Gio trnh k thut xung

1
+
+
+
V0
i
R
V
V
V
V
V
0
0
R
R
i
V
V
t
Vi
t
R
V +
V +
V
V
R
R
R R+
0
i

0
0
+
+
+
-
-
-
V
V
V
V
t
0
i
0
R
i
R
V
R
V
D
0
CHNG IV: MCH XN, KP, SO SNH
Trong chng ny ta kho st mch x l hiu analog nh mch xn, mch kp v so snh..
4.1: Mch xn (clipper):
Mch xn cn gi l mch hn bin (limiter) cho qua tn hiu c bin nm trn, di hoc gia
hai mc gii hn no gi l in p tham chiu Vref.
Mch xn thng s dng diode hoc transistor kt hp vi vi in tr v ngun tham chiu.
4.1.1: Mch xn trn diode









a) Mch in b) Dng sng c) c tuyn truyn t

Hnh 4.1: Mch xn trn diode

Xem mch xn trn s dng diode nh hnh (4.1a). n gin ta gi s diode l tng, ngha l
0 , 0 = =

V R
f
v =
r
R
- Khi :
R
V i < 0 D off, D xem nh h mch, i o 0 0 =
- Khi :
R
V i > 0 D on, D xem nh ngn mch,
R
V o = 0
Bin cao nht ng ra l .
R
V Ta ni mch b xn trn mc .
R
V
Hnh (4.1b) l dng sng ng vo/ ra vi tn hiu sin v hnh (4.1c) l c tuyn truyn t. Khi
,
R
V i < 0 c tuyn l ng thng dc bng 1 v khi :
R
V i > 0 c tuyn b ngang song song vi trc
honh ti im .
R
V



















Hnh 4.3: Mch xn trn diode ni tip

Hnh 4.2 minh ha c tuyn v dng sng thc t ca mch xn trn diode. Nu k n

V v
R
V
th im gy ca c tuyn hay im ti diode dn phi l

V V
R
+ . Khi diode dn phn bin thin
tn hiu ng ra i
R R
R
o
f
f
0 0
+
= , nn on c tuyn khi diode dn l ng thng c dc
Gio trnh k thut xung
2
+
+
+
V0
i
R
V
+
+
+
V0
i
R
V
+
+
+ +
V0
i
1
1
2
2
R
R
V
+
+
V0
Z1
Z2
i V
V
V
V
t
i
0
R
V
V
V
V
0
0
R
R
i
V
V
V
V
t
i
0
2
1
R
R
V
V
V
V
V
V
0
2
2
1
1
R
R
R
R
0
i
V
V
-V
-V
V
V
0
0
Z
Z
Z
Z
i
f
f
R R
R
+
. Do dng sng ng ra hi b cong mt on t im

V V
R
+ (hnh 4.2)
Hnh 4.3 l mch xn trn mc diode ni tip vi ng vo v ng ra
4.1.2: Mch xn di diode:











a) Mch in b) Dng sng c) c tuyn truyn t

Hnh 4.4: Mch xn di diode

Xem hnh 4.4a, diode quay ngc u so vi hnh 4.1a.
- Khi
R
V i < 0 : D on xem nh ngn mch ,
R
V i = 0
- Khi
R
V i > 0 : D off xem nh h mch, i o 0 0 =
Hnh 4.4 l mch xn di diode ni tip ng vo v ng ra.

4.1.3: Mch xn 2 mc:
Hnh 4.4: Mch xn di diode ni tip









a) Mch in b) Dng sng c) c tuyn truyn t

Hnh 4.5: Mch xn 2 mc diode
Kt hp hai mch xn trn v di, ta c mch xn hai mc.
Cho
2 1 R R
V V <
- :
1 R
V i < 0 off D on D
2 1
, ,
1
D xem nh ngn mch,
1 R
V o = 0
-
2 1 2 1 2 1
& , & : D D off D D V i V
R R
< s0 xem nh h mch, i o 0 0 =
-
2 2 1 2
, , : D on D off D i V
R
0 s xem nh ngn mch,
2 R
V o = 0









a) Mch in b) c tuyn truyn t
Hnh 4.6: Mch xn 2 mc zener
Gio trnh k thut xung
3
+
+
+
cc
EE
i
C1 C2
1
1
2
BB
BB
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
C
e
+
+
+
-
Vo
+
t
t
t
t
Hnh 4.7: Mach xen BJT va dang song
b)- Dang so ng

V
V
V
V
I / CS
I
I
I
V
I
V
V
CES
BES
BE
CS
BS
B
0
c
cc
0

0
0
0
0
V
V
V
V ln9
4,4 V
V ln9
V =
V V
V
V -
R
R
I
I
v = U
v =
0,1V
0,1V
0
i
IL
T
T
T
0L
IU BB2
cc
cc
C
C
C2
C2
0
S
S
S
Hnh 4.6a l mch xn hai mc s dng diode zener, ta xem nh zener dn thun tng t nh
diode chnh lu l tng ), 0 , 0 ( = =

V R
f
v khi zener dn nghch in p trn zener l .
Z
V
- :
Z
V i < 0
1
Z
D dn thun,
2
Z
D dn zener,
Z
V o = 0
-
Z Z
V i V < s 0 : ,
2 1
off onDz Dz i o 0 0 =
- i V
Z
0 s :
1
Dz dn zener,
2
Dz dn thun,
Z
V o = 0
4.1.4: Mch xn BJT:
-

0 V i < : 0 , 0 ~ ~
C B
I I
cc o BE i
V = = 0 0 0 ,
-
BS BES i
RI V V + < s 0

: Q dn ch ng

B i BE
Ri = 0 0 (4.1)
Tng tr vo BJT : ( ) ) 2 . 4 ( 1
'
E
T
fe bb
I
V
h r hie
q
+ + =

i v
A0 0 =
0
a) Mch in i 0
-
i IBS BES
R V 0 s + : Q dn bo ha.
BES BE
V = 0
Do 0
fe
h nn hie gim
E
T
bb
I
V
r hie
q
+ =
'

nn
BE
V s b xn mc
BES
V
Q sat:
C
CES CC
CS
R
V V
I

= (4.3)
v
CES o
V = 0
Nh vy bn thn mch BJT c hai mc xn l
CC
V v
CES
V ng ra cc C.
Ta kho st mch xn 2 mc s dng hai BJT
ghp cc E nh hnh 4.8a.
Ban u i 0 b
2 1
, Q off Q c phn cc qua
ngun
2 BB
V m bo dn ch ng,in p ng ra:
C C CC o
R I V
2
= 0 .Khi
i
0 tng
1
Q dn ch ng, c
2
Q cng dn ch ng. Mch s khuch i tn hiu v
o
0
ng pha vi
i
0 .Tng
i
0 cao hn lm
E
V tng cho n
khi Q off
2
, ng ra
CC o
V = 0 .















a) Mch in b) c tuyn truyn t
Hnh 4.8: Mach xn 2BJT ghp cc E
Ta c dng qua cc E:
Gio trnh k thut xung
4

e
EE BB
R
V V
I I I
2
2 1
2
0 +
= + = (4.4)
do
EE BB
V V + <<
2
2
0 nn const I ~
Mc xn cao
CC U o
V = 0 khi Q
1
on, Q
2
off , I I =
1
v 0
2
= I .
Mc xn di
C C CC L o
R I V
2
= 0 (4.5)
ng vi
1
Q off v
2
Q on , 0
1
= I v I I =
2

Lu :
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =
|
1
1
2 2 2
2 C B C
I I I I
Do trong (4.5)
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
1
1
2
I I
C
vi I c c t (4.4)
T hnh (4.8a):
2 1
2
0 0 0 + =
BB i
V (4.6)
Do dng in cc B bin thin theo hm m in p
BE
0 v t vng ct chuyn sang dn khng
t bin m din ra t t, ta quy c mc xn cao
U i
0 tng ng vi I I 1 , 0
2
= v I I 9 , 0
1
= , ngc li
mc xn thp
L i
0 tng ng vi I I 9 , 0
2
= v I I 1 , 0
1
= . T tham kho, ta c biu thc in p tip gip
BE:

|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
EO
C I E
T BE
I
I I
V V
o
q 1 ln (4.7)
B qua dng
E C B
I I I ~ , v s hng th hai trong ngoc rt ln hn 1:

EO
E I
T BE
I
I
V V
) 1 (
ln
o
q

~ (4.8)
Do
BE
V =
1
0 nu
E
I I =
1
v
BE
V =
2
0 nu ,
2 E
I I = t :

( )
EO
I
T
EO
I
T BB i
I
I
V
I
I
V V
2 1
) 1 (
ln
1
ln
2
o
q
o
q 0

+ =
=
2
1
ln
2
I
I
V V
T BB
q + (4.9)
Do : 9 ln
1 , 0
9 , 0
ln
2 2
T BB T BB U i
V V
I
I
V V q q 0 + = + = (4.10)
9 ln
9 , 0
1 , 0
ln
2 2
T BB T BB L i
V V
I
I
V V q q 0 = + = (4.11)
nhit phng, V mV
T
26 = v mV i 57 , 2 , 2 9 ln = A = 0 i vi Ge v mV 114 i vi Si, so
vi im gia
2
BB
V , lm ng ra chuyn mc xn.
Tng qut:
T T
V V i q q 0 4 , 4 9 ln 2 = = A (4.12)
Lu : i 0 A ph thuc vo nhit (do )
T
V v 2 BJT lun lun dn ch ng.
4.2: Mch kp (clamper):
Mch kp dng gi mc bin tn hiu vo mc hng
R
V v phc hi li mc dc tn
hiu vo.
4.2.1: Mch kp diode:
Gi s diode l tng ( ) = = =
r f
R V R , 0 , 0

.
Cho t V
m i
e 0 sin =
Trong bn k dng u 0 >
i
0 lm D on,
o
0 =0.C np n gi tr nh
m A
V = 0 ,cc tnh nh
hnh (4.9a).
Sau bn k dng
i
0 gim ,gi tr tc thi nh hn
m
V l in p trn C nn D off. in p
ng ra :
m i o
V = 0 0 .
Ni cch khc in p ng ra b dch i mc dc l Vm v mch b kp mc 0V. Mc dc in
p ng ra l -
m
V t l vi bin vo
i
0 .

Gio trnh k thut xung
5
+
+
+
V
V
0
A
i V
+
+
+
V
V
0
A
i V
-V
=RC
-V
-2V
-2V
t
1 2 t t
m
m
m
m
+ +
+
V0
S
S
i V V
V
V
V
-V
-V
-2V
t
t
i
0
m
m
m
m
0
0









a) Mch in b)Dng sng

Hnh 4.9: Mch kp diode v dng sng


Trng hp ng vo
i
0 tng bin , khi gi tr tc thi
i
0
A
0 > lm D on do phn cc thun, C
li tip tc np n gi tr nh v mc dc ng ra vn thay i t l vi bin tn hiu vo. Nhng nu
i
0 gim bin , D khng bao gi dn c v C khng th x to mc dc ng ra t l vi bin tn
hiu vo.
dm bo mc dc ng ra lun lun t l vi bin tn hiu vo, ta xem mch kp hnh 4.10a.










a)Mch kp c ng x C qua R
b) Dng sng ng ra khi bin ng vo thay i

Hnh 4.10: Mch kp hon chnh
Khi bin ng vo gim cn
m m
V V < ' C s x qua R theo thi hng RC = t ,in p trn C s
gim t
m
V n
m
V , lm D on tr li khi
i
0 t bin
m
V .
Nh vy in p trn C hay mc dc ng ra lun lun t l vi bin tn hiu vo
i
0 . Thi hng
t c chn ln so vi chu k tn hiu khng thay i in p trn C khi tn hiu vo n nh.
Ta kho st v d 4.1 vi p ng ng ra mch kp vi tn hiu xung v k n nh hng ca
ni tr ngun v in tr
f
R ca diode
Vd 4.1: Cho mch kp nh hnh 4.11,
. 1 , 10 , 100 F C K R R R
f S
= = O = = t=0, p vo mt tn hiu
chui xung vung bin 0->10V v tn s 5kHz. V dng
sng mt s chu k u ca ng ra.
Hnh 4.12 minh ha mch tng ng khi D on v D off.
- ) ( , ; :
1 1 1

= = = t Don V t t
C C S
0 0 0

( ) | |
( )
C R R
e t V
R R
R
t
S f
t t
C
S f
f
o
) (
, ) ( ) (
1
/
1 1
1 1
+ =

+
=

t
0 0
t
(4.13)
- ) ( , ; :
2 2 2

= = = t Doff V t t
C C S
0 0 0
| |
( )
C R R e t V
R R
R
t
S
t t
C
S
o
) ( , ) ( ) (
2
/
2 2
2 2
+ =
+
=

t 0 0
t
(4.14)

Gio trnh k thut xung
6
+
+
+
V
V
0
A
S
S
f
f V
+
+
+
V
V
0
A
S
S
r
V









a) D on b) D off
Hnh 4.12: Mch tng ng hnh 4.11,khi D on v D off

Tr li v d 4.11 :
- : 1 , 0 0 ms t < s ms C R R Don V i
S C
2 , 0 10 ) 100 100 ( ) ( , , 0 ) 0 ( , 10
6
1
= + = + = = =

t 0 0
) : ( 5 ) (
2 , 0 /
ms t e t
t
o

= 0
V
o
5 ) 0 ( =
+
0
V
o
3 ) 1 , 0 ( =

0
V
C
4 2 3 10 ) 1 , 0 ( = =

0
- ms C R R Doff V ms t
S C i
10 10 ) 100 10 ( ) ( , , 4 ) 1 , 0 ( , 0 : 2 , 0 1 , 0
6 4
2
~ + = + = = = < s

t 0 0
ms
T
ms 1 , 0
2
10
2
= > ~ t nn xem nh C khng x.
V
C o
4 ) 1 , 0 ( = =

0 0
V
C
4 ) 2 , 0 ( =

0
- ms Don V V ms t
C i
1 , 0 , , 4 ) 2 , 0 ( , 10 : 3 , 0 2 , 0 = = = < s

t 0 0
1 , 0 / ) 2 , 0 (
3 ) (

=
t
o
e t 0 (t: ms)
V
o
3 ) 2 , 0 ( =
+
0
V
o
8 , 1 ) 3 , 0 ( =

0
V
C
4 , 6 2 8 , 1 10 ) 3 , 0 ( = = =

0
- ms Doff V ms t
C i
10 , , 4 , 6 ) 3 , 0 ( , 0 : 4 , 0 3 , 0
2
= = = < s

t 0 0
V
C o
4 , 6 ) 3 , 0 ( = =

0 0
V
C
4 , 6 ) 4 , 0 ( =

0
- ms Don V V ms t
C i
1 , 0 , , 4 , 6 ) 4 , 0 ( , 10 : 5 , 0 4 , 0
1
= = = < s

t 0 0
ms t e t
t
o
: ( 8 , 1 ) (
1 , 0 / ) 4 , 0 (
= 0 )
V
o
8 , 1 ) 4 , 0 ( =
+
0
V
o
1 , 1 ) 5 , 0 ( =

0
V
C
8 , 7 ) 5 , 0 ( =

0
- ms Doff V V ms t
C i
10 , , 8 , 7 ) 5 , 0 ( , 0 : 6 , 0 5 , 0
2
= = = < s

t 0 0
V
C o
8 , 7 ) 5 , 0 ( = =

0 0
V
C
8 , 7 ) 6 , 0 ( = =

0
- ms Don V V ms t
C i
1 , 0 , , 8 , 7 ) 5 , 0 ( , 10 : 7 , 0 6 , 0
1
= = = < s

t 0 0
) : ( 1 , 1 ) (
1 , 0 / ) 6 , 0 (
ms t e t
t
o

= = 0
V
o
1 , 1 ) 6 , 0 ( =
+
0
V
o
40 , 0 ) 7 , 0 ( =

0
V
C
2 , 9 ) 7 , 0 ( =

0


Gio trnh k thut xung
7
t
t
V
V
V
V
V
V
V V
V
T
T
0
0
t=0 +T T
1
1
1
2
2
r
1
f
1 1
2 1
s
0
V
V
T2
Af
Ar
10
5
3
-4
-6,4
-7,8
3
1,8
1,8
1,1 1,1
Hnh 4.13:Da ng so ng ngo ra VD 4.11
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
V
i, 0 V (V)
t(ms)















4..2.2: Dng sng xc lp ng ra mch kp ng vi tn hiu vo l xung vung
Cho tn hiu vo l xung vung p vo mch kp hnh 4.11,tm cc gi tr nh dng sng ng ra
' , , ' ,
2 2 1 1
V V V V .
- Doff V V t
o S
, ' , ' ' , 0
2
= = =

0 0
in p trn C:
' ' ' ) 0 (
2
V
R
R R
V
S
A
+
=

0 (4.15)
- . , , ' , 0
1
Don V V t
o S
= = =
+
0 0
1
' ) 0 ( V
R
R R
V
f
S f
A
+
=
+
0 (4.16)
Do nn
A A
) 0 ( ) 0 (
+
= = 0 0 :
1 2
' ' ' ' V
R
R R
V V
R
R R
V
f
S f
S
+
=
+
(4.17)
Do : ' ' ' nn V V V =
'
2 1
V
R
R R
V
R
R R
V
S
f
S f
+

+
= (4.18)
Tng t nh vy ti v T t

=
1
,
1
+
= T t tm c:

2 1
' V
R
R R
V
R
R R
V
S
f
S f
+

+
= (4.19)
Ngoi ra; ta cn c:

C R R T
S f
e V V
) /(
1 1
1
'
+
= (4.20)

C R R T
S f
e V V
) /(
2 2
2
'
+
= (4.21)
T (4.18), (4.19), (4.20), (4.21) tm c cc gi tr nh.
Trng hp , 0 =
S
R t (4.18) v (4.19):

2 1 2 1
' ' V V V V V = = (4.22)
C ngha l p ng ng ra ch ph thuc vo mc bin V ca tn hiu xung ng vo hay
khng ph thuc vo mc dc ca tn hiu vo.
Ly (4.18) tr (4.19):
0 ) ' ( ) ' (
2 2 1 1
=
+

+
V V
R
R R
V V
R
R R
S
f
S f

t:
2 2
' V V
r
= A v '
1 1
V V
f
= A ta c:

r
S
S f
f
f
R
R R
R R
R
A
+

+
= A (4.23)
Do R R
S
<< nn
r f
A < A tr trng hp
r f S
R A = A = 0 .
Gio trnh k thut xung
8
V
V
V
-V
-V
-V
10v
1000 s
1 s
10v
10v
10v
A
A
A
A
A
A
1
1
1
1
1
1
f
f
f
r
r
r
4.2.3: nh l mch kp:

Trong iu kin xc lp, phn din tch
f
A di dng sng ng ra chiu thun (diode dn )
lin h vi phn din tch
r
A di dng sng ng ra chiu nghch (diode tt) theo biu thc:

R
R
A
A
f
r
f
= (4.24)
C th xem din tch ni trn minh ha hnh 4.14. Tuy nhin nh l (4.24) vn ng vi bt
k dng tn hiu no ng ra v bt k gi tr ni tr ngun
S
R .
Ta xem li hnh 4.11. Gi
f
0 (t) l dng sng ng ra chiu thun ( D on), dng np t l
f f f
R i / 0 = . in tch np trong thi gian D on l:


} }
= =
1 1
0 0
1
T
f
f
f
T
f
f
R
A
dt
R
dt i 0 (4.25)
Gi
r
0 (t) l dng sng ng ra chiu nghch ( D off), dng x t l R i
r r
/ 0 = . in tch x trong
thi gian D off l:


} }
+ +
= =
2 1
1
2 1
1
1
T T
T
r
r
T T
T
r
R
A
dt
R
dt i 0 (4.26)
Trong thi xc lp, lng in tch trn t khng thay i nn:

R
A
R
A
r
f
f
=
V d 4.2: Mt xung vung khng i xng s T ms T 1 , 1
2 1
= = v bin 10V. Tn hiu p vo
mch kp nh hnh 4.11 c , 0 , 50 , 50 = = O =
S f
R K R R gi s C rt ln sao cho dng sng ng ra
khng c st nh:
a) Tm mc 0 trn dng sng ng ra.
b) Nu dng sng o ngc li , 1 , 1
2 1
ms T s T = = tm mc 0 dng sng ng ra.
c) Nu o ngc diode, dng sng nh cu b, tm mc 0 dng sng ng ra.

Gii:
a) Gi bin phn xung dng l ,
1
V bin
phn xung m l 10-V
1

Ta c:
3
3
1
1
10
10 50
50
1 ) 10 (
1000

=

= =

=
R
R
V
V
A
A
f
r
f

T : V V
5
1
10

=
Mc 0 rt st vi nh dng ca xung.
b)
3
1
1
10
) 10 ( 1000

=

=
V
V
A
A
r
f

Suy ra: V V 5
1
=
iu ny cho thy mch kp lm vic khng tt
vi cc xung hp.
Mt cch ko mc kp v 0 l tng R, Hnh 4.15: Cc dng sng ng ra vd 4.2
tuy nhin s ko di thi gian phc hi khi tn hiu
vo gim v nh hng n
r
R ca diode.
c) Trng hp tn hiu vo nh hnh b v diode o ngc,
r
A phn dng xung
v
f
A phn m xung.
T cu a ta c V V
5
1
10

=
T v d trn, ta nhn xt rng mch kp rt kh phc hi mc dc vi nhng xung hp
c thi gian D on rt b!
Gio trnh k thut xung
9
+
S V
+
+
t
V
V
V V =0
A
T
0
t=0
f
T
V
r
1
2
2
r
1 1
2
t
t
A
A
T
0
T
V
f
r
1 2
+
+
+
V0
i
R
V
X
+
+
+
V0
i
R
V
4.2.4: Mch kp thc t:
m bo phng nh xung dng v m, phi c
C rt ln. Trong thc t ta phi c (R
f
+R
S
)C<< T
1
v ( R+R
S
)C>>T
2
.
Dng sng vung ng ra sau khi qua mch kp nh hnh 4.16.
Trong thi gian
2
T c st nh
r
A v u thi im
1
T mt gai
vt l
f
A xut hin. C np qua diode trong thi gian rt ngn v
trong phn thi gian cn li ca
1
T Doff.
S dng cc phng trnh (4.18), (4.19), (4.20),(4.21) v (4.23)
V
R R
R
V V
S
+
= =
2 1
, 0 ' (4.27)

C R R T
S
e V V
) /(
2 2
2
'
+
= (4.28) c (R
f
+R
S
)C<< T
1
v ( R+R
S
)C>>T
2

) ' (
2 2 1
V V
R
R R
R R
R
V
S
S f
f
f

+

+
= A = (4.29)
Phn tn hiu vo c truyn n ng ra khi diode dn theo h s .
S f
f
f
R R
R
F
+
=
Phn tn hiu c truyn n ng ra khi diode tt theo h s .
S
r
R R
R
F
+
=
F
r
-> 1 hn so vi F
f
. suy gim c chn lc ny gy mo
tn hiu ra khi diode dn . mo dng ny kh thy vi tn hiu
xung v sin nhng s d thy vi nhng tn hiu c nh nhn nh
xung rng ca hnh 4.17.Tuy nhin nh l v mch kp vn ng.
Trong trng hp cn kp ng ra
R
V , ta c mch nh hnh
4.18a. Ta xem
R
V nh tn hiu vo,tn hiu trn diode tng t nh
tn hiu ra mch 4.11. Tn hiu ra gm tn hiu trn diode xp chng
ln
R
V .
Hnh 4.17 mo dng sng ng ra mch kp







a) Mch kp mc VR b) B sung hnh a).
Hnh 4.18: Mch kp mc V
R
.
Hnh 4.18b l mch kp b sung cho hnh 4.18a vi R mc song song nhnh D ni tip
ngun
R
V . Khi D off xem nh h im X, C np / x qua R v dng sng ng ra ti X theo dng sng
i
0 . Khi D on dng sng ng ra b kp ti
R
V . D on bin tn hiu vo phi ln hn
R
V .
Trong thc t, nu k n in p m

V , mch kp hnh 4.11 tng t nh hnh 4.18b vi

V V
R
= , mc kp s l

V . Cn nu thm ngun
R
V mc kp l

V V
R
+ .
nh l mch kp by gi c tnh li:
R
R
A
T V V A
f
r
R f
=
+
1
) (

(4.30)
vi
1
T l thi on diode dn v
f
R R >>
4.2.5: Mch kp BJT :
Hnh 4.19 minh ha mch kp ti mch BE ca BJT,
trong tip gip BE ng vai tr nh diode. Mch kp ng vo
BE to p phn cc dc,gi l mch t phn cc,t bin tn hiu vo.
Cc mch t phn cc thng c s dng trong mch khuch i Hnh 4.19: Mch kp BE BJT
lp C v cc mch dao ng.
Gio trnh k thut xung
10
a)-

i
0
0
+
+
+
+
i
0
0
+
+
+
+
i
b)-

0
t
t t 1 2 3 t
0
i
R
R
R V
cc
c)-

0 t
0
R
cc
i
i
02
01
0
0
R2 R1
cc
cc
cc
cc
01
1
1
2
2
02
R
R
R
R
+
+
+
+
+
Vi
4.3: Mch so snh (comparator):
Mch so snh lm vic theo nguyn l so snh
tn hiu vo
i
0 vi in p tham chiu
R
V v cho t
bin mc in p ng ra khi
i
0 t ti
R
V .
Mch so snh khc mch xn ch khng
quan tm n vic ti to dng sng ng ra.
Hnh 4.20c l c tuyn truyn t mch
so snh.
Khi
i
0 <V
R
:
O
0 =0,v khi i 0 V
R

O
0 =Vcc.
C hai nguyn nhn gy ra sai s p ng
trong mch so snh:
1. Truyn t ng vo: mch nhn dng ng vo
khi
i
0 =V
R
lun c ngng in p m V
Mi lm vic(V ca diode,BJT).Thay v Hnh 4.20: Nguyn l hat ng mch so snh
i
0 =V
R
ti t=t
1
phi n t=t
2

i
0 =V
R
+V,
ng vo mi nhn dng c(hnh 4.20b)
2. Truyn t ng ra: k t khi ng vo nhn dng c tn hiu,phi mt mt khang thi gian
ng ra mi p ng v thay i mc tn hiu ra.Khi ng vo t n V
R
+V+V ti t=t
3
,ng
ra mi t bin ln Vcc.
Hin nay, c th khc phc c hai nguyn nhn trn,ta thng s dng OPAMP khuch i
vng h lm mch so snh.OPAMP c c tnh khuch i vng h trong an vi=Vs rt b,c V-
mV(xem li chng 3) v thi gian truyn t tp b,tc p ng(slewrate) cao.Cc lai OPAMP
chuyn dng so snh tiu biu nh LM711,LM311,LM339
4.3.1: So snh 1 mc:
Hnh 4.21 l mch so snh ng vo o
Xem 0 ~
S
V , OPAMP l tng
-
CC o i R i
V V + = > A < 0 0 0 : 0 :
-
CC o i R i
V V = < A > 0 0 0 : 0 :
Hnh 4.22 l mch so snh ng vo khng o
-
CC o i R i
V V = < A < 0 0 0 : 0 :
-
CC o i R i
V V + = > A > 0 0 0 : 0 : Hnh 4.21: So snh ng vo o
4.3.2: So snh 2 mc:










Hnh 4.22: So snh ng vo khng o
Hnh 4.23: Mch so snh 2 mc
Trong mch so snh 2 mc hnh 4.23 , .
2 1
R R
V V <
-
CC o i R i
V V = < A <
1 1
; 0 :
1
0 0 0

CC o i
V + = > A
2 2
; 0 0 0
-
CC o i R i R
V V V + = > A < s
1 1
, 0 :
2 1
0 0 0

CC o i
V + = > A
2 1
, 0 0 0
-
CC o i i R
V V + = > A s
1 1
, 0 :
2
0 0 0

CC o i
V = < A
2 2
, 0 0 0
Gio trnh k thut xung
11
R
0
i
1
2
+
+
+
+
t
t
t
cc
cc
cc
cc
L
U
V
V
V
V
+V
-V
L U
0
I
cc
cc
0
+
+
- -
Vz
cc
R
V
R
V
Dz
=
R
Dz
+V
V
-V
0
cc
cc
+
+
-
-
+Vcc
+
-
Vz
+
-
VR
4.3.3: Mch so snh c vng tr :
Trong mch so snh mt mc nh trn, khi
i
0 gn ti
R
V , ng ra s d dng khng n nh c
th t bin lin tc t
CC
V n
CC
V + do nh hng nhiu, n nh ngun, off set... lm
i
0 A bin thin xung quanh 0. khc phc hin tng ny, ta s dng mch so snh c vng tr
( cn gi l mch Schmitt trigger trong chng 5 ).










Ban u
i
0 b 0 < A = <
+
i R i i
V 0 0 0
ng ra:
CC o
V = 0

i CC i
R R
R
V
R R
R
0 0
2 1
2
2 1
1
+
+
+

=
+
(4.31)
Tng dn
i
0 n khi
R i
V =
+
0 ng ra
CC o
V + = 0
Gi tr
U i
V = 0 ti ng ra t bin:

i CC R
R R
R
V
R R
R
V 0
2 1
2
2 1
1
+
+
+
=
Suy ra
CC R U i
V
R
R
V
R
R R
V
2
1
2
2 1
+
+
= = 0 (4.32)
Sau khi
CC o
V + = 0 :

i CC i
R R
R
V
R R
R
0 0
2 1
2
2 1
1
+
+
+
=
+
(4.33)
Khi
i
0 gim n
R i
V =
+
0 ng ra t bin xung

CC o
V = 0 .
Gi tr
L i
V = 0 ti ng ra t bin :

CC R L i
V
R
R
V
R
R R
V
2
1
2
2 1

+
= = 0 (4.34)
rng vng tr :

CC L U H
V
R
R
V V V
2
1
2 = = (4.35) Hnh 4.26: c tnh vng tr.
in p im gia vng tr:

R
L U
C
V
R
R R V V
V
2
2 1
2
+
=
+
= (4.36)
4.4: To ngun p tham chiu V
R

Trong thc t,ngun p tham chiu V
R
c th to thnh nh hnh 4.27.Hnh 4.27a,V
R
chnh l
Vz.Hnh 4.27b, diode zener to in p n nh Vz,bin tr tinh chnh chn V
R
ty , OPAMP theo in
p cho V
R
=V
0
c tng tr ra R
0
gn bng 0,xem nh ni tr ngun V
R
=0.




a) B)

Hnh 4.27: To ngun tham chiu V
R

Gio trnh k thut xung
12
i V
0
t
1 s
5 s
+ +
V0
i V
i V
0
t
1 s
0,1 s
+ +
V
V
0
R i V
1
2
+
+
+
+
V0
i
1
2
V
+
+
+
V0
i
1
2
V
+
+
+
V0
i
R
V
C
+
+ +
+
V0
i
1
2
V
+
+
+
+
V0
i
1
3
2
V
5k


Bi tp chng IV

4.1) *Ng vo i 0 ca hnh BT 4.1 l mt xung bin 0-10V, rng s 1 . Cho
. , 5 , 0 , 100 = = O = Rr V V R
f
V dng sng ng ra, ch thch cc gi tr thi hng, bin .









Hnh BT 4.1 Hnh BT 4.2

4.2) Diode c 0 , 10 , 100 = = O =

V K R R
r f
, v in dung song song diode (in dung tip gip) l
5pF. V dng sng ng ra xc lp.
4.3) Diode c . 0 , 100 , 1 = = =

V K R k R
r f
V dng sng ng ra, ch thch thi hng, bin i 0 .








Hnh BT 4.3

4.4) Ng ra i 0 thay i tuyn tnh t 0->15V. V dng sng ng ra trn cng trc (t) vi dng sng
ng vo. Gi s diode l tng ( ) 0 , , 0 = = =

V R R
r f










a) b)
Hnh BT 4.4
4.5) a) Gi s diode l tng. V c tuyn hm truyn
o
0 theo
i
0 .
b) V dng sng
o
0 ; cho
i
0 = 40sint.








Hnh BT 4.5 Hnh BT 4.6
Gio trnh k thut xung
13
+
+
+
-
-
-
V0
i
1
2
V
D
D
5K
R
10V
0 30 60 90 120 150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
V
I
a)
V
I
b)
S V (V)
+10
+5
-5
0.1 .4 .2 .3
t (ms)
5 s
0

4.6) Gi s diode l tng, v c tuyn hm truyn
o
0 theo
i
0 t 0 ->50V.
4.7) Trong mch xn hnh BT 4.7,D
2
dng b nhit.
Gi s cc diode c 0 , , 50 = = O =

V R R
r f
.
a) V c tuyn truyn t v
0
theo v
i
.Chng minh rng
Mch c 1 im gy m rng,ngha l 2 im gy rt
st nhau.
b) V li c tuyn truyn t nu b D
2
v dch chuyn
R thay th ch D
2
. Hnh BT 4.7
c) Chng minh rng 2 im gy a) s mt i v ch c
1 im gy b) nu R
f
<< R.
4.8) Dng sng tam gic nh hnh BT 4.8 c chuyn
thnh sine bng mch xn dng diode.Dng sng
t nt trng vi tn hiu sine 0,30,60,120,150,
180.Thit k mch xn cho dng sng ng ra nh
tn hiu t nt vi ng vo l dng sng tam gic.
Gi s cc diode l tng,tnh cc gi tr ngun v Hnh BT4.8
in tr trong mch,cho bin tn hiu sine l 50V.

4.9) Xy dng cc mch in c c tuyn truyn t nh hnh BT 4.9









Hnh BT 4.9
4.10) Mch xn 2 BJT nh hnh 4.8a,BJT loi Si,V
CC
=4,5V,-V
EE
=-12V,R
c
=2,7K,R
e
=10K,V
BB2
=2V.
V c tuyn v
0
theo v
i
,xc nh cc mc xn.
4.11) Xem mch xn ghp cc E hot ng vi ngun dng I cc E.Ta nh ngha :
- V
iU
l mc xn trn,ti I
C2
=1% gi tr max.
- V
iL
l mc xn di,ti I
C2
=99% gi tr max.
Chng minh rng tm in p vo
iL iU i
V V v = A gn bng 2 ln gi tr cho bi biu thc 4.12.

4.12) Cho mch kp nh hnh 4.11 (l thuyt),
O = = 50
f S
R R , . 0 , 1 , 10 , = = = =

V F C K R R
r

V dng sng ng ra theo dng i 0 nh hnh BT 4.12,
ch thch cc gi tr bin , thi hng
4.13) Trong mch kp 4.11 (l thuyt) , 15 , 5 K R K R
S
= =
, 0 , , 100 = = O =

V R R
r f
. 5 , 0 F C = Ng vo
0 =
S
V khi t < 0 v vi t >0 l chui xung vung
i xng f = 5kHz bin 0 10V. Gi s ban u C Hnh BT 4.12
khng tch in.V dng sng ng ra trong 3 chu k u,
ch thch cc gi tr in p, thi hng.
4.14) Tn hiu vo nh hnh BT 4.14 p vo mch kp hnh 4.11 (l thuyt),
= = O = Rr V R
f
, 0 , 100

v R = 10K. Cho C rt ln
a) V dng sng ng ra, tnh cc mc in p v in p
ngang qua t khi Rs=0.
b) Lp li cu a vi O =100
S
R
c) Lp li a,b khi o chiu diode.
Hnh BT 4.14
Gio trnh k thut xung
14
T2
T1
V
30V
50V
10 s
100 s
V
V
+12v
+12v
-12v
+12v
6v
9v
-12v
V
R
R
D
D
V
R
Q
0
i
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
4
2
C
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
R
V
R
V
V
+V
-V
0
i
cc
cc
1
R
2
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
4.15) a) Trong mch kp hnh 4.11(l thuyt), . , 0
r f
R R R V << << =

Khng gi s R R
s
<< .Cho C
ln v hn.Ng vo l mt xung vung i xng c gi tr nh-nh V.V dng sng xc lp
ng ra v chng minh rng cc nh dng v m dng sng ng ra:

R R
R
V V
s
f
+
=
2
1
v
R R
R
V V
s
+
=
2
2

b) V mc kp trn gn bng 0,ta cho rng khi ng vo t bin m mt lng V,ng ra s t
bin m mt lng VR/(R
s
+R).Thc t ta tm c l VR/(2R
s
+R).Gii thch ngha vt l iu
ny.
c) Nu 0 , 10 = =
f
R K R ,tm gi tr max cho php ca R
s
bin nh-nh ng ra khng b
hn 0,99xV.
4.16) Trong mch kp hnh 4.11 ( l thuyt), . 100 , 0 , , 100 K R V Rr R
f
= = = O =

Dng sng ng
vo l xung vung V=30V, . 1000 , 50
2 1
s T s T = =
a) Rs = 0 v C rt ln. Tnh v v dng sng xc lp ng ra.
b) Lp li a nu O =100
S
R
c) Lp li b nu F C 05 , 0 =
d) Lp li C nu V V 7 , 0 =

4.17) Tn hiu ng vo nh hnh BT 4.17 c ms T ms T V V 10 , 1 , 20
2 1
= = = ,p vo mch kp hnh
4.11(l thuyt).Cho F C K R R R R V
s r f

1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , , 10 , 0 = = = = O = = .
a) Tnh v v dng sng xc lp ng ra.
b) Lp li a) nu o chiu diode.
c) Lp li a) v b) nu R=1M.







Hnh BT 4.17 Hnh BT 4.18

4.18) Ngi ta d nh phc hi gi tr max ca mt tn hiu tun hon l 10V.S dng diode c
= O = =
r f
R R V , 20 , 0

.Gi s ni tr ngun bng 0.T in ghp c gi tr 0,05F.in tr

ti song song diode l 20K.
a) V dng mch in.
b) V chnh xc dng sng ng ra.Ghi ch cc gi tr in p v thi hng quan trng.
c) nh du 2 vng quan trng trn dng sng ng ra v pht biu v t s ca 2 vng ny.

4.19) a) V dng sng ti cc im 1,2,3,4 theo i 0 t 0 - 15V,
gi s diode ,OPAMP l tng, Q dn bo ha/ tt.
b) Cho Q c mA I
CS
50 , 50 = = | , U
1
,U
2
c dng ng ra
ngn mch . 10mA I
OSC
= . Tnh . , ,
2 1 C
R R R

4.20) Cho mch so snh c vng tr nh hnh BT 4.20.
Thit lp biu thc tnh cc im t bin
iL iU
vV V , t suy ra rng vng tr. Hnh BT 4.19
Gi s opamp l tng.





Hnh BT 4.20
Gio trnh k thut xung
15
4.21) Cho mch so snh c vng tr nh hnh BT 4.21.
a) Tm V
iU
,V
iL
,V
H
,V
C
.
Gi s OPAMP l tng.
b) p dng mch ny cho mch sc bnh accu.
Ng ra ca mch li mt BJT on/off,BJT li mt
relay DC 12V c ni tr cun dy 500.Tip im
relay c iu khin cp/ct ngun DC sau chnh
lu sc bnh accu.Yu cu iu khin sc bnh:
- V
accu
s10,5V: cp ngun sc bnh.
- V
accu
>13,5V: ct ngun sc bnh.
Thit k hon chnh mch sc bnh theo yu cu trn. Hnh BT 4.21
4.22)* Cho mch so snh c vng tr nh hnh BT 4.22.
S dng OPAMP LM339 c ng ra cc thu h(xem data
sheet LM339).
a) Gii thch hot ng ca mch.
b) Tm V
iU
,V
iL
,V
H
,V
C
.
c) Nu quy trnh cn chnh mch.












Hnh BT 4.22