Utilitas

UTILITAS
Utilitas merupakan unit pokok dalam
prasarana produksi.
Air
Steam
Listrik
Bahan bakar

Air
Sumber air
Air tanah : sanitasi pekerja, air ketel, air
cadangan
Air PDAM : proses produksi, sanitasi peralatan
Persyaratan air

Kebutuhan daya pompa
Digunakan untuk:
Menggerak air (energi kinetik) = (v
2
/2) x faktor
kehilangan energi pada tikungan dan sambungan
Mengangkat air (energi potensial) = gh
Mengatasi hambatan (gesekan) = (4v
2
/2) x (L/D)

TABLE 3.1
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTORS FOR PIPES



Material
Roughness factor
(e)
Material
Roughness factor
(e)
Riveted steel 0.001- 0.01
Galvanized
iron
0.0002
Concrete 0.0003 - 0.003
Asphalted
cast iron
0.001
Wood staves 0.0002 - 0.003
Commercial
steel
0.00005
Cast iron 0.0003 Drawn tubing Smooth
Friction factors in pipe
TABLE 3.2
FRICTION LOSS FACTORS IN FITTINGS



k
Valves, fully open:
gate 0.13
globe 6.0
angle 3.0
Elbows:
90 standard 0.74
medium sweep 0.5
long radius 0.25
square 1.5
Tee, used as elbow 1.5
Tee, straight through 0.5
Entrance, large tank to pipe:
sharp 0.5
rounded 0.05
Contoh
Pompa untuk menaikkan air setinggi 22 m
dengan debit 1,2 m3/menit. Pipa dari
galvanis berdiameter 15 cm dengan panjang
120m. Jika ada 8 tikungan berapa kebutuhan
daya pompa.
Reynold number
Assume properties of water at 20C are density 998 kg m-3, and viscosity
0.001 N s m-2
Cross-sectional area of pipe A = (/4)D
2

= /4 x (0.15)2
= 0.0177 m-2
Volume of flow V = 1.2 m3 min-1
= 1.2/60 m3 s-1
= 0.02 m
3
s-1.
Velocity in the pipe = V/A
= (0.02)/(0.0177)
= 1.13 ms-1
Now (Re) = Dv/
= (0.15 x 1.13 x 998)/0.001
= 1.7 x 10
5

so the flow is clearly turbulent.
friction loss of energy
From Table 3.1, the roughness factor is 0.0002 for
galvanized iron
and so
roughness ratio /D = 0.0002/0.15 = 0.001

So from Fig. 3.8,
= 0.0053

Therefore the friction loss of energy
= (4v
2
/2) x (L/D)
= [4v
2
L/2D]
= [4 x 0.0053 x (1.13)2 x 120]/(2 x 0.15)
= 10.8 J.
TABLE 3.1
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTORS FOR PIPES



Material
Roughness factor
(e)
Material
Roughness factor
(e)
Riveted steel 0.001- 0.01
Galvanized
iron
0.0002
Concrete 0.0003 - 0.003
Asphalted
cast iron
0.001
Wood staves 0.0002 - 0.003
Commercial
steel
0.00005
Cast iron 0.0003 Drawn tubing Smooth
Friction factors in pipe
TABLE 3.2
FRICTION LOSS FACTORS IN FITTINGS



k
Valves, fully open:
gate 0.13
globe 6.0
angle 3.0
Elbows:
90 standard 0.74
medium sweep 0.5
long radius 0.25
square 1.5
Tee, used as elbow 1.5
Tee, straight through 0.5
Entrance, large tank to pipe:
sharp 0.5
rounded 0.05
For the eight right-angled bends, from Table 3.2 we
would expect a loss of 0.74 velocity energies at each,
making (8 x 0.74) = 6 in all.
velocity energy = v2/2
= (1.13)2/2
= 0.64 J

So total loss from bends and discharge energy
= (6 + 1) x 0.64
= 4.5 J
There would be one additional velocity energy loss
because of the unrecovered flow energy discharged
into the reservoir.
Energy loss from bends and discharge
Energy to move 1 kg water
Energy to move 1 kg water against a head of
22 m of water is
E = Zg
= 22 x 9.81
= 215.8 J.
Total energy requirement per kg:
Etot = 10.8 + 4.5 + 215.8
= 231.1 J

energy requirement of pump
and theoretical power requirement
= Energy x volume flow x density
= (Energy/kg) x kgs-1
= 231.1 x 0.02 x 998
= 4613 J s-1.
Now the head equivalent to the energy requirement
= Etot/g
= 231.1/9.81
= 23.5 m of water,


TABLE 3.2
FRICTION LOSS FACTORS IN FITTINGS



k
Valves, fully open:
gate 0.13
globe 6.0
angle 3.0
Elbows:
90 standard 0.74
medium sweep 0.5
long radius 0.25
square 1.5
Tee, used as elbow 1.5
Tee, straight through 0.5
Entrance, large tank to pipe:
sharp 0.5
rounded 0.05
TABLE 3.1
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTORS FOR PIPES



Material
Roughness factor
(e)
Material
Roughness factor
(e)
Riveted steel 0.001- 0.01
Galvanized
iron
0.0002
Concrete 0.0003 - 0.003
Asphalted
cast iron
0.001
Wood staves 0.0002 - 0.003
Commercial
steel
0.00005
Cast iron 0.0003 Drawn tubing Smooth
Friction factors in pipe
Listrik
LOKASI LUAS (m
2
) CANDL
E
LUMEN
Taman
Kantin
Mushola
Laboratorium
Perkantoran dan TU
Toilet
Area penyimpanan
produk
Area Proses
Area Penerimaan dan
Pengeluaran Bahan Baku
30,4
13,57
50,53
20
129,50
10
30
130
36
5
6
9
15
34
2
25
36
10
152
81,42
454,77
300
4403
20
750
4680
360
TOTAL 11201,19
RUANG FC LUAS RUANG(ft)
LUMEN
(FCxLUAS)
KANTOR 30 1184,07 35522,1
PROSES 20 10764,26 215285,2
TOILET 10 775,03 7750,3
LABORATORIUM 30 322,93 9687,9
GUDANG 10
BAHAN BAKU 1614,64 16146,4
BAHAN TAMBAHAN 645,86 6458,6
COOL STORAGE 4305,71 43057,1
MUSHOLA 10 258,34 2853,4
PARKIR 10
RODA 2 430,57 4305,7
MOBIL 645,86 6458,6
RUANG GANTI 10 322,93 3229,3
JALAN+HALAMAN 5 3229,28 16146,4
PEMBUANGAN LIMBAH 5 322,93 1614,65
TOTAL 368245,65
PERHITUNGAN JUMLAH LAMPU
N= (E.A)/Q
lampu
.Cu.LL
F

KETERANGAN:
N = JUMLAH LAMPU
E =KEKUATAN PENERANGAN(LUX)
A =LUAS AREA
Q
LAMPU
=BESAR LUMEN DARI LAMPU
Cu =KOEFESIEN OF UTILITY 0.5(STANDART)
LL
F
=LIGHT LOST FILTER 0.7(STANDAR)
Untuk sistem penerangan langsung dengan warna plafon dan dinding
terang, CU ( coeffesien of utilization ) nya 50-65 %. Light loss factor ( LLF )
= 0,7-0,8. LLF tergantung ; kebersihan sumber cahaya, tipe kap lampu,
penyusutan cahaya dari permukaan lampu, dll.

Suatu ruang laboratorium di pabrik berukuran 20 x 20 m. Direncanakan
dipasang lampu TL 36 watt. Berapa buah lampu TL yang dbutuhkan?
E= 500 LUX
A=20 x 20 METER= 400 METER
2

Q
LAMPU
1 WATT = 75 LUMEN
36 WATT = 2700 LUMEN
Cu = 0.5 (STANDART UNTUK Cu)
LL
F
= 0.7
N= (E.A)/Q
lampu
.Cu.LL
F

N= (500.400)/(2700.0.5.0.7)
= 211,64
DIBUTUHKAN 212 LAMPU PADA RUANGAN TERSEBUT

Contoh perhitungan : ruangan kantor berukuran 20 x 10 x 3 m direncanakan
memakai TL 4 x 40 watt dengan penerangan E = 300 lux. Hitung, jumlah lampu dan
daya listrik yang dibutuhkan.
Penyelesaian : dari tabel,
Untuk 1 bh TL 40 watt, jumlah lumen = 40 x 75 = 3000 lumen. Untuk 4 TL 40 watt,
jumlah lumen = 4 x 3000 = 12.000 lumen.
Dipilih CU 60 % dan LLF 0,8
Jumlah lampu yang dibutuhkan ( N ) = E x A dibagi lampu x CU x LLF = 300 x
200 dibagi 12000 x 0,6 x 0,8 = 10,4
Jadi N = 11 buah 4 x TL 40 watt. Pemakaian watt untuk lampu TL 40 watt termasuk
ballast = 50 watt. Jumlah beban dari lampu = 11 x 4 x 50 watt = 2200 watt. Untuk
stop kontak peralatan kantor diperhitungkan 20 % dari beban lampu = 20 % x 2200
watt = 440 watt. Total kebutuhan watt = 2640 watt, atau watt/m2 = 13, 4.