, ...

, 2013

,
.. ,



.




2

% (C3S,
C2S, C3A, C4AF, )

(
)

(, curing)
-
(

)
( )
(. ,
, , ..)
3

(C3S C2S) ,
,
( C3S
C2S).
C3 C4AF ,

(. ).

.
5

 ( )
()
: C3 > C3S > C4AF > C2S

-gel )
C3A

8


C3S
Ca+ (OH) Ca+ (OH)-
.
Ca+ (OH)-
Ca(OH)2
C3S
(Ca3Si2O74H2O, C-S-H)
Ca(OH)2 C-S-H
,
C-S-H, ,

C3S
C-S-H.
9


, ,
(C3S C2S),

, :
,


[Ca(OH)2]

,

(initial set).
,

.
(final set).

10



()

C-S-H.
() ,


C3S C-S-H.

11

 C3S C2S

C3S
7 (
), C2S


.

C3S :
2 C3S + 7 2 +
+ ()
2 [3CaOSiO2] + 72 3CaO2SiO242 + 3Ca(OH)2 + 173 kJ

, C2S :
2 [2CaOSiO2] + 5 2 3CaO2SiO242 + Ca(OH)2 + 58.6 kJ
12

C2S
C3S,
.
, C2S
,
(. . ),


(
, ).
13

Ca+ ()-

(C-S-H)

[Ca(OH)2, CH]
14

(C-S-H)

[Ca(OH)2, CH]

(C-S-H)

15

(C3A, C4AF)
(.. ),
,

-gel),
.

,
,
%
. , -
( )

(flash set)
16
.

,
( ),
( ) (flash set) ,

(false set),
() .
)
()
.

,
(2-4
), ,
(
).
17

 C3A
C3A
,

(flash set).
, , :
2C3A + 21H C4AH13 + C2AH8 2C3AH6 + 9H

, (C4AH13

C2AH8) ,
.
(C3AH6), hydrogarnet.

. 18

 C3A

(C2)

C3A-.
, = SO3-
C3A :

C6A3H32 ,

C3A
C4AH12
C3A C6A3H32 :
19

 -
(.. C3A = 3CaOAl2O3)

A.
B.
C.

( )
(5%)
( )

( )
SO3

: C = CaO, =
H = H2O CH2=
C6AH32 (Hydrogarnet), C6A3H32 (, ettringite)
C4AH12
20

.
2C3A + 21H C4AH13 + C2AH8 2C3AH6 +9H

+ (Flash set)
!!!
. (5%)
C3A + 3CH2 + 26H C6A3H32 (ettringite)
2C3A () + C6A3H32 + 4H 3C4AH12

, C4AH12
!!!

21

 -
(.. C3A = 3CaOAl2O3)
C.
(, .)
1 : C4AH12 + 2CH2 + 16H C6AH32 (ettringite)
2 ( ):

1)

Na2OSO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaOSO3 + 2NaOH

2) C3A + 3CH2 + 26H C6A3H32 (ettringite)

, (
) ,
22
(.. )


( )

(CH2)
C3A ,

Ca(OH)2
C3A . ,

C3A ,
C3A
( + C3A),
.
23

C3A (<4-5%),
C3A

:
C3A + . +
,


.
24


C3A +
:
C6A3H32
[ C3A + CH2 ()]
-2

SO4 ( )
(monosulfate) C4AH12
[ C3A + C6A3H32 ()]
-2

SO4 ( )
C3A
!!!
25

Portland
26


1
[
Ca+ (OH)-],

C3A
. 2
(dormancy period), 2-4

.
,
.
27

 2
,


C3S. 3
4. 5 36

,

,


28
.

C3S

C2S

C3A + C2

C4AF + C2

* (%) C3S
29

,
(
),

, ,
[Ca(OH)2]*
(C-S-H)
.
*
() (C3S C2S)
30

 vs.

( )

:
C3S + aq

C-S-H + CH ()

:

+CH + aq C-S-H ()
31

Pozzuoli
Vesuvius. , 2000 ,

.
* /
(2:1)

(Pantheon, Coliseum .)
*
(CaO)

.

32

(
35 m),
Ca(OH)2
C3S C2S

-
(
- gel).
33




(
, , .),

(
,
., ),
.

34

.
1,1 g/cm3
14-22%.
35

SiO2

60 - 70%

Al2O3

12 - 15%

Fe2O3

2 - 6%

CaO

2 - 6%

MgO

1 - 3%

K2O

1 - 3%

a2O

2 - 3%

Ti2

0,2 - 0,6%

950oC

6 - 10%
36

37

.

,
,
, Ca(OH)2
.



().
38

Ca(OH)2
,

,
,
.
,
.

(<10-35 m),
( ),
gel
.
, ,
,
,
39
.


1. :

,
2. :
Ca(OH)2
,
,
( )
3. :
( )
, ,



4. :
Ca(OH)2
,


5. : ,


-
41


6. :

[
Ca(OH)2]
(bleeding)

7. :

,
,

8. :

,
( )
.



9.

:
Ca(OH)2,

().

10.

:
,
SiO2
(Alkali Silica Reaction, ASR).
43


11.

: To
(Fly ash, FA) *,

.

12.

:
,

*[Ball bearing effect, FA ]

13.

:

,

.



14.

():
/
-

15.

:

,


,
Ca(OH)2
45

. [
Ca(OH)2]
.
Ca(OH)2 ..
.
,

,

46

.

,
- Ca(OH)2
(..
), ,
,
.


(, ASR ..).
47


()

Source: Methodology for the free allocation of emission allowances in the EU ETS post 2012

48

 , 197-1
(, %)

49

 CO2

Source: Methodology for the free allocation of emission allowances in the EU ETS post 2012
50