1

Translator :F.Kargaran (Farhad-Kargaran@yahoo.com)

Editor :M.Alikhani (Bidar1226@gmail.com)

www.ParsBook.org

:
6 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
6 ..................................................................................................Active Voice and Passive Voice :1
6 .......................................................................................................................................................................... Active voice

7 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... Passive voice x

8 ............................................................................................. (Verbs Main )( Verbs Helping) :2
9 ................................................................................................................................................................... (Helping Verbs)
9 ...................................................................................... (Primary Helping Verbs) o
10 ........................................................................................................ (Modal Helping Verbs) o

............................................................................................................................................................................. (Main Verbs)

12
12
12
13
13
13
14

....................................................................... (Dynamic and Stative Verbs)

o
...................................................................... (Regular and irregular verbs) o
........................................................................................................................... (Linking Verbs )
................................................................................................ (Intransitive) ( Transitive) o
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:
20
20
21
22
23
23

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Conditionals)
................................................................................................................................................................................... (First Conditional)
...................................................................................................................................................................... (Second Conditional)
............................................................................................................................................................................ (Third Conditional)
..................................................................................................................................................................................... (Conditional Zero)
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:
24 .............................................................................................................. (Basic Question Structure)
24 ..................................................................................................................................................... (Basic Question Types)

going to :
26
26
26
27

...................................................................................................................................................................................... (Intention)
....................................................................................................................................................................... (Prediction)
............................................................................. (Present Simple for schedule)
..................................................................... (Present continuous for plan)
27 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................

:
28 ........................................................................................................................................................................ (Gerunds)
28.. (Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement)

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)28 .............................................................................. (Gerunds after Prepositions

) 29 ................................................................................. (Gerunds after certain verbs
30 ............................................................................... (Gerunds in Passive sense) .

:
) )....................................................................................... ((Phrasal Verbs
)........................................................................................................................................................ (Phrasal Verbs
)....................................................................................................... (Separable Phrasal Verbs
).......................................................................................................................................... (Prepositional Verbs
- ).................................................................................................. (Prepositional Verbs-Phrasal

31
31
32
32
33

)(past
)34 ............................................................................................................ (Continuous Tense Past
x

34 ...............................................................................................................................................

x 34 ..........................................................................................................................
)36 .................................................................. (Past Perfect Continuous Tense
x

36 ...........................................................................................................................

x 37 ........................................................................................................
)37 ............................................................................................................................... (Past Perfect Tense
x

37 ........................................................................................................................................................

x 38 ..........................................................................................................................
)39 ............................................................................................................................... (Simple Past Tense
x

39 ........................................................................................................................................................

40 ..........................................................................................................................

)(present
) 42 .................................................................................................... (Present Continuous Tense
x

42 ....................................................................................................................................................

42 ................................................................................................

x ing ) (Spell 43 ......................................................................

) 44 ..................................................................... (Perfect Continuous Tense Present
x

44 .............................................................................................................................

x 45 ..............................................................................................................
) 45 ........................................................................................................................ (Present Perfect Tense
x

45 .............................................................................................................................................................

47 ..........................................................................................................................

For x Since 49 ..........................................................................................................

)49 ........................................................................................................................... (Simple Present Tense
x

49 .................................................................................................................................

49 ..................................................................................................................................................

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)(future
)52 ........................................................................................................... (Future Continuous Tense
x

52 ....................................................................................................................................................

x 53 .......................................................................................................................
)53 ........................................................................... (Future Perfect Continuous Tense
x

53 .........................................................................................................................................

x 54 .............................................................................................................
)54 ............................................................................................................................... (Future Perfect Tense
x

54 ............................................................................................................................................................

x 55 .................................................................................................................................
)55 ................................................................................................................................ (Simple Future Tense
x

55 .............................................................................................................................................................

56 ..................................................................................................................................

:
58 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
58 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
x

)58 .......................................................................................................................................... (Noun Endings

)58 ..................................................................................................... (Position in Sentence

x )59 ....................................................................................................................................................... (Functions

)59 ..................................................... (Countable Nouns, Uncountable Nouns
x

59 .................................................................................................................................................................................

60 ................................................................................................................................................................

x 61 ............................................................................................
)61 ........................................................................................................................................... (Proper Nouns
x

61 ..................................................................................................................

62 ...................................................................................................................................................... The

x 63 ........................................................................................................................................................... The
) (64 .................................... .(Possessive 's) .
x

) ( 64 ...........................................................................................................

65 ..................................................................................................................

:
) 66 ............................................................................................................................................................................. ( Adjectives
)66 ................................................................................................................................. (Determiners
x

AnA 66 ................................................................................................................................................ The

Each 67 ..................................................................................................................................................................... Every

Some x 68 ............................................................................................................................................................................ Any

)69 ..................................................................................................................................................... (Adjective orders
x

69 ...................................................................................................... (Adjective before nouns) :

) 70 ......................................................................................... (verbs Adjective after certain

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)70 ....................................................................................................................... (Comparative Adjectives

x

71 .............................................................................................................................................................

x 71 ..........................................................................................................................................
)72 ....................................................................................................................................... (Superlative Adjectives
x

72 .............................................................................................................................................................

73 ..........................................................................................................................................................

:
)75 ............................................................................................................................................................................ (Pronouns
)75 ............................................................................................................................... (Personal Pronouns

:
77 .......................................................................................................................................................................................

:
78................................................................................................................................................................
78............................................................................................................................
78 .............................................................................................................................................................................
be 79 .........................................................................................................................................................................

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:1

:
.
Stop! :
Action word run fight : work
State word
belong seem exist be :
) ( :
John speaks English .
John) (subject speaks .
:
Action: Renaldo plays football.
State :Owen seems kind.
)
(... ) ( s .
) to work ( :
to work , work , worked , works , working

1
Active Voice and Passive Voice:
voice :
Active voice x
Passive voice x

Active Voice:-1
active voice ) (subject
) (object :
Cat eats fish.
cat :Subject or Active object.
eats : Verb
fish :Passive object
)( )( .

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:1

. Passive voice
:
Fish are eaten by cats.
Fish :Subject or Active object
are :Auxiliary Verb
eaten :main verb (past participle)
by
cat :Passive object or Active subject
. Active object :

Passive voice :2
: Passive voice
Subject +Auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)
. helping verb auxiliary verb
:
( be ) be
:
make continuous tense -1
make the passive -2
:
-1
( ) -2
:
subject
Water
100 people
I
We
Are

auxiliary verb (to be)

is
are
am
are
they

main verb (past participle)

drunk
employed
paid
not paid
paid

by everyone.
by this company.
in euro.
in dollars.
in yen?

: Passive voice
. Subject Active object x
. Passive object x
:
subject
verb
Active Object President Kennedy was killed
. President Kennedy
. Passive object My wallet

object
by Lee Harvey Oswald.

has been stolen. ?

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:1

by Passive object
:
He was killed with a gun.
by
Active subject Passive object gun
: .
He was killed by somebody with a gun.
:Passive voice
infinitive
simple

present
past
future
conditional
continuous
present
past
future
conditional
perfect simple
present
past
future
conditional
perfect continuous present
past
future
conditional

to be washed
It is washed.
It was washed.
It will be washed.
It would be washed.
It is being washed.
It was being washed.
It will be being washed.
It would be being washed.
It has been washed.
It had been washed.
It will have been washed.
It would have been washed.
It has been being washed.
It had been being washed.
It will have been being washed.
It would have been being washed.

2
(Main Verbs)( Helping Verbs)
:
(Helping Verbs)
(Main verbs)

:
:
I can .
People must .
The Earth will .

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:1

.
.
.
.
.
15 .

:
:
I teach .
People eat .
The Earth rotates .

. .
.
.
.
coffee.
to me.
happy.
now.
any.

main verb
likes
lied
are
playing.
go
want

helping verb

not

are
must
do

John
You
They
The children
We
I

): (Helping Verbs
.
. 15
:
)(Primary Helping Verbs
be -1 ) is ,am .(are
to make continuous tense :
)He is watching TV. watching
(
to make the passive :
Small fishes are eaten by big fishes.
:Have -2

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10

:1

to make perfect tenses :

) I have finished my homework. finished
(
: Do -3
to make negatives I don't like you. :
To make questions Do you want some coffee ? :
to show emphasis I do want you to pass your exam . :
to stand for main verbs in some constructions
He speaks faster than she does. :
)(Modal Helping Verbs

. :
can, could
may, might
will, would
shall, should
must
ought to
:
I can't speak Chinese.
John may arrive late.
?Would you like a cup of coffee
You should see a doctor.
I really must go now.
:
need
dare
used to
) (semi -modal verbs
.
x Can :
.
.
.
:
Subject +can +main verb
:
She can drive a car.

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11

:1

:
Can you put the TV on.
!Can you be quiet
:
? Can I smoke in this room
you can smoke in the room.
x Could :
.
.
:
Subject +could + main verb
:
I could swim when I was 5 years old.
My grandmother could speak seven languages.
?Could you understand what he was saying
:
: could . can
.
?Could you tell me where the bank is, Please
?Could you send me a catalogue, please
x Have to ) : (
.
:
Children have to go to school.
In France, you have to drive on the right.
:
)subject + auxiliary verb +have +infinitive (with to
:
I do not have to see a doctor.
I have to see a doctor.
I do have to see a doctor.
.
x Must ) : (

Have to .
:
subject +must +main verb
:
You must visit us soon.
I must call my mother tomorrow.

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12

:1

x Must not Mustn't :

.
:
subject +must not +main verb
:
Passengers must not talk to the driver.
Policeman mustn't drink on duty.
)Visitors must not smoke .(present
)I mustn't forget Tara's Birthday.(future
: must not . :
I couldn't park outside the parking.
We were not allowed to enter.

): (Main Verbs
) ( .
:
-1 ) (Transitive ): (Intransitive
.
.speak
:
Transitive:
I saw an elephant.
We are watching TV.
He speaks English.

an elephant I saw :
see
I see : .
.
Intransitive:
He has arrived.
John goes to school.
She speaks fast.
John goes to school goes school
to school John goes :
. goes .
-2 ) : (Linking Verbs
.
.
:

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:1

13

Mary is a Teacher .(Mary =Teacher)

Tara is beautiful .(Tara =Beautiful)
The sky became dark (Sky > dark)
: (Dynamic and Stative Verbs) -3
.
. . continuous tense
continuous tense
.
hit ,fight ,run :
like, love, impress, hear, appear :
: (Regular and irregular verbs) -4
( past tense)
" ed" ( past participle)
.
: (Regular Verbs)
: 600
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

accept
add
admire
admit
advise
afford
agree
alert

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

allow
amuse
analyze
announce
annoy
answer
apologize
appear

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

applaud
appreciate
approve
argue
arrange
arrest
arrive
ask

x
x
x
x
x
x

attach
attack
attempt
attend
attract
avoid

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

back
bake
balance
ban
bang
bare
bat
bathe
battle
beam

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

beg
behave
belong
bleach
bless
blind
blink
blot
blush
boast

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

boil
bolt
bomb
book
bore
borrow
bounce
bow
box
brake

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

brake
branch
breathe
bruise
brush
bubble
bump
burn
bury
buzz

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

calculate
call
camp
care
carry
carve
cause

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

choke
chop
claim
clap
clean
clear
clip

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

compare
compete
complain
complete
concentrate
concern
confess

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x
x
x
x
x
x
x

cough
count
cover
crack
crash
crawl
cross

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14

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

challenge
change
charge
chase
cheat
check
cheer
chew

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

close
coach
coil
collect
colour
comb
command
communicate

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

dam
damage
dance
dare
decay
deceive
decide
decorate
delay
delight

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

deliver
depend
describe
desert
deserve
destroy
detect
develop
disagree
disappear

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

disapprove
disarm
discover
dislike
divide
double
doubt
drag
drain
dream

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

dress
drip
drop
drown
drum
dry
dust

x
x
x
x
x
x

earn
educate
embarrass
employ
empty
encourage

x
x
x
x
x
x

end
enjoy
enter
entertain
escape
examine

x
x
x
x
x
x

excite
excuse
exercise
exist
expand
expect

x
x
x

explain
explode
extend

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

face
fade
fail
fancy
fasten
fax
fear
fence

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

fetch
file
fill
film
fire
fit
fix
flap

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

flash
float
flood
flow
flower
fold
follow
fool

x
x
x
x
x
x

force
form
found
frame
frighten
fry

x
x
x
x

gather
gaze
glow
glue

x
x
x
x

grab
grate
grease
greet

x
x
x
x

grin
grip
groan
guarantee

x
x
x

guard
guess
guide

x
x
x
x
x
x

hammer
hand
handle
hang
happen
harass

x
x
x
x
x
x

harm
hate
haunt
head
heal
heap

x
x
x
x
x
x

heat
help
hook
hop
hope
hover

x
x
x
x

hug
hum
hunt
hurry

identify

increase

intend

invite

confuse
connect
consider
consist
contain
continue
copy
correct

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x
x
x
x
x
x

crush
cry
cure
curl
curve
cycle

:1

15

x
x
x
x
x

ignore
imagine
impress
improve
include

x
x
x
x
x

influence
inform
inject
injure
instruct

x
x
x
x
x

interest
interfere
interrupt
introduce
invent

x
x

irritate
itch

x
x

jail
jam

x
x

jog
join

x
x

joke
judge

x
x

juggle
jump

x
x

kick
kill

x
x

kiss
kneel

x
x

knit
knock

knot

x
x
x
x
x

label
land
last
laugh
launch

x
x
x
x
x

learn
level
license
lick
lie

x
x
x
x
x

lighten
like
list
listen
live

x
x
x
x
x

load
lock
long
look
love

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

man
manage
march
mark
marry
match
mate

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

matter
measure
meddle
melt
memorize
mend
mess up

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

milk
mine
miss
mix
moan
moor
mourn

x
x
x
x
x

move
muddle
mug
multiply
murder

x
x

nail
name

x
x

need
nest

x
x

nod
note

x
x

notice
number

x
x
x

obey
object
observe

x
x
x

obtain
occur
offend

x
x
x

offer
open
order

x
x
x

overflow
owe
own

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

pack
paddle
paint
park
part
pass
paste
pat
pause
peck
pedal
peel
peep
perform

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

permit
phone
pick
pinch
pine
place
plan
plant
play
please
plug
point
poke
polish

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

pop
possess
post
pour
practice
pray
preach
precede
prefer
prepare
present
preserve
press
pretend

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

prevent
prick
print
produce
program
promise
protect
provide
pull
pump
punch
puncture
punish
push

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:1

16

question

queue

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

race
radiate
rain
raise
reach
realize
receive
recognize
record
reduce
reflect

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

refuse
regret
reign
reject
rejoice
relax
release
rely
remain
remember
remind

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

remove
repair
repeat
replace
reply
report
reproduce
request
rescue
retire
return

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

rhyme
rinse
risk
rob
rock
roll
rot
rub
ruin
rule
rush

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

sack
sail
satisfy
save
saw
scare
scatter
scold
scorch
scrape
scratch
scream
screw
scribble
scrub
seal
search
separate
serve
settle
shade
share
shave
shelter

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

shiver
shock
shop
shrug
sigh
sign
signal
sin
sip
ski
skip
slap
slip
slow
smash
smell
smile
smoke
snatch
sneeze
sniff
snore
snow
soak

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

soothe
sound
spare
spark
sparkle
spell
spill
spoil
spot
spray
sprout
squash
squeak
squeal
squeeze
stain
stamp
stare
start
stay
steer
step
stir
stitch

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

stop
store
strap
strengthen
stretch
strip
stroke
stuff
subtract
succeed
suck
suffer
suggest
suit
supply
support
suppose
surprise
surround
suspect
suspend
switch

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

talk
tame
tap
taste
tease
telephone
tempt
terrify
test
thank

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

thaw
tick
tickle
tie
time
tip
tire
touch
tour
tow

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

trace
trade
train
transport
trap
travel
treat
tremble
trick
trip

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

trot
trouble
trust
try
tug
tumble
turn
twist
type

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:1

17

x
x

undress
unfasten

x
x

unite
unlock

vanish

visit

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

wail
wait
walk
wander
want
warm
warn
wash

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

waste
watch
water
wave
weigh
welcome
whine
whip

x-ray

yawn

yell

zip

x
x

unpack
untidy

use

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

whirl
whisper
whistle
wink
wipe
wish
wobble
wonder

x
x
x
x
x
x

work
worry
wrap
wreck
wrestle
wriggle

zoom

: (Irregular Verbs)
:

Base Form

Past Simple

Past Participle broadcast

broadcast

broadcast

awake

awoke

awoken

build

built

built

be

was, were

been

burn

burned/burnt

burned/burnt

beat

beat

beaten

buy

bought

bought

become

became

become

catch

caught

caught

begin

began

begun

choose

chose

chosen

bend

bent

bent

come

came

come

bet

bet

bet

cost

cost

cost

bid

bid

bid

cut

cut

cut

bite

bit

bitten

dig

dug

dug

blow

blew

blown

do

did

done

break

broke

broken

draw

drew

drawn

brought

dream

dreamed/dreamt

dreamed/dreamt

bring

brought

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:1

18

drive

drove

driven

let

let

let

drink

drank

drunk

lie

lay

lain

eat

ate

eaten

lose

lost

lost

fall

fell

fallen

make

made

made

feel

felt

felt

mean

meant

meant

fight

fought

fought

meet

met

met

find

found

found

pay

paid

paid

fly

flew

flown

put

put

put

forget

forgot

forgotten

read

read

read

forgive

forgave

forgiven

ride

rode

ridden

freeze

froze

frozen

ring

rang

rung

get

got

gotten

rise

rose

risen

give

gave

given

run

ran

run

go

went

gone

say

said

said

grow

grew

grown

see

saw

seen

hang

hung

hung

sell

sold

sold

have

had

had

send

sent

sent

hear

heard

heard

show

showed

showed/shown

hide

hid

hidden

shut

shut

shut

hit

hit

hit

sing

sang

sung

hold

held

held

sit

sat

sat

hurt

hurt

hurt

sleep

slept

slept

keep

kept

kept

speak

spoke

spoken

know

knew

known

spend

spent

spent

lay

laid

laid

stand

stood

stood

lead

led

led

swim

swam

swum

learn

learned/learnt

learned/learnt

take

took

taken

leave

left

left

teach

taught

taught

lend

lent

lent

tear

tore

torn

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:1

19

tell

told

told

wake

woke

woken

think

thought

thought

wear

wore

worn

throw

threw

thrown

win

won

won

understand

understood

understood

write

wrote

written

www.ParsBook.org

:2

20

): (Conditionals
.
) (Condition
.
if y =10 then 2y =20
.
:
.
:
IF condition result

2y =20

IF y =10

IF condition

result

2y =20 IF y =10

): (First Conditional
" " " "Real Possibility .
.
.
Real Possibility
.
. .
. . .
IF condition
result
present simple WILL +base verb
If it rains
I will stay at home.

.
. Will
.
:

www.ParsBook.org

:2

21

IF condition
present simple
If I see Mary
If Tara is free tomorrow
If they do not pass their exam
If it rains tomorrow
If it rains tomorrow

result
WILL +base verb
I will tell her.
he will invite her.
their teacher will be sad.
will you stay at home?
what will you do?

:
result
WILL +base verb
I will tell Mary
He will invite Tara
Their teacher will be sad
Will you stay at home
What will you do

IF condition
present simple
if I see her.
if she is free tomorrow.
if they do not pass their exam.
if it rains tomorrow?
if it rains tomorrow?

: may Shall Can Will :

If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.

: (Second Conditional)
. " Unreal Possibility" " "
.
.
Unreal Possibility
.
. ) ( Lottery
. Lottery .
. .
IF condition
result
past simple
WOULD +base verb
If I won the lottery I would buy a car.

.Would Will
:
IF condition
past simple
If I married Mary
If Ram became rich
If it snowed next July
If it snowed next July

result
WOULD +base verb
I would be happy.
she would marry him.
would you be surprised?
what would you do?

www.ParsBook.org

:2

22

result
WOULD +base verb
I would be happy
She would marry Ram
Would you be surprised
What would you do

IF condition
past simple
if I married Mary.
if he became rich.
if it snowed next July?
if it snowed next July?

: Might Should Could : Would :

If I won a million dollars, I could stop working .

: (Third Conditional)
. " no Possibility" " "
.
.
no Possibility
.
. ) ( Lottery
condition
result
Past Perfect
WOULD HAVE +Past Participle
If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.

Might Have Should Have Could Have Would Have :

:
If you had bought a Lottery, you might have won .

IF condition
past perfect
If I had seen Mary
If Tara had been free yesterday
If they had not passed their exam
If it had rained yesterday
If it had rained yesterday

result
WOULD HAVE +past participle
I would have told her.
I would have invited her.
their teacher would have been sad.
would you have stayed at home?
what would you have done?

result
WOULD HAVE +past participle
I would have told Mary
I would have invited Tara
Their teacher would have been sad
Would you have stayed at home
What would you have done

IF condition
past perfect
if I had seen her.
if she had been free yesterday.
if they had not passed their exam.
if it had rained yesterday?
if it had rained yesterday?

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:2

23

: (Conditional Zero)
.
. .
: .

IF condition
result
present simple present simple
If you heat ice
it melts.

.
: When If :
When I get up late, I miss my bus .

IF condition
present simple
If I miss the 8 o'clock bus
If I am late for work
If people don't eat
If you heat ice
result
present simple
I am late for work
My boss gets angry
People get hungry
Does ice melt

result
present simple
I am late for work.
my boss gets angry.
they get hungry.
does it melt?

IF condition
present simple
if I miss the 8 o'clock bus.
if I am late for work.
if they don't eat.
if you heat it?

:
.
probability
100%
50%
10%
0%

conditional
zero conditional
first conditional
second conditional
third conditional

example
If you heat ice, it melts.
If it rains, I will stay at home.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.

www.ParsBook.org

time
any time
future
future
past

:3

24

: (Basic Question Structure)

:
auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
auxiliary verb subject
Do
you
Are
they
Will
Anthony
Have
you

main verb
like
playing
go
seen

Mary?
football?
to Tokyo?
ET?

:
: be
Statement: He is German.
Question: Is he German?

: (Basic Question Types)

:
.( Yes/No Questions)
. .(Question Word Questions)
.( Choice Questions)
1. Yes/No Questions
auxiliary verb subject main verb
Do
Can
Has
Did

you
you
she
they

want
drive?
finished
go

Answer
Yes or No
dinner?
Yes, I do.
No, I can't.
her work? Yes, she has.
home?
No, they didn't.

(! )

Is
Was

Anne
Ram

French?
at home?

www.ParsBook.org

Yes, she is.

No, he wasn't.

:3

25

2. Question Word Questions

question word auxiliary verb subject main verb
Where
When
Who
Why

do
will
did
hasn't

you
we
she
Tara

live?
have
meet?
done

Answer
Information
In Paris.
lunch? At 1pm.
She met Ram.
it?
Because she can't.

(! )

Where
How

is
was

3. Choice Questions
auxiliary
subject
verb
Do
you
Will
we
Did
she

main
verb
want
meet
go

Bombay?
she?

In India.
Very well.

OR
tea
John
to
London

or
or
or

coffee?
James?
New
York?

Answer
In the question
Coffee, please.
John.
She went to
London.

(! )

Is
Were

your car
they

white
$15

or
or

www.ParsBook.org

black?
$50?

It's black.
$15.

26

going to:4

):(Intention

Going to
.
:
I have won $1,000, I'm going to buy a new TV.
When are you going to go on holiday.

): (Prediction
Going to .
. :
The sky is very black, it is going to snow.
It's 8:30 !You're going to miss the train.
will :
It will rain tomorrow.
.
:
It's going to rain tomorrow.

): (Present continuous for plan

.

) (Future words .
next week tomorrow : In June .
.
: ) (going to ) (plan
going to :
We're going to paint the bedroom tomorrow.
We're painting the bedroom tomorrow.


90 going to
70 .
Mary is taking her music exam next year.
They can't play tennis with you tomorrow, They're working.

www.ParsBook.org

going to:4

27

We're going to the theatre on Friday.

): (Present Simple for schedule

) (
. : 100.
:
The train leaves New York at 9pm tonight .
Tomorrow is Thursday .

:
.
""
.
.
:

Don't get up .I'll answer the phone.

no plan

will

0%

We're going to watch TV tonight.

intention

going to

70%

I'm taking my exam in June.

My plane takes off at 6.00am tomorrow.

plan
schedule

www.ParsBook.org

90%
99.999%

28

:5

): (Gerunds
" "ing )preset participle
(.
ing Gerunds :
Fishing is fun .
ing present participle:
Anthony is Fishing .
I have a boring teacher .
Gerund .

):(Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement
:
Smoking costs a lot of money.
I don't like writing.
My favorite occupation is reading.
. ] [Object +Gerund
:
Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.
I don't like writing letters.
My favorite occupation is reading detective stories.
) adjective -( :
The settling of debts.
His drinking of alcohol.
Pointless questioning.
)A settling of debts (not settling debts.
Making "Titanic "was expensive.
The making of "Titanic "was expensive.

): (Gerunds after Prepositions
Gerund .
I will call you after arriving at the office .

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 :5

29

Please, have a drink before leaving .

I am looking forward to meeting you .
Do you object to working late?
Tara always dreams about going on holiday .
:
I will call you after arriving at the office .
Please have a drink before leaving .
I am looking forward to meeting you .
Do you object to working late?
Tara always dreams about going on holiday .
to Gerunds
driving drive
I am used to driving on the left .
I used to drive on the left .
to drive to
. to

: (Gerunds after certain verbs )
.
:
I want to eat .
:
I dislike eating .
.
: Gerunds
admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike,
endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help,
imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off,
report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understand .
:
She is considering having a holiday .
Do you feel like going out?
I can't stand not seeing you .
:
I like to play tennis .
I like playing tennis .
It started to rain .
It started raining .

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 :5

30

.
:(Gerunds in Passive sense)
Gerund require wantneed
:
I have three pants that need washing (needs to be washed).
This letter requires signing (needs to be signed).
The house wants repainting (needs to be repainted).
want . Something wants doing :
.

www.ParsBook.org

:6

31

) ): ((Phrasal Verbs
" " .
. turn on pick up : .get on with
) Phrasal Verbs (
.
.
Phrasal verbs .
get get up .
.
:
look
direct your eyes in a certain You must look before you

leap.
?Who is looking after the baby

direction
take care of

You can look up my number in

the telephone directory.

search for and find

information in a reference
book
anticipate with pleasure

I look forward to meeting you.

look after

prepositional verbs

look up

phrasal verbs

look forward to

phrasal-prepositional
verbs
-

): (Phrasal Verbs
:
Verb + Adverb
.
:
examples

meaning

direct object

the meeting.
my offer.

rise from bed

I don't like to get up.
cease to function He was late because his
car broke down.
postpone
We will have to put off
refuse
They turned down

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phrasal
verbs
intransitive phrasal get up
verbs
break down
put off
turn down

transitive phrasal
verbs

:6

32

): (Separable Phrasal Verbs

) (
. :
They turn down my offer .
They turn my offer down .
.
: .
direct object
John switched
on
the radio.
pronouns must
These are all possible.
go between the John switched the radio on.
two parts of
John switched it
on.
transitive
John switched
on
it.
This is not possible.
phrasal verbs
: .

look up :
look (something) up
: put off
:
put (off (something\somebody

): (Prepositional Verbs
:
Prepositional+Verb
.
:
examples
direct object
have faith in the existence of I believe in
God.
take care of
He is looking after
the dog.
discuss
Did you talk about
?me
await
John is waiting for
Mary.
) (prepositional verbs .
meaning

prepositional verbs
believe in
look after
talk about
wait for

Who is looking after the baby? This is possible.

Who is looking the baby after? This is not possible.
: :
Believe in something)/(somebody :

www.ParsBook.org

33

:6

- ):(Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
:
verb + preposition + Adverb
:
examples
direct object
his wife.

He doesn't get on
with
I won't put up with

meaning
have a friendly relationship
with
tolerate

phrasal-prepositional verbs
get on with

your
attitude.
look forward to
anticipate with pleasure
I look forward to
seeing you.
run out of
use up, exhaust
We have run out of eggs.
-
. ) prepositional ( - .
: - :
Get on with somebody : run out of something

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put up with

:7

34

): (Past Continuous Tense

x :
:
)subject + auxiliary verb (BE
+ main verb
conjugated in simple past tense
present participle

was

base + ing
were
not .
. :
TV.
hard.
Mary.
?silly
?football

auxiliary verb
main verb
was
watching
were
working
was
not helping
were
not joking.
you
being
they
playing

subject
I
You
He, she, it
We
Were
Were

+
+
?
?

x :
.
.
) (7pm ) (9pm :

www.ParsBook.org

35

future

:7

At 8pm yesterday, I was watching TV.

past
present
8pm

.

:
I was working at 10pm last night.
They were not playing football at 9am this morning.
What were you doing at 8pm last night.
?What were you doing when he arrived
She was cooking when I telephoned her.
We were having dinner when it started to rain.
Ram went home early because it was snowing.
: .
) ( .
. :
" James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing
hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a
"telephone box...
+ :
.

. when while .
:
1- long action: watching TV (expressed with past continuous tense).
2- short action: telephoned (expressed with simple past tense).
past
present
future

I was watching TV at 8pm.
8pm
You telephoned at 8pm.

when :
I was watching TV when you telephoned.
) when .
8(
when :while

www.ParsBook.org

 :7

36

when + short action (simple past tense).

while + long action (past continuous tense).
: while when
I was walking past the car when it exploded.
When the car exploded

I was walking past it.

The car exploded

while I was walking past it.

While I was walking past the car

it exploded.

: long action short action

. Telephoned Watching TV
. Exploded Walking past the car

: (Past Perfect Continuous Tense)

: x
subject + auxiliary verb HAVE

+ auxiliary verb
BE
past participle

+ main verb

conjugated in simple past

present
tense
participle
had
been
base + ing
. not
: .

+
+
?
?

subject auxiliary verb

I
had

auxiliary verb main verb

been
working.

You

had

been

It

had

We

playing

tennis.

not been

working

well.

had

not been

expecting

her.

Had

you

been

drinking?

Had

they

been

waiting

long?

www.ParsBook.org

 :7

37

I had been

I'd been

you had been

you'd been

he had
she had been
it had been

he'd been
she'd been
it'd been

we had been

we'd been

they had been they'd been

: x

: .
Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been
waiting for two hours.
waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two
hours.
Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived.
past
present
future
Ram starts waiting in past
at 9am.
9
11
I arrive in past at 11am.
:
John was very tired. He had been running.
I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking.
Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?

: .
: . Ram 11
I am angry. I have been waiting for two hours.
:
Ram was angry. He had been waiting for two hours.

: (Past Perfect Tense)

: x
:

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 :7

38

subject + auxiliary verb HAVE

+ main verb
conjugated in simple past tense
past participle
had
V3
not had
: .

+
+
?
?

subject auxiliary verb

I
had

main verb
finished
my work.

You

had

stopped

She

had

not gone

We

had

not left.

Had

you

arrived?

Had

they

eaten

before me.
to school.

dinner?

:
I had
I'd
you had you'd
he had
he'd
she had she'd
it had
it'd
we had we'd
they had they'd
. would had ' d
We would had We We'd
:
We had arrived. (past participle)
We would arrive. (base)

: x
.
: .( past in past)
The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9:15am. When we arrived, the train had left.
The train had left when we arrived.
past
present
future
Train leaves in past at
9am.
9
9.15
We arrive in past at
9.15am.

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 :7

39

:
I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.
They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.
I didn't know who he was. I had never seem him before.
Mary wasn't at home when I arrived. Really? where had she gone?

.
: . 9:15 .
You are too late. The train has left. (present perfect tense).
:
We were too late. The train had left. (past perfect tense).
: (reported speech)
told, said, asked, thought, wondered:
He told us that the train had left.
I thought, I had met her before. But I was wrong.
He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain.
I wondered if I had been there before.
I asked them why they had not finished.

: (Simple Past Tense)

. Preterit

: x
. did
:
V1
base
regular verb work
explode
like
irregular
go
verb
see
sing

V2
past
worked
exploded
liked
went
saw
sang

V3
past participle
worked
exploded
liked
gone
seen
sung
You do not need the past
participle form to make the
simple past tense. It is
shown here for
completeness only.

www.ParsBook.org

The past form for all

regular verbs ends in
-ed.
The past form for
irregular verbs is
variable. You need to
learn it by heart.

40

:7

:
)subject + main verb (base
:
)subject + auxiliary verb (did) + not + main verb (base
:
)auxiliary verb (did) + subject + main verb (base
did ) (is not conjugated
... did .
go work :
subject auxiliary verb
main verb
+ I
went
to school.
You
worked
very hard.
- She
did
not go
with me.
We
did
not work
yesterday.
? Did
you
go
?to London
Did
they
work
?at home
! be to . to be did
.( we were, she|he| it, was ,you were ,I was). to be
did
.
subject
main verb
+ I, he/she/it
was
here.
You, we, they were
in London.
- I, he/she/it
was
not there.
You, we, they were
not happy.
? Was
I, he/she/it
?right
Were
you, we, they
?late

x :

. .
:
The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.
She went to the door.
We did not hear the telephone.
?Did you see that car
past
present
future
The action is in the past.

www.ParsBook.org

41

:7

future

I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.

The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.
We did not sing at the concert.
?Did you watch TV last night
past
present

The action is in the past.

.
:
.
.
) (.
:
.
:
He didn't like the movie.
I lived in that house when I was young.
?What did you eat for dinner
John drove to London on Monday.
Mary did not go to work yesterday.
We were not late. (for the train).
?Were you angry

) (
. . :
"The wind was howling around the hotel [past continuous tense], and the rain
was pouring down. The door opened and James Bond entered. He took out his
coat, witch was very wet and ordered a drink at the bar. He sat down at the
"corner of the lounge and quietly drank his...
.
.

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:7

42

) : (Present Continuous Tense

.
.
: ) (present continuous ) (progressive tense
.

x :.
:
)subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (base + ing
:
main verb
speaking to you.

subject auxiliary verb

I
am

reading

are

You

in London.

not staying

is

She

football.

not playing

are

We

?TV

watching

he

Is

?for John

waiting

they

Are

this.

+
+
?
?

x :
:
x .
x
.
:

-1 .
present

future

I am eating my lunch.
past

The action is happening now.

:
...the numbers are spinning.

...the candle is burning.

...the pages are turning.

-2 ) . (
.

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:7

43

John is going out with Mary.

past
present

future

The action is happening

around now.
:
Muriel is learning to drive.
I am leaving with my sister, until I find an apartment.
:

) ( ) (future word
. tomorrow, next :
week, in June ...

) . (
future

I am taking my exam next month.

past
present
!!!
A firm plan or program
exists now.

The action is in the

future.
:
We're eating in the restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table.
They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working.
?When are you starting your new job
) (firm plan .
.

x ing ) (Spell:
ing
. .
.
:

www.ParsBook.org

 :7

44

( ) ing

work
-->
working
play
-->
playing
assist
-->
assisting
see
-->
seeing
be
-->
being
. + + )(

consonant

stressed
vowel

consonant

(vowels = a, e, i, o, u)
stop
-->
stopping
run
-->
running
begin
-->
beginning
.
open

lie
die
come
mistake

-->
opening
. y ie
-->
lying
-->
dying
. e e + +
-->
-->

coming
mistaking

: (Perfect Continuous Tense Present )

: x
subject + auxiliary verb (have, has) + auxiliary verb (been) + main verb (base + ing)
:

+
+
?
?

subject auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb main verb
I
have
been
waiting
for one hour.
You
have
been
talking
too much.
It
has not
been
raining.
We
have not
been
playing
football.
Have
you
been
seeing
her?
Have
they
been
doing their homework?
:

www.ParsBook.org

 :7

45

: ) (
I have been
I've been
You have been
You've been
He has been
He's been
She has been
She's been
It has been
It's been
John has been
John's been
The car has been The car's been
We have been
We've been
They have been They've been
:
I've been reading.
You've been talking too much.

: x
: .
(An action that has just stopped or recently stopped) -1

:
I'm tired because I've been running.
past
present
future
!!!
Recent action. Result now.
I'm tired [now], I've been running.
Why are the grasses wet [now]? Has it been raining?
You don't understand [now], because you haven't been listening.
(An action continuing up to now) -2
for since
.
I have been reading for 2 hours.
past
present
future
Action started in past.
Action is continuing now.
I've been reading for two hours. [ I'm still reading now]
We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [ We're still studying now]
How long have you been learning English? [ You are still learning now]
We have not been smoking. [ And we are not smoking now]
. 6 2 5 : for
.

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46

. 9 : since
() .
for
since
a period of time a point in past time
x-----------20 minutes
6.15pm
three days
Monday
6 months
January
4 years
1994
2 centuries
1800
a long time
I left school
ever
the beginning of time
etc
etc
:
I have been studying for 3 hours.
I have been watching TV since 7pm.
Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.
Tara hasn't been visiting us since march.
He has been playing football for a long time.
He has been living in New York since he left school.
. since for
. present perfect progressive :

: (Present Perfect Tense )

: x
:
subject + auxiliary verb (have) + main verb (past participle)
:
subject auxiliary verb
main verb
+ I
have
seen
ET.
+ You
have
eaten
mine.
- She
has
not been
to Rome.
- We
have
not played
football.
? Have
you
finished?
? Have
they
done
it?
:

: .

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47

:7

I have
I've
You have
You've
He has
He's
She has
She's
It has
It's
John has
John's
The car has The car's
We have
We've
They have They've
: 's have be .
It's eaten It has eaten It is eaten .
.

x :
. :
) (experience
)(change
) ()(continuing situation
-1 :
.
.
I have seen ET.
He has lived in Bangkok.
?Have you been there
We have never eaten caviar.
past

present
future
!!!


The action or state was in
In my head, I have a memory
the past
now
: .
: . .
.
-2 :
)
( .

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48

future

present
+

future

present

I have bought a car.

past

John has broken his leg.

past
+

?Has the price gone up

past
present
future
+

future

The police have arrested the killer.

past
present
+

: ) (.
: ) . (.
:
: " Did you have lunch" :
" " Have you had lunch
-3 :
)
( . ) (state ) (action.
For Since :
I have worked here since June.
He has been ill for 2 days.
?How long have you known Tara
past
present

future

: .
: .

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49

For x Since :
for since .
for 5 :2 6 .
.
since : 9 .
). (
for
since
a period of time a point in past time
x-----------20 minutes
6.15pm
three days
Monday
6 months
January
4 years
1994
2 centuries
1800
a long time
I left school
ever
the beginning of time
etc
etc
:
I have been here for 20 minutes.
I have been here since 9 o'clock.
John hasn't called for six months.
John hasn't called since February.
for : since .

): (Simple Present Tense

x :
:
(The action is general) . I am not fat :
. .
). (.
) ( . The moon goes round the earth :
John drives a taxi.
present

future

past

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.

x :
+ +

****

Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb

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50

. -1
. s es ( she, it ,he) -2
. to be -3

+
?

subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
I, you, we, they
like
coffee.
He, she, it
likes
coffee.
I, you, we, they do
not like
coffee.
He, she, it
does
not like
coffee.
Do
I, you, we, they
like
coffee?
Does
he, she, it
like
coffee?
! to be

+
?

subject
I
You, we, they
He, she, it
I
You, we, they
He, she, it
Am
Are
Is

main verb
am
French.
are
French.
is
French.
am
not old.
are
not old.
is
not old.
I
late?
you, we, they
late?
he, she, it
late?

:
I live in New York.
The moon goes round the earth.
John drives a taxi.
We do not work at night.
Do you play football?
to be
: to be .
:
Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.
past

present future
.

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51

I am not fat.
?Why are you so beautiful
Ram is tall.
future

present

past

) (

:
-1 zsssXshch o es ).
(:
She watches TV.
-2 y y
y i es .
:
He studies.
-3
.
.

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52

: (Future Continuous Tense)

: x
subject + auxiliary verb WILL + auxiliary verb BE + main verb
invariable
invariable
present participle
will
be
base + ing
. not be will
: . will

+
+
?
?

subject auxiliary
verb
I
will

auxiliary
verb
be

main
verb
working

You

will

be

lying

She

will

not be

using

on a beach
tomorrow.
the car.

We

will

not be

having

dinner at home.

Will

you

be

playing

football?

Will

they

be

watching

TV?

at 10am.

will
:
I will
I'll
you will you'll
he will
he'll
she will she'll
it will
it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll
: won't not will
I will not
I won't
you will not you won't
he will not
he won't
she will not she won't
it will not
it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't
.we I . will shall :

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53

.
: .
Tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm.
At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.
past
present
future
4pm
At 4pm, I will be in the
middle of working.

:
I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.
They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
What will you be doing at 10 pm tonight?
What will you be doing when I arrive? [tomorrow]?
She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
We will be having dinner when the film starts.
Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return.

: (Future Perfect Continuous Tense)

: x
subject + auxiliary verb
WILL

+ auxiliary verb
HAVE

+ auxiliary verb
BE

invariable

invariable

past participle

will

have

been

+ main verb

present
participle
base + ing

. not have will

: . will

subject auxiliary
verb
I
will

auxiliary
verb
have

auxiliary
verb
been

main
verb
working

You

will

have

been

travelling

?
?

She

will

not have

been

using

for four
hours.
for two
days.
the car.

We

will

not have

been

waiting

long.

Will

you

have

been

playing

football?

Will

they

have

been

watching

TV?

will
:

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54

I will
I'll
you will you'll
he will
he'll
she will she'll
it will
it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll
: won't not will
I will not
I won't
you will not you won't
he will not
he won't
she will not she won't
it will not
it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't

: x
.
:
I will have been working here for ten years next week.
He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.

: (Future Perfect Tense)

: x
subject

+ auxiliary verb WILL

invariable
will
subject

auxiliary verb HAVE

invariable
have

main verb
past participle
V3
:
main verb

+ I

auxiliary
verb
will

auxiliary
verb
have

+ You

will

have

forgotten

will

not

have

gone

will
you
they

not

have
have
have

left.
arrived?
received

She

- We
? Will
? Will

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finished

by
10am.
me by
then.
to
school.

it?

 :7

55

have will will

:
I will have
I'll have
I'll've
you will have you'll have you'll've
he will have
he'll have
he'll've
she will have she'll have she'll've
it will have
it'll have
it'll've
we will have we'll have we'll've
they will have they'll have they'll've
.we I will shall :

: x
.
: .
The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9:15am.
So: When you arrive the train will have left.
The train will have left when you arrive.
past
present
future
Train leaves in future at 9am.
9
9.15
You arrive in future at 9.15am.
:
You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8am.
They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
"Marry won't be at home when you arrive". Really? Where will she have gone?

:
present perfect tense
|
have |
done
|
>|
past now

future

future perfect tense

will |
have |
done |
>|
past now

future

: (Simple Future Tense)

. will will

x
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:7

:
subject + auxiliary verb WILL + main verb
invariable
base
will
V1
not .
. :
auxiliary verb
main verb
will
open
the door.
will
finish
before me.
will
not be
at school tomorrow.
will
not leave
yet.
you
arrive
?on time
they
want
?dinner
:

subject
I
You
She
We
Will
Will

+
+
?
?

I will
I'll
you will you'll
he will
he'll
she will she'll
it will
it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll
not not )
(will :
I won't
you won't
he won't
she won't
it won't
we won't
they won't

I will not
you will not
he will not
she will not
it will not
we will not
they will not

x :
) (No Plan

.
.
Hold on, I'll get a pen.
I will see, What I can do to help you.
Maybe, we'll stay in and watch television tonight.
to think :

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57

:7

I think I'll go to the gym (gymnasium) tomorrow.

I think I'll have a holiday next year.
I don't think I'll buy that car.

:
.
)( .
:
It will rain tomorrow.
People won't go to the Jupiter before 22nd Century.
?Who do you think will get the job
Be
be
:
I will be in London tomorrow.
I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
Will you be at work tomorrow.
:
going to .

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58

 

:
food ! ."#$  % &' (things) 
        
 45 /  01 (-67, ) Happiness  .  *+ , -! ! /  01 23 (23 )
 /  01 / (48 4) Human being    0 Happiness *+ , -!
."$

:"#$ /1  
:"# 9 ;  6! /8 ."#$ 01  <! =>   ?  
Person : man, woman, teacher, Mary, John.
Place : home, office, town, country, America, mosque ...
thing : table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey.
 Love /<# B 8 ."D#E -  45  love /@  A  B C'   / 
. '  
: ; ! ; ?F$  G>H 8 I ( ?"J+ -) ? 
(it's Ending ) 45 4+ ; ?F$ 8
(Position) 45 E 9 7!
(Functions) 45 () /FK

(Noun Endings)   4+ x

. L6 45 48  ?"# 4H /  B /@ 8 G>H! 4+ ! A"#1
ity > nationality
ment > management
ness > happiness
ation > relation
hood > childhood
 -! Q ful 8 spoonful : :&! 4#% /8  M7N -+ O P -! 8 -+ 6P A /$6
. A#1 0 careful FN / -6P 

(Position in Sentence)   E 9 7! x

. G>H  45  /@B    / -$9!   ; 4 -! ! R@3 
this, that, ,a, an : ! ? FN "#5 -! (determiner) ? FN  ; "8 S!  
... such, my
a relief
an afternoon
the doctor
this word
my house

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59

 

such stupidity
:"#5 -! FN "#1   ; "8 S!  
a great relief
a peaceful afternoon
the tall, Indian doctor
this difficult word
my brown and white house [my brown white house]
such crass stupidity

(Functions)  /FK x
:" /@B  -U>H! /FK  
subject of verb : Doctors work hard.
object of verb : He likes coffee.
subject and object of verb : teachers teach students.
 (pronoun)V "# -! /<@8 ."#$   /@B  (object) O" (subject ) %' /H
: "#! ."#8 /$ "P #! / "#E -! W@ ; - E /8 phrase ."#8 (phrase) W%
-6 doctor :   My doctor works hard : /@B  . phrasal verb  / run down
."8 -! My doctor %'

 89 3   

:(Countable Nouns, Uncountable Nouns)
."## -!   89 3  -! R69  R@3  -! -@I 48; 

:   x
., "#! H8   5  -! / "#$ -01  5 ."#$ -# 89 -5 /8  -!
   "#1 ;  .8 /$ , A"#1      -! H8  ,  -! !
:"# -! ?"H!
dog, cat, animal, man, person
bottle, box, liter
coin, note, dollar
cup, plate, folk
table, chair, suitcase, bag
:"#8 (plural)XB  (singular)F! "# -!    
My dog is playing.
My dogs are hungry.
(indefinite article) .# ?F$ an a ?< O P ;  -!  -! 8
A dog is an animal.
a, the, my, : ! /@  45 ? "8 $P   -!  /8 F! WN /8  - / -!I#
."8 .. this
I want an orange. (not I want orange)

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60

 

Where is my bottle? (not where is bottle)

?F$ 89 - # /8 ? C' W@ /8 ;    /8 XB WN /8  - / -!I# -6
:
I like oranges.
Bottles can break.
: ?F$ 0 any  some ;  -!    8 ?
I've got some dollars.
Have you got any pen?
:# ?F$    8 ? 0 many  a few ;  -! A 8 ? Y%
I've got a few dollars.
I haven't got many pens.
Q!  -! ! ."8 -! person L6 XB 6P .   Q! #! /8 people : /$<
:H8 
There is one person here.
There is three people here.

: 89 3   x

 H>8 /8  45 $ / "#8 I 01   Q F! ?! Z  "# -!  89 3  
\8 -6 .H8  -  (milk)  ! &! 4#% /8 .(H8   45 $ ) # [ 0D!
:"# 9  89 3 -! ; &! "#1 /8 ;  . 89 (bottles of milk)  
music, art, love, happiness.
advice, information, news.
furniture, luggage.
rice, sugar, butter, water.
electricity, gas, power.
money, currency.
:# -! ?F$ 0 F! ' ; . -! $' F!   "#!  89 3   8 S!
This news is very important.
your luggage looks heavy.
 - &! 4#% /8 .# - ?F$ an a ?< O P ; S!  89 3   8
# ?F$ a something of 6P ;  -! -6 "a news "  "an information" : I8
:!
a piece of news.
a bottle of water.
a grain of rice.
.# ?F$  89 3 -! 8 ?  -!  any some
I've got some money.
Have you got any rice?
: ?F$  89 3   8 ? 4 -! 0 much a little ;
I've got a little money.

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61

 

I haven't got much rice.

. -! /$FE 0 ( -B  ) mass nouns  89 3   /8 : /$<

:"#8  89 3    "# -! / - 

.-#!  L 8 E /$6 ."8  89 3   " -!    W9  -E
Countable
There are two hairs in my coffee!
There are two lights in our bedroom.

hair
light

Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.

noise

Uncountable
I don't have much hair.
Close the curtain. There's too much
light!
It's difficult to work when there is too
much noise.
I want to draw a picture. Have you got
some paper?
Is there room for me to sit here?
Have you got time for a coffee?
I have no money. I need work!

Have you got a paper to read?

paper
(= newspaper)
Our house has seven rooms.
room
We had a great time at the party.
time
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest work
works.
-D#'  46  /8  E -6 "#$  89 3 S! (... ? 9 5 )  " : /$<
(4$  Y!) I8  -! # -! <' -"
Two teas and one coffee please.

: (Proper Nouns) G>H!  

4<! G>  !  7N 8 ! /  (-!)  /@ (proper noun) G>H!  
0  -!  / "8 /$ /B . Sony London Marie John : ! 8 -!  /8 ... 4!;
:" -N, ?"%9 G>H!   ."#U>H!  / "#$ -N,   ][' -6 
common noun
man, boy
woman, girl
country, town
company
shop, restaurant
month, day of the week
book, film

proper noun
John
Mary
England, London
Ford, Sony
Maceys, McDonalds
January, Sunday
War & Peace, Titanic

:G>H!   8 ^08 O P E /8 x

 -_ A! =>  ! A . -! ^08 OP 8  G>H!   &  OP /H
:"# /B ;  6! /8 ."8 -!  ! /$F ; 
They like John.

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I live in England.
She works for Sony.
The last day in January is a Monday.
We saw Titanic in the Odeon Cinema

:The 4 "8 G>H!  

:&! 4#% /8 .# - ?F$ The  OP ; => Q 8
first names Bill (not *the Bill)
Hilary
surnames Clinton
Gates
full names Hilary Gates
:  The /8 ;  -_ Q 8 &! ` /8
Renault, Ford, Sony, EnglishClub.com
General Motors, Air France, British Airways
Warner Brothers, Brown & Son Ltd
/8 ; "#8 G>  8 /J#1 "#$ -U> /8 a@\! / - <!    $  ?;L! 8
: The
shops
banks
hotels, restaurants
churches, cathedrals

Harrods, Marks & Spencer, Maceys

Barclays Bank
Steves Hotel, Joes Caf, McDonalds
St Johns Church, St Peters Cathedral
."8 - The /8 ; 0  4<!  8 S!

towns
Washington (not *the Washington), Paris, Tokyo
states, regions Texas, Kent, Eastern Europe
countries
England, Italy, Brazil
continents
Asia, Europe, North America
islands
Corsica
mountains
Everest
8  45 "8 Republic  State, Kingdom W@ ; -<  H Q / -N :
#$
:8 -! <8 the
states
the United States, the US, the United States of America, the USA
kingdom the United Kingdom, the UK
republic the French Republic
.# - ?F$ The ; E 9 .... President, Doctor, Mr WL6 ; -< Q ; 9 /J#1
the president, the king
the captain, the detective
the doctor, the professor
my uncle, your aunt

President Bush (not *the President Bush)

Captain Kirk, Detective Colombo
Doctor Well, Dr Well, Professor Dolittle
Uncle Jack, Aunt Jill
Mr Gates (not *the Mr Gates), Mrs Clinton, Miss Black

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63

 

:"# /B ;  6! /8

I wanted to speak to the doctor.
I wanted to speak to doctor Brown.
Who was the president before president Kennedy.
.8  /8  The " 0 "8 ?  /1  8 ? Mount  Lake / -$6P 
the lake
Lake Victoria
the mount Mount Everest
:"# /B ; /@B /8
We live beside Lake Victoria. We have a fantastic view across the lake.
. ?F$ The ; " 0 ...  +  ?  1 A!  8,  ?B 8 &! ` /8
streets etc Oxford Street, Trenholme Road, Fifth Avenue
squares etc Trafalgar Square, Oundle Place, Piccadilly Circus
parks etc
Central Park, Kew Gardens
Kennedy Airport !  ?" <H /@ "#1   ; S!  ! -@, A!  $, 
.8 -  /8  The OP 0 WN A  "8 -<!  G> Q &  /@ /J#1
people Kennedy Airport, Alexander Palace, St Pauls Cathedral
places Heathrow Airport, Waterloo Station, Edinburgh Castle

:The 8 G>H!   x

 -! ... State, Kingdom, Republic 9 ; -@ ! 4H! / -H -! 8 S!
.# -! ?F$ 0 The ;
States
the United States of America/the USA
Kingdom the United Kingdom/the UK
Republic the French Republic
:# -! ?F$ The ; 0  9     /,  (canals)  85  8 S!
canals
rivers
seas
oceans

the Suez Canal

the River Nile, the Nile
the Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean
the Pacific Ocean, the Pacific
:# -! ?F$ The ; 0 A! => XB -! 8 S!

people (families, for example)

countries
island groups
mountain ranges

the Clintons
the Philippines, the United States
the Virgin Islands, the British Isles
the Himalayas, the Alps
:"# /B ; WYB /8
I saw the Clintons today, It was Bill's birthday.
Trinidad is the largest island in the West Indies.
Mount Everest is in the Himalaya.
:# -! ?F$ The ; 0 ;   Z 8 &! ` /8

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64

 

hotels, restaurants the Ritz Hotel, the Peking Restaurant

banks
the National Westminster Bank
cinemas, theatres the Royal Theatre, the ABC Cinema
museums
the British Museum, the National Gallery
buildings
the White House, the Crystal Palace
newspapers
the Daily Telegraph, the Sunday Post
organisations
the United Nations, the BBC, the European Union
:# -! ?F$ The ; 0 " -!  of 8 / -  8 S!
The Tower of London.
The Gulf of Fars.
The London School of Economics.
The Bank of France.
The Statue of Liberty.

.(" -!  01  G> /8 A$ a@ / -$6P) /6 Ob!  -<@!

: .(Possessive 's)
/8 8 F!  /J#1  a@ I 01  G> /8 01 / "H , -! / -!I#
:&! 4#% /8 .0' -!  " ' " !Y%  # 8 XB  /J#1 " 's " !Y% 45  $
the boy's ball. (one boy)
the boys' ball. (two or more boys)
one ball
more than one ball
one boy
the boy's ball the boy's balls
more than one boy the boys' ball the boys' balls
:  <8 0 W%  8 " -!   8 ? Y% <6! ?7 A
The man next door's mother ( The mother of the man next door )
The Queen of England's dogs.
.  &! " 's " c O $+5 48 /8 -6  ?F$  -! 0 of ; <6! 8 /1 E
The books of my sister.
My sister's book.

( Q) G>H!  

:# -! ?F$   8 's ; X9! $H8 
This is Mary's car.
Where is Ram's telephone?
Who took Anthony's pen?
I like Tara's hair.
:# -! $' F!   ! 45 8 S!  -! $, s 8 -! / -!I#
This is Charles's chair.
O ! -"9 -! 8 S! ) .# /'V " ' " O $+5   # /  B 0 4<! A /$6
(.  -!  /8 6P A

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Who was Jesus' father?

: ?"d9 -8 XB  

:# -!   A " 's " c O $+5 ; ?F$ 8 S! ?"d9 -8   <6! 4 4H 8
singular noun
my child's dog
the man's work
the mouse's cage
a person's clothes

plural noun
my children's dog
the men's work
the mice's cage
people's clothes

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:9

) :( Adjectives
.
I like Chinese food : .It is hard :
A beautiful young French lady :
: )
( .
A large Impressive, house .A mansion :

):(Determiners
.the, an, my, some :
.
.
)(Article
the ,a, an
) ( )(Possessive Adjectives
their ,my, you, his, her, our
:
every ,each
neither ,either
no ,any, some
most ,much, many, more
least ,little, less
fewest ,few, fewer
whichever ,what, whatever, which
all ,both, half
several
enough

x AnA The
: ) (Determiner .
.(Determiners are adjective or modifier that limits a noun) :

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67

:9

a dog the dog a, an the ) (articles

. ) (definite ) (Indefinite
.
Articles
Definite Indefinite
the
a, an
The
a an .
. .
:
I saw the moon last night.
I saw a star last night.
:
the
a, an
The capital of France is Paris.
I was born in a town.
I have found the book that I lost.
John had an omelette for lunch.
James Bond ordered a drink.
?Have you cleaned the car
There are six eggs in the fridge.
We want to buy an umbrella.
?Please switch off the TV when you finish. Have you got a pen
the, a an .
.
:
) We want to buy an umbrella. (
? ) Where is the umbrella (
the, a an :
A man and a woman were walking in Oxford Street. The woman saw a dress that
she liked in a shop. She asked the man if he could buy the dress for her. He said:
""Do you think the shop will accept a cheque? I don't have a credit card.

Each x Every
each every each .
every )( .
:
Every artist is sensitive.
Each artist sees things differently.
Every soldier saluted as the President arrived.
The President gave each soldier a medal.
each :

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68

The soldiers each received a medal.

: of each
The president spoke to each of the soldiers.
He gave a medal to each of them.
: each . every
He was carrying a suitcase in each hand.
: every
There is a plane to Bangkog every day.
The bus leaves every hour.
. every each :

Any Some

. = Some
. = Any
. Any Some
some
+ I have some
money.
-

any

example situation
I have $10.

I don't have any I don't have $1 and I don't have $10 and I
money.
don't have $1,000,000. I have $0.
?
Do you have any Do you have $1 or $10 or $1,000,000?
money?
Any Some Somebody\Anybody Something\Anything :
(. ) .
:
He needs some stamps.
I must go. I have some homework to do.
I'm thirsty. I want something to drink.
I can see somebody coming.
He doesn't need any stamps.
I can stay. I don't have any homework to do.
I'm not thirsty. I don't want anything to drink.
I can't see anybody coming.
Does he need any stamps?
Do you have any homework to do?
Do you want anything to drink?
Can you see anybody coming?
: Any
I refused to give them any money. ( I did not give them any money)

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)She finished the test without any difficulty. ( She did not have any difficulty
Some .
): (
?Would you like some more tea
?Could I have some sugar please

): (Adjective orders
:
-1 .
-2 .
adj. noun verb adj.
1 I like big cars.
2
My car is
big.

(Adjective before nouns) :

:
I like big black dogs.
She was wearing a beautiful long red dress.

-1 : ) -2 (... ) (...
-1 ):(Opinion
She has a nice French car.
-2 ):(Fact
She has a nice French car.
:
) (size ) (age ) (shape ) (color ) (material ):(origin
A big, old, square, brown, wooden Chinese table.
) ( .
:
) : (article adjectives
A , The
) : (possessive adjectives
my, your,....
) (demonstrative adjectives
this, that
)(quantifier adjectives
some, any, few, many

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70

(numbers)
one, two,...
:
adjectives
noun
deter- opinion fact
miner
age shape colour
two
nice
old round red
candles
: and
Many newspapers are black and white.
She was wearing a long blue an yellow dress.
:
: .
:
A: " I want to buy a round table. "
B: " Do you want a new round table or an old round table? "
:
A: " I want to buy an old table. "
B: " Do you want a round old table or a square old table? "

(verbs Adjective after certain )

:
(subject+ verb + adjective ): + +
Ram is English.
Because she had to wait, she became impatient.
Is it getting dark?
The examination did not seem difficult.
Your friend looks nice.
This towel feels damp.
That new film doesn't sound very interesting.
Dinner smells good tonight.
This milk tastes sour.

: (Comparative Adjectives)
.
.
. :
. big bigger

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A2

:9

A1

A1 is bigger than A2.

:
) :(adjectives short er .
) : (adjectives long .more
Short adjectives
old, fast ) (
happy, easy ) ( y .
old > older : er .
late > later : e r
.
big > bigger :
.
happy > happier : y y i .
Long adjectives
modern, pleasant y .
expensive, intellectual .
modern > more modern : .more
expensive > more
expensive
: :
good > better
well (healthy) > better
bad > worse
far > farther/further
: y er more :
quiet > quieter/more quiet
clever > cleverer/more clever
narrow > narrower/more narrow
simple > simpler/more simple
x

)
(.

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72

) (comparative adjectives then

:
John is 1.80meter. He is tall. But Chris is 1.85meter. He is taller than John.
America is big. But Russia is bigger.
I want to have a more powerful computer.
?Is French more difficult than English

:
Earth Mars
12,760 6,790 Mars is smaller than Earth.
150
228
Mars is more distant from the Sun.
25

24

)Diameter (km
Distance from Sun
)(million km
)Length of day (hours

A day on Mars is slightly longer than a

day on Earth.
Moons
1
2
Mars has more moons than Earth.
Surface temperature (C) 22
-23
Mars is colder than Earth.
:
) ( :
. .
Mt Everest is higher than all other mountains.

)(Superlative Adjectives
.
.
biggest big :

AB

A is the biggest.

x :
:
) : (short adjectives < est .
) : (long adjectives < .most
the :

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Short adjectives
old, fast ) (
happy, easy ) ( y .
old > the oldest : est .
late > the latest : e st
.
big > the biggest :

.
happy > the happiest : y y i .
Long adjectives
modern, pleasant y .
expensive, intellectual .
modern > the most modern : .most
expensive > the most
expensive
: y est most :
quiet > the quietest/most quiet
clever > the cleverest/most clever
narrow > the narrowest/most narrow
simple > the simplest/most simple
: :
good > the best
bad > the worst
far > the furthest
x

.
:
John is 1.75meter. David is 1.80meter. Chris is 1.85meter. Chris is the tallest.
Canada, China and Russia are big countries. But Russia is the biggest.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
) (earth ) (mars ) (jupiter
:

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74

Earth Mars Jupiter

12,760 6,790 142,800 Jupiter is the biggest.

Diameter (km)
Dis150
228
778
Jupiter is the most distant
tance from Sun
from the Sun.
(million km)
Length of day (hours) 24
25
10
Jupiter has the shortest day.
Moons
1
2
16
Jupiter has the most moons.
Surface temp.
22
-23
-150
Jupiter is the coldest.
(C)
: the :
England is coldest in winter. (not the coldest)
My boss is most generous when we get a big order. (not the most generous)

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75

 

:(Pronouns) V
.("# -! ? ! e !  /8 )   -!  /8  B /8 /@B  /  -<1 /@ V
he, you, ours, themselves, some, each , etc : "#! "#$ -@ V
.# < -+  -+  -! ,  7N  8 D! ?I5 " B V 48; "d9  E
:" B V / ?8 45 8 f' &! A  "# /B ; &! /8
Do you like the president? I don't like the president. The president is too pompous.
:I8  -!  V B 8 / -N 
Do you like the president? I don't like him. He is too pompous.

:(Personal Pronouns) -U> V

8)  ?" ? 5 0 -<@! WFN & "B A  ."# -! ?"H!  -U> V 6 ; & "B 
."# /[! -U>V 8   5  (E  6 
:& "B A  ?F$ ! W@
 V = pronouns
" = number
("8 -! ... G> Qh  G> &h  4 e#!) G> = person
#B = gender
 ?"##  %' = subject

- = object
-<@! = possessive
subject 4  %' /8 ?"## ? = reflexive
-<@! WFN = possessive adjectives
male 4  2! e#! = m
female 4  ji! e#! = f

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76

number

person gender*

singular

1st
2nd
3rd

plural

1st
2nd
3rd

m/f
m/f
m
f
n
m/f
m/f
m/f/n

subject
pronoun object
possessive
reflexive
possessive adjective

pronouns
subject object possessive
I
me
mine
you
you
yours
he
him
his
she
her
hers
it
it
its
we
us
ours
you
you
yours
they
them theirs

 

possessive
adjectives
reflexive
myself
my
yourself
your
himself
his
herself
her
itself
its
ourselves
our
yourselves your
themselves their
:"# /B ;  6! /8

She likes homework.

The teacher gave me some homework.
This homework is yours.
John did the homework himself.
The teacher corrected our homework.

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:11

):(Propositions list
proposition :
.
150 .
. .
. to of in
. .
.
:
aboard
considering
per
about
despite
plus
above
down
regarding
across
during
round
after
except
save
against
excepting
since
along
excluding
than
amid
following
through
among
for
to
anti
from
toward
around
in
towards
as
inside
under
at
into
underneath
before
like
unlike
behind
minus
until
below
near
up
beneath
of
upon
beside
off
versus
besides
on
via
between
onto
with
beyond
opposite
within
but
outside
without
by
over
concerning
past

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:12

:


.

:
.
:
hate, like, love, need, prefer, want, wish
believe, imagine, know, mean, realize, recognize, remember, suppose,
understand
belong, concern, consist, contain, depend, involve, matter, need, owe, own,
possess
appear, resemble, seem,
hear, see
:
I want a coffee.
not I am wanting a coffee.
I don't believe you are right. not I am not believing you are right.
?Does this pen belong to you? not Is this pen belonging to you
It seemed wrong.
not It was seeming wrong.
I don't hear anything.
not I am not hearing anything.
see hear can .
)I can see someone in the distance. (not I am seeing someone in the distance
)I can't hear you very well. (not I am not hearing you very well

:

.
to think :
I think Ricky Martin is sexy.
I am thinking about my homework.
to think " " .
to think " " .

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79

stative to think
.
. dynamic to think

)
(
:
Stative sense
Dynamic sense
(no real action)
(a kind of action)
Simple only
Continuous
Simple
I think she is
Be quiet. I'm thinking.
I will think about this
beautiful.
problem tomorrow.
I don't consider that
We are considering your job
We consider every job
he is the right man for application and will give you our application very
the job.
answer in a few days.
carefully.
This table measures 4 She is measuring the room for a A good carpenter
x 6 feet.
new carpet.
measures his wood
carefully.
Does the wine taste
I was tasting the wine when I
I always taste wine
good?
dropped the glass.
before I drink it.
Mary has three
Please phone later. We are
We have dinner at
children.
having dinner now.
8pm every day.

: be
( Mary is learning English) be
: be ( Mary is French)
: . be
London is the capital of UK. ( not London is being the capital of UK)
Is she beautiful? (not Is she being beautiful?)
Were you late? (not Were you being late?)
. be
. (behave or act) be
:

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Mary is a careful person. (Mary is

always careful - it's her nature.)

John is being careful. (John is acting carefully

now, but maybe he is not always careful - we
don't know.)
They were being really stupid. (They were
behaving really stupidly at that moment.)
Why is he being so selfish? (Why is he acting
so selfishly at the moment?)

Is he always so stupid? (Is that his

personality?)
Andrew is not usually selfish. (It is
not Andrew's character to be
selfish.)
: be
I am being
You are being
He, she, it is being
We are being
They are being
." to be being sick"" to be sick"
( ) She is sick.
( ) She is being sick.

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