( ) ( ).

,
( ) . ,
() , . . ,
. .

U .
(.1). h , 2h .
a .
z

2a
a << h, .
,
dz
h

U/2

r
0

-U/2

= 2 ln

2h
.
a

(1)

8 25 .

U / 2 ( z = 0 + ),
U / 2 ( z = 0 ).
.1
I ( z ) d z .
M(r , z )
:

A = Az =

h
e j kR
I ( z' )
d z' .

4 h
R

(2)

R M d z
R = r 2 + ( z z' ) 2 ,
(3)
I (z )
I ( z = h) = 0 .
, . , ,

.
:
v
v A
= j div A = j
, v c = 3 10 8 m/s , k = / v .
k z
k
1
: A = Az , E = jA H = rot A ,

Er =
Ez =

v 2 A

;
=j
k rz
r

(4)

v 2 A
v 2 A
j A = j
j A = j
+ k 2 A
2
2

z
k z
k z

E = 0 .
r
1
1
rot A =

r
0

(5)
(6)

1 A
=
, :
z
r
A

Hr = 0 ;
(7)
1 A

(8)
H =
r
Hz = 0.
(9)

, E t = 0 , :

2 A
z

+ k2A = 0

(10)

h z h
r =a

sin kz cos kz

, :
A(r = a, z = 0+ ) = A(r = a, z = 0) .
(11)
, z = 0 :
(r = a, z = 0+) (r = a, z = 0) = U
(12)
, :
C1 cos kz + C 2 sin kz, 0 < z < h
(13)
A=
C3 cos kz + C 4 sin kz, h < z < 0
(11) :
C1 cos k (0+ ) + C 2 sin k (0+ ) = C3 cos k (0) + C 4 sin k (0)
C1 = C 3 = C
v
j k (C1k sin kz + C 2 k cos kz ),
=
j v (C k sin kz + C k cos kz ),
3
4
k

0< z<h
h<z<0

(10):
j v(C sin k (0+) + C 2 cos k (0+)) j v(C sin k (0) + C 4 cos k (0)) = U
j v(C 2 C 4 ) = U
U
U
= j vC 2 C 2 =
,
U / 2 ,
2
j 2v
U
U / 2 , (r = a, z = 0) =
2
U
U
= j vC 4 C 4 =
2
j 2v
2

U
sin kz
j 2v
C
( z = h ).
A = C cos kz +

A(r = a, h < z < h) =

4

jk a 2 + ( z z ) 2

d z ' = C cos kz +

U
sin k z
j 2v

(14)
2
2

a
+
(
z

z
)
h
I ( z ) . .
, I ( z ) ,
I ( z ) d z , .
.

,

. , ,
a = 0
I ( z ' ) = I m sin k (h z ' ) , I m .
(15)
I ( z' )

.
.
:
z'/h
1
1. kh << 1 , kh .
sin x x
kh<<1
x 0 ,
, .2,
I ( z ' ) = I m k (h z ' )
(16)
I(z')/Im
0
1
)
z'/h
2. kh = / 2 ,
1
h = / 4
kh=/2

I ( z ' ) = I m sin( k z ' ) = I m cos k z ' .

(17)
2
.2.

3. kh = , h = / 2 ,
I ( z ' ) = I m sin( k z ' ) = I m sin k z '

kh=

(18)

,
.2.

I(z')/Im
1
)

0
z'/h
1

I(z')/Im
0

.2
3


, . ,

.
(2).
A
dovoqno daleko
R (3)
M
h R
1 1
dz

(19)
R
r
z'
r

z'cos
R = r z ' cos
(20)
h

I(z')
e j kr
A=
4 r

.4

I ( z' ) e

j kz cos

d z'

(21)

E = j A ;
A = Az = A sin ;

A = Az = 0 ;
j sin e j kr
E = j A = j A sin =
4
r

I ( z' ) e

j kz cos

d z' ;

(22)

E = 0 ;

E
E

=
= Zd =

H
H

(23)

E
, H = 0.
Zd
.
.
. ,
.
(15) :

H =

j sin jkr
E =
e
4r

I m sin k (h z ' ) e

j kz ' cos

d z' =

j sin jkr
j
'
cos
kz

I m sin k (h z ' ) e
=
e
d z '+ I m sin k (h + z ' ) e j kz ' cos dz '
4r
0

u = sin k (h z ) d v = e j kz cos .
1
d u = k cos k (h z ) d z v =
e j kz cos
j k cos

J1 =

sin kh cos e j kh cos cos kh

+

k
jk
sin 2

sin kh cos e j kh cos cos kh

+

jk
k
sin 2

1 sin kh cos e j kh cos cos kh sin kh cos e j kh cos cos kh

j sin j kr
E =
Im
e
+

=
k
k
4r
jk
jk
sin 2

J2 =

j sin j kr
e j kh cos + e j kh cos 2 cos kh
Im
e
4r
k sin 2

j e j kr
cos(kh cos ) cos kh
Im
.
k 2r
sin
(22)

j Z e j kr
I m Fm () ,
(24)
E = d
2
r
cos(kh cos ) cos kh
(25)
Fm () =
sin
.
I 0

E =

I 0 = I (0) = I m sin kh ,
E =

j kr

jZd e
2 r

I 0 F0 () .

(26)
(27)

(24) (27)
I
F () cos(kh cos ) cos kh
=
.
(28)
F0 () = Fm () m = m
I0
sin kh
sin sin kh
= 0 =
. .

, .5, =
2

Fm = 1 cos kh .
(29)
2

, = :
2
F ()
F ()
f () = m
.
(30)
= 0

Fm F0
2
2

Fm ()

, .5.

3 dB .

h
.5
:

1. kh << 1 , cos kh = 1

Fm () =

(kh)
(kh) cos
1+
2
2
sin

(kh )2
2

(
kh )2 1 cos 2 (kh )2 1 cos 2 (kh )2
=
=
=
sin ,
sin

sin

(kh) sin
(kh) sin kh
(kh )
Fm ( ) =
, F0 () =
= sin f () =
2 = sin .
2
2
kh
2 (kh) 2
2
2
2

cos cos

2
= F () = f () ,
Fm () =
2. kh =
0
sin
2

Fm ( ) = 1 .
2

3. kh = Fm () =
f () =

cos( cos ) + 1

, Fm ( ) = 2 ,
2
sin

cos( cos ) + 1
.
2 sin

.
Fm () = 0 ,
cos(kh cos ) = cos kh = cos(kh + 2n) ,
2

cos n = 1 + n
= 1+ n .
kh
h

1 < 1 + n < 1 .
h
=0
h
. h = . cos n = 1 + n
0 = 0 1 =

,
2

=/2

.6.

h
.6

h=/6

h=/4

h=/2

h=4/7

h=2/3

.7

h .

.

h /2


. ,
/ 2 ,
,

.

.7

.
. L -, T - .

h2

h2

h2
h1

h1

T -

L -

h1 << h2 h1 , . ,
.

j sin j kr
E =
e
4r

E =

I ( z ) e

j kz 'cos

d z'

j j kr
e
4r

I ( z ) d z ' .

l
E Herc.dipol

j j kr
e
=
4r

l/2

Ih dl =

l / 2

j jkr
e
I hl .
4r



z2

I ( z' ) d z'

I hl =

z1

.

l = l eff =

1
Ih

I ( z' ) d z'

(31)

.
: leff =

1
Ih

I m sin k (h z ' ) d z '

I h = I 0
l 0 = l eff ( I 0 ) =

1
I0

I m sin k (h

z' ) d z' = 2

I m 1 cos kh
1 cos kh
=2
.
I0
k
k sin kh

I h = I m
l m = leff ( I m ) =

1
Im

I m sin k (h z ' ) d z ' = 2

1 cos kh
,
k

leff ( I m ) = l eff ( I 0 ) sin kh .

:
1. : kh =

l0 = , l m = .
2

2. : kh << 1 cos kh = 1

(kh )2
2

(kh)
2 = h.
l0 = 2
k kh
.
,
, I 0 ,
.
11+

,
E = j

Z d j kr
Z
e
I m Fm () , E = d I m Fm () .
2r
2r
2

E E * E
1
1
r =
= =
= 2 Z d 2 I m2 Fm2 () .
(32)
Zd
Zd
4
r

r ,
E H *

P = r d S =
S

r r 2 sin d d =

=0 =0

1
Z d I m2 Fm2 () sin d ;
2 0

(33)

P = R z m I m2 .
I m

Rz m

Z
= d Fm2 () sin d
2 0

(34)

,
.
: kh << 1
Fm () =

(kh) 2
sin
2

Rz m =

Z d (kh) 4
Z d (kh) 4 4 Z d (kh) 4
3
.
sin

=
=
2 0 4
24 3
6

Z d = 120 R z m = 20(kh) 4 .
I 0 ,
2
R z 0 I 02 = R z m I m

I2
R
R z 0 = R z m m = z m ,
I 02 sin 2 kh

(35)

, kh << 1 R z 0 =
a h =

20(kh) 4
2

sin kh

20(kh) 4
(kh)

= 20(kh) 2 .

(34) R z 0 = R z m = 73.14
4
,
, h .8.
.
Rzr()
200

212.7
199

150
100

73.14

84.1

50

/2
/4
3/4 h
.8. h .

o (SMF)
. r 1 kW :
Z
SMF = r E
= d Fm () I m = 60 Fm () I m .
(36)
P =1 kW
2
P
2
P = R z m I m
SMF = 60
Fm ()
Rz m
SMF = 212 V ;
SMF = 222 V ; SMF = 269 V .
e e - ,
SMF 2 .

, GAIN
, GAIN

. GAIN

:
P
G = iz .
P
2

Piz = iz d S = iz 4r , iz =
S

Eiz

Zd

G=
Z d = 120 G = 120

2
, P = Rz m I m
,

Z d2 Fm2 () 2
I m 4r 2
2
2
r
(2)
2
Z d Rz m I m

Z d Fm2 ()
=
.
R z m

F 2 ()
Fm2 ()
= 120 0
.
Rz m
Rz0

(37)

:
G = 1.5 .
P
G = 10 log iz , G = 1.76 dB .
P
: G = 1.64 = 2.15 dB .
.
: Ga = 10 Gr = 12.15 dB .

= (10 3 10 4 ) S/m ,
r = (3 15) . /
.

,
.

10

 :
1.
2. .

h
d . :

M
r1

.9 M :
E = E1 E 2 ,

Z d e j kr1
Z d e j kr2
E1 = j
I m Fm () E 2 = j
I m Fm () .
2 r1
2 r2
1
1 1

r1 r2 r
r1 = r d cos , r2 = r + d cos ,

r2

.9
Z d e j kr
I m Fm () e j kd cos e j kd cos = E0 j 2 sin(kd cos ) = E0 Fz
E=j
2 r
Fz = j 2 sin( kd cos ) ,

(38)

j kr

Zd e
I m Fm ()
2 r
.
.
= / 2 , Fz ( / 2) = 0 ,
.
. ,
. Fz = 0 .
n n
sin(kd cos ) = 0 kd cos = n cos =
=
, n = 0,1, 2, ...
kd 2d
n
1
1.
(39)
2d
E0 = j

1. d = / 4
n
1
1 1 2n 1 n = 0 .

2
4
0 = / 2 , .10.
2. d = / 2
:
n = 0 0 = / 2 ;
n = 1 1 = 0 ;
n = 1 1 = .

1 n 1 n = {0,1, 1} .

/2
)
.10

/2

.10
11



,
.11.
, .11.

h
. 40 70 km
,
.
100 km .
h
.11
,
h . r .
,
, ,
. , .

+d
n+dn
n

f2
n = r = 1 c ,
f2

(40)

f c f c = 80.5 N .
, .12, :
n sin = (n + d n) sin( + d ) = (n + d n)(sin cosd + cos sind ) .

.12
d 0 sind d , cosd 1
n sin = d n sin + n d cos + d n d cos + n sin ;
d n sin + n cos d = 0 ;
d n cos
d n d(sin )
+
d = 0;
+
d = 0
n sin
n
sin
ln n + ln sin = const . . n sin = const .
const . = sin 0 , 0 .

n sin = sin 0
(41)
,
:
1. ;
2.
3.
.
,
.
f
f ,
, 0 = 0 .

12

 (40)
,
, f c , f .
n = 0 f = f c .
f 0 ,
. (41) = / 2 ,
:
n sin = sin 0 ; n = sin 0 ; n = 1
f c2
f

f c2
f

= sin 0 1

f c2
f

= cos 2 0 ;

fc
= f sec 0
cos 0
.

f =

0
.13

= sin 2 0 ;

(42)

.
, ,
. 40 70 km .
, .
.

. , . N .
I 0 , .

r1

I0

r
2
I0e j ...

rN

I0e j(N-1)

.14
, :
e j kr1
e j kr2
e j kr3
j
E1 = j 60
FI 0 ; E 2 = j 60
FI 0 e ; E3 = j 60
FI 0 e j 2 ;
r1
r3
r2
M
e j krn
E n = j 60
FI 0 e j( n1) ;
rn
M
E N = j 60

e j krN
FI 0 e j( N 1) .
rN
13

1
1
1
1
1

K
, r1 = r2 + d cos , r2 = r3 + d cos , K
r1 r2 r3
rn rN

e j k ( r1 d cos )
E 2 = j 60
FI 0 e j = E1 e j( kd cos + ) ;
r1
E n = E1 e j(( n 1) kd cos + ( n 1)) = E1 e j( n 1)( kd cos + ) = E1 e j( n 1) ;
E=

E1 e

j( n 1)

= E1 e j( n 1) = E1 Fr , Fr .

n =1

n =1

L = (n 1) .
: E = E1 Fr , E1 .
Fr =

e j(n 1)

n =1

1 e

j N

1 e j

Fr

0.2N

N
(1 cos N ) + sin N
2 1 cos N
2
=
=
2
2

2 1 cos
(1 cos ) + sin
sin
2
N
2n
= n , =
, n = 0,1, 2, ..., N .
N
2

.
= 0 .
2

sin

2/N 4/N 6/N

.15

Zi

Zp

.16.
.

.
Z i
.
:

= EF , E , F

E
, :
) ;
) .

.

= EF .

2
:
Z p = Z i* I =

Z p + Z i*

2
, P=
. Rp = Ri ; X p = X i .
2Ri
4Ri

14