2.

B ghp knh bc sng quang kiu b lc mng chn

Mt trong hu ht cc thit b c s dng ghp v tch tn hiu da knh trong h
thng thng tin quang DWDM l b lc giao thoa mng chn mng in mi v s n
gin, trng thnh v mt cng ngh v c thit k linh hot t c suy hao
thp, hiu sut tch cao, v di tn rng v mt tnh nng. B lc mng chn in mi
c s dng lc nh sng vi nhng bc sng ring (nh lc mu trong bc
sng nhn thy), v nguyn l ca b lc mng chn in mi c pht hin mt
thi gian di. B lc mng chn thng c 3 loi l thng di, thng ngn v thng
di. Tuy nhin, cc b lc c s dng trong h thng thng tin quang DWDM hon
ton khc t b lc mu trong cu trc, tnh nng yu cu cho n mc ca qu
trnh iu khin. Vi b tch, ghp knh ca tn hiu DWDM, hiu sut truyn cao
(thng trn 95%), di tn rng (thng ln hn 50% khong cch knh), v c hiu
sut tch cao (ln hn 25Db knh k cn) c yu cu. t c nhng yu cu
ny, b lc thng di thng c s dng vi nhng knh c khong cch hp
(thng ti hng nanomet).
B lc thng di mn chn in mi bao gm nhng khoang v lp bc sng c
lng trn nn thy tinh s dng nhng k thut khc nhau to ra. Thit b
MUX/DEMUX cho WDM phi vt qua c nhng tiu chun nghim ngt nh
iu kin nhit cao , m cao v nhng th nghim c kh khc, v tui th ca
thit b c k vng l ti thiu 25 nm c a ra bi Telcordia (GR-1209 v GR-
1221). B lc mng chn c ch to bng cch lng ng thng thng nh bay hi
chm tia electron v lng ng ion c th khng cn ph hp vi nhng yu cu v
nhit cng nh bn di hn. Nhng k thut khc nh lng ng plasma chm tia
electron phun c pht trin to ra nhng b lc mng chn mt cao ng
dng cho DWDM.
2.1 Cu trc c bn ca b lc mn chn giao thoa in mi.
B lc mn chn giao thoa in mi thng di v c bn l giao thoa k Fabry-Perot
c phn b thnh nhiu lp. Nh hnh 2.1.1 cu trc b lc mng chn n khoang
in hnh bao gm lp khoang c kp gia cc lp gng c dy bc sng
to bng cht liu chit sut bc cao v thp. SiO
2
thng c s dng to bc
thp v TiO
2
c s dng to chit sut bc cao, hp th thp v bn khong
1550nm. dy ca lp khoang cng hng xc nh bc sng trung tm ca b lc,
trong khi lp chuyn tip bc sng xc nh h s phn x. S lng ca lp
thay i khc nhau trong mi thit k ty thuc vo nhng yu cu tnh nng ring.
Khi tia sng vi nhng thnh phn bc sng khc nhau (tng ng tn s khc nhau)
i vo trong si, mt phn tia sng vi thnh phn tn s trng vi tn s cng hng
ca khoang c truyn qua, thnh phn cn li ca tia sng c phn x li bi b
lc.
c tnh ca b lc mng chn n khoang tng t nh b lc giao thoa n khoang
vi bng thng hp v kh nng tch knh hn ch. Tuy nhin, trong h thng WDM
vi bng thng rng v kh nng tch cao chng c xc nh theo yu cu v tn
hiu iu ch, bc sng trung tm b tri so vi ngun pht v.v. c bit di
thng ca b lc mn chn c th c lm vung theo hiu sut bng cch phn
tng nhng khoang cng hng trong cu trc. S so snh ca di thng v kh nng
tch ca cc b lc vi s lng hc khc nhau c trnh by trong hnh 2.1.2 trong
dng sng truyn 1 hc, 2 hc v 6 hc c s dng trong h thng DWDM
100GHz.

Hnh 2.1.1: Cu to ca b lc mng chn n hc

Hnh 2.1.2: So snh di thng v kh nng tch ca cc b lc vi s lng hc khc
nhau

N chng t rng b lc vi hiu sut tt hn c th t c bng cch tng s
lng khoang cng hng trong thit k b lc. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, tng s
lng khoang s dn ti kt qu l tng s lng lp v tng s kh khn trong vic
lng ng mn chn. Vi cng ngh lng ng hin nay, b lc mn chn vi 300 lp
c sn sut vi nng sut cao.
Thit k v phn tch b lc mn mng
Nhiu phng php nh phng php th ha vc t, phng php phn tch tng
hp biu dn np, v cc phng php s c pht trin thit k v phn tch
cc b lc mng mng. Trong s , l thuyt ma trn ca cc h thng a lp trn c
s phng php s l mt phng php linh hot nht thit k v phn tch cc b
lc mn mng phc tp cha mt s lng ln cc lp, c bit l cc cc b lc mng
mng cho cc ng dng DWDM m thng yu cu s lp gn 100.
n gin, chng ta xem xt mt mng mng n lp c bao bi hai mi trng
v hn. Cc tham s phi c xt l h s khc x n
1
v lp c b dy d, h s khc
x ca lp
s
n v mi trng
m
n , tia ti c gc , bc sng ca nh sng v mt
phng phn cc ca tia. H s truyn T v h s phn x R ca b lc mn chn mng
a lp c th c tnh ton t phng trnh ca Maxwells. T cc iu kin b ca
cc vc t in v t, c th thu c cc phng trnh sau:

' '
1 1 m m
E E E E + = +
(1)


' '
1 1 m m
H H H H =
(2)


'
1 1
i i
s
E e E e E

+ =
(3)


'
1 1
i i
s
H e H e H

=
(4)


' '
1 1 1 1 m m m m
n E n E n E n E =
(5)


'
1 1 1 1
i i
s s
n E e n E e n E

=
(6)

trong E
m
, H
m
, E
m
v H
m
l cc vc t ti v phn x in v t trng trong mi
trng,
1
E ,
'
1
E ,
1
H v
'
1
H l cc vc t in v t truyn v phn x trong mng mng,
v
s
E v
s
H l cc vc t in v t truyn trong mt , tng ng l pha c a
ra bi lp mng mng v c tnh bi
( )
1
2
cos n d

= (7)
trong l bc sng ca nh sng v ( )
1
cos n d l b dy hiu dng tng ng vi
gc ti .
Quan h sau c th rt ra t phng trnh (1-6);
'
1
1 os sin
m s s
m m
E n E
c i
E n E


+ =


(8)

( )
'
1
sin os
m s
m m s
m m
E E
n n in n c
E E
= + (9)
Bng cch s dng ma trn 2x2 M
1
v bin phn x r v h s truyn dn t, phng
trnh (7) v (8) c th c biu din l

1
1 1 1
m m s
r M t
n n n

+ =

(10)
trong

1 1
1
os sin
sin os
i
c
n M
in c

(11)
Vi b lc mng mng gm N lp, phng trnh sau c th c suy ra s dng
phng php tng t

1 2
1 1 1
...
N
m m s
M M M t
n n n

+ =

(12)
trong
1 2
, ,...,
N
M M M l cc ma trn i din cho mi lp, v c th biu din nh
phng trnh (11) vi
1
n v c thay tng ng cho mi lp. T phng trnh (12),
bin phn x r v h s truyn t ca b lc nhiu lp c th c biu din nh sau

m s m s
m s m s
n A n n B C n D
r
n A n n B C n D
+
=
+ + +
(13)

2
m
m s m s
n
t
n A n n B C n D
=
+ + +
(14)
trong A, B, C, D l thnh phn ca ma trn M c biu din nh sau

1 2
...
N
A B
M M M M
C D

= =



Mt h s truyn T v h s phn x R c th thu c

2
T t = (15)

2
R r = (16)
Pha thay i trong qu trnh truyn v phn x c cho bi
arg
t
t = (17)
arg
r
r = (18)
T phng trnh (7), r rng l bc sng trung tm ca b lc thng di ph thuc
vo gc ti. Bc sng trung tm dch v pha bc sng ngn hn khi tng gc ti.
c tnh ny hin ang c s dng trong ch to MUX/DEMUX iu chnh
chnh xc bc sng trung tm trng vi li tn s ca ITU. Tuy nhin c mt gii
hn v mt gc ti do s ph thuc vo phn cc ca b lc. c tnh phn cc ca
b lc c th c phn tch s dng h s khc x hiu dng thay cho h s khc x
hiu dng n thun trong ma trn M. Cc ch s khc x hiu dng cho phn cc p v
s c th c a ra nh

1
os
p
n
n
c
= (19)

1
os
s
n n c = (20)
Ch s khc x hiu dng cho phn cc p tng theo gc ti trong khi vi phn cc s th
gim theo gc ti. Do , vi gc ti ln, cc bc sng trung tm ca b lc cho
phn cc p v s khng cn chng ln ln nhau, cho kt qu di thng hp hn.
Nhit v n nh mi trng ca b lc bc sng trung tm l mt yu t quan
trng trong thit b MUX/DEMUX, c bit cho cc ng dng c khong cch knh
hp. iu ny c hiu l h s nhit ca bc sng trung tm tri l do qu trnh to
thnh p lc trong qu trnh lng ng cc mng mng v b nh hng mt cch rng
ln bi h s gin nhit ca nn. iu ny c chng minh rng bng cch s
dng thy tinh c h s gin nhit cao lm nn, h s nhit ca bc sng trung tm b
tri c th gim gn ti khng.
Trong truyn dn tc cao, tn sc mu l mt trong nhng yu t hn ch khong
cch t c. B lc mng mng n gin ch l thit b cng hng, do , tn sc
mu ca n l tng i cao c bit l cho cc b lc nh vung. V d, tc sc mu
ca b lc 4 khoang in hnh p dng cho 100GHz l khong 20-30 ps/nm. Tuy
nhin, thit k hin ti ch ra rng tn sc mu ca cc b lc mng mng c th
c gim thiu bng cch ti u ha thit k cc hc cng hng v cc lp phn x.
Gim thiu mt yu t trong 3 yu t nh hng t c.






2.3 Thit b MUX/DEMUX s dng b lc mn chn in mi
Thit b MUX/DEMUX c th c to ra bng cch t b lc mn chn giao thoa
gia 2 thu knh v y chm tia vung gc vo b lc. Tn hiu quang vi bc sng
ring ng vi di thng ca b lc s truyn qua b lc v phn cn li ca tn hiu s
b phn x ngc tr li si.
Hnh 2.2.1 cho thy s ca thit b DEMUX 3 cng tch mt knh t mt s
knh s dng thu knh ch s bc (GRIN). Trong trng hp ring, tn hiu quang vi
N knh (bc sng) c a vo thit b thng qua si u vo.

Hnh 2.2.1 S thit b DEMUX in hnh 3 cng s dng b lc mn chn

Hnh 2.2.2 c trng ph truyn dn v ph phn x ca thit b DEMUX s dng b
lc mn chn 5 khoang ca h thng 50GHz
Tn hiu vi bc sng
1
c ghp vi si u ra sau khi qua b lc v tn hiu vi
bc sng
2
n
n
c phn x li bi b lc v ghp vi mt si u ra khc. Vi
cu trc ny, bc sng trung tm ca b lc c th d dng iu chnh ti bc sng
ring bng cch thay i gc chm tia qua b lc, khng cn iu khin hoc hiu
chnh hot ng ca b lc. Gc chm tia c th c hiu chnh n gin bng cch
thay i khong cch li gia 2 si. Hnh 2.2.2 biu th ph ca truyn dn v ph
phn x ca thit b DEMUX thng thng s dng trong h thng DWDM dung
lng 50GHz vi b lc thng di 5 hc cng hng. H thng ny t ph vung
rng thng di v hiu sut tch cao vi suy hao thp.
C 3 phng php c s dng trong thit b MUX/DEMUX tch a knh vi
nhng bc sng khc nhau s dng b lc mng chn. Th nht l s dng b ni
(coupler) hnh sao bc sng c lp chia cng sut ca tia sng ti thnh N nhnh
v sau t vo b lc mng chn tng ng vi bc sng i hi mi nhnh nh
hnh 2.2.3.

Hnh 2.2.3 S thit b DEMUX a knh s dng 1xN b chia v b
lc mn chn.
Thit b MUX/DEMUX s dng phng php ny rt d ch to; tuy nhin, phi chu
suy hao ghp xen cao do bn thn b chia cng sut (ti thiu 9dB cho 8 knh) v cch
ny ch tin dng tch mt s lng nh cc knh (thng thng di 4 knh).
Phng php th 2 l ni ln lt tng cc thit b 3 cng nh hnh 2.2.4.

Hnh 2.2.4 S DEMUX s dng ni nhiu lc mn chn 3-port

Phng php ny xut mt cu hnh mm do v ci thin c suy hao xen trong
khi vn duy tr c sn phm tng t nh thit b 3 cng trong hnh 2.2.1. Mt u
im na ca phng php ny l tip cn cc modun c th nng cp c th s dng
gim chi ph trin khai ban u. Thit b DEMUX 40 knh c sn phm thng mi
s dng phng php ny v c tnh ca b DEMUX 40 knh 100GHz c a
ra trong hnh 2.2.5a vi suy hao xen thp s dng modun c thit k nh hnh
2.2.5b
Phng php th 3 l ghp nhiu b lc mn chn vi chm tia chun trc c ch ra
trong hnh 2.2.5. Phng php ny c li th cung cp suy hao ghp xen thp bi v
nh sng ch c ghp vo si vi mi knh. Tuy nhin, phng php ny yu cu s
iu khin trong b lc rt cao v qu trnh ch to bi cu hnh ghp, do , c tnh
ca cc knh lin tip chu nh hng ca knh pha trc
Hin nay b MUX/DEMUX b lc mn chn l cng ngh c trun khai rng khp
trong h thng truyn thng thng mi ln ti 10Gb/s. Vi nhng sng kin v thit
k, s ci tin phng php lng ng v cng ngh x l quang tin tin trong thit b,
b lc mn chn trong MUX/DEMUX vn tip tc l mt trong nhng cha kha cng
ngh trong h thng WDM .


Hnh 2.2.5: (a) Ph in hnh ca DEMUX cho h thng 100GHz da trn b
lc mn chn 40 knh, (b) v thit t modun tng ng

Hnh 2.2.6: S DEMUX a knh s dng b lc mng chn vi chm tia
chun trc