DCD (2013) 4 Spa PDF

Unclassified DCD(2013)4
Organisation de Coopration et de Dveloppement conomiques

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
11-Jun-2013
___________________________________________________________________________________________
English - Or. English
DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION DIRECTORATE
Cooperacin Triangulas: Qu nos dice la literatuta?
Esta revisin de la literatura (disponible para descargar en un solo formato pdf) describe el estado de
situacin en la cooperacin triangular. En l se actualiza el informe Cooperacin triangular y Eficacia de la
Ayuda (OECD, 2009) y aborda cuatro preguntas:
Que se entiende por cooperacin triangular y cmo ha evolucionado este entendimiento?
Qu socios participan en la cooperacin triangular y por qu?
En que sectores, regiones y contextos est sucediendo la cooperacin triangular?
Cmo puede la cooperacin triangular contribuir al desarrollo?
Esta revisin de la literatura forma parte de una serie de actividades realizadas por la Direccin de Cooperacin
para el Desarrollo de la OCDE en 2013 y 2013 con el objetivo de ayudar a aclarar que es la cooperacin
triangular, cmo se implementa y como puede ser eficaz en la promocin del desarrollo. Junto a esta revisin de
la literatura, se incluyen otras actividades: un estudio de los pases y organizaciones que participan en la
cooperacin triangular, una reunin de intercambio de ideas con 24 expertos y un dilogo poltico que reuni a
70 representantes de los diferentes grupos en la cooperacin triangular. La OCDE adopt un enfoque inclusivo,
involucrando a todos los socios clave en la cooperacin triangular: los proveedores de cooperacin para el
desarrollo, los pases en desarrollo y los organismos internacionales.
Contact: Talita Yamashiro Fordelone
Tel: +33 (0)1 45 24 95 94 - E-mail: talita.yamashirofordelone@oecd.org
JT03341564
Complete document available on OLIS in its original format
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of
international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
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DCD(2013)4
2

COOPERACION TRIANGULAR:
Que nos dice la Literatura?
Revisin de la Literatura prepareda por la
Direccin de Cooperacin para el Desarrollo
de la OCDE
Mayo 2013
ACRONYMS 3

TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION LITERATURE REVIEW OECD 2013
ACRONYMS
ACP Africa Caribbean Pacific
AECID* Spanish Agency for International Co-operation
(Agencia Espaola de Cooperacin Internacional)
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
AU African Union
BTC Belgian Technical Co-operation
DAC OECD Development Assistance Committee
DIRCO South African Department of International Relations and Co-operation
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
G20 Group of 20
GIZ* Germany Agency for International Co-operation
(Gesellchft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)
ILO International Labour Organisation
JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency
OECD Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development
SEGIB* Ibero-american General Secretariat
(Secretara General Iberoamericana)
SSC South-South co-operation
SU/SSC Special Unit for South-South Co-operation, UNDP
TCDC Technical Co-operation among Developing Countries
TDC Triangular Development Co-operation
TT-SSC Working Party on Aid Effectiveness Task Team on South-South
Co-operation
UN United Nations
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UN-DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UN-ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
UN-JIU United Nations Joint Inspection Unit
UNPF United Nations Population Fund
USAID United States Agency for International Development

* Denotes acronyms in original language
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5
TABLA DE CONTENIDOS
ACRONYMS . ...................................................................................................................................... 3
RESUMEN EJECITIVO . ......................................................................................................................... 7
INTRODUCCIN . ............................................................................................................................... 9
QUE ES LA COOPERACIN TRIANGULAR? ....................................................................................... 11
Multiples descripciones p e r o n o u n a d e f i n i c i n c o m n . ...................................................................... 11
Diferentes maneras de establecimiento de la cooperacin triangular. ............................................... 12
SOCIOS INVOLUCRADOS EN LA COOPERACIN TRIANGULAR. .......................................................... 15
Los Gobiernos son los principales protagonistas. ................................................................................ 15
Prov eedores de cooperacin para el desarrollo ................................................................................. 15
P ases Pivote . ...................................................................................................................................... 16
O r g a n i z a c i o n e s Internacionales . .......................................................................................................... 17
A c t o r e s N o - G u b e r n a m e n t a l e s .............................................................................................................. 18
PROPAGACIN SECTORIAL Y REGIONAL DE LA COOPERACIN TRIANGULAR. .................................... 19
Sectores de intervencin ..................................................................................................................... 19
Regiones y contextes de intervenc i n . ................................................................................................ 19
COMO LA COOPERACIN TRIANGULAR CONTRIBUYE AL DESARROLLO . ........................................... 21
Beneficios y desafos de la cooperacin triangular . ............................................................................ 21
M e j o r a d e l a c o o p e r a c i n t r i a n g u l a r .................................................................................................... 22
CONCLUSIONES . .............................................................................................................................. 25
ANEXO 1: La Cooperacin Triangular en Acuerdos Internacionales . .................................................. 27
ANEXO 2: Algunas Diferentres Definiciones de Cooperacin Triangular ............................................ 29
ANEXO 3: La Cooperacin Triangular en Polticas de Organizaciones Internacionales......................... 31
ANEXO 4: Lista Indicativa de Actividades de Cooperacin Triangular . ............................................. 33
BIBLIOGRAFA . ................................................................................................................................ 37
RESUMEN EJECUTIVO 7
RESUMEN EJECUTIVO
La atencin internacional a la cooperacin triangular ha ido creciendo, con el
incremento del nmero de socios para el desarrollo involucrados en esta forma de
cooperacin al desarrollo. En parte, esto es debido a las ventajas que ofrece. Reune a
diferentes socios para compartir el conocimiento y la implementacin de proyectos que
apoyan el objetivo comn de reducir la pobreza y promover el desarrollo.
Esta revisin de la literatura describe el estado de situacin en la cooperacin
triangular. Se basa en el informe Cooperacin Triangular y Eficacia de la Ayuda (OECD,
2009) y aborda cuatro preguntas:
Que se entiende por cooperacin triangular y cmo ha evolucionado este
entendimiento?
Qu socios participan en la cooperacin triangular y por qu?
En que sectores, regiones y contextos est sucediendo la cooperacin
triangular?
Cmo puede la cooperacin triangular contribuir al desarrollo?
Mltiples descripciones, pero no hay acuerdo sobre la definicin de lo que es la
cooperacin triangular
Hay mltiples descripciones de cooperacin triangular en la literatura pero no una
definicin acordada a nivel internacional. La comprensin del trmino ha evolucionado
con el tiempo desde la primera referencia implcita en el Plan de Accin de Buenos Aires
(Naciones Unidas, ONU, 1978). Un informe reciente de la Unidad de Inspeccin Conjunta
de las Naciones Unidas (2011) recomend la adopcin de una definicin comn en el
sistema de la ONU, pero esto no ha sucedido todava. Hoy en da, las descripciones tienen
ms en cuenta a una amplia gama de socios que participan en la cooperacin triangular,
incluidas las organizaciones internacionales y el sector privado. La Cooperacin Triangular
puede comenzar de diferentes maneras y la divisin del trabajo entre los diferentes socios
no se fija, pero est en constante evolucin.
Un nmero cada vez mayor de socios estn involucrados en la cooperacin triangular
La Cooperacin Triangular implica no solo a los gobiernos sino tambin a las
organizaciones internacionales y, cada vez ms, a actores no gubernamentales. Varias
organizaciones internacionales estn incluyendo la cooperacin triangular en sus
estrategias como un importante medio para apoyar el desarrollo. a pesar de esa evolucin,
se desprende de la literatura que los gobiernos siguen siendo los principales socios en la
cooperacin triangular.
La Cooperacin Triangular est ocurriendo en casi todas partes
De acuerdo con la literatura, la cooperacin triangular se lleva a cabo en diferentes
sectores, regiones y contextos. Tiende a tener lugar entre los pases con caractersticas
similares (por ejemplo, la proximidad geogrfica, el idioma comn, el patrimonio cultural
similar) y es implementada en muchos sectores (por ejemplo agricultura, educacin,
ambiente y seguridad alimentaria,
8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
gobernanza y salud). Recientemente, la gestin de la seguridad y el riesgo se est
convirtiendo en un rea para la cooperacin triangular, con ms actividades que se llevan
a cabo en los Estados frgiles.
Existe un consenso creciente de que los beneficios de la cooperacin triangular
son mayores que las desventajas
La cooperacin triangular presenta tanto beneficios como desafos. La literatura sugiere
que los beneficios (por ejemplo, apoyo financiero y tcnico adicional de los proveedores
de cooperacin para el desarrollo o de las organizaciones internacionales, el intercambio
de conocimientos entre todos los socios, y el desarrollo de la construccin de capacidades
de gestin de cooperacin) superan a los inconvenientes (en particular, los altos costos
de transaccin). Adems , existen medios para hacer frente a stos desafos para hacer
la cooperacin triangular ms eficaz y mejorar su impacto. De cara al futuro, los socios
podran centrarse en aclarar las caractersticas de la cooperacin triangular y compartir
lecciones sobre cmo aprovechar sus beneficios y minimizar sus desventajas.
1

1
Para los efectos de este informe, un proveedor de cooperacin para el desarrollo es un pas que solo
ofrece cooperacin al desarrollo y no es elegible para recibir la asistencia oficial al desarrollo. Esto
incluye a los miembros del CAD, CAD no donantes de Europa del Este, los donantes rabes, entre otros
pases de altos ingresos.
INTRODUCTION 9
INTRODUCCIN
Triangular co-operation has received increased international attention and
recognition in recent years. This interest has been prompted by the economic growth
and development in several middle-income countries. There has also been a renewed
focus on knowledge sharing as a powerful engine for development. As a result, providers
of development co-operation
1
, international organisations and developing countries are
becoming more involved in triangular co-operation as a way to achieve the common
goal of reducing poverty reduction and promoting development. Furthermore, several
high-level meetings on development co-operation, including the United Nations
High-Level Conference on South-South Co-operation in 2009 in Nairobi and the 4
th

High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in 2011 in Busan, have recognised the importance
of triangular co-operation as a means of achieving development results (see Annex 1 for
references to triangular co-operation in a selected number of international agreements
on development co-operation).
This increased attention and recognition brings a need for more clarity on what
triangular co-operation is, how it is implemented and how it can best support
development. Building on a previous study entitled Triangular Co-operation and Aid
Effectiveness (OECD, 2009), this report presents the state of play in triangular
co-operation, drawing on studies, reports and summaries of relevant conferences
prepared from mid-2009 to mid-2012.
This report addresses the following questions:
What do we understand by triangular co-operation and how has this
understanding evolved?
Which partners are involved in triangular co-operation and why?
In which sectors, regions and contexts is triangular co-operation happening?
How can triangular co-operation contribute to development?
10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NOTAS
1 Para los efectos de este informe, un proveedor de cooperacin para el desarrollo es
un pas que solo ofrece cooperacin al desarrollo y no es elegible para recibir la
asistencia oficial al desarrollo. Esto incluye a los miembros del CAD, CAD no donantes
de Europa del Este, los donantes rabes, entre otros pases de altos ingresos.
WHAT IS TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION? 11

WHAT IS TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION?
This literature review finds that there are different understandings of what
triangular co-operation is and shows that triangular co-operation can be established in
several ways.
Multiple descriptions but no common definition
There is no internationally agreed definition or common understanding of what
triangular co-operation is. In fact, even the term triangular co-operation has several
variations. Some countries, such as China and the United States, refer to trilateral
co-operation (Li and Bonschab, 2012; USA White House, 2012), while some regional
organisations, such as the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), refer to
triangular South-South co-operation. The expression tripartite co-operation is also
used. For the purposes of this report, the term triangular co-operation is used
throughout.
Triangular co-operation when defined as providers of development co-operations
support to South-South co-operation has existed for about three decades. The first
implicit reference to triangular co-operation was made in the Buenos Aires Plan of
Action of 1978 (United Nations, UN, 1978) which recommended that developed
countries supporttechnical co-operation among developing countries and that all
the United Nations organisations should play a prominent role as promoters and
catalysts of technical co-operation among developing countries (TCDC). The term
triangular co-operation originated in 1980, when the Independent Commission on
International Development issues, chaired by former German Chancellor Willy Brandt,
suggested the development of triangular co-operation schemes in the context of
economic co-operation between developing countries (Chaturvedi, 2012).
Since the first reference to the term triangular co-operation, interpretations of
what triangular co-operation is have evolved, varying according to the nature, partners
involved and the scope of triangular co-operation (United Nations Joint Inspection Unit,
UN-JIU, 2011; Special Unit for South-South Co-operation, UNDP, SU/SSC, n.d.) (See
Annex 2 for different definitions of triangular co-operation). For instance, as
international organisations started supporting co-operation among developing
countries, they have become explicitly mentioned in definitions of triangular
co-operation (UN-DESA, 2009). However, according to a report from the United Nations
Joint Inspection Unit (UN-JIU), some consider the United Nations system (and other
international organisations) contribution to South-South activities as triangular
co-operation, while others consider it as necessarily involving the participation of a
traditional donor in the process (UN-JIU, 2011). The UN-JIU report recommended the
adoption of a common definition in the UN system, but this has not yet happened. Other
institutions propose that triangular co-operation is not necessarily limited to three
partners, and can, for instance, involve two or more developing countries that wish to
co-operate with one another and ask for the support of one or more providers of
development co-operation or international organisations, to leverage additional
12 WHAT IS TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION?
financial, technical or logistical resources (SU/SSC, n.d). The report Triangular
Co-operation and Aid Effectiveness describes triangular co-operation as partnerships
between members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
2
and pivotal
countries
3
to implement programmes or projects in beneficiary countries (OECD, 2009).
A recent article on challenges for triangular co-operation takes a different approach,
proposing both weak and strong definitions of triangular co-operation
(Li and Bonschab, 2012). According to the weak definition, triangular co-operation
unites the approaches of two donors into one project in which the two different
approaches work simultaneously but in a co-ordinated way, i.e. partners use their
comparative advantages and work in a co-ordinated way. The stronger definition is the
three parties are united at each step of the project: the planning, financing,
implementation, and monitoring, i.e. partners share values and align their
methodologies.
Although there is no agreed definition, the literature on triangular co-operation
suggests a widely held understanding that, in practice, triangular co-operation involves
at least one provider of development co-operation or an international organisation and
one or more providers of South-South co-operation (i.e. pivotal countries) to promote a
sharing of knowledge and experience or implement development co-operation projects
in one or more beneficiary countries. A common feature of many examples of triangular
co-operation is that know-how, skills, experiences and resources from both developed
and developing countries are combined. Often, the pivotal country plays a central
role, as the name suggests, contributing expertise adapted to the context in the
beneficiary country and more direct or recent knowledge of development challenges,
while the provider of development co-operation or the international organisation shares
their development co-operation experience and provides funds. However, such a
division of labour is not fixed and the role performed by different partners can vary. For
instance, there are several examples of triangular co-operation where there is a
two-way flow of knowledge and experiences, with all developing countries involved
acting as pivotal and beneficiary of the co-operation. In other cases, providers of
development co-operation and international organisations can have an important role in
contributing knowledge and expertise alongside the pivotal countries.
Different ways of establishing triangular co-operation
The literature shows that there are different ways to establish triangular
co-operation. Four main models were identified:
4
1. South-South co-operation as the starting point: a provider of development
co-operation supports an existing South-South co-operation. An example is the
project GIRESOL environmental network, conducted by Mexico and Guatemala
with Germanys support (see Annex 4).
Pas Pivote
Pas
Beneficiario
Proveedor de
cooperacin al
desarrollo
WHAT IS TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION? 13
2.
:
.
( Anex 4).
3. Bilateral co-operation between a provider of development co-operation and a
beneficiary country as the starting point: a pivotal country joins an existing
partnership between a provider of development co-operation and a beneficiary
country. The project Clean Development Mechanism is an example: it was first
conducted by Germany and India, then China joined later (see Annex 4).
4. Triangular agreement as the starting point: the co-operation is set up jointly by
the three partners (provider of development co-operation, pivotal country and
beneficiary country) who identify, negotiate, formulate and implement the
activity. An example is the partnership between Spain, Chile and Paraguay to
build capacity in the public sector (see Annex 4).
Proveedor de
cooperacin al
desarrollo
Pas Pivote
Pas
Beneficiario
Pas Pivote
Beneficiary
country
Proveedor de
cooperacin al
desarrollo
Pas
Beneficiario
Pas Pivote
Proveedor de
cooperacin al
desarrollo
Pas
Beneficiario
14 WHAT IS TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION?
NOTAS
2
Los miembros actuales del CAD son: Australia, Austria, Blgica, Canad, Dinamarca,
Finlandia, Francia, Alemania, Grecia, Islandia, Irlanda, Italia, Japn, Corea,
Luxemburgo, Pases Bajos, Nueva Zelanda, Noruega, Portugal, Espaa, Suecia ,
Suiza, el Reino Unido, los Estados Unidos y la Unin Europea.
3
La expresin pas pivote es usada en este informe para referirse a los pases que
proporcionan cooperacin Sur-Sur. De acuerdo con la Unidad Especial de
Cooperacin Sur-Sur, PNUD (SU/SSC), pas pivote o central puede ser definido
como los pases en desarrollo que, en virtud de sus capacidades y experiencia la la
cooperacin Sur-Sur, estn en condiciones de desempear un papel de lider en la
promocin y aplicacin de la CTPD (cooperacin tcnica entre pases en desarrollo) ,
principalmente mediante el intercambio de sus capacidades y experiencias con
otros pases en desarrollo; aunque podran ellos tambin beneficiarse de la
experiencia de esos pases; El concepto de pases pivote o clave surgi en 1995 a
partir de una recomendacin que fibura en la estrategia de nuevas orientaciones
sobre la CTPD que fue adoptado por le Comit de Alto Nivel sobre CTPD y la
Asambla General de las Naciones Unidas (para ms informacin, por favor
consulte http://ssc.undp.org/content/ssc/about/faq.html). Los trminos donantes
emergentes y Los donantes no pertenecientes al CAD se emplean ms a
menudo, pero no describen este grupo de pases con exactitud. Algunos pases
clave comenzaron a participar en la cooperacin al desarrollo ya con algunos de los
miembros del CAD; por lo tanto, no es adecuado llamarlos donantes emergentes.
Los donantes no pertenecientes al CAD no define lo que es el grupo, sino ms
bien lo que no lo es.
4
Para cada modelo presentado, no puede haber ms de un proveedor de la
cooperacin al desarrollo, los pases pivotes y/o beneficiarios. Las lneas representan
la alianza establecida primero y las flechas representan el socio que se uni a la
cooperacin despus.
PARTNERS INVOLVED IN TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION - 15

PARTNERS INVOLVED IN TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION
The literature shows that governments are the main partners in triangular
co-operation. However, international organisations are increasingly involved and they
are including triangular co-operation in their development strategies. Civil society
organisations (CSOs) are also participating more in triangular co-operation.
Governments are the main players
Providers of development co-operation
According to the United Nations (UN) (2012b) and Ashoff (2009), roughly two thirds
of DAC members are engaged in triangular co-operation, with Japan at the top of the
list, followed by Germany and Spain. Few of them include triangular co-operation in
their policies and strategies, with the exception of Japan and Spain. Since 1975, Japan
has promoted triangular co-operation through its regional co-operation strategies and
country co-operation programmes in selected pivotal countries as a way of supporting
South-South co-operation (Japan International Co-operation Agency, JICA, 2012; SU/SSC,
2009). Japan is conducting triangular co-operation through partnership programmes
signed in 2009 with 12 partners: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Indonesia, Jordan,
Mexico, Morocco, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Tunisia (JICA, 2012). Germany
and Spain have also signed triangular co-operation agreements with Brazil, Chile and
South Africa (SU/SSC, 2009).
Other DAC members involved in triangular co-operation are Australia, Canada,
Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden,
Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States (OECD, 2013; UN-JIU, 2011). The
United States included triangular co-operation in its development co-operation policies
and strategies with the aim of helping to meet the needs of developing countries by
working with partners (USA White House, 2010). It has established triangular
co-operation partnerships with Brazil, India and South Africa, referring to these
arrangements as trilateral co-operation or trilateral assistance programs. Brazil also
signed Memoranda of Understanding with Denmark and Sweden, agreeing with each of
these countries to explore the possibility for joint co-operation in development in third
countries (Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and Government of the Federative
Republic of Brazil, 2012; Government of the Kingdom of Sweden and Government of the
Federative Republic of Brazil, 2012).
According to the World Banks report on Arab development assistance, the so-called
Arab donors are also becoming more involved in triangular co-operation
(World Bank, 2010). For example, Arab agencies have supported the establishment of
training institutes for officials from developing countries and have provided grant
assistance for knowledge sharing initiatives. These activities are designed to help
developing countries officials to develop policy solutions tailored to their own
development challenges.
16 PARTNERS INVOLVED IN TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION

According to a major report by the Special Unit for South-South Co-operation, UNDP
(SU/SSC, 2009), providers of development co-operation engage in triangular
co-operation with the aim to:
Make development co-operation more effective through jointly developed
projects.
Strengthen the capacities of providers of South-South co-operation.
Encourage horizontal relationships between two or more developing countries.
Pivotal countries
According to several reports (Agencia de Cooperacin Internacional de Chile, AGCI,
2011; Government of Argentina, n.d.; Government of Mexico, 2010; OECD, 2013; SEGIB,
2011; SU/SSC, 2009; Ashoff, 2009), the main pivotal countries involved in triangular
co-operation are:
In Asia: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,
Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam.
In Latin America and the Caribbean: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Cuba, Mexico and Peru.
In Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa and Tunisia.
There is little information on whether triangular co-operation is part of pivotal
countries cooperation strategies. South Africa is an exception, as triangular
co-operation is part of the strategic orientation of the South African Development
Partnership Agency (Government of South Africa, 2011).
According to the SU/SSC (2009), pivotal countries engage in triangular co-operation
to:
Obtain support and additional resources to foster South-South co-operation,
particularly for demand-driven projects in least-developed countries.
Learn from each other and share lessons on development.

PARTNERS INVOLVED IN TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION - 17
International organisations
International organisations consider triangular co-operation an important means of
supporting development and several of them are incorporating triangular co-operation
in their strategies. As shown below, triangular co-operation supported by international
organisations happens in two ways: i) a joint activity conducted by the organisation, the
pivotal country and the beneficiary country; or ii) support to a South-South co-operation
activity. As mentioned above, it is important to note that the role performed by
different partners in triangular co-operation can vary; the international organisation can
therefore bring financial and technical support to the partnership, or even be involved in
implementation.
A range of international organisations, mostly UN agencies, are involved in triangular
co-operation. This includes the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the
International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Pan-American Health Organization, the
United Nations Conference and Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the UNDP and the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Other international organisations beyond
the UN also participate in triangular co-operation, such as the Africa Caribbean
Pacific (ACP) Group of States, the African Development Bank, the Asian Development
Bank, the Caribbean Community, the Inter-American Development Bank, the
International Monetary Fund, the Islamic Development Bank, the New Partnership for
Africas Development, the Organization of American States, the Organisation
Internationale de la Francophonie and the World Bank. Some of these organisations are
developing policy and institutional frameworks to guide these efforts (Annex 3 provides
some examples).
A UN report shows substantial progress in the South-South and triangular
co-operation activities involving international organisations (UN, 2012b). Three trends
are emerging:
Triangular and South-South co-operation are increasingly included in the policies
of international organisations.
There is greater use of web-based platforms to foster the sharing of knowledge
and experience.
Thematic centres of excellence in developing countries are being established
or strengthened.
Organizacin
International
Cooperacin
Sur-Sur
Pas
Pivote
Organizacin
International
Pas
Beneficiario
18 PARTNERS INVOLVED IN TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION

Regional organisations are also involved in triangular co-operation. Examples include
the Ibero-American programme to strengthen South-South Co-operation (SEGIB, 2011)
and the Organisation of Islamic Co-operations promotion of South-South co-operation
through the 10-year action plan adopted in 2005 (World Bank, 2010). The African
Union (AU) also underscores the broadening and strengthening of international
development through the emerging modalities and promising mechanisms in
South-South co-operation and Triangular Co-operation as a relevant and cost-effective
approach side by side with North-South co-operation (AU, 2011).
According to the SU/SSC (2009), international organisations engage in triangular
co-operation to:
Enhance country ownership and promote the comparative advantages of
South-South co-operation, by making developing countries technology and
know-how more readily available to other developing countries and taking
advantage of common languages and similar social and cultural contexts.
Replicate and build on past successful development co-operation.
Non-governmental actors
According to the UN, the private sector and civil society are playing an increasingly
important role in triangular co-operation and can strengthen both South-South and
triangular co-operation (UN, 2012a). However, aside from references by the UN, there is
currently little information available on the involvement of the private sector in
triangular co-operation and there are few experiences reported on CSOs participating in
triangular co-operation. CSOs have mostly been working with governments as well as
with UN agencies and programmes, providing advice and support to their South-South
and triangular co-operation activities. One example is the project conducted by the
Belgian Development Agency (BTC), the University of Cordoba (Argentina) and the El
Alto municipality (Bolivia) between 2007-10, through which BTC and the University of
Cordoba provided technical assistance for the hospitals of the Bolivian municipality and
training for their health personnel (BTC, 2010).
Potentially, CSOs can have different roles in triangular co-operation. They can
implement and help adapt projects to local realities; they can broker demand and supply
for co-operation or they can advocate for greater transparency and local ownership.
Civil society can also facilitate interactions among individuals, associations and
businesses through, for example, student exchanges, tourism, web-based knowledge
platforms and electronic networks. Relevant on-line fora and social networks include the
South-South opportunity (www.southsouth.info) and a Facebook page
(www.facebook.com/TriangularCo-operation?filter=1) created in April 2011. The aim of
these platforms is to promote discussions and disseminate the latest information about
past and upcoming events, reports, summaries of conferences and workshops related to
South-South and triangular co-operation.
SECTORAL AND REGIONAL SPREAD OF TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION - 19

SECTORAL AND REGIONAL SPREAD OF TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION
According to the available literature, triangular co-operation takes place in many
sectors and regions. Security and risk management is becoming an important sector,
with increasing focus on fragile states.
Sectors of intervention
The literature shows that triangular co-operation takes place in a variety of sectors
(see Annex 4 for an indicative list of activities). The main sectors include: agriculture,
education, employment, energy, environment, fishery, food security, government,
health and water and sanitation. Most providers of development co-operation do not
have priority sectors for triangular co-operation except Spain, which gives priority to
governance, climate change and environment, and research and development. Most
international organisations set priority sectors in line with their areas of work. For
instance, a SU/SSC report shows that the United Nations Industrial Development
Organisations (UNIDO) main areas of triangular co-operation in Latin America are
agro-industries, trade capacity building and renewable energy, while the United Nations
Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisations (UNESCO) focuses on education,
science and sustainable development, information and communication technologies,
physics and mathematics (SU/SSC, 2009).
A relatively new and increasingly important sector for triangular co-operation is
security and risk management. Projects in this sector are usually implemented in
countries experiencing post-conflict and other situations of fragility. According to the
literature, the United States, Canada and South Africa are the main partners involved in
triangular co-operation in fragile states. Examples of activities include (see Annex 4 for
other examples):
Combating child labour: USA and Brazil in Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and
Lusophone Africa.
Counter-narcotics co-operation: USA, Brazil and Bolivia; Australia, Singapore and
ASEAN countries Association of South East Asian Nations.
Conflict and post-conflict resolution: Canada and South Africa in Rwanda,
Burundi, Sudan and South Sudan; Norway, South Africa and Burundi.
Regions and contexts of intervention
Triangular co-operation projects are implemented in all regions of the world: Africa,
Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia, Oceania and Europe. The literature shows that,
as with the sectors of intervention, most countries do not have priority regions for their
triangular co-operation activities. However, Spain and Japan are exceptions: the first
focuses on Latin America, and the second focuses on Asia, Latin America and Africa.
Because of their global reach, most UN agencies and programmes do not set geographic
20 SECTORAL AND REGIONAL SPREAD OF TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION

priorities for their triangular co-operation either, although UNIDO prioritises West Africa
(SU/SSC, 2009).
Most triangular co-operation projects happen among developing countries from the
same region. For instance, in triangular co-operation partnerships involving Japan or
Spain as providers of development co-operation and Brazil or Chile as pivotal countries,
most projects are implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean. This is also the case
for triangular co-operation partnerships involving the United States or Germany as
providers of development co-operation and South Africa as the pivotal country: the
projects are mostly implemented in Africa. The geographic proximity as well as culture
and language similarities explain the preference for triangular co-operation among
countries from the same region. Nevertheless, there is increasing triangular
co-operation involving partners from different continents, such as:
Germany, Singapore and Afghanistans co-operation in human resource capacity
development and civil aviation safety.
Islamic Development Bank, Malaysia and Sierra Leones co-operation in palm oil
industry techniques.
Japan, Brazil and Mozambiques project to promote agricultural development in
Mozambiques tropical savannah.
Japan, Sri Lanka and Tanzanias co-operation on improvement of hospital
management and quality of health services.
United States, China and Liberias collaboration to improve higher education
facilities.
HOW TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT 21
HOW TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT
The literature shows that triangular co-operation has both benefits and challenges,
as is the case with most aid modalities. According to the SU/SSC (2009), most of the
pivotal and beneficiary countries estimate that the merits of triangular co-operation
outweighed the drawbacks, and that the challenges can be addressed. In fact,
maximising the benefits and overcoming the challenges in triangular co-operation has
been the topic of several recent international meetings. These have underscored the
common ground in the principles underpinning South-South and North-South
co-operation and have concluded that there are many different ways of jointly tackling
challenges in triangular co-operation.
Benefits and challenges of triangular co-operation
Drawing from the various perspectives found in the literature, different partners
have distinct perceptions of the benefits and challenges of triangular co-operation
(see Table 1).
Table 1. Benefits of triangular co-operation according to each type of partner
Socios Beneficios de la Cooperacin Triangular
Providers of
development
co-international
organisations
Promotes mutual learning among the partners involved.
Builds on and shares developing countries experiences and
know-how.
Helps to scale up successful co-operation activities.
Is cost-effective.
Can promote new forms of partnership more adapted to development
challenges and more responsive to increasingly complex
development contexts.
Can strengthen capacities of pivotal countries to provide development
co-operation, making relations between Northern and Southern
providers more horizontal.
Pivotal countries Provides financial support to South-South co-operation.
Strengthens technical capacity for implementing South-South
co-operation.
Creates opportunities for networking and knowledge-sharing with
providers of development co-operation.
Beneficiary
countries
Facilitates communication and networking with pivotal countries.
Provides additional technical and financial support from providers of
development co-operation to South-South co-operation.
22 HOW TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT

However, there is a general perception that high transaction costs are one of the
main drawbacks of triangular co-operation. For providers of development co-operation,
transaction costs increase due to greater difficulty in planning and arranging the
co-operation activities as well as in involving staff from headquarters and two country
offices. For the pivotal and beneficiary countries, transaction costs rise due to difficulties
in co-ordinating with providers of development co-operation and international
organisations (e.g. on planning, implementing and monitoring). Besides transaction
costs, pivotal and beneficiary countries also identify other challenges, notably that
providers of development co-operations policies and priorities tend to take precedence
over those of the beneficiary countries whose policies and priorities are not sufficiently
respected.
Improving triangular co-operation
There is an increasing debate on how to make the most out of the benefits and
address the challenges of triangular co-operation. These debates often happen in
meetings on South-South and triangular co-operation involving governments,
non-governmental actors and academia.
5

Overall, the conclusions from the different workshops, seminars and conferences
that have taken place since 2009 underscored the common ground in the principles
underpinning South-South and North-South co-operation. There is notably recognition
of the importance of ownership, with developing countries driving demand for
co-operation projects, as well as recognition of the need for transparency and better
accountability among the different partners involved.
6
Ownership is particularly
emphasised: the impact of triangular co-operation can improve if all partners own the
activity and are involved from its inception. This helps to promote two-way learning, as
well as guaranteeing that the project is in line with the beneficiary countrys
development plans and priorities. Ideally, the process should be driven by the
beneficiary country.
These meetings also highlighted the benefits of establishing institutional frameworks
for triangular co-operation, which can reduce transaction costs. For example, a room
document from the 17
th
session of the UN High-level Committee on South-South
Co-operation mentions that for South-South co-operation as well as triangular
co-operation to have its intended impact, it is necessary to improve overall system-wide
policy frameworks, governance, coordination, structures, mechanisms, and dedicated
resources (UN, 2012a). Similarly, a seminar on Triangular co-operation: Lessons
Learned and Management Challenges organised by the SEGIB in 2010, recommended
that triangular co-operation projects must be systematised in order to build on lessons
learned, capitalise on the knowledge generated and strengthen ongoing discussions.
Concerning triangular co-operation management, all project phases (identification,
formulation, monitoring and evaluation) need to be standardised because three
different bureaucracies are involved. For this purpose, the various stakeholders must
create and agree on definitions, methodologies, procedures, indicators and standards,
and give visibility to transaction costs for triangular co-operation projects
(SEGIB, 2011). Regular consultations on policy and programmes help with jointly tackling
the problems (SU/SSC, 2009).
HOW TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT 23

Other ways of reducing transaction costs and making triangular co-operation more
effective were discussed during these meetings:
Establish a single, leading national interlocutor or focal point in the provider of
development co-operation, pivotal country and beneficiary country involved in
triangular co-operation for smoother and quicker co-ordination.
Strengthen co-operation agencies and executing units in providers of
development co-operation, pivotal countries and beneficiary countries, and build
interagency co-ordination capacity to conduct triangular co-operation.
Ensure that both pivotal countries and providers of development co-operation
have well-defined objectives and a strategy for triangular co-operation that takes
into account the needs and demands of beneficiary countries.
Create guidelines agreed upon by all parties using a standard template.
Set up a clear country framework with minimal documents and signatures for
conducting triangular co-operation.
Use a project structure with a clear division of roles, based on the comparative
advantages of each of the partners involved, ensuring close co-ordination and
communication.
Some providers of development co-operation have made progress in reducing
transaction costs. Spain has streamlined its procedures while Japan has standardised
procedures, prepared operational guidelines and increased delegation of authority to
country offices (SU/SSC, 2009).
There are also diverging views on some issues. For example, regarding the respective
roles of the partners involved in triangular co-operation, some favour establishing a
clear division of responsibilities whereas others stress the need for flexibility, believing
that a strict division of responsibilities should not be applied beforehand.

24 HOW TRIANGULAR CO-OPERATION CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT
NOTAS
5 A non-exhaustive list of these seminars and workshops:
Triangular Co-operation: Towards Horizontal Partnerships, But How?, seminar
organized by the Asian Development Bank Institute, the Gemeinschaft fr
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and the Task Team on South-South
Co-operation, in Bali, 28 February-1 March 2011;
The role of South-South and triangular co-operation in development, jointly
organized by JICA, SU/SSC and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP), in Bangkok, 20 May 2011;
Teaming Up for South-South and Capacity Development: the Role of Triangular Co-
operation, High Level Event on South-South Co-operation and Capacity Development,
in Bogota, 24-26 March 2010;
Triangular Co-operation in the Context of Aid Effectiveness, Experiences and Views of
EU donors, workshop organized by Spanish Agency for International development Co-
operation (AECID), in Madrid, 8-10 March 2010;
Triangular Co-operation: Lessons Learned and Management Challenges, seminar-
workshop co-organised by SEGIBs Ibero-American Programme to Strengthen South-
South Co-operation, JICA, GIZ, AECID in Santo Domingo, 25-26 July 2010.
6 For a further reading on the similarities and complementarities between North-
South and South-South co-operation, see Tortora, P. (2011), Common Ground
between South-South and North-South Co-operation Principles, Issues Brief, OECD
Development Co-operation Directorate,
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/43/49245423.pdf
CONCLUSIONS 25
CONCLUSIONES
Drawing on recent available literature, this report shows that triangular co-operation
is attracting increasing attention from the international development co-operation
community, particularly because it provides an opportunity to combine the efforts of
both North-South and South-South co-operation. It constitutes a bridge between these
two forms of co-operation based on a set of common principles. Furthermore, triangular
co-operation is involving an increasingly wide and diverse range of partners and is taking
place in different regions and in various sectors. Triangular co-operation is also
becoming part of the development co-operation policies of the providers of
development co-operation and the strategies of international organisations.
Current international debate shows that triangular co-operation can contribute
substantially to development, even if there are still challenges to achieving its full
potential. Triangular co-operation promotes mutual learning and sharing of successful
development experiences among all partners, drawing on the financial and technical
support of providers of development co-operation and international organisations.
However, a lack of institutional frameworks and an expectation of high transaction costs
may discourage partners from entering into such arrangements. They may also hamper
the results of triangular co-operation.
Finding solutions to these challenges is fundamental in order to make triangular
co-operation more effective and enhance its impact. In particular, there is a need to
clarify the characteristics of triangular co-operation and to better understand how to
build on its benefits and minimise its challenges. Looking further ahead, partners could
focus on:
Building consensus on the characteristics of triangular co-operation.
Regularly tracking minimal statistics and information on triangular co-operation
(in in-coming and out-going aid reporting).
Evaluating triangular co-operation, to help understand its advantages and draw
more lessons on how to meet its challenges.
Sharing lessons on how to deal with transaction costs, particularly examining
which types of institutional frameworks and arrangements can help reduce these
costs.
Strengthening development co-operation management capacities in developing
countries.
Moving this agenda forward should be a joint effort by all partners in triangular
co-operation. Each partner can contribute their own perspective and comparative
advantage to collectively promote better and more effective triangular co-operation.
ANNEX 1 27
ANEXO 1: Cooperacin Triangular en Acuerdos Internationales
Acuerdos Internationales Referencia a la Cooperacin Triangular
Buenos Aires Plan
de Accin (UN, 1978)
Paragraph 45: The entire United Nations development system must be permeated
by the spirit of TCDC and all its organisations should play a prominent role as
promoters and catalysts of TCDC.
Paragraph 60: Recommendation 35: Support by developed countries for technical
co-operation among developing countries.
Developed countries and their institutions should give their full support to TCDC
initiatives by inter alia:
(a) Increasing their voluntary contributions to the operational programmes of the
United Nations development system in order to permit a greater quantum of
multilateral technical co-operation funds to be devoted to supporting TCDC;
(b) Providing financial support on a voluntary basis to technical co-operation
between two or more developing countries and to institutions in developing
countries that have a TCDC outreach potential;
(c) Accelerating the process of untying their aid resources, so as to make possible
more rapid progress in the promotion and strengthening of TCDC;
(d) Giving, in their economic and technical co-operation activities, due priority to
inter-country projects and programmes at the bilateral, sub-regional, regional
and interregional levels which promote TCDC;
(e) Making qualitative improvements, if they have not yet done so, in their policies
and procedures related to technical co-operation, in order to be able to support
TCDC activities and projects at the request of participating developing countries
so as to contribute to the greater reliance by those countries on resources
available locally or in other developing countries.
Accra Agenda para la
Accin (OECD, 2008)
Paragraph 19, item b): We acknowledge the contributions made by all development
actors, and in particular the role of middle-income countries as both providers and
recipients of aid. We recognise the importance and particularities of South-South co-
operation and acknowledge that we can learn from the experience of developing
countries. We encourage further development of triangular co-operation.
Nairobi Outcome
Document of the United
Nations High-Level
Conference on
South-South Co-operation
(UN, 2009)
Paragraph 15: We recognize the value of the increasing support provided by
developed countries, international organisations and civil society to developing
countries, upon their request, in improving their expertise and national capacities
through triangular co-operation mechanisms, including direct support or cost-sharing
arrangements, joint research and development projects, third-country training
programmes and support for South-South centres, as well as by providing the
necessary knowledge, experience and resources, so as to assist other developing
countries, in accordance with their national development priorities and strategies.
Paragraph 20, item b): [We] Invite developed countries to support South-South
co-operation through triangular co-operation, including for capacity development.
Paragraph 20, item d): [We] Also encourage developing countries to enhance their
national coordination mechanisms, as appropriate, in order to improve South-South
and triangular co-operation ()
Bogota Statement
Towards Effective and
Inclusive Development
Partnerships
(TT-SSC, 2010a)
Section 2, item c. ii: There is room to improve complementarities and promote
synergies between partner countries and traditional donors, including through
triangular co-operation, by reducing transaction costs and engaging in mixed
modalities that combine capacities, know-how, and resources from the North and the
South.
28 ANNEX 1


International agreement Reference to Triangular co-operation
Busan Partnership for
Effective Development
Co-operation
(OECD, 2011)
Paragraph 30: () South-South and triangular co-operation have the potential to
transform developing countries policies and approaches to service delivery by
bringing effective, locally owned solutions that are appropriate to country contexts.
Paragraph 31: () We will strengthen the sharing of knowledge and mutual learning
by:
a) Scaling up where appropriate the use of triangular approaches to
development co-operation.
b) Making fuller use of South-South and triangular co-operation, recognising the
success of these approaches to date and the synergies they offer
()
d) Supporting efforts to strengthen local and national capacities to engage
effectively in South-South and triangular co-operation.
G20 Progress Report Of
The Development Working
Group (G20, 2012)
Paragraph 54: We recognize that to achieve economic growth, action must be taken
to help vulnerable populations manage risks and the impact of external shocks, such
as economic crises and natural disasters. To that end, we reaffirm our 2011 Cannes
commitment to support the implementation or expansion of national social protection
floors in LICs, on a demand-driven basis, including through coordinated North-South,
South-South and Triangular co-operation, and we welcome the IOs efforts to
progress this initiative.
Paragraph 65: We recognize the importance of Knowledge Sharing (KS) activities,
through North-South, South-South and Triangular Co-operation, accepting that there
is no one-size-fits-all model of development.
ANNEX 2 29
ANEXO 2: Algunas Diferentes Definiciones de Cooperacin Triangular
Institucin / Autor Definicin
UN ECOSOC (2008) Triangular development co-operation has been interpreted as OECD/DAC
donors or multilateral institutions providing development assistance to Southern
governments to execute projects/programmes with the aim of assisting other
developing countries.
UN-DESA (2009) Triangular co-operation is Northern donors, multilateral institutions or Southern
partners providing co-operation to one Southern partner country to execute
projects/programmes with the aim of assisting a third Southern partner country.
Nairobi Outcome Document
on South-South Co-operation
(UN, 2009)
Triangular co-operation is support provided by developed countries,
international organisations and civil society to developing countries, upon their
request, in improving their expertise and national capacities through triangular
co-operation mechanisms, including direct support or cost-sharing
arrangements, joint research and development projects, third-country training
programmes and support for South-South centres, as well as by providing the
necessary knowledge, experience and resources, so as to assist other
developing countries, in accordance with their national development priorities
and strategies.
Special Unit for South-South
Co-operation, UNDP (n.d.)
Describes a triangular South-South co-operation as an activity that can be the
initiative of one or more Southern countries that wish to cooperate with one
another. In order to leverage additional financial, technical or logistical resources,
such countries can ask for the support of a Northern donor as the third partner.
Alternatively, a Northern donor can identify a developing country willing to
provide technical co-operation to other Southern partners and whose initiative
will meet the Northern donor's priorities and interests. The Northern donor offers
to support South-South co-operation through a triangular approach in order to
ensure the effectiveness of the intended co-operation activity. The Northern
donor will make financial and sometimes technical support to the co-operation
programme.
ANNEX 3 31
ANEXO 3: Cooperacin Triangular en Polticas de Organizaciones Internacionales
Institution Marco
FAO FAO does not explicitly refer to triangular co-operation in its policies. However, its South-South
co-operation programme is established through tripartite agreements among pivotal countries,
recipient countries and the FAO, and mainly focuses on technical agreements. By the end of
2011, the organisation had 47 South-South co-operation projects supported by 1500 agricultural
experts and technicians. Under its Strategic Alliance Framework with China, the FAO signed new
tripartite agreements in 2011 with China for implementation in Liberia and Senegal to support food
security initiatives. These activities were financed through the USD 30-million FAO-China Trust
Fund. Under other agreements signed in 2010, Vietnamese experts are helping with irrigation
activities, rice cultivation, fishing, beekeeping and food processing in Chad (FAO, n.d.).

ILO At its 100
th
session in June 2011, the International Labour Conference placed particular emphasis
on South-South and triangular co-operation as a means of achieving the organisations objectives.
In March 2012, the ILO Governing Body adopted a South-South and triangular co-operation
strategy. It will allow the ILO to have greater institutional capacity to identify and implement South-
South and triangular co-operation with a view to establishing and implementing an initiative on
South-South co-operation (ILO, 2012).
UNDP Adopted in 2008, the UNDP strategic plan (2008-2011) provides a results-oriented strategy to
promote and accelerate sustainable human development, including the Millennium Development
Goals, through South-South and triangular co-operation (UNDP, 2008).
UNEP UNEP has included South-South and triangular co-operation as a key modality of its medium-term
strategy (2010-2013) and established a focal point to oversee implementation. The UNEP
regularly promotes triangular co-operation, but it recognises, however, that [in] terms of financial
investment and frequency, it is clear that South-South and triangular co-operation are still rather
the exception than the rule in the Convention on Biological Diversity. Increasing and enhancing
South-South and triangular co-operation is, therefore, a critical element for the success of the
Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. The vision of the multi-year plan released in May 2012
is: By 2020, effective South-South and triangular co-operation will be used in the Convention on
Biological Diversity and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, as a complement to North-South
co-operation and in support of the Conventions Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the
Millennium Development Goals, in order to enhance human well-being, promote development and
eradicate poverty (UNEP, 2010).
ANNEX 4 33
ANEXO 4: Lista Indicativa de Actividades de Cooperacin Triangular
7
Provider of
development
co-operation/
International
organisation
Pas
Pivote
Proyecto
Pas
Beneficiario
AGRICULTURA
Food and
Agriculture
Organization
China Support to food security initiatives Liberia, Senegal
Food and
Agriculture
Organization
Vietnam Support to irrigation activities, rice
cultivation, fishing, beekeeping and food
processing
Chad
Japan Argentina Improvement of animal health Bolivia
Japan Argentina Strengthening of microbiology and food
science laboratories
Paraguay
Japan Brazil International course on agro-forestry
systems technology
Pan-Amazon
countries
Japan Brazil Promoting agricultural development in
Mozambiques tropical savannah
Mozambique
Japan Mexico Strengthening production of sesame seeds
for small farmers
Paraguay
United Kingdom China Sharing Chinas experience in agriculture Malawi, Uganda
United States Brazil Improvement of food security Haiti
United States Brazil Increase the productivity of vegetable crops,
and agro-processing techniques
Mozambique
United States India Promoting food security Kenya, Liberia,
Malawi
CONSTRUCCIN
Japan Mexico Enhancement of the construction
technology
El Salvador
EDUCACIN
United States China Improvement of higher education facilities Liberia
ENERGY GENERATION AND SUPPLY
United States Brazil Biofuels implementation, technical support
for the development of biofuels blending
legislation
El Salvador,
Guatemala,
Honduras
34 ANNEX 4

FISHING
Canada Brazil Aquaculture and Amazonian fish Bolivia
Islamic
Development Bank
Malaysia Capacity development for marine fisheries Bangladesh
FORESTRY
United States Brazil Expertise-sharing in forest inventory Peru
GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Germany Brazil Environmental technology centre Peru
Germany India Clean Development Mechanism China
Germany Mexico Environmental promoter network RED
GIRESOL
Dominican
Republic, Ecuador,
Guatemala
Germany South
Africa
Fire management coordination project Tanzania
Japan China Training courses in environmental protection ASEAN countries
United Kingdom China Sharing of Chinas experience with preparing
for and responding to natural disasters
Bangladesh, Nepal
GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL SOCIETY
Canada South
Africa
Strengthening of public sector capacities in
post-conflict countries
Rwanda, Burundi,
South Sudan
Germany Brazil Strengthening of general procedures Uruguay
Germany South
Africa
Development of a post-conflict
reconstruction and development strategy
Democratic
Republic of Congo
Germany South
Africa
Development of an investigation manual and
training support
Tanzania, Kenya
Germany South
Africa
Organisation of a national anti-corruption
summit
Democratic
Republic of Congo
Germany, Sweden Colombia Sharing municipal development experiences Guatemala
Japan Chile Inclusive rehabilitation of persons with
disabilities
Bolivia
Norway South
Africa
Lessons sharing in conflict resolutions,
reconciliation and prevention
Burundi
Spain Chile Public sector capacity building project Paraguay
Spain Mexico Strengthening public administration Central American
countries
Sweden South
Africa
Police training and capacity building Rwanda

ANNEX 4 35
HEALTH
Australia China Project on malaria Papua New Guinea
Japan Argentina Institutional strengthening and
development of diagnostic methods for
epidemiological surveillance, prevention,
control and eradication of household animal
diseases
Paraguay
Japan Brazil Training for capacity building of Josina
Machel Hospital
Angola
Japan Sri Lanka Programme of Quality Improvement of
Health Services by 5S-KAIZEN-TQM
Approach
Tanzania
Pan American
Health Organisation
Argentina Common regulations for medicines for the
Anglophone Caribbean countries
Caribbean
Community
countries
Pan American
Health Organization
Cuba Technical co-operation project between
countries on health issues
Ecuador
INDUSTRY
Islamic
Development Bank
Malaysia Capacity development for small enterprises
and microfinance schemes
Indonesia
Islamic
Development Bank
Malaysia Capacity development for palm oil industries Sierra Leone
MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINING
Islamic
Development Bank
Malaysia Capacity development for oil and mineral
exploitation
Mauritania
OTRAS INFRAESTRUCTURAS Y SERVICES SOCIALES
Organizacin Inter-
nacional del Trabajo
Brasil Proyecto de erradicacin de trabajo infantil
Ecuador
Japn Argentina Fortalecimiento de la generacin de
informacin estadstica a nivel regional para
monitorear el progreso hacia los Objetivos
de Desarrollo del Milenio
Bolivia
Espaa Argentina Cuantificacin del gasto pblico dirigido a
los nios
Haiti
ReinoUnido Brasil Fortalecimiento de los programas de
proteccin social
Kenya
Estados Unidos Brasil Antinarcticos cooperacin: medir el exceso
de cultivo de coca y el progreso en las metas
de erradicacin de coca
Bolivia
Estados Unidos Brasil Combate al trabajo infantil
Ecuador, Bolivia y
Paraguay, Africa
Habla Portuguesa
36 ANNEX 4
POLITICAS DE POBLACIN/PROGRAMAS Y SALUD REPRODUCTIVA
Alemania Brasil Cooperacin Sub regional Sur-Sur sobre
VIH/Sida
Paraguay,
Repblica
Dominicana, El
Salvador, Uruguay
Estados Unidos Brasil Seguimiento, evaluacin y fortalecimiento de
la sociedad civil sobre el VIH/Sida
Mozambique
TRANSPORTE
Alemania Singapur Desarrollo de capacidades de recursos
humanos y seguridad de la aviacin civil
Afganistan
AGUA Y SANEAMIENTO
Alemania Brazil Cooperacin en recursos de agua
saneamiento
Bolivia
Alemania Brazil Proteccin del Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo
Sostenible del sistema acufero Guaran
Paraguay
Nueva Zelanda China Mejora sistena tuberas de agua en Rarotonga Cook Islands
Espaa Brasil Recursos hdricos y proyecto de saneamiento Bolivia
Espaa Mjico Rehabilitacin sistemas abastecimiento agua Haiti
SECTORES NO ESPECIFICADOS
Banco Mundial China Eventos de Intercambio de Conocimientos Pase Africanos
7 Esta lista de las actividades de cooperacin triangular es indicativa y se prepar
sobre la base de los ejemplos que se encuentran en la bibliografa consultada (ver
bibliografa).
ANNEX 5 37
BIBLIOGRAFIA
Prov eedores de Cooperacin para el desarrollo
AECID (Agencia Espaola de Cooperacin Internacional para el Desarrollo) (2010), La
Cooperacin Triangular Espaola en Amrica del Sur, presentation at workshop The
European Unions Triangular Co-operation in the Context of Aid Effectiveness, AECID,
Madrid, 8 March,
www.dev-practitioners.eu/fileadmin/Redaktion/GroupsFolders/Division_of_Labour/tr
iangular_co-operation/AECID_Cooperacion_Triangular_America_del_Sur.pdf
AECID (2010), Triangular Co-operation in the Context of Aid Effectiveness Experiences
and Views of EU Donors, Concept note of Workshop organised by AECID, Madrid,
8-10 March,
http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/files/europa_only/featured_triangular_co-
operation_concept_note_20100309.pdf
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(ou Nord-Sud-Sud)", published on Blogco-operation.be, 23 September,
http://blogco-operation.be/2010/09/23/un-exemple-de-co-operation-triangulaire-ou-
nord-sud-sud/
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Prcticas Sobre Cooperacin Triangular, CIDEAL, Madrid,
www.cideal.org/docs/COOP%20_TRIANGULAR_OnLine.pdf
GIZ (Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit) (2011), Trilateral Co-operation,
South African-German Development Co-operation,
http://south-africa.german-development-co-operation.org/trilateral-co-operation
GTZ (Gesellchft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit) (2010), Triangular Co-operation in
Practice GTZs Experience, presentation by Dr. Ulrich Mller, 16 March,
http://api.ning.com/files/eXUcGJnS-
REJLoWY2kC9lgFu*5riNm7VyFDdyQ3STEa1knItj*1JFpV0ucWYaWizvg3ZOaglearVVSU
SbdupbBuSYhNZHZFI/GTZ_TriCoopinPractice.pdf
Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and Government of the Federative Republic of
Brazil (2012), Memorandum of Understanding on a Partnership for Development
Dialogue and Co-operation between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of
Denmark and the Brazilian Agency for Co-operation of the Ministry of External
Relations of the Federative Republic of Brazil, Braslia, 12 March,
www.um.dk/da/~/media/UM/Danish-
site/Documents/Danida/MoU%20dev%20en.ashx
Government of the Kingdom of Sweden and Government of the Federative Republic of
Brazil (2012), Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the
Kingdom of Sweden and the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil on
38 ANNEX 5
Partnership and Dialogue on Global Development, Braslia, 29 August,
www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/19/79/27/c3aeaf9b.pdf
JICA (Japan International Co-operation Agency) (2012), An Overview of South-South and
Triangular Co-operation, JICA.
JICA (n.d), Partnership Program: Challenge to Inclusive and Dynamic Development
through Triangular Co-operation with New Partners, JICA,
www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/thematic_issues/south/pdf/pp_ssc.pdf
USA White House (2010), US Global Development Policy, Factsheet, The United States
White House, Washington D.C., 22 September, www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-
office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policy
USA White House (2012), The United States and Brazil: Trilateral Co-operation,
Factsheet, The United States White House, Washington D.C., 9 April,
www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/2012/187613.htm
Pases Pivote
AGCI (Agencia de Cooperacin Internacional de Chile) (2012), Estudio de la Cooperacin
Triangular Chilena Gestionada, AGCI,
www.agci.cl/attachments/article/655/Cooperaci%C3%B3n_Triangular_otorgada_por
_Chile.pdf
Government of Argentina (2010), South-South and Triangular Co-operation of Argentina,
Journal No. 10, Special Bicentenary edition, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International
Trade and Worship,
www.foargentina.cancilleria.gov.ar/upload/publicaciones/revistafoar2010en.pdf
Government of Argentina (n.d.), Argentina in the South-South and Triangular
Co-operation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship,
www.5fmmfocalae.com.ar/userfiles/Coop1-i.pdf
Government of Mexico (2010), Mexican Offer for Co-operation and Sustainable
Development Promotion Triangular Co-operation, The 2010 Mexico Report on
International Co-operation, Secretariat of Foreign Relations,
http://dgctc.sre.gob.mx/pdf/The-2010-Mexico-Report-on-International-Co-
operation.pdf
Government of South Africa (2011), Establishment of SADPA (South African
Development Partnership Agency), presentation to the NCOP Select Committee on
Trade and International Relations. DIRCO (Department of International Relations and
Co-operation), 3 August, www.safpi.org/sites/default/files/110803sadpa-edit.pdf
Government of Uruguay (2011), Transaction Costs and the Effectiveness Agenda in
Triangular Development Aid, presentation at workshop Triangular Co-operation:
Towards Horizontal Partnerships, But How?, Bali, Indonesia, 28 February-1March,
www.auci.gub.uy/pdfs/indonesia.pdf
ANNEX 5 39
Organizaciones Regionales
AU (African Union) (2011), Aid Reform for Africas Development, Final Draft African
Consensus and Position on Development Effectiveness, Addis Ababa, 30 September,
www.nepad.org/system/files/FINAL%20DRAFT%20-
%20AFRICAN%20CONSENSUS%20%20POSITION%20ON%20DEVELOPMENT%20EFFEC
TIVENESS%20Sept%202011v3.pdf
Organisation de la Francophonie (2011) South-South and Triangular Co-operation:
Competition or Complementarity for Development Effectiveness?, concept note for
high-level panel organised during the 2011 European Development Days, Warsaw, 15
December, www.eudevdays.eu/sites/default/files/hlp-Liliana%20Pasecinik-
attachment/EDD%20concept%20note%20SCC%20EN%20et%20FR.pdf
SEGIB (Secretara General Iberoamericana) (2011), Systematizing, Bilateral and
Triangular Horizontal South-South Co-operation, Report on South-South
Co-operation in Ibero-America, SEGIB, Madrid, pp. 115-136,
http://segib.org/news/files/2011/11/Coop-South-South-2011.pdf
Organizaciones Internacionales
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) (n.d), South-South Co-operation,
www.fao.org/spfs/South-South-spfs/ssc-spfs/en/
G20 (Group of 20) (2012), 2012 Progress Report of the Development Working Group,
www.presidencia.gob.mx/documentos/g20/2012_Progress_Report_Of_The_Develop
ment_Working_Group.pdf
ILO (International Labour Organisation) (2010) Brazil, US and ILO to Expand Fight
against Child Labour in Post-Earthquake Haiti First ILO North-South-South
Triangular Agreement, Press release, 15 June, www.ilo.org/global/about-the-
ilo/press-and-media-centre/news/WCMS_141747/lang--en/index.htm
ILO (2012), South-South and Triangular Co-operation: the Way Forward, Room
document for the 313
th
Session of the ILO Governing Body, Geneva, 1 February,
www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---
relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_172577.pdf
OECD (Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development) (2008), Accra Agenda
for Action, 3
rd
High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Accra, Ghana, 2-4 September,
OECD (2009), Triangular Co-operation and Aid Effectiveness Can Triangular
Co-operation Make Aid More Effective?, paper prepared for the Policy Dialogue on
Development Co-operation, Mexico City, 28-29 September,
40 ANNEX 5

OECD (2011), Busan Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation, 4
th
High Level
Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Busan, Korea, 29 November-1 December,
www.aideffectiveness.org/busanhlf4/images/stories/hlf4/OUTCOME_DOCUMENT_-
_FINAL_EN.pdf
OECD (2013), Triangular Co-operation: What can we learn from a survey of actors
involved?, 2013 Report, OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, April 2013.
Special Unit for South-South Co-operation (SU/SSC), UNDP (United Nations
Development Programme) (n.d), Triangular Co-operation: How Triangular
Co-operation Works, Online Handbook on South-South Co-operation, SU/SSC, UNDP,
http://handbook.southsouthconference.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=a
rticle&id=59&Itemid=120
Special Unit for South-South Co-operation (SU/SSC), UNDP (2009), Triangular
Co-operation, Enhancing South-South and Triangular Co-operation, SU/SSC, UNDP,
New York,
http://southsouthconference.org/wp content/uploads/2009/10/E_Book.pdf
Special Unit for South-South Co-operation (SU/SSC), UNDP (2011), The Role of
South-South and Triangular Co-operation in Development, Luncheon forum, 67
th

session of the UN ESCAP, Bangkok, 20 May,
www.unescap.org/pdd/calendar/SSC_20Jun11/Summary_SSCForum.pdf
Task Team on South-South Co-operation (TT-SSC) (2010a), Bogota Statement Towards
Effective and Inclusive Development Partnerships, High Level Event on South-South
Co-operation and Capacity Development, Bogota, 25 March,
TT-SSC (2010b), Main Conclusions of Roundtable 3 Teaming up for South-South
Co-operation and Capacity Development: the Role of Triangular Co-operation, High
Level Event on South-South Co-operation and Capacity Development, Bogota,
24-26 March,
http://api.ning.com/files/TqrIro7OEa6OVQym2xM4LkfmDMhsNX1QwApkeSM9ux53r
wLs18s10QQ98jf0faYa3D92bR-
yeFa95RLG4Ml97tlQKhAY8GvG/SummaryRT3_FINAL.pdf
TT-SSC (2011), Learning from South-South and Triangular Co-operation: Sharing
Knowledge for Development, Post-event Statement, Bogota, Colombia, 26-28
September, www.adbi.org/event/4723.south.south.triangular.co-operation/
TT-SSC (Task Team on South-South Co-operation), Asian Development Bank Institute and
GIZ (Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit) (2011), Triangular
Co-operation: Towards Horizontal Partnerships, But How?, Daily Takeaways of
Regional Workshop on Triangular Co-operation, Bali, Indonesia, 28 February-1March,
http://api.ning.com/files/1BjkveMwimDl6xynpID5igW9aCuE4X39Afsn4XP06GG*btPV
uZe7s*GbdXD6v93y4WxmJC4ZGAn9CYwq7JWmmsludZYWpdJp/BaliWorkshopDailyTa
keaways.pdf

ANNEX 5 41

TT-SSC and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2011), Scaling Up
Knowledge Sharing for Development, Working Paper for the G-20 Development
Working Group, Pillar 9,
http://einstitute.worldbank.org/ei/sites/default/files/Upload_Files/G-
20_DWG_report_on_pillar_9_10_June.pdf
UN (United Nations) (1978), Buenos Aires Plan of Action for Promoting and
Implementing Technical Co-operation Among Developing Countries, the United
Nations Conference on Technical Co-operation among Developing Countries, Special
Unit for Technical Co-operation among Developing Countries, UNDP, New York,
http://ssc.undp.org/content/dam/ssc/documents/Key%20Policy%20Documents/BAP
A.pdf
UN (2009), Nairobi Outcome Document of the High-Level United Nations Conference on
South-South Co-operation, United Nations General Assembly, 21 December,
http://ssc.undp.org/content/dam/ssc/documents/Key%20Policy%20Documents/Nair
obi%20Outcome%20Document.pdf
UN (2012a), Framework of Operational Guidelines on United Nations Support to
South-South and Triangular Co-operation, Note by the Secretary General, room
document for the 17
th
session of the UN High Level Committee on South-South
Co-operation, New York, 22-25 May 2012,
http://ssc.undp.org/content/dam/ssc/documents/HLC%20Reports/Framework%20of
%20Operational%20Guidelines_all%20languages/SSC%2017_3E.pdf
UN (2012b), Review of Progress Made in Implementing the Buenos Aires Plan of Action,
the New Directions Strategy for South-South Co-operation and the Nairobi Outcome
Document of The High-Level Conference on South-South Co-operation, room
document for the 17
th
session of the UN High Level Committee on South-South
Co-operation, New York, 22-25 May 2012,
http://ssc.undp.org/content/dam/ssc/documents/HLC%202012/SSC%2017%201%20
%28E%29.pdf
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2012a),
Strengthening All Forms of Co-operation and Partnerships for Trade and
Development, Including North-South, South-South and Triangular Co-operation,
Concept Note for Round Table III of the 13
th
session of the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development, Doha, Qatar, 24 April,
http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/uxiiicn2012d10_en.pdf
UNCTAD (2012b), Strengthening All Forms of Co-operation and Partnerships for Trade
and Development, Including North-South, South-South and Triangular Co-operation,
Issues note prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat for Round Table III of the 13
th

session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,
http://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/td453rev1_en.pdf

42 ANNEX 5
UN-DESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2009),
South-South and Triangular Co-operation: Improving Information and Data, Office
for ECOSOC Support and Coordination, UN-DESA, New York, 4 November,
www.un.org/en/ecosoc/newfunct/pdf/analytical%20study%20%28ssc%29%20-
%20november%202009.pdf
UNDP and UNPF (United Nations Population Fund) (2008), Draft Fourth Co-operation
Framework for South-South Co-operation (2009-2011), prepared for the second
regular session 2008, Executive Board of the UNDP-UNPF, New York,
8-12 September,
http://ssc.undp.org/content/dam/ssc/documents/Programming%20Docs/4th%20Co-
operation%20Framework.pdf
UN ECOSOC (United Nations Economic and Social Council) (2008), Trends in
SouthSouth and Triangular Development Co-operation, Background Study for the
UN ECOSOC Development Co-operation Forum,
www.un.org/en/ecosoc/docs/pdfs/south-south_co-operation.pdf
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2010), Multi-Year Plan of Action for
South-South Co-operation on Biodiversity for Development, Tenth meeting of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya, Japan,
18-29 October, www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/cop/cop-10/official/cop-10-18-add1-
rev1-en.pdf
UN-JIU (United Nations Joint Inspection Unit) (2011), South-South and Triangular
Co-operation in the United Nations System, Joint Inspection Unit, United Nations,
Geneva, www.unjiu.org/data/reports/2011/JIU_REP_2011_03_Final.pdf
World Bank (2010), Arab Development Assistance Four Decades of Co-operation, World
Bank, Washington D.C.,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/ADAPub82410web.pdf

Allafrica.com (2012), Mozambique: tripartite co-operation with US and Brazil,
24 January, http://allafrica.com/stories/201201250017.html
Ashoff, G. (2009), Triangular Co-operation: Opportunities, Risks and Conditions for
Effectiveness, Development Outreach, October 2010, World Bank Institute,
Washington D.C., http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/devoutreach/article/531/triangular-
co-operation-opportunties-risks-and-conditions-effectiveness
Chaturvedi, S. (2012), Development Co-operation: Contours, Evolution and Scope in
S. Chaturvedi, T. Fues and E. Sidiropoulos (eds.), Development Co-operation and
Emerging Powers New Partners or Old Patterns?, Zed Books, London, pages.13-36.
CUTS (Centre for International Trade, Economics and Environment) (2005), Trilateral
Development Co-operation: An Emerging Trend, CUTS Briefing Paper No. 1/2005,
www.cuts-international.org/pdf/BP1-2005.pdf
ANNEX 5 43

Hayes, P.A. (2012), In Development, Three Heads Are Better Than One, USAID
Frontlines, March/April 2012,
http://transition.usaid.gov/press/frontlines/fl_mar12/FL_mar12_LAC_TRILATERAL.ht
ml
Johnson, A. (Development Finance International) (2009), South-South and Triangular
Co-operation: Improving Information and Data, presentation at the UN ECOSOC
Development Co-operation Forum High Level Symposium,
www.un.org/en/ecosoc/newfunct/pdf/johnson.ppt
Li, X. and T. Bonschab (2012), Nine Challenges from Triangular Co-operation, in J.
Langendorf, N. Piefer, M. Knodt, U. Mller and L. Lzaro (eds.), Triangular
Co-operation A Guideline for Working in Practice, Draft Publication, Technical
University of Darmstadt and GIZ, forthcoming
The Economic Times (2011), US, India to Collaborate on Food Security in Africa, New
Delhi, 20 July 2011, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/us-
india-to-collaborate-on-food-security-in-africa/articleshow/9297662.cms
Tortora, P. (2011), Common Ground between South-South and North-South
Co-operation Principles, Issues Brief, OECD Development Co-operation Directorate,

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