EEE 353 FORMULA SHEET

Continuous Time Systems

d Discrete Time Systems
δ (t − a) = u (t − a ) Convolutions
dt ∞ y[n] = h[n] ⊗ x[n]
t f (t ) ⊗ g (t ) = ∫ f (τ ) g (t − τ )dτ h[n] = s[n] − s[n − 1]
u (t − a) = ∫ δ (t − a)dt −∞ n

∞
−∞ f (t ) ⊗ δ (t − a) = f (t − a) s[n] = ∑ h[k ]
k =−∞
∞
∫ f (t )δ (t − a)dt =
−∞
f (a)
F (ω ) ⊗ G (ω ) = ∫ F (τ )G(ω − τ )dτ
−∞ z transform Pairs
y (t ) = h(t ) ⊗ x(t )
F (ω ) ⊗ δ (ω − a) = f (ω − a) ∞
d
h(t ) = s (t ) ∞
F ( z) = ∑ f [ n] z − n
dt f [ n] ⊗ g[ n] = ∑ f [ k ] g[ n − k ]
k =−∞
n =−∞

δ [n − a] ↔ z − a
t
s (t ) = ∫ h(t )dt
−∞
f [ n] ⊗ δ [ n − a ] = f [ n − a ]
a n u[n] ↔
1
1 − az −1
Fourier Transform Pairs
State Equations az sin b
∞ a n sin(bn)u[n] ↔
− jωt z − 2az cos b + a 2
2
F (ω ) = ∫ f (t )e
−∞
dt d
x(t ) = Ax(t ) + Bu (t )
z ( z − a cos b)
dt a n cos(bn)u[n] ↔ 2
1
∞
jωt y (t ) = Cx(t ) + Du (t ) z − 2az cos b + a 2
f (t ) =
2π ∫ F (ω )e
−∞
dω
z transform Properties
Mathematical Identities
δ (t − a) ↔ e − jω a f [n − a] ↔ z − a F ( z )
1 − r N +1
e jat ↔ 2πδ (ω − a ) 1 + r + r 2 + . . .+r N = ⎛z⎞
1− r a n f [ n] ↔ F ⎜ ⎟
1 1 ⎝a⎠
e − at u (t ) ↔ 1 + r + r 2 + r 3 + . . .= ; | r |< 1
jω + a 1− r d
nf [n] ↔ − z F ( z )
cos at ↔ πδ (ω − a) + πδ (ω + a) 1 dz
1 + 2r + 3r 2 + . . .= ; | r |< 1
sin at ↔ − jπδ (ω − a ) + jπδ (ω + a ) (1 − r )
2 ⎡z⎤
f ⎢ ⎥ ↔ F (za )
Fourier Transform Properties ⎣a⎦
r2 r3 r 4
r + + + + . . .= − ln(1 − r ) ; | r |< 1 f [n] ⊗ g[n] ↔ F ( z )G ( z )
f (t − a ) ↔ e − jω a F (ω ) 2 3 4
f [0] = lim F ( z )
1 ⎛ω ⎞ e = cos x + j sin x
jx
z →∞
f (at ) ↔ F ⎜ ⎟ − jx
a ⎝a⎠ e +e jx
cos x =
F (t ) ↔ 2π f (−ω ) 2
e jat f (t ) ↔ F (ω − a) e − e − jx
jx
sin x =
2j
d n f (t )
↔ ( jω ) n F (ω ) x 2 x 4 x6
dt n cos x = 1 − + − +. . .
d n F (ω ) 2! 4! 6!
(− jt ) n f (t ) ↔ x3 x5 x7
dω n sin x = x − + − +. . .
3! 5! 7!
F (ω )
t

∫−∞ f (τ )dτ ↔ jω + π F (0)δ (ω ) ex = 1 + +

x x 2 x3
+ +. . .
1! 2! 3!
f (t ) ⊗ g (t ) ↔ F (ω )G (ω )
cos 2 x = 12 + 12 cos 2 x
1
f (t ) g (t ) ↔ F (ω ) ⊗ G (ω ) sin 2 x = 1 − 12 cos 2 x
2π 2