr trung bnh bang 63% gia tr nh. V du, neu ien the
nh la 10V th gia tr trung bnh loi ra la 6.3V.
Tan so cua tn hieu loi ra toan song la gap oi tan so nguon ac loi vao.
f(out)=2f(in) (2-11)
Dong qua moi diode bang mot na dong tai:
Idiode= I
dc
/ 2


II.9 NAN CAU

Hnh 2-14: Mach nan cau

Hnh 2-14 cho thay mot mach nan cau. Mach nan cau tng t mach
nan toan song v no tao ra ien the loi ra toan song. Mach dung 4 diode. D1 va
D2 dan trong na chu ky dng. D3 va D4 dan trong na chu ky am.
Mach nan cau tng ng vi hai mach na song noi lai vi nhau.
Trong ca hai na chu ky, the tren tai co cung cc tnh va dong tai la dong mot

Trang 23
hng. Mach nay bien oi the ac au vao thanh the dc dang xung (nhap
nho) loi ra.
Gia tr trung bnh va tan so tn hieu loi ra.
Bi v mach nan cau tao ra tn hieu toan song nen phng trnh tnh gia
tr dc hay trung bnh cho the ra la:
Vdc=2Vp/ = 0.63Vp
va tan so tn hieu loi ra bang
f(out)=2 f(in)
Dong qua diode trong mach nan cau bang mot na dong tai
I
diode
=1/2 I
dc

Gan ung bac 2 cho thay rang the ra nh bang the vao nh tr i 2 lan
the ri tren diode:
Vp(out)=Vp(in)-1.4V (2-12)



II.10 CAC BO LOC

Loi ra cua cac mach nan la the dc dang xung (nhap nho). Noi cach
khac, the tren tai gom thanh phan dc va ac. Co the loc bo thanh phan ac bang
cac mach loc (filter).
Co 2 loai mach loc c dung pho bien la:
Mach loc LC
Mach loc RC

a) Mach loc LC
Hnh 2-15a cho thay mach loc dung cuon L va tu C.

Hnh 2-15


Trang 24
Nguon ac tao ra dong tren cuon day, tu ien va ien tr. Dong ac tren
cac linh kien nay phu thuoc vao cam khang cua L, dung khang cua C va R.
Cuon L co tr khang
X
L
= 2fL
Tu C co dung khang bang
X
C
=1/2fC
Mach loc LC c goi la thiet ke tot neu tai tan so tn hieu vao, gia tr
cua Xc nho hn R
L
nhieu. Khi ieu kien nay c thoa man co the bo qua R
L
nh mach hnh 2-15b. Mat khac ngi ta cung thiet ke sao cho tai tan so tn
hieu X
L
ln hn X
C
nhieu. Ro rang rang khi o the xoay chieu tren tai se rat
be va co the xem bang 0.
Vout=(X
C
/X
L
)Vin (2-13)
V du: tai tan so tn hieu Xc=100 va X
L
=10K th the ra ch bang
1/100 the vao. Hay mach loc a giam the xoay chieu 100 lan.

Loc loi ra cua cac mach nan
Hnh 2-16

Hnh 2-16 ch ra mach loc nam gia mach nan va tai. Mach nan co the
la na song, toan song hay nan cau. e phan tch tac dung cua mach loc,
chung ta dung nguyen ly chong chat. Theo o co the xem rang loi ra cua mach
nan co 2 thanh phan: thanh phan dc va thanh phan ac nh hnh 2-17.

Rectifier Output



time
Hnh 2-17


Trang 25
Nh vay, do tac dung cua bo loc thanh phan ac tren tai rat be co the bo
qua. Ch con lai thanh phan dc. tan so dc, tr khang cua L rat be, ch con lai
ien tr Rs cua L mac noi tiep vi tai R
L
. Neu nh Rs rat be so vi R
L
th
toan bo the DC c at len tai.
Nhc iem cua mach loc LC la do L co ien tr noi va lam giam ang
ke thanh phan dc neu mach yeu cau dong tai ln. Tuy nhien trong cac bo
nguon on ap kieu xung dung cho may tnh va cac thiet b ien t khac, bo loc
LC van c dung v tan so cao (f=20Khz) co the thiet ke cac cuon cam nho
ma van am bao he so loc thanh phan ac rat cao. Trong cac mach co dong tai
be, ngi ta co the thay the mach loc LC bang mach loc RC.

b) Mach loc RC
Hnh 2-18 cho thay mach gom tu C, diode va nguon ac.
Hnh 2-18

Ban au tu C khong tch ien. Tai chu ky au tien, diode c phan
cc thuan va dan, tu C c nap qua D. The cc ai tren tu C bang vi the
nguon vao thi iem cuoi chu ky au tien. Sau khi at en gia tr nh Vp,
the vao bat au giam, nhng the tren C van gi nguyen hang so va bang Vp.
Lu y rang mach nay khong co tai.
Anh hng cua ien tr tai.
Hnh 2-19: Mach loc co tai


Trang 26
Chung ta noi song song vi mach loc mot tr tai R
L
nh hnh 2-19. Khi
o diode D van nap ien cho tu chu ky au tien. Trong thi gian con lai
cua chu ky, tu C phong qua R vi hang so thi gian R
L
C. Neu thoa man ieu
kien R
L
C > T (chu ky tn hieu ac) th the tren tai dng nh van la hang so,
mac du co mot chut xoay chieu tren tai ma chung ta goi la the gn song
(ripple voltage).
Cong thc tnh gia tr nh-nh cua the gn song la:
V
R
= I / fC (2-14)
Trong o I la dong tai, f la tan so gn song. Neu dong tai bang 0 th the
gn song V
R
=0.
V du, neu dong tai I=10mA, tu C=20F va mach nan cau (f=100Hz) th
V
R
= 10mA/(100.20F)= 0.5Vpp


II.11 DIODE ZENER

Cac diode tn hieu be va nan ien ch hoat ong vung phan cc thuan
ma khong hoat ong vung anh thung v ieu nay se lam hong chung. Trong
phan nay chung ta se xem xet diode Zener, mot diode silicon c che tao e
hoat ong vung anh thung. Diode zener la thanh phan chnh cua mach on
ap. o la mach gi ien ap ra gan nh la hang so bat chap s thay oi cua the
vao va tr tai.
Hnh 2-20: Diode Zener

Gian o IV cua diode Zener.
Hnh 2-20 cho thay hnh ve cua mot diode Zener, ky hieu la Vz. Bang cach
thay oi mat o pha tap, nha may co the tao ra cac Zener co ien ap anh
thung t 2V en 1000V. Cac diode nay co the hoat ong 3 vung: phan cc
thuan, anh thung va dong ro.



Trang 27




Hnh 2-21: Gian o IV cua diode Zener

Hnh 2-21 la gian o IV cua 1 diode Zener. Trong vung phan cc thuan,
khi the tren diode ln hn 0.7V no dan ien nh mot diode silicon loai thng.
Trong vung ro, ch co mot dong ro rat nho qua diode. ac tuyen cua vung
anh thung gan nh thang ng. Khi diode Zener b anh thung, Vz gan nh
hang so. Trong bang so lieu cua nha san xuat ngi ta thng ghi Vz tai dong
test I
ZT
nao o. Hnh 2-21 cung cho biet dong Zener toi a I
ZM
. Trong thiet ke
mach diode Zener phai am bao diode Zener hoat ong dong anh thung
nho hn I
ZM
.
ien tr Zener.
ien tr noi cua diode goi la ien tr Zener. ien tr Zener co gia tr
rat be. ien tr nay phan anh s kien dong Zener tang th the Zener tang. Tuy
nhien s tang nay rat t, c vai phan cua Von. ac tuyen vung anh thung
cang doc th ien tr Zener cang be. Trong cac phan tch cua chung ta, ien
tr Zener b bo qua.
On ap Zener.
Diode Zener oi khi c goi la diode on ap v no co ac tnh gi ien
ap gia anode va cathode (Vz) la hang so bat chap s thay oi cua dong qua
diode. e s dung tnh chat nay cua Zener can phai phan cc ngc no nh
hnh 2-22a. Mat khac Vs phai ln hn ien ao anh thung Vz. Mot ien tr noi
tiep Rs c s dung e han che dong qua Zener, khong cho phep no vt
qua gia tr gii han toi a.


Trang 28
Hnh 2-22: on ap dung Zener

Hnh 2-22b cho thay mot cach ve khac cua hnh 2-22a, trong o mach
co iem noi at (Ground). Khi o e o hie u ien the gia cac iem, co the
o the cua chung so vi at roi tnh ra hieu ien the gia cac iem can o.
Hnh 2-22c cho thay hnh ve loi ra cua mot bo nguon noi ti ien tr Rs
va Zener. Mach nay goi la mach on ap Zener hay mach Zener.
Dong chay qua Rs bang:
Is = (Vs-Vz)/Rs (2-15)
Is cung chnh la dong chay qua Zener. Phai chon Rs sao cho Is < I
ZM

Gan ung ly tng cua Zener la mot pin, hay mot nguon the co gia tr
bang Vz.


II.12 ON AP ZENER CO TAI

Hnh 2-23: on ap Zener co tai


Trang 29
Hnh 2-23a ch ra mot mach on ap Zener co tai. Hnh 2-23b ch ra mot
mach nh the va co iem noi at. V Zener hoat ong vung anh thung, do
o no gi ien ap tren tai la hang so bat chap s thay oi cua the vao va dong
tai.
Gia s diode Zener khong noi vao mach hnh 2-23b. Khi o the
Thevenin tren tai R
L
la:

V
TH
= Vs. (R
L
/R
S
+R
L
) (2-16)

The Thevenin phai ln hn Vz, neu khong s anh thung se khong xay
ra.
Tren mach hnh 2-23, dong qua Rs bang:

I
S
= (Vs-Vz)/Rs (2-17)

The tren tai bang the Zener

V
L
=V
Z
(2-18)

Dong tai bang:

I
L
= V
L
/R
L
(2-19)

Dong Zener. Theo nh luat Kirchhoff, ta co:

I
S
=I
L
+I
Z
(2-20)
hay dong qua Zener bang:
I
Z
=I
S
I
L
(2-21)



II.13 GAN UNG BAC 2 CUA DIODE ZENER

Trang 30

Hnh 2-24

Hnh 2-24a cho thay gan ung bac 2 cua diode Zener. Khi o Zener nh
mot nguon the ly tng Vz noi tiep vi tr Zener R
Z
. Tong ien the tren Zener
bang the anh thung Vz cong vi sut the qua ien tr Zener. Vay anh hng
cua tr Zener len the loi ra nh the nao? Chung ta hay xet s o hnh 2-24b va
2-24c.
Theo hnh 2-24c, the tai bang:

V
L
= V
Z
+ I
Z
R
Z


S thay oi cua the tren tai so vi trng hp ly tng la:

V= I
Z
R
Z
(2-22)

Thng V nho, c vai phan cua 1 Von.
ien tr Zener cung anh hng en the nhap nho tren tai. Mach tng
ng khi xet en R
Z
cho tren hnh 2-24c.
Thanh phan xoay chieu cua the ra bang:

V
R(out)
=V
R(in)
R
Z
/(R
Z
+R
S
)


Trang 31
= R
Z
V
R(in)
/R
S
(2-23)


II.14 CAC THIET B OPTOELECTRONICS

Optoelectronics la cong nghe ket hp ien t va quang hoc. Lnh vc
nay bao gom cac thiet b hoat ong da tren tnh chat cua mot tiep xuc PN. V
du cac LED, photodiodes va optocouplers.
a) LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Hnh 2-25

Hnh 2-25a ve mot LED noi vi nguon the qua ien tr R
S
. Cac mui ten
hng ra ngoai ky hieu cho anh sang phat ra t LED. Khi phan cc
thuan, cac electron t do khi qua moi noi PN b bat bi lo trong. Nhng
electron nay chuyen t mc co nang lng cao ve mc nang lng thap
hn va v vay giai phong nang l ng. oi vi diode thng nang lng
nay phat ra di dang nhiet. Nhng oi vi LED, nang lng giai phong
di dang cac bc xa anh sang. Trong nhieu ng dung, LED c
dung thay cho cac en neon v hoat ong ien the thap, tuoi tho cao
va tat m nhanh. Bang cach dung cac vat lieu khac nhau, nha may co
the tao ra cac LED mau o, luc , l, vang, cam hoac hong ngoai (khong
nhn thay). Cac LED phat ra mau thay c thng dung trong cac bo
ch th nh man hnh cua may tnh tay, ong ho. Cac LED hong ngoai
dung trong cac thiet b bao ong, cac o a CD.
Dong va the cua LED.
ien tr R
S
tren hnh 2-25b nham han che dong qua LED khong vt
qua gii han cho phep. Theo nh luat Ohm:

I
S
=(V
S
-V
D
)/R
S
(2-24)


Trang 32
Hau het cac diode thng mai co V
D
t 1.5V en 2.5V vi dong
t 10mA en 50mA. Gia tr chnh xac cua the ri tren LED phu thuoc
vao dong qua LED, mau LED va mot so yeu to khac. Tr khi c chu
thch, chung ta se dung V
D
=2V e phan tch cac mach co lien quan en
LED trong giao trnh nay.
The anh thung cua LED rat be, ch c 3-5V. LED thng dung
e ch th tnh trang co hay khong co nguon cua thiet b va goi la power
LED. Khi o mot diode chnh lu c mac song song ngc vi LED
e bao ve LED khoi b anh thung khi phan cc ngc.

b) Seven - Segment Display.
Hnh 2-26a trnh bay mot bo ch th dung en 7 oan. No cha 7
oan LED, anh so t A en G. Moi LED la 1 oan v no la 1 thanh
phan cua ky t ma no ch th. Hnh 2-26b la s o cua mot bo ch th 7
oan. Cac ien tr dung e han che dong qua LED. Cac LED c noi
theo kieu anode chung (cung co en 7 oan noi cathode chung). Bang
cach noi at mot hoac nhieu ien tr, chung ta se nhan c cac so t 0
en 9 va cac ky t nh A,b,C,d, E va F.



Hnh 2-26: Ch th 7 oan

c) Photodiode
Trong cac phan trc chung ta biet rang, mot thanh phan trong
dong ngc cua diode la dong cac hat mang thieu so. Cac hat mang nay
ton tai v nang lng nhiet co the lam bat (dislodging) mot electron hoa
tr khoi quy ao cua no tao ra mot electron t do va mot lo trong. Thi

Trang 33
gian song cua cac hat mang thieu so nay ngan, nhng trong khi ton tai,
chung tao ra dong ngc cua diode.
Khi chieu sang moi noi PN, nang lng cua anh sang (nang
lng nhiet) co the lam bat electron hoa tr ra khoi quy ao va tao ra
mot cap electron - lo trong. Photodiode la mot diode c che tao sao
cho no nhay vi anh sang. Trong photodiode, mot ca so dan anh sang
en moi noi PN. Anh sang cang manh, so cap electron -lo trong cang
nhieu va do o, dong ngc trong photodiode cang ln.
Hnh 2-27: Photodiode

Hnh 2-27 trnh bay ky hieu cua mot photodiode. Cac mui ten dung e
bieu th cho anh sang ti. Photodiode thng c ng dung khi ghep no vi
LED nh phan sau ay.


d) Optocoupler
Optocoupler con goi la optoisolator gom mot LED va mot
photodiode at trong mot vo nha vi 4 chan ra, nh hnh 2-28.
Hnh 2-28

Nguon the ben trai tao ra mot dong qua LED. Anh sang cua LED
tao ra dong ngc trong photodiode. Neu nh the loi vao thay oi th
dong qua photodiode thay oi. Ngha la chung ta a dung mot the (
ben trai hnh ve - au vao) e ieu khien mot dong ( ben phai hnh ve
- au ra).

Trang 34
u iem chu yeu cua optocoupler la s cach ien gia au vao
va au ra cua he. ien tr gia au vao va ra cua optocoupler co the
en hang ngan M. Optocoupler co the dung trong cac ng dung cao
the, o the gia au vao va ra co the khac nhau en hang ngan von.

e) Laser diode (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation)
S chuyen ngau nhien t mc nang lng cao ve mc nang lng
thap cua cac electron t do trong LED lam cho anh sang phat ra t mot
LED co pha thay oi trong mot vung rong t 0 en 360
0
. Nguon sang
co pha thay oi goi la nguon sang khong ket hp (Incoherent).
Trong diode laser th khac. No co the tao ra mot nguon sang ket
hp (Coherent), ngha la nguon sang ma tat ca cac song anh sang eu
cung pha vi nhau. Trong diode laser ngi ta dung buong cong hng
e kch thch cac anh sang bc xa tai mot tan so vi pha duy nhat. ac
iem cua nguon sang do diode laser phat ra la n sac, cung pha va v
vay co the hoi tu tot va co cng o ln. Cac diode laser cung c goi
la cac laser ban dan. Chung co the tao ra anh sang nhn thay cung nh
khong nhn thay (hong ngoai). Diode laser c dung nhieu trong cac
ng dung cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong.
Trang 35
Chng III
TRANSISTOR


Nam 1951 William Schockley a phat minh ra transistor, con goi la
transistor lng cc. Transistor la mot thiet b ban dan ma no co the khuyech
ai cac tn hieu ien t (dong hoac the). S kham pha ra transistor a dan en
viec tao ra hang loat cac thiet b ien t va cac mach tch hp ma chung ta
thng goi la cac IC (Integrated Circuits). Nh co IC ma ngay nay chung ta
co may tnh, truyen hnh, ien thoai di ong, ngi may va v.v

III.1 CAU TAO VA CAC DONG IEN TRONG TRANSISTOR
Hnh 3-1: Cau tao cua transistor

Mot transistor co 3 vung ban dan NPN nh hnh 3-1. Vung di cung la
vung Emitter (phat), vung gia goi la vung Base (goc), vung tren cung goi la
vung Collector (gop). Transistor nh hnh 3-1 goi la transistor NPN.
Transistor cung c che tao di dang PNP. Hoat ong cua transistor
NPN va transistor PNP ve c ban giong nhau. Trong chng nay chung ta se
ch phan tch transistor NPN.
Trong transistor vung emitter c pha tap nhieu. Vung base pha tap
rat t. Vung collector pha tap trung bnh.
Transistor trong hnh 3-1 gom 2 moi noi PN: moi noi base-emitter va
moi noi base-collector. V vay co the xem nh transistor gom 2 diode noi
ngc nhau. Cau hnh nay ch ung khi transistor khong phan cc. Ngi ta
thng dung cau hnh nay khi o th transistor. Neu 2 diode trong transistor
con tot th nhieu kha nang transistor cung con tot.
Trang 36
Transistor khong phan cc giong nh 2 diode noi ngc. Moi diode co
mot hang rao the c 0.7V (oi vi transistor Si). Khi noi transistor vi nguon
ngoai, se co cac dong ien qua cac vung khac nhau trong transistor.
Hnh 3-2: phan cc transistor

Trong hnh 3-2 dau tr bieu th cac electron t do trong vung emitter.
Nguon V
BB
phan cc thuan diode base - emitter. Trong khi nguon Vcc phan
cc ngc diode base - collector. Do emitter c pha tap manh, no phat cac
electron vao base. S pha tap t cua base co y ngha la lam cho hau het cac
electron t emitter khong b tai hp ma se en collector. Collector co ngha la
thu gop. Cc collector co nhiem vu thu cac electron t emitter.
Khi c phan cc, neu the V
BB
ln hn hang rao the, cac electron t
emitter se vao vung base. Ve mat ly thuyet cac electron nay se i theo 2
hng. Th nhat la vao vung base qua R
B
e en cc dng cua nguon V
BB
.
Th hai la vao collector. Do s pha tap cua vung base rat t, nen hau het cac
electron di chuyen len vung collector. Tai ay no b hut ve cc dng cua
nguon Vcc qua ien tr Rc.
Hnh 3-3: Ky hieu va cac dong ien trong transistor

Trang 37
Hnh 3-3 ch ra ky hieu tren s o cua mot transistor.
Theo nh luat Kirchhoff, ta co:
I
E
= I
B
+ I
C
(3-1)
ieu nay chng to rang: Dong cc e bang tong cua dong cc c va dong
cc b.
V dong cc b rat be nen co the xem rang
I
E
I
C
(3-2)
Ngi ta nh ngha He so
dc
cua transistor nh sau:

dc
= I
C
/ I
E
(3-3)
ln hn 0.99 oi vi cac transistor cong suat be, con oi vi cac
transistor cong suat ln hn 0.95.
Ngi ta cung nh ngha He so khuyech ai dong mot chieu

dc
= I
C
/ I
B
(3-4)
V du: mot transistor co dong Ic =10mA, dong Ib = 40A th

dc
= 10mA/ 40A = 250


III.2 NOI EMITTER CHUNG

Co 3 cach noi transistor thng dung la:
Noi E chung (Common Emitter - CE)
Noi C chung (Common Collector - CC)
Noi B chung (Common Base - CB)
Hnh 3-4: Noi CE
Trang 38
Trong hnh 3-4, phan chung la emitter v no c noi vi phan at
(Ground - GND) cua 2 nguon V
BB
va V
CC
. V vay mach nay goi la mach chung
emitter. Mach co 2 vong kn: vong base va vong collector.
Trong mach vong base, diode base - emitter c phan cc bi
nguonV
BB
. ien tr R
B
e han che dong base. Bang cach thay oi V
BB
hoac
R
B
chung ta co the thay oi dong base va v vay co the thay oi dong
collector. Noi cach khac chung ta co the ieu khien dong collector bang cach
ieu khien dong base. ieu nay rat quan trong v chung ta co the dung mot
dong be (dong base) e ieu khien mot dong ln (dong collector).
Lu y: Cac ch so di dung trong mach transistor co y ngha nh sau:
Chung ta dung cung ch so di e bieu th nguon nuoi. V du V
BB
hoac
V
CC
.
Ngc lai chung ta dung ch so di khac nhau e bieu th hieu ien
the gia cac iem. V du V
CE
la hieu ien the gia cc C va cc E.
Ta co:
V
CE
= V
C
- V
E

V
CB
= V
C
-V
B

V
BE
= V
B
-V
E

Trong cach noi CE, do V
E
= 0 nen
V
CE
= V
C

V
BE
= V
B



III.3 AC TUYEN BASE

ac tuyen base cua mot transistor giong nh cua mot diode thng nh
hnh ve 3-5. V vay co the dung cac gan ung cua diode khi phan tch mach
base cua transistor.

Hnh 3-5: ac tuyen base cua transistor
Trang 39
Ap dung nh luat Ohm cho mach vong base, chung ta thu c:
I
B
= (V
BB
-V
BE
)/ R
B
(3-5)
Xem diode ly tng th V
BE
=0. Trong gan ung bac 2,V
BE
=0.7V.

Hnh 3-6

V du: Dung gan ung bac 2 e tnh dong base trong hnh 3-6.
Sut the qua R
B
bang bao nhieu? Tnh dong collector biet
dc
=200.
Giai: The sut qua R
B
la
V
B
= V
BB
-V
BE
= 2V 0.7V = 1.3V
Dong base bang
I
B
= (V
BB
-V
BE
)/ R
B
= (2V 0.7V)/ 100K = 13A
Vi he so khuech ai
dc
=200, dong collector bang
I
C
=
dc
I
B
= 200x13A = 2.6mA



III.4 AC TUYEN COLLECTOR

ac tuyen collector la ng cong mo ta quan he gia dong I
C
va ien
ap ri tren transistor V
CE
.
Tren hnh 3-7a, bang cach thay oi V
BB
hoac V
CC
co the tao ra cac the
va dong khac nhau tren transistor. Chang han, co nh V
BB
e I
B
=10A, thay
oi V
CC
, o I
C
va V
CE
tng ng, chung ta co the ve ac tuyen collector nh
hnh 3-7b. So lieu c lay ng vi transistor 2N3904. Cac transistor khac co
the co so lieu khac nhng dang cua ng cong la tng t.
Khi V
CE
bang 0 diode collector khong phan cc nen dong collector
bang 0. Khi tang V
CE
tang th dong I
C
cung tang. Dong I
C
at gia tr bao hoa
1mA khi V
CE
ln hn c vai phan cua mot von.

Trang 40

Hnh 3-7

Vung dong hang cua transistor tren hnh 3-7b lien quan en cau tao
cua transistor. Sau khi diode collector phan cc ngc, cac electron t do phat
xa t emitter eu b collector thu gop. Gia tr cua dong nay ch phu thuoc so
electron phat xa t emitter hay ch phu thuoc mach base.
Khi tang V
CE
len qua 40V, diode CB b anh thung. Khi o dong
collector tang vot. Hoat ong bnh thng cua transistor a b pha huy. Cac
transistor khong c phep hoat ong che o nay v no se b hong. Cac bang
so lieu cua nha san xuat ghi gia tr the anh thung collector-emitter laV
CE(max)

hoac BV
CE
.
ien ap collector va cong suat.
Ap dung nh luat Kirchhoff cho mach vong collector, ta co
V
CE
= V
CC
- I
C
R
C
(3-6)
Cong suat tieu tan tren transistor bang
P
D
= V
CE
.I
C
(3-7)
Cong suat tieu tan P
D
lam cho nhiet o moi noi CB tang nhanh. Cong
suat tieu tan cang cao, nhiet o moi noi CB cang cao. Transistor se hong neu
nhiet o moi noi vt qua 150
O
C. Trong bang so lieu cua nha san xuat co ghi
P
D(max)
la cong suat tieu tan toi a. e transistor hoat ong bnh thng th P
D
tnh theo (3-7) phai be hn P
D(max)
.
Trang 41
Theo ng ac tuyen collector, transistor co 3 vung hoat ong:
Vung tac ong (active region) con goi la vung hoat.
Vung anh thung (breakdown region).
Vung bao hoa (saturation region).
Vung tac ong cua transistor la vung co I
C
la hang so.Vung anh thung
ng vi V
CE
> 40V. Vung bao hoa cua transistor la vung co the V
CE
be hn 1V.
Ngi ta s dung transistor vung tac ong e khuyech ai tn hieu.
Neu ve nhieu ng ac tuyen collector tren cung mot o th chung ta
co hnh ve 3-8.
Hnh 3-8

Tren hnh 3-8 co mot ng cong ac biet. o la ng di cung,
o I
B
=0 nhng van co dong I
C
be chay qua transistor. o la dong r cua
transistor do cac hat mang thieu so tao ra. Mien gii han bi ng cong co
I
B
=0 va truc hoanh goi la vung ngng dan cua transistor.
Tom lai, transistor co 4 vung hoat ong: tac ong, ngng dan, bao hoa
va anh thung. Vung tac ong thng ng dung e khuyech ai tn hieu be.
Vung tac ong con goi la vung tuyen tnh v s thay oi cua dong I
C
(tn hieu
ra) ty le tuyen tnh vi s thay oi cua dong I
B
(tn hieu vao). Trong cac thiet
b ky thuat so va may tnh, transistor thng hoat ong vung ngng dan hoac
bao hoa hay con goi la che o khoa (switching mode).
V du: Transistor tren hnh 3-9 co
dc
=300. Tnh I
B
, I
C
,V
CE
va P
D
.
Giai:
I
B
= (V
BB
-V
BE
)/ R
B
= (10V 0.7V)/ 1M = 9.3A
Dong collector bang
I
C
=
dc
I
B
= 300.(9.3A)= 2.79mA
The collector bang
V
CE
= V
CC
- I
C
R
C
=10V-(2.79mA)(2K)=4.42V
Trang 42
Hnh 3-9

Cong suat tieu tan
P
D
= V
CE
.I
C
= (4.42V).(2.79mA)= 12.3mW


III.5 CAC GAN UNG CHO TRANSISTOR


Hnh 3-10


Trang 43
Hnh 3-10a ve s o transistor. V
BE
la the tren diode emitter. V
CE
la
the gia cac cc collector va emitter. Chung ta hay xem xet cac mach
tng ng cua transistor nay.
a) Gan ung ly tng. Hnh 3-10b la mach tng ng cua mot transistor
trong gan ung ly tng. Mo hnh nay thng dung khi phan tch mach vi
nguon V
BB
ln. Luc nay chung ta dung gan ung ly tng cho diode emitter
khi tnh dong base.
b) Gan ung bac 2. Hnh 3-10c la mach tng ng cua mot transistor trong
gan ung bac 2. Mo hnh nay thng dung khi phan tch mach vi nguon
V
BB
be. Luc nay chung ta dung xap x bac 2 cho diode emitter khi tnh
dong base. oi vi transistor Si, V
BE
=0.7V. Transistor Ge co V
BE
=0.3V.
Trong gan ung bac 2, dong base va v vay dong collector khac mot chut
so vi gan ung ly tng.
c) Xap x cao hn. ien tr noi cua diode emitter tr nen quan trong ch
trong cac ng dung cong suat cao ma o dong rat ln. Anh hng cua
ien tr noi emitter la cho the V
BE
co the en c 1V khi dong base ln.
Cung nh diode base, ien tr noi cua diode collector co anh hng ang
ke trong mot so ng dung. Cung vi ien tr noi emitter va collector,
transistor co mot so cac hieu ng bac cao khac lam cho viec tnh toan bang
tay tr nen kho khan. V ly do nay, cac tnh toan sau gan ung bac 2 can
phai s dung may tnh.
Hnh 3-11

V du 1: Dung gan ung ly tng tnh the V
CE
cua transistor trong mach
hnh 3-11.
Transistor ly tng co ngha la V
BE
=0. Do o dong base bang
I
B
= 15V/ 470K = 31.9A
Dong collector bang
I
C
= 100(31.9A)= 3.19mA
The collector-emitter cua transistor bang
Trang 44
V
CE
= 15V (3.19mA)(3.6K)= 3.52V
Trong cac tnh toan, t khi phai tnh dong emitter. ay, chung ta th
tnh dong emitter. No bang
I
E
=I
C
+I
B
= 3.19mA + 31.9A = 3.2mA
Co the thay rang I
E
I
C
V du 2: Dung gan ung bac 2 tnh the V
CE
cua transistor trong mach
hnh 3-11.
Transistor gan ung bac 2 co V
BE
=0.7V, do o dong base bang
I
B
= 14.3V/ 470K = 30.4A
Dong collector bang
I
C
= 100(30.4A) = 3.04mA
The collector - emitter cua transistor bang
V
CE
= 15V - (3.04mA)(3.6K) = 4.06V
Nhan xet:
S khac nhau cua V
CE
trong gan ung ly tng va gan ung bac 2 la c
0.5V. Tuy thuoc vao ng dung ma chung ta s dung gan ung hp ly.


III.6 S THAY OI CUA HE SO KHUYECH AI DONG IEN

He so khuyech ai dong ien cua transistor phu thuoc vao 3 yeu to:
loai transistor
dong collector
nhiet o
V vay Bang so lieu cua transistor 2N3904 cho thay hfe
min
=100 va
hfe
max
=300 tai nhiet o 25
0
C va dong collector 10mA. Neu chung ta lap rap
hang ngan mach transistor 2N3904 chung ta se nhan c he so khuyech ai
dong be nhat la 100 va ln nhat la 300.
Anh hng cua dong collector va nhiet o oi vi he so khuyech ai co
the thay ro qua bang so lieu sau:

I
C
(mA) h
FE
(min) h
FE
(max)
0.1 40 -
1 70 -
10 100 300
50 60 -
100 30 -

Trang 45
Ro rang rang 2N3904 se hoat ong tot nhat tai dong I
C
=10mA.

III.7 NG TAI (LOAD LINE)

Hnh 3-12 la mach transistor noi CE. Cho cac gia tr cua R
B
,
dc
chung
ta co the tnh dong I
C
va the V
CE
.
Hnh 3-12

S phan cc base. Hnh 3-12 la mot v du ve mach phan cc base ma
no co ngha la tao ra mot dong base co nh. V du, neu R
B
=1M th dong
base bang 14.3A (gan ung bac 2). Dong nay luon xap x gia tr 14.3A khi
chung ta thay the transistor khac va ngay ca khi nhiet o thay oi.
Neu
dc
=100 th dong collector xap x 1.43mA va the collector - base
bang:
V
CE
= V
CC
- I
C
R
C
=15V (1.43mA).(3K)=10.7V
Vay iem tnh Q (quiescent) xac nh dong va the tren transistor la
I
C
= 1.43mA va V
CE
=10.7V

Phng phap o th. Chung ta co the tm iem Q bang phng phap o
th da tren ng tai (load line) cua transistor. ng tai la ng cong cho
quan he I
C
va V
CE
cua mot transistor theo phng trnh sau
V
CE
= V
CC
- I
C
R
C
Hay
I
C
= (V
CC
-V
CE
)/ R
C
(3-8)
(3-8) la mot phng trnh tuyen tnh va o th cua no la mot ng
thang. ng nay goi la ng tai v no phan anh s anh hng cua R
C
len I
C

va V
CE
.
Theo (3-8), vi V
CC
=15V, R
E
= 3K ng tai cat truc tung tai
I
C
= V
CC
/R
E
= 15V/3K = 5mA
va cat truc hoanh tai
V
CE
=V
CC
=15V
Hnh 3-13 cho thay ng thang nay.
Trang 46


Hnh 3-13

ng tai cho thay iem tnh Q co the nhan nhng gia tr kha d nao.
Noi cach khac, ng tai cho biet tat ca cac kha nang kha d cua iem Q.
iem bao hoa. Khi R
B
be dong I
C
rat ln lam cho the V
CE
cua transistor
at gia tr xap x 0V. Trong trng hp nay, transistor a trang thai bao hoa,
ngha la dong I
C
a tang en gia tr cc ai kha d.
iem bao hoa la iem ma o ng tai tiem can vi vung bao hoa
cua transistor. V V
CE
rat be nen iem bao hoa nam gan au tren cua ng
tai. iem bao hoa cho thay dong collector a at c gia tr cc ai kha d
oi vi mach ang xet. V du, tren mach hnh 3-14a transistor vao trang thai
bao hoa khi I
C
=5mA, luc nay V
CE
xap x 0V.
e tm ra dong I
C
bao hoa chung ta hnh dung ngan mach cc C va cc
E cua transistor nh hnh 3-14b. V V
CE
= 0V nen toan bo nguon V
CC
=15V
c at len R
C
. Vay dong I
C
bao hoa bang 5mA.
Bieu thc tnh dong bao hoa cua transistor la
I
C(sat)
= V
CC
/ R
E
(3-9)
iem ngng dan (CUTOFF POINT). iem ngng dan la iem ma tai o
ng tai tiem can vi vung ngng dan cua transistor. V dong collector tai
iem cutoff rat be nen iem cutoff gan vi au cuoi phia di cua ng tai
nh hnh 3-13. iem cutoff cho thay the V
CE
cc ai oi vi mot mach. e tm
iem cutoff chung ta hnh dung transistor h mach gia cc C va cc E nh
hnh 3-14c, khi o the V
CE
cc ai kha d la 15V, bang gia tr cua nguon cung
cap V
CC
. Khong co dong I
C
nen nguon V
CC
at het len cc C va E cua
transistor.
Trang 47
V
CE(cutoff)
= V
CC
(3-10)
Hnh 3-14: Tm 2 iem au cuoi cua ng tai



V du: Tnh dong bao hoa va the cutoff cho mach hnh 3-15

Hnh 3-15

I
C(sat)
= V
CC
/ R
E
= 30V / 3K = 10mA
V
CE(cutoff)
= V
CC
=30V
Trang 48


III.8 IEM LAM VIEC VA CAC CHE O CUA TRANSISTOR

Moi mach transitor co mot ng tai. Cho mot mach transistor bat ky co
the tnh dong bao hoa va the ngng dan. Chung chnh la cac iem tng ng
tren truc tung (I
C(sat)
) va tren truc hoanh (V
CC
) cua ng ganh.
Hnh 3-16 ch ra mot mach phan cc base vi R
B
=500K. ng tai i
qua I
C(sat)
= 5mA va V
CC
= 15V (the gia C va E khi transistor ngng dan).
Gia s transistor la ly tng, dong base bang
I
B
=15V/500K = 30A.
Hnh 3-16

Neu he so khuech ai dong la 100 th dong collector bang
I
C
=100.30A= 3mA
The V
CE
cua transitor bang
V
CE
= 15V-(3mA)(3K) = 6V
Vay transistor tren mach hnh 3-16 co iem lam viec Q xac nh bi
hai tham so
I
C
= 3mA va V
CE
= 6V
Goi la iem Q (quiscent) v no xac nh bi the va dong DC (tnh) cua
transistor. iem Q cua transistor co the thay oi v nhieu ly do. Chang han he
so khuyech ai dong thay oi t 50 en 150 nhng I
B
khong oi va bang 30A
th dong I
C
thay oi t 1.5mA en 4.5mA va v vay the V
CE
se thay oi t
10.5V en 1.5V. Neu
dc
thay oi nhieu hn na, iem Q co the ri vao vung
bao hoa hoac ngng dan va transistor trong mach se khong con khuyech ai
tn hieu na.
Ro rang la iem Q cua mach phan cc base rat nhay vi s thay oi
cua
dc
. Ngi ta co the khac phuc nhc iem nay bang cac mach phan cc
loai khac.
Co 2 che o lam viec cua cac transistor la:
Che o khuyech ai
Trang 49
Che o cong tac (switch)
Trong che o khuyech ai, iem Q phai trong vung tac ong di
moi ieu kien. Trong che o switch, transistor chuyen gia 2 trang thai bao
hoa va ngng dan. Viec phan tch hoat ong cua transistor che o switch se
c trnh bay trong phan sau ay.



III.9 TRANSISTOR SWITCH

Mach phan cc base thng c dung trong cac mach so (digital
circuits) v chung c thiet ke e transistor lam viec vung bao hoa
va ngng dan. iem Q cua cac transistor trong mach so chuyen gia
vung bao hoa va ngng dan ma khong trong vung khuyech ai. Trong
trng hp nay s thay oi cua Q khong quan trong.
Hnh 3-17 la s o mot mach transistor lam viec che o khoa.
Trong o transistor c phan cc base che o bao hoa sau (dong
phan cc base ln v vay lam cho dong collector ln hn dong collector
bao hoa).
Hnh 3-17
Khi SW ong, dong base xap x 1mA (ln hn dong base can
thiet e transistor bao hoa) va lam cho transistor bao hoa sau. V vay
the V
CE
=0. Khi SW h, khong co dong base va v vay V
CE
=V
CC

The loi ra (Vout) cua mach transistor trong che o SW co 2 trang
thai: ien the cao (bang V
CC
) va ien the thap (0V). Lu y rang gia tr
chnh xac cua the loi ra trong mach switch khong quan trong ma quan
trong la cho 2 trang thai nay phai khac nhau (phan biet c).
Trang 50
Mach khoa con goi la mach 2 trang thai tng ng vi 2 trang
thai cua loi ra.
V du: neu nguon V
CC
trong mach 3-17 giam con 5V va dong ro
collector la 50nA. Tnh the loi ra 2 trang thai biet rang the bao hoa
cua transistor la V
C (sat)
=0.15V.
Khi transistor ngng dan the tren transistor bang
V
CE
=5V- (50nA)(1K)=4.99995V
Khi transistor bao hoa, the V
CE
=V
CE(sat)
=0.15V
Tr khi la nha thiet ke, chung ta se khong quan tam en gia tr chnh
xac cua the ra trong cac mach so. Van e la cho the ra phai co 2 gia
tr phan biet (gan 5 V khi ngng dan va xap x 0V khi bao hoa).


III.10 PHAN CC EMITTER

Trong cac mach khuyech ai chung ta can mach transistor ma
iem Q co kha nang on nh hay khong b anh hng bi s thay oi
cua
dc
.
Hnh 3-18

Hnh 3-18 cho thay mot mach phan cc emitter trong o ien tr
a c chuyen t mach base sang mach emitter. iem Q cua mach
nay rat on nh. No hau nh khong thay oi khi
dc
thay oi t 50 en
150.
Nguon V
BB
bay gi ap trc tiep vao base. The cc E cho bi
phng trnh
V
E
=V
BB
-V
BE
(3-11)
Neu V
BB
> 20V
BE
, gan ung ly tng se cho ket qua chnh xac.
Neu V
BB
< 20V
BE
, se phai dung gan ung bac 2.
Trang 51
Chung ta hay tnh cac thong so cua mach phan cc emitter tren
hnh 3-19. V V
BB
=5V, chung ta se dung xap x bac 2. Khi o
V
E
= 5V - 0.7V = 4.3V
Dong emitter bang
I
E
= 4.3V/2.2K = 1.95mA
ieu nay cung co ngha la I
C
xap x 1.95mA.
Hnh 3-19

Dong I
C
nay se tao mot sut the 1.95V tren R
C
. Do o the tai C so vi at
bang:
V
C
= 15V 1.95V = 13.1V
T nay tr i, chung ta goi the cua collector so vi at la the collector.
Hieu ien the ri tren transistor bang
V
CE
= 13.1V 4.3 V = 8.8V
Vay mach phan cc emitter tren hnh 3-19 co iem Q xac nh
nh sau: I
C
= 1.95mA va V
CE
=8.8V
Chung ta hay xem mach chong lai s thay oi cua he so khuyech
ai dong ra sao? Qua trnh tnh toan e tm ra iem Q a cho thay ieu
o. Thc vay, e tm ra iem Q cua mach phan cc emitter chung ta a:
tnh the emitter
tnh dong emitter
tm the collector
tr the collector cho the emitter e co c the V
CE
.
Trong qua trnh tnh Q chung ta khong s dung
dc
. ieu o co ngha la
gia tr
dc
khong anh hng en gia tr cua Q. Tren thc te chung ta a
co nh the emitter va do o co nh dong emitter. V vay ket qua la
iem Q khong thay oi khi
dc
thay oi. Mot cach chnh xac th
dc
co
anh hng ti iem Q nh phan tch sau ay.

Trang 52
Anh hng cua he so khuyech ai dong

dc
co anh hng nho len dong collector. Di moi ieu kien hoat
ong, cac dong trong transistor quan he vi nhau bi phng trnh
I
E
=I
C
+I
B

hay
I
E
=I
C
+I
C
/
dc

Vay
I
C
=(
dc
/ (
dc
+1))I
E

ai lng
dc
/(
dc
+1) goi la he so sai so. Neu
dc
=100 th dong
I
C
bang 99% dong I
E
. Vay khi ta noi dong I
C
bang dong I
E
th sai so la
1%.


III.11 PHOTOTRANSISTOR

Phototransistor giong het nh photodiode nhng rat nhay. Dong
ra cua phototransistor ln hn dong vao
dc
lan.

Hnh 3-20

Nhng phototransistor co toc o cham hn photodidoe. Mot
photodiode co dong ra c nA nhng co the on/off c ns. Trong khi o
dong ra cua phototransistor c mA nhng toc o on/off c s.
Hnh 3-20 la s o mot phototransistor noi vi mot LED. Thiet b
nay goi la Optocoupler hay con goi la isolator. No cach ly gia au vao
va au ra nhng moi s thay oi cua the vao Vs eu phan anh the ra
tren collector cua transistor. That vay, nguon Vs thay oi lam cho dong
qua LED thay oi va v vay lng anh sang en cc B phototransistor
thay oi. Ket qua la dong I
C
cua transistor thay oi va the V
C
thay oi.
Trang 53
V du: Hnh 3-21 la s o nhan biet thi iem the xoay chieu qua
gia tr 0V (zero crossing) nham ong bo hoat ong cua 1 so thiet b vi
tan so ien li. u iem cua s o la khong can bien the cach ly gia
au vao va au ra. Phototransistor chnh la mach cach ly.
Bo qua sut the tren cac diode nan, dong qua LED bang
I
LED
= 1.411(115V)/16K = 10.2mA
Gia tr bao hoa cua dong phototransistor la
I
C(sat)
= 20V/ 10K = 2mA
Hnh 3-21

Khi xay ra zero crossing, dong qua LED bang 0 va v vay
phototransistor ngng dan. Tai collector chung ta thu c the cao bang
nguon cung cap.


Trang 54


Chng IV
PHAN CC TRANSISTOR


IV.1 PHAN CC BANG CAU CHIA THE

Hnh 4-1a la mach phan cc transistor c dung rat pho bien trong cac
ng dung: phan cc bang cau chia the. Mach phan cc la cau chia the gom 2
ien tr R
1
va R
2
. V vay mach goi la mach phan cc bang cau chia the. Tieng
Anh la Voltage Divider Bias (VDB).
a) b) c)
Hnh 4-1: Phan cc VDB

Phan tch n gian (simplified analysis). Trong mach VDB c thiet
ke tot dong base nho hn dong chay qua cau chia the. Do o dong base anh
hng khong ang ke len cau chia the. V vay co the ngat mach base khoi cau
chia the e co mach tng ng nh hnh 4-1b. Trong mach nay, the ra cua
cau chia the bang
V
TH
= (R
2
V
CC
)/(R
1
+R
2
)


Ly tng th V
TH
chnh la nguon nuoi mach base V
BB
nh hnh 4-1c.
Phan cc bang cau chia the thc chat la phan cc emitter. Noi cach
khac hnh 4-1c la mach tng ng cua hnh 4-1a. Vay mach phan cc VDB
tao ra dong emitter co nh. Do o mach phan cc VDB co iem Q khong phu
thuoc dc.
Trang 55
Co mot sai so nho trong cach tiep can n gian nay. Chung ta se phan
tch no trong cac phan sau. iem mau chot (crucial) ay la: trong mot mach
VDB c thiet ke tot, sai so khi s dung mach tng ng hnh 4-1c la rat
be. Noi cach khac, cac nha thiet ke chon la co can nhac cac gia tr linh kien
sao cho mach hnh 4-1a giong nh mach hnh 4-1c.
Ket luan: Trong mach phan cc VDB, sau khi tnh V
BB
, phan tnh toan
con lai giong het nh cac bc tnh cho mach phan cc emitter chng 3.
ay chung ta liet ke ra cac phng trnh co the dung khi phan tch mach VDB.
V
BB
=(R
2
/(R
1
+R
2
))V
CC
(4-1)
V
E
=V
BB
-V
BE
(4-2)
I
E
=V
E
/R
E
(4-3)
I
C
I
E
(4-4)
V
C
= V
CC
- I
C
R
C
(4-5)
V
CE
= V
C
- V
E
(4-6)
Cac bc phai lam la:
Tnh the V
BB
cua cau chia the
Tr 0.7V e co the emitter
Chia cho ien tr emitter e co dong emitter
Gia s dong collector xap x dong emitter
Tnh the collector so vi at bang cach tr V
CC
cho sut the tren R
C

Tnh the V
CE
bang cach tr V
C
cho V
E


V du: Tnh V
CE
cho mach hnh 4-2.
Hnh 4-2

Cau chia the tao ra the khong tai bang
V
BB
= (2.2K / (10K+2.2K) )10V = 1.8V
V
E
= 1.8V - 0.7V =1.1V
Dong emitter bang
I
E
= 1.1V/1K = 1.1mA
Trang 56
V dong collector xap x dong emitter nen the collector so vi at bang
V
C
= 10V (1.1mA)(3.6K)= 6.04V
Hieu the gia collector va emitter bang
V
CE
= 6.04V 1.1V = 4.94V


IV.2 PHAN TCH CHNH XAC MACH VDB

Chung ta bat au phan nay bang nh ngha mach VDB c thiet ke
tot. o la mach ma trong o cau chia the to ra manh (stiff) oi vi tr khang
vao cua mach base.
ien tr nguon. Trong chng 1 chung ta a noi en nguon the manh
nh sau:
Nguon the manh co R
S
<0.01R
L
. Neu thoa ieu kien nay th the tren tai
ch khac gia tr ly tng 1%.
Bay gi chung ta m rong y tng nay cho cau chia the.
Trc het tnh tr Thevenin cua cau chia the tren hnh 4-3a. No bang
R
TH
= R
1
//R
2

Hnh 4-3

Do co R
TH
nen cac phan tch chnh xac hn cho mach VDB phai tnh
en R
TH
nh hnh 4-3b. Dong chay qua ien tr R
TH
lam giam the V
BB
.
Vay the base giam bao nhieu so vi gia tr ly tng? Theo hnh 4-3c,
nhn t cc base chung ta thay mot ien tr vao R
IN
. e cau chia the manh
oi vi base th theo qui tac 100:1 chung ta co
R
1
//R
2
< 0.01R
IN
(4-7)
Mot mach VDB c goi la thiet ke tot neu thoa man (4-7)
Trang 57

Cau chia the manh
Neu transistor tren mach hnh 4-3c co dc =100 th dong collector ln
hn dong base 100 lan hay dong emitter cung ln hn dong base 100 lan. Nhn
t phia base, tr emitter 100 lan ln hn. Tong quat, khi nhn t base ien tr
emitter ln hn dc lan.
R
IN
=dcR
E
(4-8)
Phng trnh (4-7) co the viet lai nh sau
R1//R2<0.01dcR
E
(4-9)
Khi co the, cac nha thiet ke chon cac gia tr cua mach theo qui tac
100:1 bi v no tao ra mach co iem Q sieu on nh.
Cau chia the yeu (firm)
oi khi thiet ke cau chia the manh tao ra ket qua la cac ien tr R1 va
R2 qua be do o gay ra mot so he qua khac. Trong trng hp nay cac nha
thiet ke phai thoa hiep bang quy tac cau chia the yeu nh sau:
Cau chia the yeu neu thoa ieu kien
R1//R2<0.1dcR
E
(4-10)
Moi cau chia the thoa man qui tac 10:1 la cau chia the yeu. Trong
trng hp xau nhat, dung cau chia the yeu co the lam dong collector giam
10% so vi gia tr cau chia the manh. ieu nay la chap nhan c trong nhieu
ng dung bi v mach VDB van co iem Q u on nh.
Xap x gan hn
e tnh chnh xac gia tr cua dong I
E
co the dung phng trnh sau:
I
E
= (V
BB
-V
BE
) / (R
E
+ (R1//R2)/dc) (4-11)
Phng trnh (4-11) cho gia tr I
E
chnh xac hn. Nhng (4-11) kha
phc tap. V vay khi co yeu cau tnh toan chnh xac mach VDB ngi ta dung
EWB.

V du: Cau chia the tren hnh 4-4 co la cau chia the manh? Tnh gia tr
chnh xac cua I
E
dung (4-11).
Cau chia the manh neu thoa ieu kien
R1//R2<0.01dcR
E

Tren hnh 4-4, ien tr Thevenin cua cau chia the bang
R1//R2=10K//2.2K=1.8K
ien tr vao cua base bang
R
IN
= dcR
E
= 200(1K)=200K

Trang 58
Hnh 4-4

ien tr Thevenin cua cau la 1.8K nho hn 2K (1% cua R
IN
) do o
cau chia the la manh.
Theo (4-11), dong I
E
bang
I
E
= (1.8V-0.7V)/ (1K+1.8K/200) = 1.09mA
Gia tr nay gan vi 1.1mA la gia tr tnh bang phan tch n gian.
Vay khi cau chia the la manh th chung ta khong dung cong thc (4-11)
e tnh I
E
. T nay ve sau cac tnh toan cua chung ta oi vi mach VDB la
theo phan tch n gian.



IV.3 NG TAI VDB VA IEM Q

Tren hnh 4-5, v cau chia the la manh nen the emitter gi gia tr 1.1V
trong cac phan tch sau ay.
iem Q
iem Q a c tnh trong bai IV-1. No co dong I
C
=1.1mA va
V
CE
=4.94V. iem Q nh the c ve tren hnh 4-5. Do phan cc VDB la bien
the cua phan cc emitter nen iem Q khong phu thuoc dc. e thay oi iem
Q tren hnh 4-5 co the thay oi R
E
.
V du, neu R
E
thay oi en 2.2K th dong I
E
va the V
C
thay oi nh
sau
I
E
= 1.1V/2.2K = 0.5mA
V
C
= 10V-(0.5mA)(3.6K)=8.2V
V
CE
= 8.2V-1.1V = 7.1V

Trang 59
Hnh 4-5

iem Q mi la Q
L
(0.5mA,7.1V)
Ngc lai neu giam R
E
con 510 th dong emitter va the collector mi la:
I
E
= 1.1V/ 510 = 2.15mA
V
C
= 10V (2.15mA)(3.6K)=2.26V
V
CE
= 2.26V-1.1V = 1.16V
Trong trng hp nay iem Q mi la Q
H
(2.15mA, 1.16V)

iem Q gia ng tai.
Cac gia tr V
CC
, R
1
, R
2
, R
C
eu

co anh hng en iem Q. Trong thiet
ke thng ngi ta chon cac gia tr nay theo yeu cau cho trc. Khi o neu R
E

thay oi se lam cho Q dch chuyen tren ng tai. Neu R
E
qua ln iem Q se
dch en vung ngng dan. Neu R
E
qua be iem Q se dch en vung bao hoa.
e at c s on nh, iem Q thng c chon gia ng tai cho mach
khuyech ai.


IV.4 PHAN CC EMITTER DUNG 2 NGUON NUOI

Mot so thiet b ien t co bo nguon 2 cc tnh: nguon dng va nguon
am. V du, mach hnh 4-6 ch ra mot transistor co 2 nguon nuoi: +10V va
2V. Nguon am 2V phan cc thuan cho diode emitter. Nguon dng +10V
phan cc ngc cho diode collector. Mach phan cc nay la mach phan cc
emitter. Do o no co ten la mach phan cc emitter 2 nguon nuoi (Two Supply
Emitter Bias = TSEB).

Trang 60
Hnh 4-6

Trong cac mach TSEB thiet ke ung, dong base rat be v vay the base
xap x 0V nh hnh 4-7.
Hnh 4-7

Hieu the gia 2 au R
E
la
R
E
= -0.7V- (-2V)= +1.3V
Dong I
E
bang
I
E
= 1.3V/ 1K = 1.3mA
Dong I
C
xap x I
E
chay qua R
C
do o the tai cc C cua transistor bang
V
C
= 10V (1.3mA)(3.6K) = 5.32V
The V
CE
= V
C
-V
E
= 5.32V-(-0.7V)=6.02V

Tom lai, khi mot mach TSEB thiet ke tot, no tng ng vi mach
phan cc VDB va neu thoa man qui tac 100:1 tc la
R
B
<0.01dcR
E
(4-12)
Khi o co the dung cac phng trnh sau e phan tch mach TSEB

Trang 61
V
B
= 0V (4-13)
I
E
=(V
EE
- 0.7V)/R
E
(4-14)
V
C
=V
CC
-I
C
R
C
(4-15)
V
CE
=V
C
+0.7V (4-16)



IV.5 CAC PHAN CC KHAC

Trong phan nay chung ta xem xet mot so kieu phan cc khac. Viec
phan tch chi tiet cac kieu phan cc nay la khong can thiet v chung t c
dung trong cac thiet ke mi.

a) Phan cc phan hoi emitter

Nhc iem chnh cua phan cc base tren hnh 4-8a la Q thay oi theo
dc. e khac phuc ngi ta dung mach phan cc phan hoi emitter nh hnh 4-
8b. Y tng chnh la a vao ien tr emitter e chong lai s troi cua Q khi
dc thay oi. Cu the la khi I
C
tang lam cho V
E
tang

-> V
B
tang -> I
B
giam ->
I
C
giam. S phan hoi nay la phan hoi am (negative feedback). Goi la phan
hoi v s thay oi the emitter c phan hoi tr lai the base. Mac khac, phan
hoi la am v sau qua trnh phan hoi, dong I
C
thay oi ngc lai vi s thay oi
ban au. Vay phan hoi am tao ra s on nh.
Hnh 4-8: Phan cc phan hoi emitter

Sau ay la cac phng trnh dung cho mach phan cc phan hoi emitter.

Trang 62
I
E
= (V
CC
-V
BE
)/(R
E
+R
B
/dc) (4-17)
V
E
=R
E
I
E
(4-18)
V
B
=V
E
+0.7V (4-19)
V
C
=V
CC
-R
C
I
C
(4-20)
Y nh cua phan cc phan hoi emitter la loai bo dc khoi phng trnh
(4-17) bang cach chon R
E
>R
B
/dc. Neu ieu kien nay thoa th (4-17) khong
phu thuoc dc.
Hnh 4-9 la mot mach phan cc phan hoi emitter cu the. Tren thc te
phan cc nay khong tot hn phan cc base.
Hnh 4-9

b) Phan cc phan hoi collector
Hnh 4-10: Phan cc phan hoi collector

Hnh 4-10 ch ra mach phan cc phan hoi collector, con goi la mach t
phan cc. Y tng c ban la co on nh iem Q bang cach phan hoi mot ien
the ve base e bu lai s thay oi cua dong collector. V du I
C
tang -> V
C

giam -> V
B
giam -> I
B
giam > I
C
giam.
Trang 63
Sau ay la cac phng trnh dung cho mach phan cc phan hoi collector
I
E
= (V
CC
-V
BE
)/(R
C
+R
B
/dc) (4-21)
V
B
=0.7V (4-22)
V
C
=V
CC
-I
C
R
C
(4-23)
iem Q nam gia ng tai neu chon
R
B
=dcR
C
(4-24)
Mach phan cc phan hoi collector co tac dung on nh iem Q tot hn
phan cc phan hoi emitter. Mac du van co s troi cua Q theo dc nhng mach
phan cc nay thng c dung v s n gian.

c) Phan cc phan hoi collector va emitter
Phan cc phan hoi emitter va phan hoi collector la nham on nh iem
Q. Mac du y tng la tot nhng s phan hoi lai khong u e on nh Q theo
dc. Hnh 4-11 la mot mach phan cc trong o s dung ca 2 loai phan hoi:
phan hoi emitter va phan hoi collector nham cai thien o on nh cua Q.
Hnh 4-11

Sau ay la cac phng trnh dung cho mach phan cc phan hoi emitter -
collector.
I
E
= (V
CC
-V
BE
)/(R
C
+R
B
/dc) (4-25)
V
E
=R
E
I
E
(4-26)
V
B
=V
E
+ 0.7V (4-27)
V
C
=V
CC
-R
C
I
C
(4-28)



IV.6 TRANSISTOR PNP
Trang 64


Hnh 4-12: Transistor PNP

Hnh 4-12 ch ra cau truc , ky hieu va mo hnh tng ng cua
transistor PNP. Cung giong nh transistor NPN, tong dong trong transistor tuan
theo nh luat Kirchhoff.
Mach cho transitor PNP (xem hnh 4-13) hoan toan giong mach cho
transistor NPN. Ch co 2 ieu khac biet:
Transistor la loai PNP
Nguon am


Hnh 4-13: Mach transistor PNP



Trang 65

Chng V
CAC CHE O AC CUA TRANSISTOR


V.1 KHUYECH AI PHAN CC BASE

Trong phan nay chung ta se phan tch mach khuyech ai phan cc base.
Mac du mach khuyech ai base khong pho bien trong cac san pham ien t
nhng cac y tng c ban cua no c dung nhieu trong cac mach khuyech ai
phc hp khac.
TU NOI
Hnh 5-1

Hnh 5-1a la mot nguon the ac c noi ti au vao cua mot mach RC.
Cau hnh nay la mach tng ng au vao cua nhieu mach khuyech ai. V
tr khang cua tu ty le nghch vi tan so nen tu C ngan can hoan toan thanh
phan dc cua nguon va ch truyen thanh phan ac. tan so u cao th tr khang
cua tu be do o hau het thanh phan ac cua nguon xuat hien tren R. Trong
trng hp nay tu C goi la tu noi v no noi hoac chuyen tn hieu ac en R. Vai
tro cua tu C la cho phep truyen thanh phan ac t nguon en mach khuyech ai
ma khong lam thay oi iem Q cua mach.
e cho mot tu C co the xem la tu noi th tai tan so tn hieu thap nhat, tr
khang cua tu phai be hn nhieu so vi R. Ngi ta nh ngha
Tu noi tot neu thoa ieu kien:
X
C
< 0.1R (5-1)
Ngha la tr khang cua tu C phai be hn 10 lan R tai tan so hoat ong
thap nhat.
Khi thoa man qui tac 10:1, hnh 5-1a co the thay bang hnh 5-1b. Noi
cach khac oi vi cac mach thoa qui tac 10:1 co the thay the tat ca cac tu noi C
bang mot ngan mach oi vi thanh phan ac.
Trang 66

Mat khac nguon dc co tan so bang 0 nen tr khang cua C oi vi thanh
phan dc la vo cung. Bi vay, chung ta se dung gan ung sau cho tu C:
oi vi thanh phan dc tu C xem nh h mach
oi vi thanh phan ac tu C xem nh noi tat

CHE O DC

Hnh 5-2

Chung ta hay xet mach phan cc base tren hnh 5-2a. The dc tai base la
0.7V, trong gan ung bac 1, dong I
B
bang:
I
B
=30A
Vi he so khuyech ai dong 100 th dong I
C
bang
I
C
=3mA
The collector bang
V
C
=30V-(3mA)(5K)=15V
iem Q co toa o 3mA va 15V.

MACH KHUYECH AI
Hnh 5-2b cho thay mot mach khuyech ai transistor phan cc base. Cac
tu noi c dung au vao va au ra nham cach ly thanh phan dc cua mach
vi nguon ac vao va vi tai R
L
. Muc ch chnh la khong cho nguon ac va tr
tai R
L
thay oi iem Q.
Tren hnh 5-2b, nguon the ac co gia tr 100V. Do tu noi ngan mach oi
vi thanh phan ac nen toan bo thanh phan ac cua nguon the vao xuat hien tai
base. The ac nay se tao ra dong base xoay chieu ma no cong them vao vi
dong base mot chieu do phan cc. Noi cach khac, dong base tong cong bao
gom dong dc va ac.
Trang 67

Hnh 5-3a mo ta tnh hnh nay. Thanh phan ac c cong vi thanh phan
dc. Trong na chu ky dng, dong base ac cong vi dong 30A cua dong base
dc. Trong na chu ky am dong base b tr i. S thay oi cua dong base lam
cho dong I
C
cung thay oi theo cung qui luat nhng ln hn dc lan. Hnh 5-
3b cho thay thanh phan dc cua dong collector la 3mA. S chong chat cua dong
collector dc va ac tao ra tn hieu nh hnh 5-3b.
Do ien tr tai R
C
, the tai collector cua transistor co dang nh nguon the
au vao nhng ngc pha nh hnh 5-3c.
Hnh 5-3
DANG SONG
Hnh 5-4 la mach khuyech ai phan cc base va dang song (wave
form) cua no. Nguon the ac la mot hieu the ieu hoa co bien o be. No c
noi ti base, tai ay no chong chat vi thanh phan dc 0.7V. S bien oi cua the
base tao ra s bien oi dong base, dong collector va v vay ca the collector.
Ket qua the collector la mot the dang sin co thanh phan dc la 15V. Do tac
dung cua tu noi, tren tai R
L
ch co thanh phan ac.

Trang 68

Hnh 5-4

HE SO KHUYECH AI THE
He so khuyech ai the cua mot mach khuyech ai la ty so the ac loi ra
chia cho the ac loi vao.
A=V
out
/ V
in
(5-2)
V du, neu the tren tai la 50mV trong khi the vao la 100V th
A= 50mV/ 100V = 500
A=500 co ngha la the ra ln hn the vao 500 lan.


V.2 KHUYECH AI PHAN CC EMITTER

TU THONG DAN
Hnh 5-5

Tu thong dan tng t tu noi bi v no hanh x nh la h mach oi vi
thanh phan dc va ngan mach oi vi thanh phan ac. Nhng tu thong dan
khong dung e noi tn hieu gia 2 iem ma no dung e tao ra mot at ac.
Hnh 5-5a cho thay mot nguon the ac c noi ti mot ien tr va mot
tu. tan so cao, tr khang cua tu rat be v vay toan bo nguon the ac coi nh
Trang 69

c at tren R. Noi cach khac, iem E la c noi at ve mat ac. Trong
trng hp nay tu C goi la tu thong dan v no cho phep noi iem E vi at ve
mat ac. Tu thong dan cho phep chung ta noi mot iem nao o vi GND ma
khong lam thay oi Q.
ieu kien e mot tu c xem la thong dan tot la
X
C
< 0.1R (5-3)
Khi (5-3) thoa th mach hnh 5-5a co the thay bang mach hnh 5-5b.


KHUYECH AI VDB
Hnh 5-6

Hnh 5-6 cho thay mot mach khuyech ai VDB. e tnh the va dong
DC, chung ta tng tng rang tat ca cac tu eu h mach. Khi o mach tng
ng nh mach phan cc VDB. Gia tr dc hay gia tr tnh cho mach nay nh
sau:
V
B
=1.8V
V
E
=1.1V
V
C
=6.04V
I
C
=1.1mA
Nh a phan tch tren ay, chung ta dung cac tu noi e noi the nguon
vi base, noi the collector vi tai. Chung ta cung dung tu thong dan gia
emitter va at. Y ngha cua tu nay la cho: No lam tang he so khuyech ai the
cua transistor so vi khi khong co tu (cac phan sau se phan tch ro hn).
Trong hnh 5-6, nguon the ac la 100V. No c a vao base. Do tu
thong dan C
E
toan bo the nay c at len diode base emitter. Tai collector
chung ta thu c the base nhng a c khuyech ai.
Trang 70


DANG SONG VDB
Tren hnh 5-6, nguon the ac au vao la ieu hoa va thanh phan dc bang
0. The base la chong chat cua the ac loi vao va thanh phan dc 1.8V. The ac
collector la the au vao a c khuyech ai ao pha chong chat vi thanh
phan dc bang 6.04V. The tren tai giong nh the collector vi thanh phan dc
bang 0.



V.3 CHE O TN HIEU BE

Hnh 5-7

Hnh 5-7 ch ra gian o dong the cua diode base emitter. Khi nguon the
ac c noi ti cc base cua transistor, mot the ac se xuat hien tren diode
base. ieu nay tao ra s bien thien tuan hoan tren V
BE
nh hnh 5-7.
IEM LAM VIEC TC THI.
Khi the vao thay oi, iem lam viec tc thi di chuyen t v tr Q ban
au len pha tren hoac xuong pha di. The base emitter tong cong gom the
ac va thanh phan dc. Bien o cua the ac quy nh bien o thay oi cua Q. The
base ac ln tao ra s bien ong ln cua Q, the base be tao ra s bien ong be
cua Q.
S SAI DANG
The base tao ra dong emitter cung tan so nh hnh 5-7. Neu nguon the
base ac la ieu hoa, dong emitter cung ieu hoa. Nhng dong emitter khong la
Trang 71

ieu hoa ly tng v quan he dong emitter the base khong hoan toan la ng
thang. ieu nay tao ra s sai dang (meo) tn hieu ma chung ta khong mong
muon trong cac he thong Hi-Fi (High Fidelity).
e giam thieu s sai dang ngi ta dung cac cach sau:
Gi the base be. Khi o quan he base- emitter cua transistor la tuyen tnh.
Qui tac 10:1.
Tong dong emitter bang
I
E
= I
EQ
+ i
e

Trong o I
EQ
la dong emitter phan cc con i
e
la dong emitter ac. e
giam thieu s sai dang, gia tr nh cua dong i
e
phai be hn dong emitter tnh
10 lan theo qui tac 10:1 sau ay.
Tn hieu be: i
epp
<0.1 I
EQ
(5-4)
Cac bo khuyech ai thoa ieu kien (5-4) la bo khuyech ai tn hieu be.
Chung thng c dung trong cac mach tien khuyech ai cua cac mach x ly
tn hieu.


V.4 HE SO BETA AC VA IEN TR AC CUA DIODE EMITTER

He so khuyech ai ma chung ta s dung t trc en nay la he so
khuyech ai dong mot chieu.

dc
= I
C
/ I
B
(5-5)
dc phu thuoc v tr iem Q do s cong cua ac tuyen I
C
, I
B
.
Ngi ta nh ngha he so beta xoay chieu la
= i
c
/ i
b
(5-6)
Theo (5-6), he so khuyech ai dong ac bang ty so gia dong collector ac
chia cho dong base ac.
Tren hnh 5-8, tn hieu ac thay oi quanh iem Q, do o gia tr cua
dc

va co khac nhau.
Ve mat o th, chnh la o doc cua ng cong I
C
, I
B
tai iem Q.
Trong bang so lieu cua nha san xuat,
dc
c ky hieu la h
FE
con c
ky hieu la h
fe
.
Chung ta lu y rang cac ky hieu ve dong va the, neu viet hoa la dc, con
viet thng la ac.

Trang 72

Hnh 5-8



Hnh 5-9

Hnh 5-9 cho thay quan he dong the cua diode emitter.
Ta co:
I
E
=I
EQ
+i
e


V
BE
= V
BEQ
+v
be


Trang 73

IEN TR AC CUA DIODE EMITTER
Tren hnh 5-9 s thay oi ieu hoa cua V
BE
tao ra s thay oi ieu hoa cua I
E
.
Gia tr nh nh cua i
e
phu thuoc iem Q. Do quan he dong the emitter la
ng cong nen vi v
be
co nh, dong i
e
ln hn neu iem phan cc Q nam
pha cao hn. Noi cach khac, ien tr ac cua emitter giam khi dong emitter dc
tang.
ien tr emitter ac c nh ngha nh sau:
r
e
= v
be
/ i
e
(5-7)
Theo vat ly chat ran, ien tr ac cua emitter co the tnh qua cong thc
n gian sau:
r
e
= 25mV / I
E
(5-8)
Sau nay se thay, gia tr cua r
e
co anh hng en he so khuyech ai the
cua mach transistor.


V.5 HAI MO HNH CUA TRANSISTOR

e mo ta hoat ong cua mach khuyech ai transitor che o ac, can
mot mach tng ng cho transistor. Noi cach khac chung ta can mot mo hnh
cho transistor ma no mo phong c hoat ong cua transitor khi co tn hieu ac.
Mot trong nhng mo hnh transistor sm nhat do Ebers Moll e xuat la
mo hnh tren hnh ve 5-10. Mo hnh nay con goi la mo hnh ch T.
Hnh 5-10: Mo hnh ch T cua transistor

Trang 74


Hnh 5-11

Theo mo hnh ch T, khi mot the ac xuat hien loi vao bo khuyech ai
th mot the ac xuat hien tren diode base emitter nh hnh 5-11. The nay tao ra
dong base ac. Noi cach khac nguon the ac vao a c tai tren tr khang vao
cua base. Nhn vao base cua transistor, ta thay mot tr khang vao z
in(base)
. Tai
tan so thap, tr khang nay bang:
z
in(base)
= v
be
/ i
b
(5-9)
Ap dung nh luat Ohm cho diode emitter, co the viet
v
be
= i
e
.r
e
z
in(base)
= i
e
.r
e
/ i
b

V i
e
i
c
nen
z
in(base)
= r
e
(5-10)


Hnh 5-12: Mo hnh ch cua transistor

Trang 75

Mot mo hnh khac cua transistor cung c s dung, o la mo hnh ch
. Hnh 5-12a cho thay s o mo hnh cua transistor. So vi mo hnh ch T
(hnh 5-12b) mo hnh ch de dung hn. Chung ta co the dung mot trong hai
mo hnh, mo hnh ch T hoac mo hnh ch , khi phan tch mach transistor
che o ac.


V.6 PHAN TCH MOT KHUYECH AI DUNG TRANSISTOR

Phan tch mot mach khuyech ai la phc tap v ca thanh phan ac lan dc
eu ton tai trong mach. Chung ta co the phan tch che o dc va phan tch che
o ac mot cach rieng re. Hoat ong thc cua mach la chong chat cua 2 che o
dc va ac.
MACH TNG NG DC
Trong phan tch dc chung ta tnh dong va the dc cua mach. e lam viec
nay chung ta tng tng h mach oi vi tat ca cac tu. Mach con lai la mach
tng ng dc. Trong phan tch dc, quan trong nhat la tnh I
E
v no lien quan
en r
e
trong phan tch ac.
ANH HNG CUA NGUON DC
Hnh 5-13

Hnh 5-13a la s o mach gom co ca nguon ac va dc. oi vi tn hieu
ac, nguon dc la ngan mach. ieu nay la ung v tr noi cua nguon dc be do o
no khong gay sut the ac nao. Vay khi phan tch ac chung ta ngan mach tat ca
cac nguon dc.

MACH TNG NG AC
Sau khi phan tch dc, chung ta se bat au phan tch ac bang cach ngan
mach tat ca cac tu va nguon dc. Transistor co the thay the bang mo hnh T hay
Trang 76

mo hnh . Sau ay chung ta se dan ra cac mach tng ng ac cua cac mach
khuyech ai phan cc base va phan cc VDB.

a) MACH KHUYECH AI PHAN CC BASE



Hnh 5-14


Hnh 5-14a la mot mach khuyech ai phan cc base. e co mach tng
ng ac, chung ta ngan mach tat ca cac tu. iem co nhan Vcc cung c noi
at ve mat ac. Hnh 5-14b cho thay mach tng ng ac. Transistor a uc
thay the bi mo hnh . Trong mach base, the ac loi vao at tren R
B
song song
vi r
e
. Trong mach collector, nguon dong i
c
chay qua R
C
va R
L
mac song
song.

b) MACH KHUYECH AI VDB
Hnh 5-15a la mot mach khuyech ai VDB. Hnh 5-15b cho thay mach
tng ng ac. Transistor a uc thay the bi mo hnh . Trong mach base,
the ac loi vao at tren R
1
song song vi r
e
va vi R
2
. Trong mach collector,
nguon dong i
c
chay qua R
C
va R
L
mac song song.
Trang 77




Hnh 5-15

c) MACH KHUYECH AI CE
Cac mach khuyech ai tren hnh 5-14, hnh 5-15 la cac v du ve mach
khuyech ai chung emitter (common emitter = CE). Mach khuyech ai nay
goi la mach khuyech ai chung emitter v emitter c noi GND ve mat ac.
Trong mach khuyech ai chung emitter tn hieu can khuyech ai c
a en cc base, tn hieu a c khuyech ai xuat hien collector.
Co 2 kieu mach khuyech ai transistor khac la mach khuyech ai chung
base (CB) va mach khuyech ai chung collector (CC). Chung c dung trong
mot so ng dung nhng khong pho bien bang mach khuyech ai CE.
Tom lai, e co c mach tng ng ve mat ac, chung ta phai lam
may viec chu yeu sau:
Ngan mach tat ca cac tu
Tng tng tat ca cac nguon dc la GND xoay chieu
Thay the transistor bang mo hnh T hoac mo hnh
Ve mach tng ng ac

Trang 78


V.7 HE SO KHYUECH AI THE


Hnh 5-16

Hnh 5-16a cho thay mot mach khuyech ai VDB. He so khuyech ai
ien the cua mach c nh ngha la ty so gia the ac loi ra va the ac loi vao.
Phan nay se dan ra bieu thc cho he so khuyech ai the.
Hnh 5-16b la s o tng ng ac cua mach hnh 5-16a theo mo hnh
. Dong base chay qua tr khang vao cua mach base, do o co the viet:
v
in
= i
b
r
e

Tren collector, dong i
c
chay qua R
C
//R
L
do o
v
out
= i
c
(R
C
//R
L
)
He so khuyech ai the bang:
A = v
out
/ v
in
= ( R
C
//R
L
)/ r
e
(5-11)
ien tr collector ac. Tr tai ac nhn t collector la R
C
//R
L
. Neu chung
ta at
r
c
= R
C
//R
L
(5-12)
th (5-11) tr thanh
A = r
c
/ r
e
(5-13)
Trang 79

Theo (5-13) he so khuyech ai the bang ien tr ac collector chia cho
ien tr ac cua diode emitter.
Hnh 5-16

Co the thay rang t mach tng ng 5-16c chung ta cung se thu c
ket qua tng t.

Hnh 5-17

V du: Cho mach hnh 5-17. Tnh A va the tren tai R
L
.
Giai: Tr collector ac bang
r
c
= R
C
//R
L
= (3.6K//10K)=2.65K
Gia s transistor co r
e
=22.7, ta co
A=r
c
/r
e
= 2.65K/ 22.7 = 117
The tren tai bang
v
out
= Av
in
= 117.(2mV) = 234mV



Trang 80

V.8 ANH HNG CUA TR KHANG VAO

Hnh 5-18

Cho en luc nay chung ta van gia s nguon the ac vao la ly tng vi
tr khang noi bang 0. Trong phan nay chung ta se xem xet anh hng cua tr
khang noi cua cac nguon the thc (la cac nguon the co tr khang noi khac
khong).
Tren hnh 5-18a, mot nguon the ac ky hieu la v
in
co tr khang noi R
g.

Khi o co mot sut the ac ngang qua R
g
. ieu nay lam cho the base be hn gia
tr ly tng.
Hnh 5-18
Trang 81


Tr khang vao cua mach ky hieu la z
in(stage)
bang
z
in(stage)
= R
1
// R
2
// r
e

v
in
= z
in(stage)
v
g
/ (R
g
+ z
in(stage)
) (5-14)

Phng trnh (5-14) co gia tr oi vi moi mach khuyech ai. Lu y rang
nguon v
g
la manh neu R
g
<0.01 z
in(stage)

Phng trnh (5-14) cung cho thay rang do R
g
ma the vao mach khuyech
ai be hn the cua nguon can khuyech ai.


V.9 KHUYECH AI NHIEU TANG

e thu c he so khuyech ai ln, chung ta noi hai hoac nhieu tang
khuyech ai vi nhau. ieu nay co ngha la loi ra cua tang th nhat la loi vao
cua tang th hai va c the tiep tuc
Hnh 5-19

Trang 82

Hnh 5-19a cho thay mot mach khuyech ai gom 2 tang. Tn hieu ra cua
tang th nhat (ao pha so vi tn hieu vao) c a vao tang th hai. Tren tai
R
L
chung ta thu c tn hieu cung pha vi tn hieu loi vao nhng a c
khuyech ai nhieu lan.
Hnh 5-19b cho thay mach tng ng ac. Tr khang collector ac cua
tang th nhat la
r
c
= R
C
// z
in(stage)

He so khuyech ai cua tang th nhat bang
A
1
= (R
C
// z
in(stage)
)/ r
e
He so khuyech ai cua tang th hai bang
A
2
= (R
C
// R
L
)/ r
e
He so khuyech ai cua toan mach bang
A=A
1
A
2
(5-15)



V.10 KHUYECH AI CE CAI TIEN

He so khuyech ai the A cua mach khuyech ai CE phu thuoc vao dong
tnh, s thay oi cua nhiet o va ban than transistor.
Mot phng phap nham on nh he so A la chen mot ien tr r
e
trong
mach emitter nh hnh ve 5-20a.
Hnh 5-20a

Trang 83

Lu y rang r
e
khong co tu mac song song. Khi dong i
e
chay qua mach
emitter se tao ra mot the ac tren r
e
. ieu nay tao ra s phan hoi am e on nh
he so A. Chang han, neu dong collector ac tang do nhiet o tang th the tren r
e

cung se tang. ieu nay lam giam v
be
va do o giam i
b
-> giam i
c
. Qua trnh
nay dien ra theo chieu hng ngc lai vi s tang cua dong collector ma
chung ta goi la s phan hoi am.
Hnh 5-20b la s o tng ng cua mach hnh 5-20a theo mo hnh T.
Hnh 5-20

The vao bang
v
in
= i
e
(r
e
+r
e
)
He so khuyech ai the A trong trng hp nay bang
A = i
c
r
c
/ i
e
(r
e
+ r
e
)
Xem rang i
e
i
c
th
A = r
c
/ (r
e
+ r
e
) (5-16)
Neu r
e
>> r
e
th (5-16) tr thanh
A = r
c
/ r
e
(5-17)
ay la v du ve mach khuyech ai CE cai tien. Gia tr r
e
ln a loai bo
anh hng cua r
e
va lam cho A khong phu thuoc r
e
.
Tr khang vao cua mach khuyech ai CE cai tien la
z
in(base)
= v
in
/ i
b
(5-18)


trong o v
in
= i
e
(r
e
+ r
e
)
do i
e
i
c
chung ta nhan c
z
in(base)
= v
in
/ i
b
= (r
e
+ r
e
) (5-19)
Nhan xet: mach khuyech ai CE cai tien co 3 u iem:
He so A on nh
Tang tr khang vao
Giam sai dang khi tn hieu ln (do A khong phu thuoc r
e
)
Trang 84



V.11 PHAN HOI HAI TANG

Mach khuyech ai CE cai tien la v du ve khuyech ai phan hoi 1 tang.
Muc ch cua mach khuyech ai CE cai tien la on nh he so A, tang tr khang
vao va giam sai dang khi tn hieu ln. Mach khuyech ai phan hoi qua 2 tang
co ac trng tot hn.
Hnh 5-21

Hnh 5-21 la mach khuyech ai phan hoi 2 tang. Tang th nhat la mach
khuyech ai CE cai tien. Tang th hai la mach khuyech ai CE thong thng.
Tn hieu loi ra cua tang khuyech ai th hai c phan hoi qua ien tr R
f

(feedback) ti emitter cua tang th nhat. Do cau chia the, the tai emitter cua
tang th nhat so vi at bang:
v
e
= (r
e
v
out
)/ (R
f
+r
e
)
Y tng chnh ay la: Gia s do s tang nhiet o lam the ra tang. V
mot phan cua the ra c phan hoi lai emitter transistor th nhat nen lam
giam v
be
cua transistor th nhat. Ket qua la the loi ra cua transistor th nhat va
v vay the loi ra cua transitor th hai cung giam theo. Ngc lai, neu the ra
giam th sau qua trnh phan hoi the loi ra se tang. Moi thay oi tren loi ra eu
b phan hoi ve loi vao va lam cho the loi ra ch co the thay oi trong pham vi
nhat nh.
De dang thay rang he so khuyech ai cua mach phan hoi qua 2 tang nay
bang
Trang 85

A= R
f
/ r
e
+1 (5-20)
Thng R
f
/ r
e
>>1 nen (5-20) tr thanh
A= R
f
/ r
e
(5-21)
Y ngha cua (5-21) la cho: he so A ch phu thuoc cac ien tr trong
mang phan hoi R
f
va r
e
ma khong phu thuoc cac yeu to khac.


Trang 86
Chng VI
KHUYECH AI CONG SUAT


VI.1 THUAT NG BO KHUYECH AI

Co nhieu cach khac nhau e phan loai mot mach khuyech ai. Chang
han co the phan loai theo che o hoat ong, phan loai theo kieu noi gia cac
tang, phan loai theo dai tan so, mc tn hieu

PHAN LOAI THEO CHE O HOAT ONG
Che o A (hang A). Trong che o nay, transistor hoat ong trong vung
tac ong. Trong che o A, cac nha thiet ke chon iem Q gia ng tai.
Theo cach nay tn hieu co the co bien o toi a ma khong b meo do transistor
bao hoa hoac ngng dan.
Che o B (hang B). Trong che o nay, transistor c phan cc sao
cho iem Q nam bien gii vung tac ong va vung ngng dan. Transistor ch
dan na chu ky dng cua nguon ac. ieu nay lam giam nhiet hao ph tren
transistor cong suat.
Che o C (hang C). Trong che o nay, transistor c phan cc sao
cho iem Q nam sau trong vung ngng dan. Transistor ch dan mot phan cua
na chu ky dng cua nguon ac. Ket qua la tai collector chung ta ch nhan
c mot xung ngan.

PHAN LOAI THEO KIEU NOI TANG
Hnh 6-1

Trang 87
Hnh 6-1a la s o noi tang bang tu. Tu noi truyen tn hieu a c
khuyech ai en tang tiep theo. Hnh 6-1b la s o noi tang bang bien the.
The ac c ghep qua bien the va truyen en tang tiep theo.
Trong hai cach noi tren ay, thanh phan dc c cach ly hoan toan gia
cac tang khuyech ai. Hnh 6-1c la s o noi tang trc tiep. Trong o collector
cua transitor th nhat c noi trc tiep en base cua transistor th hai. Trong
cach noi trc tiep, ca thanh phan ac lan thanh phan dc eu c noi. Tn hieu
dc c ghep t tang th nhat sang tang th hai ma khong b mat mat.
Khuyech ai ghep trc tiep con goi la khuyech ai dc.

PHAN LOAI THEO MIEN TAN SO
Mot cach khac e phan loai mach khuyech ai la dung tan so. V du,
khuyech ai am tan (audio amplifier) ch cac mach khuyech ai trong vung
tan so t 20Hz en 20KHz. Khuyech ai cao tan (Radio Frequency) e ch cac
bo khuyech ai co tan so tren 20KHz. Chang han khuyech ai RF trong cac
radio AM khuyech ai cac tn hieu t 535KHz en 1605KHz. Khuyech ai RF
trong cac radio FM khuyech ai cac tn hieu t 88MHz en 108MHz.
Theo tan so ngi ta cung phan loai khuyech ai band hep va khuyech
ai band rong. Khuyech ai band hep ch khuyech ai tn hieu trong mot vung
tan so, chang han t 450 KHz en 460KHz. Khuyech ai band rong khuyech
ai tn hieu trong mot vung tan so rong chang han t 0 en 1MHz. Khuyech
ai band hep con goi la khuyech ai RF cong hng. Tai cua mach khuyech
ai la mach cong hng LC. No thng dung trong cac mach chon kenh trong
radio hoac TV.

PHAN LOAI THEO MC TN HIEU
Chung ta a xem xet hoat ong cua transistor che o tn hieu be.
Trong o dong collector khi co tn hieu ac ch bang 1/10 bien o dong
collector tnh. Trong che o tn hieu ln, bien o nh nh cua tn hieu co
the chiem het bien o ng tai. Trong cac he thong x ly am thanh, tn hieu
be t au CD c dung nh tn hieu vao cua bo tien khuyech ai. Tien
khuyech ai la mach khuyech ai tn hieu be. ay, tn hieu c khuyech
ai len bien o thch hp cho tang ieu chnh am sac hoac ieu chnh am
lng. Sau o tn hieu c a vao tang khuyech ai cong suat. Khuyech ai
cong suat la mach khuyech ai tn hieu ln. No tao ra mot cong suat t vai
mW en hang tram W e a ra loa.


Trang 88
VI.2 HAI NG TAI

Moi mach khuyech ai co mach tng ng dc va mach tngng
ac. Do o moi mach khuyech ai co 2 ng tai: ng tai ac va ng tai dc.
Trong che o tn hieu be, v tr cua Q khong quan trong nhng trong che o tn
hieu ln iem Q can phai gia ng tai ac e co c tn hieu cc ai ma
khong b meo.
ng tai DC

Hnh 6-2

Hnh 6-2a la mach khuyech ai VDB. Mot cach e di chuyen iem Q la
thay oi R
2
. Khi R
2
rat ln transistor ri vao vung bao hoa vi dong I
C
bao hoa
cho bi phng trnh
I
C(sat)
= V
CC
/ ( R
C
+R
E
) (6-1)
Neu R
2
rat be transistor se ri vao vung ngng dan vi the tren
transistor cc ai va bang
V
CE(sat)
= V
CC
(6-2)
Trang 89
ng tai AC
Hnh 6-2b la mach tng ng ac cua mach khuyech ai VDB. Do R
E

noi GND ve mat xoay chieu nen khong anh hng en hoat ong cua mach.
Hn na tr collector ac be hn tr collector dc. Khi co tn hieu ac vao, iem
Q tc thi di chuyen tren ng tai ac nh hnh 6-3. Noi cach khac, dong va
the xoay chieu cc ai qui nh bi ng tai ac.
Do o doc cua ng tai ac ln hn o doc cua ng tai dc nen gia tr
loi ra nh - nh cc ai (maximum peak to peak) MPP be hn nguon cung
cap V
CC
.
MPP <V
CC
(6-3)

S cat khi tn hieu ln


Hnh 6-3

Khi iem Q nam gia ng tai dc nh hnh 6-3, tn hieu ac khong the
dung het ng tai ac ma khong b cat. Mot mach khuyech ai tn hieu ln
c thiet ke tot co Q nam gia ng tai ac. Trong trng hp nay chung ta
thu c tn hieu ln nhat ma khong b cat.
BIEN O TN HIEU RA
ng vi mot mach khuyech ai, gia tr nh cua tn hieu ra la
MP =I
CQ
.r
c
(6-4)
Tn hieu ra nh - nh cc ai bang
MPP = 2MP (6-5)
Trang 90

VI.3 KHUYECH AI HANG A

Hnh 6-4a la mach khuyech ai VDB hang A vi tn hieu ra khong b
cat. Chung ta hay dan ra mot so phng trnh cho mach khuyech ai nay.

HE SO KHUYECH AI CONG SUAT
Chung ta nh ngha he so khuyech ai cong suat la
G= P
out
/ P
in
(6-6)
He so khuyech ai cong suat bang ty so cong suat loi ra chia cho cong
suat loi vao.
V du mach khuyech ai hnh 6-4a co cong suat ra la 10mW va cong
suat vao 10W th he so khuyech ai cong suat bang
G = 10mW / 10W = 1000

CONG SUAT RA
Hnh 6-4

Neu o the ra tren hnh 6-4a bang gia tr hieu dung th cong suat ra cua
mach khuyech ai tren la
Pout = V
2
rms
/ R
L
(6-7)

Neu ky hieu V
out
la the ra nh nh th (6-7) tr thanh
Pout = V
2
out
/ 8R
L
(6-8)
Cong suat ra cc ai khi V
out
= MPP hay
P
out(max)
= MPP
2

/ 8R
L
(6-9)

Trang 91
Cong suat tieu tan cua transistor
Khi khong co tn hieu a vao mach khuyech ai tren hnh 6-4a, cong
suat tieu tan tnh bang
P
DQ
= V
CEQ
.I
CQ
(6-10)
Khi co tn hieu ac, cong suat tieu tan cua transistor giam v transistor
bien mot phan cong suat tnh thanh cong suat tn hieu. Do o gii han cong
suat cua transistor trong mach khuyech ai hang A phai ln hn P
DQ
neu
khong transistor se b pha huy.

Hieu suat
Neu goi I
dc
la dong ma nguon nuoi cung cap cho bo khuyech ai th
cong suat ma nguon dc cung cap cho bo khuyech ai bang
P
dc
= I
dc
V
CC
(6-11)

e so sanh kha nang bien oi nang lng cua nguon thanh tn hieu cua
cac mach khuyech ai ngi ta nh ngha hieu suat
= (P
out
/ P
dc
) x100%

(6-12)
Thong thng hieu suat cua mot khuyech ai hang A la 25%.



VI.4 KHUYECH AI HANG B

Mach khuyech ai hang A la cach thng dung e s dung transistor
trong cac mach tuyen tnh v no lam cho mach phan cc on nh nhat va n
gian nhat. Nhng khuyech ai hang A kho ng phai la cach hieu qua nhat e
van hanh transistor. Trong mot so he thong dung pin van e hieu suat rat quan
trong. Phan nay se gii thieu nhng y tng chnh cua khuyech ai hang B.

Hnh 6-5

Trang 92
Hnh 6-5 la mach khuyech ai ay keo hang B. Khi mot transistor hoat
ong che o B, no cat mot na chu ky tn hieu. e tranh sai dang chung ta
co the dung 2 transistor kieu ay keo nh hnh 6-5. Push pull ngha la trong
mot na chu ky cua tn hieu ch co mot transistor dan con transistor kia ngng
dan.
Hoat ong cua mach nh sau: vao na chu ky dng cua tn hieu vao
cuon th cap cua T
1
co the v
1
va v
2
nh hnh ve 6-5. Do o transistor Q1 dan
con transistor Q2 ngng dan. Dong collector chay qua Q
1
va qua cuon s cap
cua bien the ra T
2
. ieu nay tao ra the ao pha va c khuyech ai. Bien the
T
2
ghep tn hieu a c khuyech ai vi loa. Vao na chu ky am cua tn hieu
vao, cc tnh b ao ngc. Bay gi transistor Q2 dan, transistor Q1 ngng
dan. Tn hieu cua na chu ky am lai xuat hien tren loa thong qua T
2
. Trong
khuyech ai ay keo moi transistor khuyech ai mot na chu ky, loa nhan
c ca chu ky cua tn hieu nhng a c khuyech ai.
u iem va nhc iem
Do khong phan cc nen khi khong co tn hieu vao, nguon nuoi khong
cung cap mot dong dc nao. u iem th hai la hieu suat c cai thien en
78.5%. Do o khuyech ai ay keo hang B thng dung trong cac tang ra
(tang khuyech ai cuoi cung cua thiet b).
Nhc iem cua s o la dung bien the nang ne va ac tien. Ngay nay
cac thiet ke mi a thay the cho khuyech ai ay keo kieu nay.


VI.5 KHUYECH AI HANG C
Hnh 6-6

Trang 93
Khuyech ai hang C can dung mot mach cong hng cho tai. Do o
khuyech ai hang C con goi la khuyech ai cong hng.
Tan so cong hng
Trong khuyech ai hang C, dong collector chay qua transistor ch trong
mot phan thi gian cua mot na chu ky. Mot mach cong hng song song co
the loc cac xung cua dong collector va tao ra mot the hnh sin. ng dung chu
yeu cua khuyech ai hang C la mach khuyech ai RF cong hng. Hieu suat
toi a cua mach khuyech ai hang C la 100%.
Hnh 6-6 la s o mot mach khuyech ai RF cong hng. Tn hieu xoay
chieu a vao cc base. The loi ra a c khuyech ai xuat hien tai collector.
Do co mach cong hng the ra co bien o ln nhat tai tan so cong hng cua
mach
f
r
= 1/2(LC)
1/2
(6-13)
Hai ben tan so cong hng he so khuyech ai the giam nhanh nh hnh
6-7.
Hnh 6-7

Mach khuyech ai hang C thng dung cho cac ng dung khuyech ai
RF cong hng hay khuyech ai band hep. Chung c dung nhieu trong cac
mach khuyech ai RF cho tn hieu radio va TV.
Cac cong thc sau ay la ap dung cho khuyech ai hang C
G = P
out
/ P
in
(he so khuyech ai cong suat)
p
out
= v
2
out
/ 8R
L
(cong suat ra ac)
p
out(max)
= MPP
2
/ 8R
L
(cong suat ra ac toi a)
P
dc
=V
CC
I
dc
(cong suat vao dc)
=(p
out
/ p
in
). 100% (hieu suat)

Trang 94

VI.6 KHUYECH AI CHUNG COLLECTOR

Mach khuyech ai chung collector con goi la mach lap lai emitter. Tn
hieu ac can khuyech ai c a vao base. The ra lay tren emitter.
Hnh 6-8

Hnh 6-8 la s o mot mach khuyech ai CC. The vao c a vao
base. No setup mot dong emitter va tao ra the emitter. The nay noi qua tu ra
tai. Goi la mach khuyech ai lap lai v the ra giong the vao ve bien o va pha.
Thc vay, co the rut ra cac gia tr cua mach nh sau.
Tr emitter ac
r
e
= R
E
// R
L
(6-14)
He so khuyech ai the
Hnh 6-9 la s o tng ng mo hnh ch T cua mach CC.

Hnh 6-9

Trang 95
Dung nh luat Ohm co the viet cac phng trnh sau
v
out
= i
e
r
e
v
in
= i
e
(r
e
+ r
e
)
A = r
e
/ (r
e
+ r
e
) (6-15)
Thong thng chon r
e
> r
e
nen A1.
Tr khang vao cua mach base
z
in(base)
= (r
e
+ r
e
) (6-16)
Tr khang vao cua mach khuyech ai CC
z
in(stage)
= R
1
//R
2
//(r
e
+ r
e
) (6-17)


VI.7 TR KHANG RA CUA MACH KHUYECH AI

Tr khang ra cua mot bo khuyech ai giong nh tr khang Thevenin.
u iem cua mach khuyech ai CC la co tr khang ra thap.
Cong suat tren tai toi a khi co s phu hp gia tr khang nguon va tr
khang tai. Chang han e co cong suat toi a tren tai la loa th can s dung
mach khuyech ai CC co tr khang ra thap.
Hnh 6-10

Hnh 6-10a ch ra mot nguon ac thuc mot bo khuyech ai. Ben loi vao
do co R
G
nen se co sut the qua no. Chung ta co the dung mach hnh 6-10b e
tnh the vao.
Ben loi ra cung co the ap dung nh ly Thevenin. T pha tai nhn vao
bo khuyech ai chung ta thay mot tr khang ra z
out
.
Trang 96
Tr khang ra cua mach khuyech ai CE

Hnh 6-11

Hnh 6-11a cho thay mach tng ng ac pha ra cua bo khuyech
ai CE. Khi ap dung nh ly Thevenin chung ta thu c hnh 6-11b. Tr
khang ra cua mach chnh la R
C
. V he so khuech ai cua mach CE phu thuoc
R
C
, do o mach CE kho co the co tr khang ra thap ma khong mat mat he so
khuyech ai the.
Tr khang ra cua mach khuyech ai CC
Hnh 6-12a la s o mach tng ng ac cua mot bo khuyech ai CC.
Tr khang ra cua mach bang
z
out
= R
E
// (r
e
+ (R
G
// R
1
// R
2
) / ) (6-18)
Trong thiet ke R
1
va R
2
va ien tr ac r
e
cua emitter co the bo qua
ben canh gia tr be cua R
G
/ . V vay cuoi cung
z
out
= R
G
/ (6-19)
Theo (6-19), mach CC lam giam tr khang nguon lan. Do o no co
the cung cap mot cong suat u ln tren tai la loa co tr khang thap.
e at c cong suat toi a tren tai R
L
cac nha thiet ke chon gia tr cua
cac linh kien sao cho
Z
out
= R
L
(6-20)
Phng trnh (6-20) goi la ieu kien phoi hp tr khang.
Hnh 6-12
Trang 97
VI.8 NOI DARLINGTON

Noi Darlington la noi gia 2 transistor e tao thanh mot transistor co he
so khuyech ai dong bang tch he so khuyech ai dong cua cac transistor rieng
re. Mach transistor noi Darlington cho tr khang vao rat cao va dong ra rat
ln. Noi Darlington thng dung trong cac mach on ap va khuyech ai cong
suat.

Hnh 6-13
CAP DARLINGTON.
Hnh 6-13a cho thay mot cap Darlington. Do dong emitter cua Q
1
la
dong base cua Q
2
nen cap Darlington co he so khuyech ai toan the bang:
=
1

2
(6-21)
Nha may san xuat linh kien ban dan co the at cap transistor Darlington
trong mot vo va goi la transistor Darlington nh hnh 6-13b. V du TP102 la
transistor Darlington cong suat co he so =1000 tai dong bang 3A.
DARLINGTON BU
Hnh 6-13c cho thay mot cach noi Darlington khac goi la Darlington
bu. Darlington bu gom mot transistor pnp va mot transistor npn. Dong
collector cua Q1 la dong base cua Q2. He so cua Darlington bu cung xac
nh bi phng trnh (6-21).
Hnh 6-14

Trang 98
V du: Cho mach tren hnh 6-14. Transistor Darlington co
=10000. Tnh tr khang vao va tn hieu ra nh - nh cc ai cua
mach.
r
e
= 60//30 = 20
Tr khang vao cua Q
1
bang
z
in(base)
= 10000(20) =200K
Dong emitter dc cua Q
2
la:
I
EQ
= (10V-1.4V)/ 60 = 143mA
The collector-emitter tnh bang
V
CEQ
=15V- (60.143mA) = 15V 8.6V = 6.4V
The xoay chieu nh tai emitter bang
I
CQ
.r
e
= (143mA)(20)= 2.86V
MPP =2 V
CEQ
=2(2.86)=5.72V


VI.9 LAP LAI EMITTER AY KEO HANG B

Khuyech ai hang B co ngha la dong collector ch ton tai trong
chu ky cua tn hieu. e ieu nay xay ra, iem Q phai trong vung
ngng dan. u iem cua khuyech ai hang B la dong cung cap t nguon
be va hieu suat cao.
Hnh 6-15

Trang 99
Hnh 6-15a la s o mach lap lai emitter ay keo hang B.
Cac ien tr phan cc nham setup iem Q tai vung ngng dan
vi the tren diode emitter c 0.6V en 0.7V. Mot cach ly tng th phan
cc hang B lam cho
I
CQ
=0
V cac ien tr phan cc co gia tr bang nhau, cac diode emitter
co ien ap cung bang nhau nen the ri tren moi transistor bang mot na
gia tr nguon nuoi, hay
V
CEQ
= V
CC
/ 2 (6-22)

NG TAI AC

Hnh 6-16

Hnh 6-16 cho thay ng tai ac. Khi transistor ang dan iem
hoat ong cua transistor dch chuyen doc theo ng tai t v tr ngng
dan en bao hoa. The ra cc ai nh nh bang
MPP=V
CC
(6-23)

PHAN TCH AC
Hnh 6-17 la mach tng ng cua transistor ang dan. Mach
nay giong mach tng ng ac cua khuyech ai transistor hang A. Bo
qua r
e
th
A1 (6-24)
Tr khang vao cua base bang
z
in(base)
= R
L
(6-25)

Trang 100
Hnh 6-17

Hoat ong tong quat cua mach nh sau:
Na chu ky dng transistor pha tren dan, transistor pha di
ngng dan. Transistor pha tren giong nh mot mach lap lai emitter
thong thng do o the tren tai bang the vao. Ngc lai, na chu ky am
transistor pha di dan, transistor pha tren ngng dan. Transistor pha
di cung giong nh mot mach lap lai emitter thong thng do o the
tren tai bang the vao.
ac iem cua mach la co tr khang vao cao neu nh dung cac
transistor Darlington.

MEO XUYEN TAM

Hnh 6-18

Neu khong phan cc cho 2 transistor nh mach hnh 6-18, the ra
cua bo khuyech ai se b meo khi tn hieu vao cha vt mc 0.7V.
e tranh sai dang ngi ta phan cc nhe cho transistor e iem Q nam
pha tren vung ngng dan mot chut. Thong thng chon I
CQ
bang 1 en
5% cua I
C(sat)
.
Trang 101
Cac cong thc sau ay ap dung cho khuyech ai ay keo hang B.
G = P
out
/ P
in
(he so khuyech ai cong suat)
p
out
= v
2
out
/ 8R
L
(cong suat ra ac)
p
out(max)
= MPP
2
/ 8R
L
(cong suat ra ac toi a)
P
dc
=V
CC
I
dc
(cong suat vao dc)
=(p
out
/ p
in
). 100% (hieu suat)
CONG SUAT TIEU TAN CUA TRANSISTOR
Ly tng th cong suat tieu tan cua transistor hang B bang 0 v
khong co dong dc. Neu co phan cc chong meo xuyen tam th cong suat
tieu tan cua transistor cung rat nho.
Khi co tn hieu vao, cong suat tieu tan cua transistor tr nen ang
ke. Cong suat tieu tan cua moi transistor trong khuyech ai ay keo
hang B co the tnh theo cong thc sau:
P
D(max)
= MPP
2

/ 40R
L
(6-26)


VI.10 PHAN CC KHUYECH AI AY KEO HANG B
Kho khan nhat khi thiet ke mach khuyech ai ay keo hang B la
at iem Q gan vung ngng dan. Hnh 6-19a cho thay mach phan cc
bang cau chia the. e tranh sai dang xuyen tam ngi ta phan cc nhe
cho cap transistor vi V
BE
0.6V en 0.7V. Nhng co mot kho khan la
dong collector rat nhay vi thay oi cua the V
BE
. So lieu cua transistor
cho thay neu V
BE
tang 60mV th dong collector co the tang 10 lan.
Thng ngi ta thay ien tr bang bien tr e chon iem Q phu hp.
Nhng no van khong giai quyet c van e nhiet o. iem Q co the
rat tot tai nhiet o phong nhng no se thay oi khi nhiet o thay oi
(ieu nay la khong tranh khoi tai tang cong suat). Vi cach phan cc
nh hnh 6-19a th gia s nhiet o tang ma the phan cc base khong oi
(trong khi V
BE
giam) se lam tang nhanh chong dong collector, ket qua
la transistor se b chet do qua nhiet.
Trang 102
Hnh 6-19
Can phai bu lai the phan cc base cua transistor khi nhiet o thay oi.
Giai phap la dung mach diode bu nh hnh 6-19b. Tnh chat cua diode
bu phai giong nh diode emitter cua transistor. Neu nhiet o tang 1
0
C
th the tren diode bu giam 2mV. Do o mach se co tac dung bu nhiet
o. Thc te la khi nhiet o tang the phan cc se giam, do o dong
collector cung se giam.
V du: Cho mach khuyech ai ay keo hang B nh hnh 6-20. Tnh dong
collector tnh va hieu suat cc ai cua mach.
Giai: Dong phan cc qua diode bu bang
I
bias
= (20V 1.4V)/ 2(3.9K) = 2.38mA
ay chnh la gia tr cua dong collector tnh do hieu ng gng
dong ien.
Dong collector bao hoa bang
Ic(sat) = V
CEQ
/ R
L
= 10V / 10 = 1A
Trang 103
Hnh 6-20
Gia tr trung bnh cua dong collector bang
Iav = Ic(sat)/ = 1A / = 0.318A
Dong collector tong bang
Idc = 2.38mA + 0.318A =0.32A
Cong suat vao dc bang
Pdc = (20V)(0.32A)= 6.4W
Cong suat ra ac cc ai bang
Pout(max) = MPP
2
/8R
L
= (20V)
2
/ 8.10 = 5W
Hieu suat cua mach bang
= (Pout/Pdc)x100% = (5/6.4)x100% =78.1%


Trang 104



Chng VII
CAC HIEU NG TAN SO CUA MACH KHUYECH AI



VII.1 AP TUYEN TAN SO CUA MOT BO KHUYECH AI

ap tuyen tan so cua mot bo khuyech ai la gian o quan he gia he
so khuyech ai va tan so. Trong phan nay chung ta se phan tch ap tuyen tan
so cua mot mach khuyech ai ac va dc.
AP TUYEN CUA MACH KHUYECH AI AC
Hnh 7-1

Hnh 7-1 cho thay ap tuyen tan so cua mach khuyech ai ac. gia
ap tuyen he so khuyech ai co gia tr ln nhat. Noi cach khac mach hoat
ong bnh thng vung gia cac tan so. Tai tan thap do cac tu noi va tu
thong dan khong hoan toan noi tat nen he so khuyech ai the giam. Cang gan
0Hz he so A cang giam.
Tai tan so cao he so A cung b suy giam v nhng ly do khac. Chang
han, gia cac moi noi cua transistor co cac tu ien ky sinh nh hnh 7-2a.
Nhng tu nay tao ra ng thong dan cho tn hieu ac. tan so cao, tr khang
cua cac tu nay u be va chung ngan can hoat ong bnh thng cua transistor.
Ket qua la gia tr cua A b suy giam tan so cao. Mot ly do khac lam cho A
suy giam tan so cao la cac tu ky sinh cua cac day noi. Ve nguyen tac mot
day dan la 1 ban tu. Gia mot day dan va GND hnh thanh mot tu ien ky sinh
nh hnh 7-2b.

Trang 105


a) b)
Hnh 7-2

TAN SO CAT
Tan so ma tai o he so khuyech ai the bang 0.707 gia tr cc ai goi la
tan so cat. Tren hnh 7-1, f
1
la tan so cat thap con f
2
la tan so cat cao. Tan so
cat con c goi la tan so na cong suat v tai tan so cat cong suat ra ch bang
cong suat cc ai.

MIDBAND
Chung ta nh ngha midband cua mot bo khuyech ai la vung cua cac
tan so nam gia 10f
1
va 0.1f
2
. Trong midband he so khuyech ai the xap x gia
tr cc ai va ky hieu la A
mid
. Ba ac trng quan trong cua mot mach khuyech
ai la A
mid
, f
1
va f
2
.

OUTSIDE THE MIDBAND
Mot mach khuyech ai bnh thng ch hoat ong trong vung midband.
Tuy nhien chung ta se xem xet he so khuyech ai the ngoai vung midband.
ay la cong thc tnh A cho mot mach khuyech ai ac.
A=A
mid
/ ((1+(f
1
/f)
1/2
+ (1+f/f
2
)
1/2
)

(7-1)
Phng trnh nay gia s rang co 1 tu nao o quy nh tan so cat thap f
1

va mot tu khac quy nh tan so cat cao f
2
.
Co the thay rang tai midband A=A
mid
.
Tren midband
A = A
mid
/ (1+f/f
2
)
1/2
(7-2)
Di midband
A=A
mid
/ (1+f
1
/f)
1/2


(7-3)


Trang 106


AP TUYEN CUA MOT KHUYECH AI DC
Hnh 7-3

Hnh 7-3 la ap tuyen cua mot bo khuyech ai dc. Do khong co tan so
cat thap f
1
nen ch co 2 thong so cua ap tuyen tan so cua bo khuyech ai dc
la A
mid
va f
2
.
Hau het cac bo khuyech ai thng dung la bo khuyech ai dc v chung
c tch hp trong IC. o la cac bo khuyech ai OPAMP. ac iem cua
khuyech ai OP AMP la he so khuyech ai the rat ln, tr khang vao cao, tr
khang ra thap.


VII.2 SO O DECIBEL

Trong phan nay chung ta se xem xet khai niem decibel nh mot so o
thong so cua mach khuyech ai. Nhng trc het hay on lai mot chut ly thuyet
toan hoc ve logarit.
Cho phng trnh
x = 10
y
(7-4)
Khi o
y=log
10
x

Thong thng 10 c hieu ngam do o co the viet
y=logx (7-5)
Chang han
y=log10 =1
y=log100 =2
y=log1000 =3
neu x tang 10 lan th y tang 1 lan.
Trang 107



y=log0.1=-1
y=log0.01=-2
y=log0.001=-3
neu x giam 10 lan th y giam 1 lan.

NH NGHA HE SO G
dB
Chung ta a nh ngha he so khuyech ai cong suat
G = p
out
/ p
in

He so khuyech ai cong suat decibel c nh ngha la
G
dB
= 10 logG (7-6)

G la ai lng khong co th nguyen, do o G
dB
cung khong co th
nguyen, nhng e tranh nham lan gia G va G
dB
chung ta them n v decibel
(dB) sau G
dB
.
Bang sau ay cho thay quan he gia A va A
dB
cho mot vai gia tr ien
hnh cua G.

G G
dB
=10logG
1 0
2 +3
0.5 -3
10 +10
0.01 -10
100 +20
1000 +30

NH NGHA HE SO A
dB
Chung ta a nh ngha he so khuyech ai the
A= v
out
/ v
in
He so khuyech ai the decibel c nh ngha la
A
dB
= 20 logA (7-7)
Ly do cua viec s dung he so 20 thay cho he so 10 trong phng trnh
(7-7) la v cong suat ty le vi bnh phng hieu ien the. Theo (7-7) neu mot
mach khuyech ai co he so A=10
5
th he so khuyech ai the decibel bang
A
dB
= 20 log10
5
= 100dB
Bang sau ay cho thay quan he gia A va A
dB
cho mot vai gia tr ien hnh
cua A.
Trang 108




A A
dB
=20logA
1 0
2 +6
0.5 -6
10 +20
0.01 -20
100 +40
1000 +60

Khi biet G
dB
hoac A
dB
co the tnh ra he so khuyech ai cong suat G va
he so khuyech ai the A theo phng trnh sau
G =antilog(G
dB
/10) (7-8)
A=antilog(A
dB
/20) (7-9)
ai lng Decibel oi khi con dung nh mot so o chuan cua cong suat
hoac the.
CONG SUAT MILIWATT
Decibel oi khi c dung e o cong suat ln hn 1 mW. Khi o ngi
ta ky hieu la dBm (ch m la viet tac cua miliwatt).
P
dBm
= 10log(P/1mW) (7-10)
V du neu cong suat la 2W th
P
dBm
= 10log(2W/1mW)=10log2000=33dBm
Co the tnh ra P neu biet dBm theo phng trnh sau:
P = antilog (P
dBm
/10) (7-11)
(mW)
Bang sau cho thay quan he gia cong suat P va P
dBm


Power P
dBm

1W -30
10W -20
100W -10
1mW 0
10mW 10
100mW 20
1W 30


Trang 109


THE CHUAN 1VOLT
Decibel oi khi cung c dung e o mc the ln hn 1V. Khi o
ngi ta ky hieu la dBV (ch V la viet tat cua Volt).
V
dBV
= 20logV (7-12)
V du neu the la 25V th
V
dBV
= 20log25 = 28 dBV
Co the tnh ra V neu biet dBV theo phng trnh sau:
V = antilog (V
dBV
/ 20) (7-13)
Bang sau cho thay quan he gia the V va V
dBV


Voltage V
dBV

10V -50
100V -40
1mV -30
10mV -20
100mV -10
1V 0
10V +10
100V +20


VII.3 PHOI HP TR KHANG

Hnh 7-4

Trang 110


Hnh 7-4a cho thay mot tang khuyech ai co tr khang nguon la R
G
,
ien tr vao R
in
, ien tr ra R
out
va tr tai la R
L
. Ve nguyen tac gia tr cac tr
khang vao ra ay la khac nhau.
Trong cac he thong truyen tin nh microware, television, telephone,
network thng co ieu kien phoi hp tr khang, ngha la
R
G
= R
in
= R
out
= R
L

Hnh 7-4b mo ta y tng nay. Tat ca cac ien tr bang nhau va bang R.
Tr khang R bang 50 trong cac he thong viba, 75 oi vi cable ong truc
(calbe mang) hoac 300 trong cable truyen hnh hay 600 trong cable ien
thoai. S phoi hp tr khang c dung trong cac he thong nay v no tao ra
cong suat truyen toi a.
Tren hnh 7-4b, cong suat vao bang
p
in
=v
2
in
/ R
Cong suat ra bang
p
out
=v
2
out
/ R
He so khuyech ai cong suat
G= p
out
/ p
in
= v
2
out
/ v
2
in

Vay G=A
2
(7-14)
Theo (7-14) he so khuyech ai cong suat bang bnh phng he so
khuyech ai the trong cac he thong co phoi hp tr khang.
Bieu dien bang decibel th
G
dB
= 10logG=10logA
2
= 20logA
Suy ra G
dB
=A
dB
(7-15)
Theo (7-15), he so khuyech ai cong suat decibel bang he so khuyech
ai the decibel trong cac he thong co phoi hp tr khang.

VII.4 GIAN O BODE
Hnh 7-5

Trang 111


Hnh 7-5 cho thay ap tuyen tan so cua mot bo khuyech ai ac. Mac du
no cha mot so thong tin nh he so khuyech ai tan so gia va cac tan so cat
nhng no khong cho phep mo ta ay u ve hoat ong cua mot bo khuyech ai.
Gian o Bode la cong cu cho nhieu thong tin hn ve hoat ong cua mot bo
khuyech ai ngoai vung tan so gia.
OCTAVES
Trong he 2, mot so ng ben trai mot so khac ln hn no 2 lan. Trong
am nhac, t octave co ngha la gap oi ve tan so. Khi di chuyen len tren mot
octave chung ta co tan so gap oi.
Trong ien t, octave co ngha tng t.
Khi f
1
/ f =2 chung ta noi rang f di f
1
mot octave.
Khi f/f
2
=2 chung ta noi rang f tren f
2
mot octave.

DECADES
Decades co ngha tng t octave nhng dung he so 10 thay v he so 2.
Khi f
1
/ f =10 chung ta noi rang f di f
1
mot decade.
Khi f/f
2
= 10 chung ta noi rang f tren f
2
mot decade.

THANG O TUYEN TNH VA THANG O LOGARIT
Cac gian o thong thng la gian o dung thang o tuyen tnh tren ca 2
truc. ieu nay co ngha la khoang cach gia cac so la giong nhau oi vi moi
gia tr tren truc so nh hnh 7-6a. Trong thang o tuyen tnh cac so bat au t
so 0 va tang tuyen tnh en cac so ln.
Hnh 7-6

oi khi chung ta dung thang o logarit v no nen cac gia tr rat ln cua
so lieu va cho phep chung ta nhn thay nhieu decade. Hnh 7-6b cho thay mot
thang o logarit. Lu y rang so c anh t 1. Khoang cach gia 1 va 2 la ln
hn khoang cach gia 9 va 10. Thang o logarit thch hp vi cac so o
Trang 112


decibel. Ngoai thang o tuyen tnh va thang o logarit ngi ta con dung
thang o ban logarit. Thang o ban logarit dung thang o tuyen tnh tren truc
tung con truc hoanh dung thang o logarit. Chung ta dung thang o ban logarit
e bieu dien cac quan he nh he so khuyech ai the tren nhieu decade cua
tan so.

GIAN O DECIBEL CUA HE SO KHUYECH AI THE
Hnh 7-7 ch ra ap tuyen tan so cua mot bo khuyech ai ac.

Hnh 7-7

Gian o tng t hnh 7-5, nhng chung ta bieu th he so khuyech ai
bang decibel theo tan so tren thang logarit. Gian o nh vay goi la gian o
Bode. Truc tung la thang o tuyen tnh con truc hoanh la thang o logarit.
Theo gian o, he so khuyech ai decibel at gia tr cc ai gia. Tai
tan so cat he so khuyech ai giam va giam vi toc o 20dB/dec.
Tai tan so cat, he so khuyech ai the bang 0.707. Do o he so khuyech
ai theo decibel tai tan so cat bang
A
dB
= 20log0.707 =-3dB
Gian o Bode hnh 7-7 la gian o Bode ly tng a c ly tng hoa.
Gian o Bode ly tng cho phep ve ap tuyen tan so cua mot bo khuyech ai
nhanh va de dang.
V du chung ta co gian o Bode ly tng nh hnh 7-8. Chung ta co the
thay cac thong tin sau ay. He so khuyech ai gia la 40dB. Tan so cat la
1KHz va 100KHz. o doc cua ac tuyen ben di va tren tan so cat la
20dB/dec. Ngoai ra chung ta cung thay rang he so khuyech ai the decibel
bang 0dB (A=1) tai tan so 10Hz va 100MHz.


Trang 113


Hnh 7-8



VII.5 HIEU NG MILLER

Hnh 7-9a ch ra mot mach khuyech ai ao co he so khuyech ai the
bang A. Tren hnh 7-9a, tu ien C noi gia loi vao va ra cua bo khuyech ai
goi la tu phan hoi bi v tn hieu loi ra c a tr lai loi vao.
Hnh 7-9

Mach nh the rat kho phan tch v tu phan hoi anh hng en ca mach
loi ra lan mach loi vao.

Trang 114


nh ly Miller cho phep phan tch tu phan hoi thanh 2 tu rieng re nh
hnh 7-9b. Trong o
C
in
= C(A+1) (7-16)
C
out
= C(A+1)/ A (7-17)
Co the thay rang C
out
C nhng C
in
ln hn tu phan hoi A+1 lan. Hien
tng nay goi la hieu ng Miller. No c dung e tao ra mot tu ao ln hn tu
phan hoi nhieu lan.
Mat khac hieu ng Miller con cho thay rang tu phan hoi tao ra mot
mach tre (lag circuit) loi vao cua bo khuyech ai. Chnh tu C
in
la tu chu yeu
quy nh tan so cat thap cua bo khuyech ai.
QUAN HE GIA BANDWIDTH VA THI GIAN TANG
Xet mach RC au vao cua bo khuyech ai. Ban au tu khong tch
ien nh hnh 7-10a.

Hnh 7-10

Neu ong mach tu se c nap theo ham mu t gia tr 0 en nguon cung
cap V. Thi gian tang T
R
cua mach RC c nh ngha la thi gian ma the
tren tu tang t 10% en 90% gia tr cc ai.
De dang tnh c
T
R
=2.2RC (7-18)
Thi gian tang ln hn thi hang RC mot chut.
Nh a noi tren, mot bo khuyech ai dc co mot mach tre RC loi vao
ma no lam cho he so khuyech ai the decibel giam 20dB/dec. Tan so cat cua
mach RC nay cho bi
f
2
=1/2RC
Lu y en phng trnh (7-18) th
Trang 115



f
2
=0.35/T
R
(7-19)
Phng trnh (7-19) la quan he gia thi gian tang va band thong cua
mach. Trong mach khuyech ai dc band thong co ngha la tat ca cac tan so t
0 en tan so cat. Band thong la cach noi khac cua tan so cat. Chang han noi
mot mach khuyech ai dc co band thong 100KHz co ngha la tan so cat cua
mach cung la 100KHz.


VII.6 PHAN TCH TAN SO CUA BO KHUYECH AI

Chung ta se phan tch ay cac hieu ng tan so cua mot bo khuyech
ai CE phan cc bang cau chia the.
Tan so cat thap f
1
cua bo khuyech ai CE quy nh bi:
a) Tu noi vao
Khi mot tn hieu ac c a vao bo khuyech ai, mach tng ng
nh hnh 7-11.
Hnh 7-11

Mach noi co tan so cat bang
f
1
= 1/2RC (7-20)
trong o R gom R
G
va R
in
.

b) Tu noi ra
Hnh 7-12a cho thay mach tng ng loi ra cua mot bo khuyech ai.
Ap dung nh ly Thevenin chung ta thu c mach hnh 7-12b.
Co the dung (7-20) e tnh tan so cat thap, trong o R bang tong cua R
L
va R
C






Trang 116



Hnh 7-12

Tan so cat cao f
2
cua khuyech ai CE quy nh bi cac tu ky sinh tren collector

Hnh 7-13

Hnh 7-13 cho thay mot mach CE vi tu ky sinh C
stray
. Tu C
c
la tu gia
cc C va cc B ben trong transistor. Mac du C
stray
va C
c
rat be nhng tai tan
so cao chung se co anh hng.
Trang 117


Hnh 7-14 la mach tng ng Thevenin cua mach hnh 7-13. Tan so
cat cua mach nay la
f
2
= 1/2RC (7-22)

trong o R=R
L
//R
C
va C = C
stray
+ C
c

Hnh 7-14



Trang 118

Chng VIII
CAC LINH KIEN BAN DAN AC BIET


Transistor lng cc co 2 loai ien tch: electron t do va lo trong.
ieu nay giai thch tai sao goi la transitor lng cc. Trong chng nay chung
ta se xem xet mot loai transistor khac goi la transistor hieu ng trng (field
effect transistor- FET). Thiet b nay la n cc v hoat ong cua no ch da
tren mot loai ien tch hoac la electron t do hoac la lo trong. Noi cach khac
FET ch co phan t tai c ban ma khong co phan t tai khong c ban.
oi vi hau het cac ng dung tuyen tnh, transistor thch hp hn.
Nhng co mot so ng dung, FET lai co nhieu u iem hn do tr khang vao
cao va mot so ac trng khac. Mat khac trong cac thiet b so, FET lai tot hn
transistor v no co toc o nhanh hn transistor.
Co 2 loai transistor n cc la JFET va MOSFET. Trong chng nay se
xem xet chung.


VIII.1 JFET (Junction FET)


Hnh 8-1
Hnh 8-1a cho thay mot mau ban dan loai n. au pha di goi la nguon
(Source), au pha tren goi la mang (Drain). Nguon cung cap V
DD
buoc cac
electron chay thanh dong t nguon en mang. e co JFET, nha may pha tap 2
vung p vao thanh ban dan loai n nh hnh 8-1b. Cac vung ban dan loai p nay
c noi ben trong va ch co mot au ra goi la cc cong G.
Trang 119
Hnh 8-2a cho thay mach phan cc cho JFET.
Hnh 8-2

oi vi JFET, chung ta luon luon phan cc ngc diode cong nguon. Do
phan cc ngc, dong cong xap x bang 0. ieu nay co ngha la JFET co ien
tr vao bang vo cung (thng la hang tram M). ay la u iem cua JFET so
vi transistor. o la ly do giai thch v sao JFET la rat tot trong cac ng dung
yeu cau tr khang vao cao, chang han bo lap lai nguon (source fllower).
THE GATE IEU KHIEN DONG MANG
Tren hnh 8-2a, cac electron chay t nguon en mang phai qua kenh
hep gia cac vung ngheo. Khi the phan cc am hn, lp ngheo rong ra va
kenh dan cua JFET hep hn. Ro rang la bang cach thay oi the V
GS
co the
ieu khien dong ien chay gia nguon va mang.
JFET la thiet b ieu khien bi ien the v the vao ieu khien dong ra.
Trong JFET, the V
GS
quy nh dong mang nguon. Khi V
GS
bang 0 dong mang
la cc ai. Khi V
GS
u ln hai vung ngheo cham nhau th dong mang bang
khong.
Hnh 8-2b la s o ky hieu cua JFET kenh n v kenh dan gia nguon va
mang la ban dan loai n. Trong cac ng dung tan so thap cc mang D va cc
nguon G la co the oi cho cho nhau. Nhng trong cac ng dung tan so cao th
khong the trao oi D va G v tu tap tan gia DG va DS la khac nhau ang ke.
Ngoai JFET kenh n con co JFET kenh p. Ky hieu JFET kenh p nh
JFET kenh n nhng mui ten hng ngc lai. Hoat ong cua JFET kenh p la
bo tuc vi JFET kenh n.



Trang 120
NG CONG MANG
Hnh 8-3a cho thay mot mach phan cc JFET.
Hnh 8-3

Trong mach nay the V
GS
bang nguon V
GG
va the nguon mang V
DS
bang
the nguon cc mang V
DD
.
Co nh V
GS
=0V (bang cach ngan mach cc cong nh hnh 8-3b)

va
bang cach thay oi the V
DS
chung ta se thu c ng cong I
DS
(V
DS
).
Khi tang V
DS
t gia tr 0, dong I
DS
tang tuyen tnh. Khi V
DS
=V
P
th
dong I
DS
at en gia tr bao hoa I
DSS
. Khi V
DS
vt qua V
DS(max)
dong qua
JFET tang nhanh do no b anh thung. Gia tr V
P
goi la the pinchoff.
Vung tac ong cua JFET nam gia V
P
va V
DS(max)
. Trong vung nay
JFET ong vai tro mot nguon dong co gia tr I
DSS
khi V
GS
=0.
Vung gii han bi the V
p
va V
DS
=0 goi la vung ohmic. o la vung ma
JFET hoat ong nh mot ien tr co gia tr bang:
R
DS
= V
P
/ I
DSS
Chang han neu V
p
=4V va I
DSS
=10mA th
R
DS
= 4V/ 10mA = 400
Khi JFET nay hoat ong trong vung Ohmic no luon luon co ien tr
bang 400.
Hnh 8-4 la ho ac tuyen I
DS
(V
DS
).
ng cong tren cung ng vi V
GS
=0. ng cong di cung ng vi
trng hp V
GS
= -4V, tai o dong mang hau nh bang 0. The nay goi la the
that cc cong, ky hieu la V
GS(off)
.
The V
P
=4V va the V
GS(0ff)
=-4V
ieu nay khong phai ngau nhien v ng vi chung, cac vung ngheo ien
tch cham nhau. Cac bang tra cu cho mot trong hai gia tr nay va chung ta
suy ra gia tr con lai nh phng trnh
Trang 121
Vp=-V
GS(off)
(8-1)



Hnh 8-4
ng cong truyen dan
ng cong truyen dan cua JFET la ng cong quan he I
D
va V
GS
nh
hnh 8-5a.

Hnh 8-5
ng cong truyen dan cua moi JFET la giong nhau nh hnh 8-5. Cac
iem au cuoi cua chung la V
GS(off)
va I
DSS
.
Trang 122
Phng trnh cua ng cong nay la:
I
D
= I
DSS
(1- V
GS
/ V
GS(off)
)
2
(8-2)



VIII.2 PHAN CC JFET

Hnh 8-6a cho thay mach phan cc cc cong. Mot nguon am -V
GG
ap
vao cc cong thong qua tr phan cc R
G
. ieu nay tao ra dong mang nho hn
dong mang bao hoa I
DSS
. The mang bang

V
D
= V
DD
- I
D
R
D
(8-3)

Phan cc cc cong la phan cc kem on nh nhat. Tuy nhien ngi ta
hay dung cach phan cc nay khi s dung JFET trong vung ien tr.
PHAN CC TRONG VUNG TAC ONG
Hnh 8-5b cho thay mach phan cc bang cau chia the.
Hnh 8-6

The tren ien tr nguon R
S
bang

V
S
= V
G
- V
GS
(8-4)

Dong mang

I
D
= (V
G
-V
GS
) / R
S
V
G
/ R
S
(8-5)
Trang 123


PHAN CC BANG NGUON OI

Hnh 8-7 cho thay mach phan cc cho JFET bang nguon oi.
Dong mang cho bi


Hnh 8-7

I
D
= (V
SS
-V
GS
)/R
S


= V
SS
/R
S
(8-6)

Theo (8-6) dong mang gan nh khong phu thuoc nhiet o va ban than JFET.



Hnh 8-8
Trang 124

T PHAN CC
Hnh 8-8 cho thay mach t phan cc cua JFET.
Dong mang tao ra the tren cc nguon bang

V
S
= I
D
R
S
(8-7)
Do o the

V
GS
= - I
D
R
S
(8-8)

HE SO TRUYEN DAN CUA JFET
e phan tch mot mach khuyech ai dung JFET chung ta nh ngha he so
truyen dan (Tranconductance) cua JFET nh sau:

g
m
= i
d
/ v
gs
(8-8)

Trong o i
d
la dong mang ac con v
gs
la the cong nguon ac.
g
m
cho thay anh hng cua the nguon cong trong viec ieu khien dong mang.
Ro rang rang g
m
cang ln th vi v
gs
cho trc co the tao dong mang ln hn.

V du neu i
d
=0.2mA va v
gs
=0.1Vpp th

gm = 0.2mA/ 0.1V = 2.10
-3
mho = 2000 S

n v cua he so truyen dan la mho hay Siemen (S)

Lien he gia g
m0
va V
GS(off)
cua mot JFET nh sau

V
GS(off)
= -2I
DDS
/ g
m0
(8-10)

Trong o g
m0
la g
m
tai V
GS
=0.

He so truyen dan tai V
GS
bat ky tnh theo cong thc
g
m
= g
m0
(1-V
GS
/ V
GS(off)
) (8-11)




Trang 125
VIII.3 KHUYECH AI DUNG JFET

Hnh 8-9a cho thay mot mach khuyech ai dung JFET kieu nguon
chung CS. che o ac cac tu la ngan mach. Nguon ac vao c at len cac
cc GS. ieu nay tao ra dong mang ac. Dong mang ac tao sut the tren tr
mang R
D
. The tren cc mang cua JFET la a c khuyech ai ao pha so
vi the vao.
Hnh 8-9b cho thay mach tng ng ac. ien tr mang r
d
bang

r
d
= R
d
//R
L




Hnh 8-9

He so khuyech ai the bang

Trang 126
A = v
out
/ v
in
= g
m
v
in
r
d
/ v
in

= g
m
r
d
(8-12)

JFET thng dung trong cac mach khuyech ai loi vao nhieu thap, cac
bo em. JFET cung thng dung trong cac chuyen mach so, cac bo don va
tach kenh. Mot so ng dung dung FET nh mot ien tr ieu khien bi ien
the (mach AGC).



VIII.4 MOSFET

FET ban dan oxit kim loai (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET) la thiet b
3 cc: Cong, Nguon va Mang nh FET. Nhng cc cong cua MOSFET cach
ien hoan toan vi kenh dan. Do o dong cong cua MOSFET nho hn dong
cong cua JFET.
Co 2 loai MOSFET la MOSFET che o hiem va MOSFET che o cai
tien. MOSFET che o cai tien c dung rong rai trong mach ri cung nh
mach tch hp. Trong mach tch hp MOSFET dung chu yeu nh digital
switch, mot qua trnh c ban trong may tnh.
Trong phan nay ch trnh bay MOSFET cai tien, con goi la E-MOSFET.
Hnh 8-10a cho thay mot E-MOSFET.

Hnh 8-10

Trang 127
Cc cong la cach ien hoan toan vi kenh dan bang SiO
2
. Vung P goi la
Subtrate. Khi phan cc Subtrate c noi vi cc nguon. E-MOSFET dung the
cong nguon V
GS
dng. Khi V
GS
=0 kenh dan gia S va D b nghen. Khi V
GS

dng, no hut cac electron t do vao vung P. Tai ay chung b tai hp vi lo
trong ben canh lp silicon oxide. Khi V
GS
u ln, no lam cac lo trong gan lp
oxide silicon b lap ay va do o tao ra mot lp ban dan loai n. Khi no ton tai
cac electron co the chay t cc nguon en cc mang tao ra dong mang. The
V
GS
toi thieu tao ra lp ban dan loai n goi la the ngng, ky hieu la V
GS(th)
. Gia
tr cua V
GS(th)
thng la t 1 en 3V.
Hnh 8-11 la ac tuyen I
D
(V
DS
) cua E-MOSFET tn hieu be.


Hnh 8-11

ng cong di cung ng vi V
GS(th)
. Khi V
GS
< V
GS(th)
dong mang
bang 0. Khi V
GS
> V
GS(th)
E-MOSFET dan va dong mang phu thuoc V
GS
. Mac
du co the s dung E-MOSFET trong vung tac ong, ngi ta thng dung E-
MOSFET chu yeu trong vung ien tr.
Ky hieu s o: E-MOSFET gom 2 loai: kenh n va kenh p ky hieu nh
hnh ve 8-12.
Hnh 8-12
Trang 128

The cong nguon toi a. MOSFET co mot lp oxide silicon mong ong
vai tro cach ien gia cong va kenh dan. Khi V
GS
vut qua mot gia tr nao o
co the anh thung s cach ien nay va MOSFET b hong. Chang han 2N7000
co V
GS(max)
=20V. Neu the V
GS
dng hn hoac am hn 20V th co the pha huy
2N7000. Cac xung chuyen khi cam hoac thao MOSFET vao thiet b ang co
nguon co the lam hong MOSFET. Tham ch ien tch tnh (electrostatic) cung
co the vt qua V
GS(max)
va lam hong MOSFET khi chung ta cam chung tren
tay. V vay cac thiet b MOSFET can phai c chong tnh ien (bang vo
chong tnh ien) va khong c cam nong (hot plug).

ien tr mang nguon khi dan. Khi MOSFET c phan cc trong
vung ien tr, no tng ng vi mot ien tr R
DS(on)
. Cac tai lieu ky thuat
thng cho R
DS(on)
ng vi mot gia tr cua I
D
va the V
GS
. Khi o

R
DS(on)
= V
DS(on)
/ I
D
(on) (8-13)

Bang 8-1 cho thay mot so cac so lieu cua vai MOSFET

Device V
GS(th)
(V)
V
GS(on)
(V)
I
D(on)
(mA)
R
DS(on)

I
D(max)
(mA)
P
D(max)
(mW)
VN2406L 1.5 2.5 100 10 200 350
BS107 1.75 2.6 20 28 250 350
2N7000 2 4.5 75 6 200 350
VN10LM 2.5 5 200 7.5 300 1000
MPF830 2.5 10 1000 0.8 2000 1000
IRFD120 3 10 600 0.3 800 1000


VIII.5 CHUYEN MACH SO

MOS a lam nen cuoc cach mang trong cong nghiep may tnh. Trc
khi co MOS, may tnh dung en hoac transistor co kch thc ln, tieu ton
nhieu nang lng. Vi the ngng be va dong vao bang 0, MOS la thiet b
chuyen mach ly tng. Khi the vao ln hn the ngng MOS chuyen t Off
sang bao hoa. S chuyen gia 2 trang thai on/off la y tng chnh e xay dng
may tnh. May tnh dung hang chuc trieu MOS nh la cac cong tac e x ly so
Trang 129
lieu (so lieu la tat ca cac so, ch, o hoa va nhng thong tin khac c ma hoa
di dang nh phan).

MACH TNG T, MACH SO VA MACH CONG TAC
T Analog co ngha la tng t hay lien tuc. Chang han song sin. Khi
chung ta noi tn hieu analog co ngha la tn hieu ay bien thien lien tuc theo
thi gian.
T Digital co ngha la so hay ri rac. Tn hieu digital la cac tn hieu
khong lien tuc. Chung bien thien gian oan hay co s chuyen t gia tr cao
sang thap mot cach ot ngot nh hnh 8-13. May tnh dung cac tn hieu nay e
ma hoa so, ch va cac thong tin khac.


Hnh 8-13

T Switching co ngha rong hn digital. No co ngha la cac mach
chuyen (cong tac). Cac mach chuyen (cong tac) bao gom cac mach so nh la
tap con. Mach cong tac cung bao ham mach e ieu khien motor, heater
PASSIVE LOAD SWITCHING
Hnh 8-14
Hnh 8-14 cho thay mot mach cong tac tai thu ong (tai la ien tr R
D

thong thng). Trong mach nay Vin co 2 trang thai: cao va thap. Khi Vin thap,
Trang 130
MOS ngng dan va V
out
= V
DD
. Khi vin cao, MOS bao hoa va v
out
xap x 0V.
e mach hoat ong ung can co ieu kien

R
DS(on)
<< R
D

Mach hnh 8-14 la mach n gian nhat trong may tnh. o la mach ao
(inverter gate) v the loi ra ao ngc vi the loi vao. Gia tr chnh xac cua
mach khong quan trong ma quan trong la the ra co 2 gia tr cao va thap phan
biet c.

ACTIVE LOAD SWITCHING
Mach tch hp IC cha hang ngan transistor nho hoac la transistor lng
cc hoac la MOS. Cac the he IC au tien co mach cong tac vi tai thu ong.
Nhng chung co nhc iem la kch thc ln. Cong tac co tai ong khac phuc
nhc iem nay. Hnh 8-15a cho thay mach cong tac tai ong. MOS pha di
la cong tac. MOS pha tren la tai ong. ien tr cua MOS tren bang
R
D
= V
DS(active)
/ I
D(active)
(8-14)
Trong o V
DS(active)
va I
D(active)
la the va dong cua MOS tren vung active.

e mach hoat ong ung R
D
cua MOS tren phai ln hn R
DS(on)
cua
MOS di.
Hnh 8-15b cho thay cach tnh R
D
cua MOS tren.
V V
GS
=V
DS
nen ac tuyen cua MOS tren la ng thang.
Co the thay rang tai cac iem ng vi V
DS
=15V, 10V va 5V cac dong I
D

tng ng la 3mA, 1.6mA va 0.7mA do o tr R
D
tng ng bang 5K,
6.25K va 7.2K.
Neu MOS di co tham so nh MOS tren th
R
D(on)
= 2V/3mA= 667 .

Co the thay rang tai moi iem hoat ong, the ra khi MOS di on la rat
thap (xap x 0V).
Trang 131

Hnh 8-15



VIII.6 CMOS

Trong cong tac tai ong, dong tai khi loi ra thap la I
D(sat)
. Dong nay kha
ln va v vay khong thch hp vi cac thiet b hoat ong bang pin. Mot cach e
giam dong la dung CMOS (complementary MOS) nh hnh 8-16. CMOS gom
mot MOS kenh n va mot MOS kenh p. Chung c goi la bo tuc v co cac
thong so dong, the bang va oi nghch nh V
GS(th)
, V
GS(on)
, I
D(on)
,
Mach nay tng t mach khuyech ai ay keo hang B v mot MOS dan
th MOS kia ngng dan.

Hnh 8-16

Trang 132
Khi CMOS la cong tac th the vao la t 0 en V
DD
. Khi the vao cao, Q1
ngng con Q2 dan, the ra bang 0V. Khi the vao thap, Q1dan con Q2 ngng,
the ra cao.
u iem chu yeu cua CMOS la cong suat tieu tan rat be. Khi the vao
bang the V
DD
ca hai MOS eu dan (the ra bang 1/2V
DD
) va dong mang t
nguon la ln nhat. Tuy nhien thi gian nay rat ngan nen cong suat tieu tan
ong trung bnh rat be. CMOS thch hp cho cac he thong hoat ong bang pin
(chang han RTC cua may tnh).



VIII.7 THYRISTOR VA NG DUNG

Hnh 8-17

Thyritor co nguon goc t ch Hylap la ca m ra cho mot cai g o i
qua. Thyritor la thiet b ban dan s dung phan hoi ben trong e tao ra mot tac
ong nh cong tac. Thyritor quan trong nhat la SCR (Silicon Controlled
Rectifier) va Triac. Chung c s dung nh cac chuyen mach co dong ln,
toc o cao. Thyritor dung nhieu trong cac mach ieu khien motor, heater, cac
he thong anh sang va cac thiet b co dong tai ln.
DIODE 4 LP
Hnh 8-17a cho thay mach tng ng cua diode 4 lp. Diode 4 lp co
ten goi nguyen thuy la diode Shockley, diode pnpn va Silicon Unilateral
Switch (SUS).
S o noi ben trong diode bon lp tao ra phan hoi dng ma ieu nay
co ngha la: neu dong cua mot trong hai transistor tang se lam cho ca hai bao
Trang 133
hoa, ngc lai neu dong cua mot trong hai transistor giam se lam cho ca hai
transistor ngng dan.
Neu ca hai transistor bao hoa diode 4 lp coi nh cong tac ong.
Neu ca 2 transistor ngng dan, diode 4 lp coi nh cong tac h. Ca hai
trang thai nay la ben. V mach co the mot trong hai trang thai ben nen mach
goi la mach LACTH (chot)



Hnh 8-18
ong mach chot
Hnh 8-18 cho thay mot mach chot noi vi tai en nguon V
CC
. Gia s
rang mach chot ang h. Ch co mot cach e ong mach chot la dung
Breakover. ieu nay co ngha la dung mot nguon V
CC
u ln e anh thung
diode collector Q1. Khi o do phan hoi dng ca hai transistor se bao hoa. Khi
mach chot ong sut the qua diode 4 lp gan bang khong.
M mach chot
Khi mach chot a ong, e m mach chot can giam nguon cung cap
V
CC
. ieu nay buoc ca hai transistor ngng dan va mach chot h.

SCR (Silicon Controled Rectifier)
Trong diode 4 lp, bang cach noi base cua Q2 ra ngoai (ky hieu la G
hay cc cong) chung ta co SCR.
Cc cong co kha nang ieu khien hoat ong cua SCR. Khi mach chot
ang h, neu chung ta a vao cc G mot xung dng th mach chot se ong
ngay ca khi xung kch thch mat i. Nha may thng ch ra dong toi thieu e
kch SCR bang tham so I
GT
. The kch SCR la V
GT
= 0.7V.
The vao toi thieu e kch SCR la
Vin = V
GT
+ I
GT
R
G
(8-15)
Trang 134
Trong o R
G
la ien tr Thevenin cua mach kch SCR.

Hnh 8-19
RESET SCR
Sau khi SCR dan, no van tiep tuc dan ngay ca khi V
in
=0. Ch co mot
cach e reset SCR la giam dong cua SCR en di gia tr dong gi (holding
current). Noi cach khac the cung cap phai be hn
V
CC
=0.7V + I
H
R
L
(8-16)
Trong o I
H
la dong gi.

DIAC va TRIAC
Diac la 2 diode 4 lp ghep oi song (hnh 8-20a). Con Triac la 2 SCR
ghep oi song (hnh 8-20b). Chung c go i la cac Thyritor lng hng v
co the cho dong qua ca hai hng.

Hnh 8-20
Trang 135
Chng IX
KHUYECH AI THUAT TOAN


IX.1 KHUYECH AI VI SAI

Thua t ng khuye ch a i thua t toa n (OP AMP) du ng e ch ca c bo
khuye ch a i ma chu ng th c hie n ca c phe p toa n. Ve ma t lch s ca c bo
khuye ch a i thua t toa n c du ng trong ca c ma y tnh analog, o chu ng
th c hie n ca c phe p toa n co ng, t r Va o th i ky o , khuye ch a i OP AMP
c la p ba ng linh kie n r i. Ngay nay OP AMP c che ta o d i da ng
IC.
Mo t ma ch OP AMP la ma ch khuye ch a i DC v i he so khuye ch a i
ra t l n, tr kha ng va o ra t cao va tr kha ng ra ra t tha p. Trong khuye ch
a i OP AMP he so khuye ch a i la ha ng so t 1Hz e n hn 20MHz. Mo t vi
ma ch OP AMP la mo t kho i ch c na ng a y u v i mo t so ca c cha n be n
ngoa i. Ba ng ca ch no i nguo n nuo i va 1 so ca c linh kie n kha c, chu ng ta co
the xa y d ng nhanh ta t ca ca c loa i ma ch tho ng th ng.
Trong vi ma ch ch co transistor, diode, ie n tr va ca tu (nho hn
50pF). V ly do na y ca c nha thie t ke IC kho ng du ng tu no i va tu tho ng da n
nh ca ch thie t ke ma ch r i. Thay va o o ho du ng ca c no i t r c tie p gi a
ca c ta ng.
Khuye ch a i vi sai co cu ng y t ng nh va y. Ma ch khuye ch a i vi
sai ha n che c tu tho ng da n emitter. V ly do na y va mo t va i ly do kha c
ma ch khuye ch a i vi sai c du ng nh la ta ng va o cu a OP AMP.
LO I VA O VA LO I RA VI SAI
Hnh 9-1 cho tha y mo t ma ch khuye ch a i vi sai.
Hnh 9-1
No go m 2 ta ng khuye ch a i CE co ie n tr emitter chung. Ma c du
co 2 loi va o va 2 loi ra nhng ve to ng the ma ch xem nh mo t ta ng
khuye ch a i. V kho ng s du ng tu no i ne n ta n so ca t tha p f
1
=0.
Trang 136
The ra v
out
la hie u the gi a 2 collector v i c c tnh nh tre n hnh 9-
1.

v
out
= v
c2
-v
c1
(9-1)

The ra na y go i la the ra vi sai v no la to h p cu a 2 the ra ac tha nh
mo t the ba ng hie u the cu a 2 collector.
Mo t ca ch ly t ng th 2 transistor va ca c ie n tr collector pha i
gio ng he t nhau. Do o v
out
= 0 khi v
1
=v
2
. Khi v
1
> v
2
the ra co c c tnh nh
hnh 9-1. Khi v
1
<v
2
the ra co c c tnh ng c la i.
Khuye ch a i vi sai tre n hnh 9-1 co 2 lo i va o rie ng re . Lo i va o v
1
goi
la lo i va o kho ng a o v loi ra cu ng pha v i v
1
. Ng c lai loi va o v
2
go i la lo i
va o a o v the ra ng c pha v i v
2
. Trong mo t so ng du ng, ch co lo i va o
v
1
c s du ng co n loi va o v
2
no i GND. Ng c la i mo t so ng du ng kha c
co v
1
no i GND trong khi o tn hie u c a va o v
2
.
Khi co tn hie u va o ca 2 lo i va o, ca u hnh na y go i la lo i va o vi sai.
Khi o the ra ba ng
v
out
=A(v
1
-v
2
) (9-2)

t rong o A la he so khuye ch a i the .


Hnh 9-2a


LO I RA MO T BE N
Trang 137
Lo i ra vi sai nh hnh 9-1 ye u ca u mo t ta i no i (kho ng co ie m no i
a t). Hnh 9-2a ch ra mo t ca ch du ng ro ng ra i ma ch khuye ch a i vi sai v
no co the no i v i ta i tho ng th ng nh ma ch CE, ma ch CC.

The ra la y t collector be n pha i. Do o collector transistor tra i no i
vi nguo n V
CC
. V the lo i va o va n la vi sai ne n the loi ra la v
out
=A(v
1
-v
2
).
Nhng lu y he so khuye ch a i the ch ba ng he so khuye ch a i the khi
loi ra la vi sai.
Hnh 9-2b la ky hie u cu a khuye ch a i vi sai (gio ng nh OP AMP).
a u va o co da u + la a u va o kho ng a o. a u va o la a u va o a o.

Hnh 9-2b

CA U HNH LO I VA O KHO NG A O
Tho ng th ng ch co mo t lo i va o active co n lo i va o kia c no i
GDN nh hnh 9-3a.

Hnh 9-3a

Ca u hnh na y co mo t a u va o kho ng a o va lo i ra vi sai. Do v
2
=0
ne n v
out
=Av
1
(9-3)
Trang 138

Hnh 9-3b la mo t ca u hnh kha c, trong o co mo t a u va o kho ng
a o, lo i ra 1 be n. He so khuye ch a i ch ba ng ca u hnh 9-3a.



Hnh 9-3b

CA U HNH LO I VA O A O
Trong mo t so ng du ng, v
2
la loi va o trong khi o v
1
c no i GDN
nh hnh 9-4a.
Ca u hnh na y co the lo i ra
v
out
= -Av
2
(9-4)
Hnh 9-4a
Trang 139
Hnh 9-4b la mo t ca u hnh kha c, trong o co mo t lo i va o a o, lo i ra
1 be n. He so khuye ch a i ch ba ng ca u hnh 9-4a.

Hnh 9-4b

Ba ng 9-1 ch ra 4 ca u hnh c ba n cu a mo t khuye ch a i vi sai

INPUT OUTPUT v
in
v
out

Vi sai Vi sai V
1
-v
2
v
c2
-v
c1

Vi sai n V
1
-v
2
v
c2

n Vi sai v
1
hoa c v
2
v
c2
-v
c1

n n v
1
hoa c v
2
v
c2



IX.2 PHAN TCH DC MOT KHUYECH AI VI SAI

Hnh 9-5a cho tha y ma ch tng ng dc cu a mo t khuye ch a i vi
sai. Ma ch pha n c c a y la ma ch TSEB. Ha u nh nguo n cung ca p a m trong
ma ch TSEB la a t le n R
E
. ie u na y ta o ra do ng emitter co nh.
PHA N TCH LY TNG
Ma ch khuye ch a i vi sai o i khi co n go i la ma ch khuye ch a i uo i
da i (long tail)v hai transistor cu ng chia se tr R
E
. Do ng cha y qua ie n tr
du ng chung na y go i la do ng uo i (I
T
). Ne u bo qua V
BE
th do ng uo i co gia
t r ba ng
I
T
= V
EE
/ R
E.
(9-5)

Trang 140


Hnh 9-5

Do ng qua mo i transistor ba ng

I
E
= I
T
/ 2 (9-6)

The DC tre n mo i collector ba ng

V
C
= V
CC
- I
C
R
C
(9-7)

Trong ga n u ng ba c 2 ca n pha i tnh e n V
BE
=0.7V, khi o do ng uo i
ba ng

I
T
= (V
EE
V
BE
)/ R
E
(9-8)


IX.3 PHAN TCH AC MOT KHUYECH AI VI SAI

Trong pha n na y chu ng ta se da n ra he so khuye ch a i the cu a mo t
bo khuye ch a i vi sai. Chu ng ta ha y ba t a u ba ng ca u hnh n gia n nha t:
lo i va o kho ng a o va lo i ra n.
Trang 141
Hnh 9-6 cho tha y mo t ma ch khuye ch a i vi sai co a u va o kho ng
a o
Hnh 9-6

va lo i ra n. V i R
E
l n, do ng uo i ha u nh kho ng o i khi co tn hie u ac
nho lo i va o. Do o mo t s ta ng do ng emitter Q
1
ta o ra mo t s gia m
tng ng do ng emitter Q
2
. Ng c la i mo t s gia m do ng emitter Q
1
ta o
ra s ta ng tng ng do ng emitter Q
2
.
Tre n hnh 9-6, transistor be n t ra i o ng vai tro nh mo t bo la p la i
emitter. Tuy nhie n ca n lu y la the tre n emitter ch ba ng the va o.
Trong n a chu ky dng, do ng emitter Q
1
ta ng va do ng emitter Q
2
gia m
la m cho the colector Q
2
ta ng. Ng c la i va o n a chu ky a m the collector
Q
2
gia m.
Hnh 9-7

Hnh 9-7a cho tha y s o tng ng. Trong thie t ke R
E
>> r
e
do
o co the bo qua R
E
trong ca c pha n tch s ca p va chu ng ta thu c
ma ch tng ng n gia n nh hnh 9-7b.
Trang 142


HE SO KHUYE CH A I LO I RA N
Trong hnh 9-7a, the ra ba ng

v
out
= i
c
R
C


The va o ac la

v
in
= i
e
r
e
+ i
e
r
e
=2i
e
r
e


He so khuye ch a i lo i ra n ba ng

A = R
C
/ 2r
e
(9-9)

HE SO KHYUE CH A I LO I VI SAI

Hnh 9-8 cho tha y s o tng ng lo i ra cho ma ch co lo i va o n,
loi ra vi sai. Pha n tch gio ng nh pha n tr c ngoa i t r the lo i ra ta ng ga p
o i.
Hnh 9-8

v
out
= v
c2
- v
c1
= i
c
R
C
- (-i
c
R
C
) = 2 i
c
R
C


The ac lo i va o la

v
in
= 2i
e
r
e

Trang 143

He so khyue ch a i the lo i ra vi sai ba ng

A= R
C
/ r
e
(9-10)

CA U HNH LO I VA O A O

Co the tha y ra ng ca u hnh lo i va o a o hoa n toa n gio ng ca u hnh lo i
va o kho ng a o. Ch kha c mo t ie u la tn hie u ra a o pha so v i tn hie u
va o.
CA U HNH LO I VA O VI SAI

Ca u hnh loi va o vi sai co hai loi va o e u active. Pha n tch ac cu a
ca u hnh lo i va o vi sai co the du ng nguye n ly cho ng cha t nh sau: Chu ng
ta a bie t hoa t o ng cu a ca u hnh lo i va o a o va kho ng a o mo t ca ch
rie ng re . Ba ng ca ch to h p hai ke t qu a na y chu ng ta thu c phng
t rnh cho ca u hnh lo i va o vi sai.
Lo i ra cho ca u hnh kho ng a o la
v
out
=Av
1

Lo i ra cho ca u hnh a o la

v
out
= - Av
2


Lo i ra cho lo i va o vi sai ba ng

v
out
=A(v
1
v
2
)

Ba ng 9-2 cho tha y he so khuye ch a i o i v i ca c ca u hnh kha c
nhau.
INPUT OUTPUT A v
out

Vi sai Vi sai R
C
/ r
e
Av
1

Vi sai n R
C
/ 2r
e
A(v
1
-v
2
)
n Vi sai R
C
/ r
e
Av
1
hoa c -Av
2

n n R
C
/ 2r
e
Av
1
hoa c -Av
2


Tr kha ng va o cu a bo khuye ch a i vi sai

Trang 144
z
in
= 2r
e
(9-11)




IX.4 KHUYECH AI OP AMP

Hnh 9-9

Hnh 9-9 cho tha y s o kho i mo t OP AMP.
Ta ng va o la mo t khuye ch a i vi sai. Sau no la ca c ta ng khuye ch
a i the . Lo i ra la bo la p la i emitter kie u a y ke o ha ng B. Khuye ch a i vi
sai lo i va o quy nh nh ng a c trng va o cu a OP AMP nh tr kha ng
va o ra t cao, he so ca ch chung cao. Trong ha u he t ca c ng du ng, lo i ra cu a
OP AMP la lo i ra n nh hnh 9-9. V i vie c s du ng nguo n nuo i ke p, loi
ra n c thie t ke e co ca c gia tr tnh ba ng 0. Theo ca ch na y the loi
va o ba ng 0 la ly t ng e the lo i ra ba ng 0.
Kho ng pha i ta t ca ca c OP AMP e u co thie t ke nh hnh 9-9. Cha ng
ha n co 1 so OP AMP kho ng du ng lo i ra n, mo t so kha c kho ng du ng ta ng
a y ke o ha ng B. Cho du thie t ke ba ng ca ch na o i n a th hnh 9-9 la s o
n gia n nha t cu a mo t OP AMP. Tre n th c te vi ma ch OP AMP co ca u
t ru c ra t ph c ta p. Trong OP AMP, ng i ta du ng ca c ky thua t pha ta p
t ransistor do ng ie n gng, ta i o ng va nhie u ky thua t kha c ma ky thua t
Trang 145
ma ch r i kho ng la m c.
Hnh 9-10

Hnh 9-10a la s o ky hie u cu a mo t OP AMP. No co mo t a u va o
kho ng a o, mo t a u va o a o va mo t lo i ra n. Mo t ca ch ly t ng, s o
na y co he so khuye ch a i the ba ng vo cu ng, tr kha ng va o ra t l n va tr
kha ng ra ba ng 0. Mo t OP AMP ly t ng bie u die n cho mo t bo khuye ch a i
the hoa n ha o va th ng c go i la mo t nguo n the c ie u khie n b i
the (Voltage Cont rolled Voltage Source - VCVS). S o tng ng ac
cu a VCVS nh hnh 9-10b. Trong 9-10b tr kha ng va o R
in
ba ng vo cu ng,
t r kha ng ra R
out
ba ng 0.
Ba ng 9-3 cho tha y mo t so OP AMP ie n hnh va ca c a c trng cu a
chu ng
Quantity Symbol Ideal LM741C LF157A
He so khuye ch a i vo ng
h
A
OL
Vo cu ng 90000 200000
Ta n so ta i o A=1 f
unity
Vo cu ng 1MHz 20MHz
Tr kha ng va o R
in
Vo cu ng 2M 9
12

Tr kha ng ra R
out
Zero 75 90
Do ng pha n c c va o i
in(bias)
Zero 80nA 30pA
Do ng offset va o i
in(off)
Zero 20nA 3pA
The offset lo i va o v
in(off)
Zero 2mV 1mV
Ty so loa i t r ca ch chung CMRR Vo cu ng 90dB 90dB
Ba ng 9-3


IX.5 KHUYECH AI AO

Khuye ch a i a o la ma ch OP AMP c ba n nha t. No du ng pha n ho i
a m e o n nh he so khuye ch a i to ng the cu a ma ch. Ly do ca n pha i o n
nh he so khuye ch a i la v A
OL
qua l n va kho ng o n nh. V du 741C co
A
OL
be nha t la 20000 e n A
OL
l n nha t la 200000.
Trang 146
Hnh 9-11

Hnh 9-11 ch ra ma ch khuye ch a o a o. e n gia n chu ng ta
kho ng ve ra s o nguo n nuo i. The va o v
in


c a va o lo i va o a o tho ng
qua ie n tr R
in
. ie u na y ta o ra t re n a u va o a o mo t the v
2
. The lo i va o
c khuye ch a i va ta o ra the loi ra a o pha so v i the va o. The ra c
pha n ho i la i a u va o tho ng qua ie n tr pha n ho i R
2
. a y la s pha n ho i
a m v the loi ra a o pha so vi the va o.
Ca ch ma s pha n ho i a m o n nh he so khuye ch a i to ng the cu a
ma ch la nh sau: Ne u A
OL
ta ng v ba t c ly do g th the lo i ra se ta ng va
do co s pha n ho i a m the lo i va o se gia m.
at ao (virtual ground)
Khi chu ng ta no i mo t da y da n t mo t ie m tre n ma ch xuo ng a t,
the ta i ie m o se ba ng 0. Trong tr ng h p o da y da n ta o ra ng
da n cho do ng ie n cha y xuo ng a t. a t c ho c la a t ca the la n do ng.
a t a o th kha c. o la kha i nie m ve mo t ie m na o o tre n ma ch co
the va do ng ba ng kho ng. Kha i nie m a t a o la m cho vie c pha n tch ma ch
t r ne n ra t n gia n. a t a o d a tre n tnh cha t cu a ma ch OP AMP. Khi
mo t OP AMP la ly t ng, no co he so khuye ch a i vo ng h ba ng vo cu ng
va tr va o cu ng ba ng vo cu ng. Do o chu ng ta co the suy ra (deduce) ca c
thuo c tnh ly t ng sau a y cho ma ch khuye ch a i OP AMP co a u va o
a o: Do R
in
ba ng vo cu ng ne n do ng va o i
2
ba ng 0
Do A
OL
ba ng vo cu ng ne n the va o v
2
ba ng 0
Do i
2
ba ng 0 ne n do ng cha y qua R
1
pha i ba ng do ng cha y qua R
2
nh tre n
hnh ve . Ma t kha c v2 ba ng 0 ne n a u va o la a t a o. a t a o la kha i nie m
tng ng n a a t, ngha la the ba ng kho ng nhng kho ng co do ng cha y
qua. Tre n hnh ve chu ng ta bie u th a t a o ba ng ng cha m cha m. Ma c
du a t a o la ga n u ng ly t ng nhng no to ra chnh xa c khi pha n ho i a m
sa u.
HE SO KHUYE CH A I THE
Tre n hnh 9-12, chu ng ta hnh dung a u va o a o la a t a o. Khi o
co the vie t
v
in
= i
in
R
1

v
out
= - i
in
R
2

Trang 147

Hnh 9-12
He so khuye ch a i the (vo ng kn) ba ng

A
CL
= v
out
/ v
in
= -R
2
/ R
1
(9-12)

a y la he so khuye ch a i the vo ng kn no la he so khuye ch a i khi
co vo ng pha n ho i a m gi a lo i ra va lo i va o. Do o pha n ho i a m ne n A
CL
<
A
OL
. Cha ng ha n, R
2
=50K co n R
1
=1K th A
CL
=50 ke ca khi thay o i
nhie t o , nguo n nuo i va tha m ch thay the OP AMP.
Tr khang vao
Do a u va o a o la a t a o do o tr kha ng va o cu a vo ng kn la

z
in(CL)
= R
1
(9-13)

u ie m cu a ma ch khuye ch a i OP AMP a o la co the cho n gia t r
cu a tr kha ng va o.

BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth vo ng h hay ta n so ca t cu a cu a OP AMP ra t tha p do co
tu bu be n t rong. Cha ng ha n v i 741C

f
2(OL)
= 9Hz.

Ta i ta n so na y he so khuye ch a i ba t a u gia m. Khi pha n ho i a m
c du ng, bandwidth to ng the ta ng. a y la ly do: Khi ta n so va o l n hn
f
2(OL)
th A
OL
gia m 20dB/dec. V v
out
gia m ne n pha n ho i a m cu ng gia m.
ie u na y la m cho v
2
ta ng va bu la i s gia m cu a A
OL
. Do o A
CL
b gia m
ta i ta n so cao hn f
2(OL)
. Pha n ho i a m ca ng sa u th ta n so ca t vo ng kn ca ng
cao. Noi ca ch kha c A
CL
ca ng be th f
2(CL)
ca ng l n. a y la phng trnh
cho ta n so ca t vo ng kn
Trang 148
f
2(CL)
= f
unity
/ (A
CL
+1)

Tho ng th ng A
CL
>>1 do o

f
2(CL)
= f
unity
/ A
CL
(9-14)

V du khi A
CL
=10 th

f
2(CL)
= 1MHz

/ 10 = 100KHz



Lu y ra ng

f
unity
= f
2(CL)
A
CL
(9-15)

Ta n so khuye ch a i n v ba ng tch gi a band tho ng va he so
khuye ch a i vo ng kn. Nhie u ta i lie u ra c u go i f
unity
la GBW (gain
bandwidth).


IX.6 KHUYECH AI KHONG AO

Khuye ch a i kho ng a o la mo t ma ch OP AMP c ba n kha c. No
cu ng du ng s pha n ho i a m e o n nh he so khuye ch a i toa n the . S
pha n ho i a m cu ng la m ta ng tr kha ng va o va la m gia m tr kha ng ra.
Hnh 9-13

Hnh 9-13 cho tha y ma ch tng ng ac cu a mo t khuye ch a i
kho ng a o. Mo t the va o ac c a t i loi va o kho ng a o. The na y c
khuye ch a i lo i ra. The lo i ra co cu ng pha v i the loi va o. Mo t pha n the
loi ra c pha n ho i la i a u va o a o tho ng qua ca u chia the R
1
va R
2
. The
Trang 149
pha n ho i ha u nh ba ng the va o. Do he so khuye ch a i vo ng h ra t l n ne n
s kha c nhau gi a v
1
va v
2
ra t be .
S o n nh do pha n ho i trong ma ch na y nh sau: Gia s A
OL
ta ng
th the pha n ho i va o a u va o a o cu ng ta ng. ie u na y la m gia m v
1
-v
2
va
ke t qua la v
out
gia m.

NGA N MA CH A O (VIRTUAL SHORT)
Khi chu ng ta du ng da y no i e no i 2 ie m tre n ma ch chu ng ta co s
nga n ma ch c ho c. S nga n ma ch c ho c la m cho the va do ng gi a ca c
ie m b nga n ma ch ba ng 0.
Hnh 9-14

S nga n ma ch a o la mo t kha i nie m e ch ra ra ng 2 ie m tre n ma ch
co the ba ng 0 va v va y kho ng co do ng cha y qua no . Hnh 9-14 cho tha y
nga n ma ch a o gi a 2 a u va o cu a OP AMP t rong ca u hnh kho ng a o. S
d co the hnh dung nh va y la v o i v i mo t OP AMP ly t ng
Do R
in
ba ng vo cu ng ne n kho ng co do ng cha y qua ca c a u + va
Do A
OL
ba ng vo cu ng ne n v
1
-v
2
=0
Trong ma ch OP AMP kho ng a o va mo t so ma ch OP AMP kha c
chu ng ta hnh dung nga n ma ch gi a 2 lo i va o.

He so khuyech ai vong kn

Tre n hnh 9-15, hnh dung nga n ma ch gi a 2 lo i va o, ta co
v
in
= i
1
R
in






Trang 150

Hnh 9-15

Ma t kha c do kho ng co do ng cha y va o OP AMP ne n do ng i
1
cu ng
cha y qua R
2
v vay

v
out
= i
1
(R
2
+R
1
)

He so khuye ch a i the vo ng kn ba ng

A
CL
= v
out
/ v
in
= (R
2
+R
1
) / R
1
= R
2
/ R
1
+ 1

A
CL
= R
2
/ R
1
+ 1 (9-16)

Tr kha ng va o cu a ma ch khuye ch a i kho ng a o xa p x ba ng vo
cu ng.
Do a nh h ng cu a ma ch pha n ho i a m, ta n so ca t vo ng kn ba ng

f
2(CL)
= f
unity
/ A
CL






IX.7 HAI NG DUNG CUA KHUYECH AI OP AMP

1) MACH CONG

Trang 151
Khi chu ng ta ca n co ng hai hay nhie u tn hie u la i v i nhau th ma ch
hnh 9-16a c du ng.
Hnh 9-16

Co the tha y ra ng ma ch hnh 9-16a la cho ng cha t cu a 2 ma ch
khuye ch a i da o. He so khuye ch a i vo ng kn cho mo i lo i va o (mo i
ke nh) rie ng re la

A
CL1
= R
F
/ R
1

Va
A
CL2
= R
F
/ R
2

Tn hie u ra khi cho ng cha t hai ma ch la i la

v
out
= A
CL1
v
1
+ A
CL2
v
2
(9-17)

De da ng ch ng minh phng trnh (9-17). Tha t va y do lo i va o a o la
a t a o ne n:

i
in
= i
1
+ i
2
= v
1
/ R
1
+ v
2
/ R
2


Cu ng v a t a o ne n

v
out
= (i
1
+ i
2
)R
F
= R
F
v
1
/ R
1
+ R
F
v
2
/ R
2


a y chnh la phng t rnh (9-17)
Ne u A
CL1
=A
CL2
=1 th
v
out
= v
1
+v
2


Trang 152
Ma ch tre n hnh 9-17 goi la ma ch tro n. Ba ng ca ch thay o i ca c bie n
t r ca c tn hie u va o ca c ke nh se c t ro n ta i lo i ra v i gia tr bie n o
kha c nhau.
Hnh 9-17

2) MACH LAP LAI THE

Chu ng ta a bie t ma ch la p la i emitter ma no co he so khuye ch a i
the ba ng n v. Ma ch la p la i the du ng OP AMP co tnh cha t tng
t va co a c trng to t hn nh t r kha ng va o ra t cao, tr kha ng ra
tha p.
Hnh 9-18a cho tha y ma ch tng ng ac cu a mo t ma ch la p la i the .
Hnh 9-18

S pha n ho i a m la to i a. ie n tr pha n ho i ba ng 0 do o toa n bo
the ra c pha n ho i tr la i a u va o a o. Do nga n ma ch a o gi a
ca c a u va o OP AMP ne n the lo i ra ba ng the lo i va o.

v
out
= v
in


ie u na y co ngha la A
CL
= 1

Trang 153
Chu ng ta cu ng co the thu c ke t qua na y t phng trnh (9-16)
t rong o thay R
2
=0 va R
1
= vo cu ng.
Ma ch la p la i the du ng OP AMP la ma ch la p la i hoa n ha o v the ra
u ng ba ng v i the va o.
Hnh 9-18b la ma ch la p la i the trong o the va o co tr kha ng cao
R
high
. Ta i cu a ma ch la tr kha ng tha p R
low
. Do pha n ho i a m sa u, tr kha ng
va o cu a ma ch la cao hn tr kha ng va o vo ng h (2M) va tr kha ng ra
tha p hn t r kha ng ra vo ng h (75).
Ma ch la p la i the la ma ch giao tie p ly t ng gi a nguo n co t r
kha ng cao v i ta i co t r kha ng tha p.
Trong ma ch la p la i the do A
CL
=1 ne n

f
2(CL)
= f
unity
(9-18)



Trang 154

Chng X
CAC MACH DAO ONG



X.1 LY THUYET DAO ONG IEU HOA

Trong giao trnh nay chung ta ch xem xet dao ong ieu hoa (song
sin). Cac dao ong tao song vuong se c e cap trong giao trnh Mach va
He thong so. e co mot mach dao ong ieu hoa chung ta can mot bo
khuyech ai phan hoi dng (positive feedback). Phan hoi dng la a mot
phan tn hieu loi ra tr lai loi vao sao cho no co tac dung cung chieu vi tn
hieu ra. Neu tn hieu phan hoi la u ln va co pha ung no se tao ra mot tn
hieu ra ma khong can co tn hieu vao.
HE SO KHUYECH AI VONG VA PHA
Hnh 10-1 cho thay mot nguon ac c a vao mot bo khuyech ai.

Hnh 10-1

The ra cua bo khuyech ai bang

v
out
=Av
in


The ra nay a vao mach phan hoi ma thong thng la mach cong
hng. Do o ch co mot tan so nao o c phan hoi nhieu nhat. The phan
hoi lai au vao cua bo khuyech ai bang
v
f
=ABv
in

Trang 155
Neu s dch pha cua bo khuyech ai va mach phan hoi bang 0 th the
phan hoi cung pha vi the vao. Gia s chung ta noi iem x vi iem y va thao
bo nguon v
in
th the phan hoi ABv
in
se thuc bo khuyech ai nh hnh 10-2.

Hnh 10-2

Se co cac trng hp sau ay xay ra:
Neu AB<1 th the ra se tat dan
Neu AB>1 th the ra se tang dan en tnh trang b cat
Neu AB=1 th the ra khong oi va t duy tr
Trong cac mach dao ong thc, ban au he so khuyech ai vong AB ln
hn 1 khi bat nguon cho mach. The ra se tang dan en mot gia tr can thiet th
AB t ong tien en 1 va dao ongc duy tr.
Vay th the loi vao ban au trong mach dao ong la g? Chung ta biet
rang trong moi ien tr co cac electron t do. Do nhiet o moi trng cac
electron nay chuyen ong t do theo moi hng va tao ra the nhieu (noise
voltage) tren ien tr. S chuyen ong hon on nay cha cac tan so t 0 en
1000GHz. Co the hnh dung ien tr la mot nguon the ac nho cha tat ca cac
tan so.
Khi bat ien cho mach lan au tien, tren mach ch co the nhieu tao ra
bi cac ien tr. Cac the nhieu nay c khuyech ai va xuat hien loi ra cua
mach. Nhng ch co tn hieu co tan so ung bang tan so cong hng cua mach
phan hoi mi c a tr lai vao au vao. Sau qua trnh qua o ch con tn
hieu co tan so thoa ieu kien AB=1 va cung pha vi tn hieu ra. Tat ca cac tan
so khac khong xuat hien loi ra.



Trang 156

X.2 DAO ONG CAU WIEN

Mach dao ong cau Wien la mach dao ong trong vung tan so thap en
trung bnh, tc la khoang 5Hz en 1MHz. Chung c ng dung trong cac may
phat am tan thng mai va cac ng dung tan so thap.
MACH LAG
Hnh 10-3

He so khuyech ai the cua mach tren hnh 10-3 la

V
out
/ V
in
= X
C
/ (R
2
+ X
2
C
)
1/2


Goc pha gia tn hieu vao va ra bang

= - arctan(R/X
C
)
Dau tr trong phng trnh goc pha chng to rang the loi ra cham (lag)
pha hn the loi vao.

MACH LEAD
Hnh 10-4 cho thay mot mach lead.

Hnh 10-4

Trang 157
He so khuyech ai the cua mach nay la
V
out
/ V
in
= R / (R
2
+ X
2
C
)
1/2


Goc pha gia tn hieu vao va ra bang
= arctan(X
C
/R)
Goc pha dng chng to rang the loi ra nhanh (lead) pha hn the loi
vao.
Mach lead va mach lag nh tren ay la th du ve cac mach dch pha.
Chung co the lam cho pha tn hieu ra dch pha (nhanh hoac cham) so vi tn
hieu vao. Cac mach dao ong ieu hoa thng s dung cac loai mach dch pha
e tao ra dao ong tai mot tan so.

MACH LEAD-LAG
Dao ong cau Wien dung mang phan hoi cong hng goi la mach lead-
lag nh hnh 10-5.

Hnh 10-5

Tai tan so rat thap, tu noi tiep xem nh h mach oi vi tn hieu vao.
Tai tan so rat cao tu mac shunt co tac dung ngan mach oi vi tn hieu ra.
Gia hai gia tr nay the ra at gia tr cc ai. Tan so tai o tn hieu ra cc ai
goi la tan so cong hng f
r
. Cung tai tan so nay he so phan hoi at en gia
tr cc ai va bang 1/3. Tai tan so cong hng goc pha bang 0.
Phan tch bang so phc chung ta thu c hai phng trnh sau cho
mach hnh 10-5.
= 1/ (10- X
C
/ (R
2
+ X
2
C
))
1/2

(10-1)
va
= arctan((X
C
/R- R/X
C
)/3) (10-2)


Trang 158



Hnh 10-6

He so phan hoi at gia tr cc at 1/3 khi X
C
=R .T o suy ra:

f
r
= 1/2RC (10-3)

Hnh 10-6 la mach dao ong cau Wien. No dung ca phan hoi am va
phan hoi dng. Phan hoi dng thc hien qua mach lead-lag ve loi vao khong
ao. Phan hoi am qua cau chia the ve loi vao ao. Khi mi cap nguon cho
mach, lng phan hoi dng nhieu hn phan hoi am (tr cua day toc bong en
ban au co gia tr be do cha c nung nong). ieu nay cho phep mach t
dao ong nh a mo ta trc ay. Sau khi tn hieu ra at en gia tr mong
muon, s phan hoi am u ln lam cho he so khuyech ai vong kn A=1.


X.3 DAO ONG RC

Mac du dao ong cau Wien la dao ong chuan cho cac ng dung co tan
so di 1MHz, nhng cac dao ong RC khac cung c dung.Phan nay se
phan tch mach dao ong ch T kep va mach dao ong dch pha.
BO LOC CH T
Trang 159



Hnh 10-7
Hnh 10-8

Hnh 10-7 cho thay mot mach loc ch T kep. Phan tch toan hoc cho mach nay
giong nh mach lead-lag. Mac khac co mot tan so cong hng f
r
ma tai o o
dch pha bang 0 va he so khuyech ai bang 0. Phng trnh cho tan so cong
hng cua bo loc ch T kep giong nh vi mach dao ong cau Wien.
f
r
= 1/2RC

DAO ONG CH T
Hnh 10-8 cho thay mach dao ong ch T kep.
Phan hoi dng thc hien bi cau chia the en au vao khong ao. S
phan hoi am thong qua bo loc ch T kep.
Khi mi bat ien, ien tr R
2
cua bong en thap va do o phan hoi
dng la toi a. Khi dao ong a c xac lap, R
2
tang va phan hoi dng
giam dan. Khi at c tnh trang A=1 th mach tr nen on nh.

DAO ONG DCH PHA
Trang 160
Hnh 10-9 la mot mach dao ong dch pha.
No co 3 mach lead tren ng phan hoi am. Mach lead tao ra goc dch
pha gia 0 va 100
0
. Neu nh moi mach lead co goc dch pha la 60
0

th goc
dch pha tong la 180
0
.
Pha loi ra lai b xoay 180
0

. Do o goc dch pha cua vong
la 0
0

. Neu thoa man ieu kien A=1 th mach se dao ong.
Nhc iem chu yeu cua cac mach dao ong dch pha la kho ieu chnh
tan so trong mot vung rong.
Hnh 10-9


X.4 DAO ONG COLPITTS

Dao ong cau Wien ch thch hp tan so thap do gia tr hu han cua
f
unity
cua OP AMP. e tao ra dao ong tan so cao t 1MHz en 500MHz can
mach dao ong LC. Dai tan nay ln hn f
unity
cua hau het cac OP AMP. Do o
trong mach dao ong LC ngi ta dung transistor hoac FET. Trong mach LC
co the phan hoi tn hieu vi bien o va pha hp ly cho s dao ong.
Tuy nhien kho khan chu yeu cua viec phan tch va thiet ke dao ong
LC la do tan so cao. Khi o anh hng cua cac tu ky sinh la ang ke.
Hnh 10-10 cho thay mot mach dao ong Colpitts.


Hnh 10-10

Trang 161
Cau chia the setup iem phan cc tnh. Cuon RF co cam khang rat cao
do o no xem nh h mach oi vi tn hieu ac. He so khuyech ai tai tan so
thap bang
r
c
/ r
e
(10-4)
trong o r
c
la tr khang xoay chieu cua mach collector. Do RF co tr khang rat
ln, tr khang ac cua collector chu yeu la tr khang cua mach cong hng. Tr
khang nay co gia tr cc ai tai tan so cong hng.
Co the gap cac mach dao ong Colpitts kieu khac. Dau hieu chung la
cau chia the bang tu C
1
va C
2
. Chung tao ra s phan hoi can thiet cho dao
ong.
Hnh 10-11

Hnh 10-11 la mach tng ng ac cua dao ong Colpitts. Lu y rang
the ra tren C
1
con the phan hoi lay tren C
2
.
Tan so cong hng
Mach cong hng RC trong dao ong Colpitts co tan so cong hng
bang

f
r
= 1/2(LC)
1/2
(10-5)

trong o C=C
1
C
2
/ (C
1
+C
2
) do C
1
va C
2
noi tiep nhau.

He so phan hoi cua mach bang

=C
1
/ C
2


do o he so khuyech ai the be nhat bang
A
min
= C
2
/ C
1



Trang 162
X.5 DAO ONG THACH ANH

Khi o chnh xac va o on nh cua tan so la quan trong th dao ong
thach anh c dung. Hnh 10-12 cho thay mot dao ong thach anh.

Hnh 10-12

Thach anh (XTAL) ong vai tro nh mot cuon cam ln noi tiep vi mot
tu be. Do o tan so cong hng hau nh khong anh hng bi transistor va cac
tu ky sinh.
oi vi mach dao ong thach anh, co the dung cac bieu thc sau

f
r
= 1/2(LC)
1/2


C = 1/ (1/C
1
+1/C
2
+1/ C
3
)

=C
1
/ C
2

A
min
= C
2
/ C
1




Trang 163

Chng XI
NGUON NUOI


XI.1 CAC AC TRNG CUA NGUON NUOI

Chat lng cua mot bo nguon phu thuoc vao o on nh tai, o on nh
nguon va tr khang ra cua no. Chung ta hay xem xet cac ac trng nay cua bo
nguon.
o on nh tai (Load Regulation)
Hnh 11-1 cho thay bo nguon vi mach nan cau va bo loc dung tu C.


Hnh 11-1

Thay oi tai R
L
se lam thay oi the tai. Neu tr tai nho se lam cho o
gn song tren tai tang, sut the qua cac diode va cuon th cap cung se tang. Do
o mot s giam tr tai se lam giam the tai. o on nh tai cho biet the tai thay
oi ra sao khi dong tai thay oi.
nh ngha o on nh tai
LOAD REGULATION= (V
NL
-V
FL
) x100%/ V
FL
(11-1)
Trong o

V
NL
la the tren tai khi dong tai bang 0
V
FL
la the tren tai khi dong tai toi a
V du mach hnh 11-1 co
V
NL
=10.6V khi I
L
=0
V
FL
=9.25V khi I
L
=1A
Th Load Regulation = (10.6-9.25)x100% / 9.25 = 14.6%
o on nh tai cang be th bo nguon cang tot. Cac bo nguon on ap tot co
o on nh tai be hn 1%, ngha la the tai thay oi t hn 1% trong toan mien
cua dong tai.
Trang 164
o on nh li (Line Regulation)
Tren hnh 11-1 nguon vao co gia tr danh nh la 120V (tai My). Gia tr
thc tai o cam co the thay oi t 105V en 125V phu thuoc vao thi gian, a
iem va mot so yeu to khac. Do the th cap ty le trc tiep vi the vao do o
the tai se thay oi khi the li thay oi.
o on nh li nh ngha nh sau:

LINE REGULATION= (V
HL
-V
LL
)x100%/ V
LL
(11-2)

Trong o V
HL
la the tai khi the nguon cao.

V
LL
la the tai khi the nguon thap.
V du V
HL
=11.2V khi the li la 125V ,V
LL
=9.2V khi the li la 105V
o on nh li = (11.2-9.2)x100%/ 9.2 = 21.7%
Cung nh o on nh tai, o on nh li cang be cang tot. Cac bo nguon on ap
tot co o on nh li be hn 0.1%.

IEN TR RA
ien tr Thevenin hay ien tr ra cua bo nguon quy nh bi o on nh tai.
Mot bo nguon co tr ra thap th o on nh tai cua no cung se thap.
ien tr ra cua mot bo nguon tnh theo cong thc sau:

R
TH
= (V
NL
-V
FL
)/ I
FL
(11-3)

Chang han oi vi mach hnh 11-1, ta co

V
NL
=10.6V khi I
L
=0
V
FL
=9.25V khi I
L
=1A

R
TH
=(10.6-9.25)/1 = 1.35
Bieu thc tng ng cho o on nh tai la

o on nh tai = R
TH
x100%/ R
L(min)
(11-4)

V du, mot bo nguon co tr ra 1.5 va tr tai toi thieu la 10 th o on nh tai
bang

o on nh tai = (1.5/10)x100% = 15%

Trang 165
XI.2 CAC ON AP MAC SHUNT

o on nh li va o on nh tai cua mot bo nguon khong on ap la qua
cao oi vi hau het cac ng dung. Bang cach s dung bo on ap (Voltage
Regulator) gia bo nguon va tai chung ta co the cai thien mot cach ang ke o
on nh li va o on nh tai.
Mot bo on ap the kieu tuyen tnh dung cac linh kien trong vung tuyen
tnh e gi the tren tai la hang so. Co 2 loai on ap tuyen tnh:
On ap tuyen tnh mac shunt
On ap tuyen tnh mac noi tiep
Trong phan nay chung ta xet on ap tuyen tnh mac shunt, mot loai on ap ma
mach on ap mac song song vi tai.

ON AP ZENER
On ap mac shunt n gian nhat la mach diode Zener nh hnh 11-2.
Hnh 11-2

Trong mach nay diode Zener hoat ong trong vung anh thung. Khi dong tai
thay oi, dong qua Zener tang hoac giam mot cach tng ng e gi cho the
tai khong oi. Tren hnh 11-2, dong qua R
S
bang

I
S
=(V
in
-V
out
)/ R
S


The tren tai bang

V
out
= V
Z


Khi the vao la khong oi, dong vao gan nh khong oi khi dong tai thay oi.
Dong tren tai

I
L
= I
S
- I
Z
Trang 166

Dong tai co gia tr toi a bang dong vao va khi dong qua Zener bang 0.

Khi dong tai ln, mach hnh 11-2 co o on nh tai kem v s thay oi cua
dong qua ien tr Zener co the lam thay oi the ra ang ke. Mot cach e cai
thien o on nh tai khi dong tai ln la them mot transistor nh hnh 11-3.

Hnh 11-3
Vi mach nay the ra bang

V
out
= V
Z
+ V
BE
(11-5)

Neu the ra tang, the phan hoi ve base cua transistor tang lam cho sut the qua
R
S
tang. Ket qua la the ra lai giam.

THE RA CAO HN
Hnh 11-4 cho thay mot mach on ap co the ra cao mac du s dung
Zener co the anh thung thap.

Hnh 11-4
Trang 167
Mach dung phan hoi am. Moi thay oi tren the loi ra c phan hoi ve base
cua transistor.
The base cua transistor cho bi cong thc

V
B
= R
1
V
out
/ (R
1
+R
2
)

Do o the ra bang

V
out
= (R
1
+R
2
)V
B
/R
1


Tren hnh 11-4, the cc base bang

V
B
= V
Z
+V
BE


Vay

V
out
= (R
1
+R
2
) (V
Z
+V
BE
)/ R
1
(11-6)

Mot cach e loai tr anh hng cua V
BE
vao the ra thay transistor bang OP
AMP. Vi OP AMP co he so khuyech ai ln, the ra cho bi

V
out
= (R
1
+R
2
)V
Z
/ R
1
(11-7)


BAO VE NGAN MACH
u iem cua cac mach on ap mac shunt la t bao ve ngan mach. Khi
ngan mach dong qua R
S
la toi a va bang

V
in
/ R
S

Hieu suat cua on ap

Hieu suat
= (P
out
/ P
in
)x100% (11-8)




Trang 168

XI.3 CAC ON AP MAC NOI TIEP

Nhc iem cua on ap mac shunt la hieu suat thap. e nang cao hieu
suat ngi ta dung on ap noi tiep hoac on ap xung. On ap xung cho hieu suat
cao t 75% en 95%. Nhng on ap xung lai tao ra nhieu tan so cao RFI (radio
frequency interference). Mac khac on ap xung kha phc tap.
Cac on ap mac noi tiep la thch hp cho cac ng dung can cong suat be
hn 10W v thiet ke n gian, hieu suat t 50 en 70%. Trong cac on ap loai
nay transistor hoat ong trong mien tac ong.
On ap noi tiep n gian nhat la mach lap lai zener nh hnh 11-5.

Hnh 11-5
The ra cua mach on ap bang

V
out
= V
Z
+ V
BE
(11-9)

Neu the vao hoac dong tai thay oi, the zener va the emitter base se
thay oi chut t. Trong on ap mac noi tiep dong tai xap x dong vao v dong
qua Zener kha be. Transistor trong mach goi la transistor thong dan v dong
tai chay qua no.
Hieu suat cua mach nay ln hn mach mac shunt v chung ta a thay
ien tr bi transistor. Dong vao cua on ap noi tiep thay oi theo dong tai ch
khong phai la hang so nh on ap mac shunt.

ON AP HAI TRANSISTOR
Hnh 11-6 cho thay mach on ap dung 2 transistor.





Trang 169

Hnh 11-6

Neu the ra tang do the vao tang hoac do dong tai giam th the phan hoi
ve Q
1
tang lam tang dong qua Q
1
va v vay lam giam the base cua Q
2
. Ket qua
la the loi ra giam.
The ra cua mach cho bi

V
out
= (R
1
+R
2
)(V
Z
+V
BE
)/ R
1
(11-10)

Dong qua transistor Q
2
bang

I
C
=I
L
+ I
2

Trong o I
2
la dong chay qua cau phan the R
1
va R
2
.
Thng I
2
rat be so vi I
L
v vay I
C
=I
L
.
Cong suat tieu tan

P
D
= (V
in
V
out
)I
L
(11-12)

Hieu suat

=(V
out
/ V
in
)x100% (11-13)

ON AP CAI TIEN
Hnh 11-7 cho thay mot on ap noi tiep cai tien nh s dung OP AMP.

The ra bang
Trang 170

V
out
= (R
1
+R
2
)V
Z
/ R
1
(11-14)

Hnh 11-7


XI.4 CAC IC ON AP TUYEN TNH

Co nhieu on ap tuyen tnh c tch hp trong IC. Tat ca chung la on ap
noi tiep. Thong thng cac IC nay co 3 chan: Chan ien ap vao cha on ap,
chan ien ap ra a on ap va chan GND. Cac on ap 3 chan co vo bang nha
hoac vo kim loai nay ngay cang pho bien v re tien va de dung. Cac on ap IC
3 chan nay co the cho ien ap ra dng hoac am co nh t 5 en 24V vi
dong tai en 1A. Mot so on ap cho phep ieu chnh ien ap loi ra t 2 en
40V.
oi vi cac IC on ap, nha may nh ngha lai he so on nh nguon va tai
nh sau:

o on nh nguon = V
out
oi vi toan mien cua dong tai
o on nh tai = V
out
oi vi toan mien cua the vao
Bang 11-1 cho thay mot so cac IC on ap ien hnh va cac thong so cua
chung.
Lu y: the drop out la the sut qua IC on ap be nhat ma on ap con hoat
ong c. Noi cach khac the vao toi thieu cua on ap IC phai bang the ra danh
nh cong vi the drop out. V du vi LM7805 the vao toi thieu la 8V.



Trang 171


Number V
out
(V) I
max
(A) Load Reg
(mV)
Line Reg Drop out
(V)
LM7805 5 1.5 10 3 2
LM7806 6 1.5 12 5 2
LM7808 8 1.5 12 6 2
LM7812 12 1.5 12 4 2
LM7815 15 1.5 12 4 2
LM7818 18 1.5 12 15 2
LM7811 11 1.5 12 18 2
LM78L05 5 0.1 20 18 1.7
LM78L12 12 0.1 30 30 1.7
LM2931 3 to 11 0.1 14 4 0.3
LM7905 -5 1.5 10 3 2
LM7912 -12 1.5 12 4 2
LM7915 -15 1.5 12 4 2
LM317 1.2 to 37 1.5 0.3% 0.02%/V 2
LM337 -1.2 to 37 1.5 0.3% 0.01%/V 2
LM338 1.2 to 32 5 0.3% 0.02%/V 2.7



XI.5 CAC BO BIEN OI DC - DC

oi khi chung ta can bien oi mot the DC nay thanh mot the DC khac.
V du bien oi t 5V thanh 12V. Cac bo bien oi DC-DC la rat hieu qua v
chung s dung transistor che o cong tac. Trong phan nay chung ta se phan
tch bo bien oi DC-DC khong on ap. Phan sau se phan tch bo bien oi DC-
DC on ap s dung s bien ieu o rong xung hay con goi la on ap xung
(Switching Regulators)
Mot bo bien oi DC-DC can ban (xem hnh 11-8) gom mot bo tao xung
vuong c nuoi bi the DC can bien o i. Song vuong nay (co gia tr nh
nh bang gia tr cua nguon DC vao) kch thch cuon s cap bien ap. Tai th
cap cua bien ap chung ta cung nhan c xung vuong nhng co bien o ln
hn hoac be hn song vuong ieu khien. Qua mach nan va loc chung ta nhan
c the DC can thiet.

Trang 172




Hnh 11-8

Tan so hoat ong cua bo bien oi (song vuong) la khoang 10 KHz en
100KHz.
Hnh 11-9 la mot mach bien oi DC-DC khong on ap, s dung
transistor.

Hnh 11-9

Trang 173
Bo tao song vuong dung OP AMP hoat ong tai tan so 20KHz. Q
1
la
mach tach pha e tao 2 tn hieu ngc pha kch thch cap transitor ay keo Q
2

va Q
3
.
Bo bien oi DC-DC khong on ap can phai co the loi vao on nh (loi ra
cua on ap chang han)


XI.6 NGUON ON AP XUNG

On ap xung thuoc loai bien oi DC-DC nhng s dung mach on ap ben
trong. Ngi ta thng dung s bien ieu o rong xung (Pulse Width
Modulation PWM) e ieu khien thi gian on/off cua transistor. Bang cach
thay oi o rong cua xung co the on nh ien ap loi ra khi dong tai hoac the
nguon thay oi.
Trong on ap noi tiep, transistor thong dan luon luon dan do o cong suat
tieu tan ln va hieu suat thap. e giam cong suat tieu tan va nang cao hieu
suat, mot xung vuong ieu khien transistor thong dan chuyen gia 2 che o
bao hoa hoac ngng dan. Khi transistor ngng dan cong suat tieu tan bang 0.
Khi transistor bao hoa cong suat tieu tan rat thap v sut the qua transistor bao
hoa rat be. Do vay on ap xung co the at hieu suat en 95%. V hieu suat cao
va kch thc be nen on ap xung dung nhieu trong cac thiet b ien t the he
mi.
Co nhieu cau hnh cho on ap xung tuy theo dai cong suat va yeu cau ve
chat lng. Hnh 11-10 la mot on ap xung thong thng.
Hnh 11-10

Trang 174
Switch la transitor lng cc hoac FET cong suat. Bo bien ieu o rong
xung la dao ong song vuong co tan so co nh (t 10 KHz en 100KHz)
nhng o xop (ty so gia thi gian xung mc cao va thi gian xung mc
thap) thay oi c. Mach so sanh dung OP AMP.
Ban au khi power on, the ra cua mach bang 0. Khi o the phan hoi ve
loi vao cua OP AMP cung bang 0. The ra cua OP AMP rat ln lam cho o
xop cua xung la cc ai. Tai phan dng cua xung ieu khien, SW ong. Luc
nay diode b phan cc ngc va dong vao chay qua cuon L. Dong nay tao ra
t trng xung quanh cuon L. Nang lng t trng cho bi

W=0.5 LI
2

Dong ien nay nap cho tu C va chay qua tai. Khi xung ieu khien co mc
thap, SW h. Luc nay dong qua cuon giam lam t trng qua cuon L cung
giam lam xuat hien the t cam ngc chieu. The t cam nay phan cc thuan
diode va duy tr dong qua cuon nh ban au. Dong nay chay qua tai cung vi
hng nh khi SW ong. Noi cach khac khi SW h cuon cam ong vai tro nh
nguon va tiep tuc cung cap dong qua tai cho en khi cuon tra het nang lng
cho mach hoac khi SW ong lai. Qua trnh c the tiep tuc va tren tai co dong
DC.
Gia tr trung bnh cua the ra bang

V
out
= D V
in
(11-15)

Trong o D la o xop cua xung. Bang cach kiem soat D co the lam cho V
out

khong thay oi.
V OP AMP co he so khuyech ai rat ln va ngan mach ao gia 2 loi
vao nen

V
FB
= V
REF


Do o

V
out
= (R
1
+R
2
)V
REF
/ R
1
(11-16)

Cac bo nguon on ap kieu xung the he mi s dung khuyech ai ay keo
va bien ap xung cach ly gia s cap va th cap cua bo nguon. Trong trng
hp o phai thc hien noi quang hoc (du ng phototransitor) e phan hoi the loi
Trang 175
ra ve loi vao. Bo nguon cua TV, may tnh, man hnh va may in hien nay eu la
bo on ap xung co cong suat t vai chuc en vai tram W. The vao ac c nan
loc trc tiep e tao ra nguon dc cha o n ap. Nguon dc cha on ap nay sau o
lai c bien oi DC-DC kieu xung nham tao ra cac ien the thap va on nh
cho cac mach ien t. Tuy theo ng dung, cac ien ap dc loi ra cua cac bo
nguon kieu xung co the la 3.3V, 5V, 12V va mot so cac ien ap dc khac.