Sinh Hoc Te Bao

Bi 1: Nhp mn sinh hc phn t _ tp 1
Bi 2: Mng sinh cht _ tp 1

Bi 3: Vn chuyn vt cht qua mng _ tp 1
Bi 4: Tiu th v Peroxisomes _ tp 2
Bi 5: Li ni sinh cht v Golgi _ti 2
Bi 6: Ty th _tp 2
Bi 7: Nhn t bo gian k _ tp 3
Bi 8: B xng t bo_ tp 3
Bi 9: S phn bo _tp 3

Ebook created by CLB195
Bi ging ca cc BS : Nguyn Quc Dng _ Trn Cng Toi_L Quc S

TIU TH - PEROXISOMES

A. TIU TH:
1. Cu to:
- Tiu th s cp
- Tiu th th cp: Khng bo tiu ha -
Khng bo t thc
2. Chc nng
- Hot ng ca tiu th s cp
- Hot ng ca tiu th th cp
3. Bnh tiu th
- Bnh bi phi
- Bnh Tay - Sachs

B. PEROXISOMES:
1. Cu to
2. Chc nng:
- Kh c
- Phn ng ( oxy ho )

MC TIU:
- Nm c cu to v chc nng ca tiu th s cp - th cp
- Nm c cu to v chc nng ca peroxisomes, ng thi gii thch r qu trnh
kh c ca c th

A. TIU TH
Tiu th (lysosom, - lysis = tiu tan), c th coi l bo quan tiu ha ca t
bo. l nhng bo quan hnh cu hoc gn cu, c mng bao bc, bn trong cha
y cc enzym thy phn v mi trng acid. Mi t bo c th c n hng trm tiu
th nm ri rc trong bo tng. Tiu th chia lm 2 loi: tiu th s cp (mi hnh
thnh) v tiu th th cp (ang tiu ha vt th cn loi b).
I. CU TO:
1. Tiu th s cp:
Tiu th s cp l nhng ti hnh cu mi tch khi Trans-Golgi, kch thc
khong 1 micron, bn trong cha cc enzym thy phn (hydrolaza). Cc enzym ny
thuc loi a acid (hot tnh cao nht khi pH 3 - 5). Mi trng bn trong tiu th c
pH 4,8 ph hp cho cc enzym ny hot ng phn hy cc thnh phn ha hc
khc nhau ca vi khun, virus, cng nh bn thn t bo.

Mi trng acid bn trong tiu th c duy tr nh s hot ng lin tc ca cc
bm H+ trn mng tiu th. Mng tiu th ch c mt lp, xt theo cu to th b mt
mng hng vo trong tiu th tng ng vi b mt mng t bo hng ra ngoi
t bo. Trn b mt mng hng vo trong tiu th cng c thnh phn glycoprotein
v glycolipid. Mng tiu th cng cha cc th th khc nhau, cc protein ti v cc
thnh phn khc cha c bit r.
2. Tiu th th cp:
Tiu th th cp c kch thc ln hn tiu th s cp. Trong thnh phn ca n
ngoi cc yu t k trn, cn c cc c cht khc nhau. C 2 loi tiu th th cp:
khng bo tiu ha l s kt hp ca tiu th s cp vi ti thc bo, do bn trong
ta c th thy cc vi sinh vt hoc xc t bo vi sinh vt, hoc cc vt th l m t bo
nut vo theo c ch thc bo. Khng bo t thc to thnh do s ha nhp ca
tiu th vi ti t thc (trong cha cc bo quan hay cc vt cht h hng khng
s dng na ca t bo). Bn trong khng bo t thc c th thy cc mnh bo quan
cn st li. Tiu th th cp c gi l cc khng bo v cc vt th b enzym tiu
hy v ha tan to thnh cc khong trng thu quang.

Mt s enzym tiu th v c cht m chng thy phn

Nhm
enzym
Tn enzym C cht
Peptidaza Peptid
Proteaza Collagenaza Collagen
Cathepsin Protein
Nhm
enzym
Tn enzym C cht
Esteraza Lipaza Ester acid bo
(Triglycerid)
Phospholipaza Phospholipid
Ribonucleaza ARN Nucleaza
ADN Deoxyribonucleaza
Phosphataza acid Phosphomonoester
Enzym Galactozidaza Galactozid
Glucozidaza Glycogen thy
phn
glucid
Mannozidaza Glycoprotein c
gc Mannoza
Glucuronidaza Mucopolysaccharid
Hyaluronidaza Chondroitinsulphat
v hyaluronic acid

II. S HNH THNH TIU TH V HOT NG CA CHNG:
1. Tiu th s cp:
Cc enzym thy phn ca tiu th c ngun gc tng hp t trn li ni sinh
cht ht di dng glycoprotein-tin enzym, sau c vn chuyn qua Golgi. Tiu
th s cp c hnh thnh t nhng vng c bit ca Trans-Golgi. Trn mng Golgi
ti y c cha nhiu th th i vi gc mannozo-phosphat ca glycoprotein-tin
enzym. Cc th th ny tp trung cc phn t tin enzym li. Mng Trans-Golgi tht
ra cc ti bn trong cha y tin-enzym, cn mng bao bc ngoi th cha cc th
th ca chng.
Khi cc ti tch ra, h thng cc bm H+ trn mng ca chng bt u hot ng,
chuyn H+ t ngoi dch bo tng vo trong lm cho pH mi trng bn trong ti
gim xung. Trong mi trng acid, glycoprotein b phn ly khi th th, ng thi
c hot ha tr thnh enzym. Cc th th t do theo mt c ch cha bit r c
hon tr li Golgi. V cc th th ny lun lun gn trn mng, c th chng c
vn chuyn tr li Golgi cng bng cc nang nh c mng bao bc.

2. Tiu th th cp:
Tiu th th cp hnh thnh do s kt hp ca mt hay nhiu tiu th s cp vi
ti thc bo hay ti t thc. Ti thc bo hnh thnh do s "nut" cc vt th l t
ngoi t bo, cn ti t thc c to thnh do li ni bo trn pht trin bao quanh
cc bo quan h c. C ch li ni bo trn nhn bit bo quan h c cn cha
r. C ti thc bo, ti t thc hoc tiu th s cp u l cc cu trc c mng bao
bc v c th kt hp vi nhau theo c ch hp mng (membrane fusion). Qu trnh
hnh thnh v hot ng ca tiu th c trnh by nh theo s :
S hnh thnh v hot ng ca tiu th

Nh hot ng thc bo v khng bo tiu ha, t bo tiu hy cc vt th l (c
hi) lt vo c th, tham gia c ch khng ca c th. thc hin chc nng ny,
ngoi cc enzym thy phn v mi trng acid, trong tiu th c cha mt s tc nhn
khc cng c tc dng kh hot v tiu dit vi khun, nh lysozym, lactoferrin v.v...
Sn phm phn r ca vi sinh vt c xut bo nh c ch hp mng ca khng bo
tiu ha vi mng t bo. Nhiu khi cc sn phm ny c gi li trn mt ngoi
mng t bo, v d nh trong c ch trnh din khng nguyn trn b mt i thc bo
cho cc lympho bo nhn bit.


Tuy nhin, nhiu khi cc qu trnh kh hot v tiu hy tc nhn gy bnh trong
tiu th khng c hiu qu. Vi sinh vt b thc bo khng nhng khng cht m cn
phn chia bn trong tiu th. Trong thc t, i thc bo cng thng l "ca ng"
tc nhn gy bnh xm nhp c th.

Trong qu trnh hot ng ca khng bo t thc, cc bo quan v cu trc h c
ca t bo c phn hy thnh cc vt liu xy dng nh acid amin, nucleotid,
ng n v.v... Cc cht ny c ti hp thu tr li dch bo tng s dng tr
li. Nh hot ng ny, t bo lun lun c i mi thnh phn, c bit l vi
nhng bo quan t sinh sn c nh ti th.
Kt thc hot ng ca mnh, tiu th th cp to thnh th cn b. Bn trong th
cn b l nhng sn phm c hi cho t bo, chng c thi ra ngoi nh c ch xut
bo.

III. BNH DO TIU TH:
S ri lon cc qu trnh xy ra tiu th l c ch bnh sinh nhiu bnh khc
nhau. Sau y l mt vi v d:
Bnh bi phi (silicosis, pneumoconiosis). y l loi bnh ngh nghip m cc
cng nhn khai thc v mt s ngh khc hay mc phi. Cc ht bi c kch
thc rt nh th khng b cc lng v mng nhy ca ph qun gi li. Chng lt vo
cc ph nang v ti y, s b cc i thc bo hp thu. Tuy nhin, thnh phn ha hc
ch yu ca bi l silicat, l mt cht v c khng tan m cng khng th b enzym
tiu hy. Kt qu l chng tch ly li v lm v mng tiu th, gy ra s gii phng
cc enzym. Cc enzym ny kch thch phn ng vim. Qu trnh vim ko di dn n
x ha m phi.
Bnh Tay-Sachs. y l mt bnh di truyn, do thiu gen m ha tng hp enzym
hexozaminidaza A. y l mt enzym a acid nm trong tiu th, c tc dng phn
hy gangliozid GM2. Gangliozid GM2 l glycolipid thnh phn chnh ca v bao
myelin thn kinh. Do khng c enzym phn hy, glycolipid ny tch ly v ng
gy ra hin tng chm pht trin, ri lon tm thn. Bnh nhi thng cht khi
khong 5 tui.
Tm li: Tiu th l nhng bo quan c mt lp mng bao bc, cha cc
enzym thy phn a acid v cc thnh phn ha hc khc cn thit cho vic tiu hy
cc vt th m t bo cn loi b. Tiu th s cp hnh thnh t Trans-Golgi vi s
tham gia ca cc th th mannozo-phosphat v cc bm H+ trn mng. Th th
mannozo-phosphat tp trung cc phn t tin enzym vo khu vc Trans-Golgi chun
b tch ra tiu th s cp, cn bm H+ to ra pH 4,8 trong tiu th. Tiu th s cp
ha nhp vi ti t thc hoc ti tiu ha, to thnh tiu th th cp (khng bo t
thc v khng bo tiu ha). Sn phm ca tiu th c ti hp thu tr li bo tng
hoc xut bo di dng th cn b. Nh hot ng ca cc tiu th, t bo loi b
c cc vt th l c thc bo v cc bo quan h c.

B. PEROXISOMES
I. CU TO:
Peroxisomes (Per: nhiu - Oxus: nhn - Soma: c th; bo quan c trong t
bo vi s lng nhiu v di knh hin vi quang hc c hnh dng mi nhn nm
trong mt ti trn) c mt trong tt c cc t bo Eukaryote, c hnh cu, ch c mt
mng n bao bc v khng cha ADN hay ribosomes. Peroxisomes khng c b gen
ring cho n, do , tt c protein ca peroxisomes u c a vo t bo tng.

II. CHC NNG:
Peroxisomes cha rt nhiu men oxy ho nh catalase v urate oxidase, do ,
di knh hin vi in t ngi ta thy hin din cc dng li tinh th trong
peroxisomes.
Peroxisomes l c quan s dng oxy v H2O2 thc hin cc phn ng oxy
ho. Chui phn ng c tun t xy ra nh sau:
(1) Cc enzymes cha trong peroxisomes s kh hydro (H2) ra khi cc gc
hu c:
RH2 + O2 R + H
2
O
2
(2) Men catalase s s dng cc H2O2 sinh ra t phn ng trn oxy ho cc
cht hu c khc gm phenol, acid formic, formaldehyde v ru bng phn ng oxy
ho kh. Phn ng ny thy nhiu t bo gan v thn (cc c quan c nhim v
"gii c" cho c th). Khong 1/4 lng ru ung vo trong c th s c gii c
theo cch ny.
R'-H2 + H
2
O
2
R' + 2 H
2
O
Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca peroxisomes l b gy cc acid bo cho ra
cc acetyl CoA bng phn ng oxy ho, sau acetyl CoA s c chuyn t
peroxisomes ra dch bo tng.
Tm li: Peroxisomes l mt bo quan c bit s dng oxy thc hin
phn ng oxy ho. Phn ng ny sinh ra H
2
O
2
nhm chuyn ho mt s cht d
tha trong t bo thng qua phn ng oxy ho kh. Peroxisomes ch c mt mng
n v khng cha ribosomes v ADN. Protein hay enzymes ca tiu th c a
vo t bo tng.

T kha
Tiu th s cp - Tiu th th cp - Khng bo tiu ha - Khng bo t thc -
Bnh bi phi - Bnh Tay-Sachs - Peroxisomes - Phn ng ( oxy ho.
Ti liu c thm
1. James D.Watson: Molecular Biology of The Cell, third edition, Garland
Publishing Inc., 1995.
2. P. Baudhuin: Cytologie, Universit Catholique de Louvain, 1997.
3. W. E. Ganong: Review of Medical Physiology, thirteen edition, Lange medical
book, 1991.

4. S. Silbernagl, A. Despopoulos: Atlas de poche de Physiologie, 2e dition,
Flammarion, 1996

LI NI SINH CHT GOLGI

1. i cng
- Trt t din tin ho hc
- Mng to ra trn mng sn c
- H thng mng ni bo
2. Li ni sinh cht
- Cu to: - LNSC ht
- LNSC trn
Tng hp v vn chuyn cc cht trong LNSC
Tm tt
3. Golgi
- Cu to
- Chc nng v hot ng
Tm tt

MC TIU:
* Nm c cu to v chc nng ca LNSC
* Phn tch s khc v ging nhau v cu to v chc nng ca LNSC ht v trn
* Nm c cu to v chc nng ca Golgi
* Gii thch c tm quan trng ca Golgi trong t bo.

I. I CNG:
* Gi s ta nghin t bo v tch ring tng thnh phn, sau li trn u chng vi
nhau theo t l c, th cc phn ng ha hc s din ra khc hn so vi khi t bo cn
nguyn vn. Nguyn nhn chnh l hn hp mt i cu trc cn thit cho trt t ca

* Vt cht trong t bo c nhiu loi d tan trong dch bo tng (trong nc). Nhng
cng c nhiu phn t khng tan hay ch tan mt phn - l cc cht k nc. Cc
cht ny kh tan trong dch bo tng nhng li "tan" trong mng lipid. Nh vy, qu
trnh tng hp, vn chuyn v hot ng ca chng u bt buc phi gn vi cc cu
trc mng. C th ni, mng mi ch c th c to ra da trn mng sn c.
Cng nh c mng ny m ngay c nhng phn t d tan trong dch bo tng (v d
enzym tiu th, hormon insulin ch tit...) c tng hp v vn chuyn di dng
"ng gi" v vn chuyn trong nhng gi ti nhng v tr cn thit m khng ha
tan u trong dch bo tng.
* Cc mng bn trong t bo bao gm mng nhn, mng ty th v mng LNSC
(endoplasmic reticulum). LNSC (li ni bo) l bo quan c mng ng vai tr ch
cht trong chc nng tng hp, hot ng v vn chuyn vt cht ni trn. l mt
h thng gm rt nhiu ti nh c mng bao bc kn, phn b hu nh khp t bo
cht, ni thng vi nhau v thng vi khoang quanh nhn to thnh mt mng li,
vi nhng khu vc c cu to v chc nng khc nhau. Ty theo trn b mt ngoi
ca li c cc ribosom hay khng, ngi ta phn bit LNSC ht v LNSC trn. Hai
bo quan ny khc nhau c v cu trc ln chc nng. Tng th tch khong khng
trong LNSC c th chim ti 1/10 th tch t bo.
II. LI NI SINH CHT (LNSC):
1- Cu to:
a. Cu to ca LNSC ht:
* LNSC ht gm nhiu ti dt xp song song, c ch thng ln nhau. Trn hnh nh
hin vi in t xuyn, ta thng thy mt ct ca chng nh nhng rnh di c cc ht
nh bm pha ngoi v thng tp trung nhiu quanh nhn, mng LNSC ht ni lin
vi mng ngoi ca v nhn.
* Khong khng gian bn trong cc ti dt gi l khoang cha. Trong khoang ny
cha protein, glycoprotein v lipoprotein mi tng hp. Ti y c nhiu enzym ang
hot ng. Khoang cha thng vi khoang quanh nhn.
* Cc ribosom gn trn mng LNSC ht qua mt lng ca tiu n v ln (60 S), ni
c chui polypeptid tng hp d dang n ra. Ribosom gn trn mng hon ton
ging ribisom t do trong bo tng. Mng LNSC ht cha phc hp protein to
thnh knh chuyn si polypeptid ang ko di vo trong khoang cha.
* Mt vi on li ni bo ht khng c ribosom bm, chng to thnh cc quai c
cc nang vn chuyn tch ra. Cu trc ny gi l vng chuyn tip, thng nm gn
Golgi.

Nhng rnh di c ht nh

Ribosom gn trn mng li sinh cht

Vng chuyn tip
b. Cu to ca LNSC trn:
* LNSC trn l h thng cc ti hnh ng ni lin nhau, c mng bao bc v khng c
ribosom bm trn b mt. Mt ct ca chng trn hnh nh hin vi in t xuyn c
dng nh nhiu l nh kch thc t vi chc n c trm nanomet. S lng LNSC
trn thay i ty loi t bo. Thm ch trn cng mt t bo gan, s lng ny cng
c th thay i kh nhanh chng.

2. Tng hp v vn chuyn cc cht trong LNSC:
* Chc nng ca LNSC l tng hp, chuyn ha v vn chuyn cc protein, lipid,
phospholipid, glycoprotein v glycolipid. Cc cht ny hoc l c trong cu trc ca
mng v khng tan trong dch bo tng. Mt s phn t khc c th tan c nh
cc protein enzym ca tiu th (mt bo quan c mng), cc cht tit ra mi trng
ngoi bo. c vn chuyn n nhng bo quan c mng, hoc vn chuyn qua
mng ra ngoi t bo, cc cht tan ni trn phi c ng gi trong nhng nang c
mng bao bc kn. S tng hp, chuyn ha v vn chuyn cc cht ni trn c
thc hin trn LNSC.
a. Chc nng ca LNSC ht:
* LNSC ht lm nhim v tng hp protein ch tit, protein ca mng, hoc cc
enzym tiu th.


* c im ngun gc chung ca tt c cc protein ny l khi mi bt u c tng
hp, t u N- ca phn t hnh thnh mt oligopeptid di chng 16-30 acid amin,
trong c nhiu gc k nc. Oligopeptid k nc ny ng vai tr tn hiu gn
ton b qu trnh tip theo vi mng LNSC ht. Trc ht, oligopeptid k nc c
gn vi mt phc hp gi l ht nhn tn hiu (vit tt SRP). Trn mng ca LNSC
ht, c th th ca SRP lm nhim v chuyn chui polypeptid ang tng hp d qua
mng, vo bn trong khoang cha.
* Trong khoang cha, di tc dng ca nhiu enzym khc nhau, chui polypeptid
c tng hp t ribosome tri qua cc bin i ha hc khc nhau:
+ Ct t lin kt peptid, lm cho phn t ngn li. V d on oligopeptid k nc
sau khi lm nhim v gn qu trnh tng hp vi mng, c chuyn vo trong lng
khoang cha th c th c ct b.
+ Gn thm cc gc ng (phn ng ng ha) v.v...
Phn ng ng ha protein din ra trn b mt bn trong ca mng li ni sinh
cht, do protein ca dch bo tng, tc l pha b mt bn ngoi th khng bao gi
b ng ha.
* Protein (glycoprotein) mi tng hp c tch ly trong khoang cha ca LNSC ht
v vn chuyn n nhng vng chuyn tip. Vng chuyn tip bao gm phn LNSC
khng c ribosom bm ln, to thnh nhng ng hnh quai khng c ht. T y s
tch ra cc ti vn chuyn c mng bao bc, chuyn ch sn phm n Cis-Golgi.
b. Chc nng ca LNSC trn:
* LNSC trn lm nhim v chuyn ha cc cht k nc, tng hp cc thnh phn
tham gia cu trc mng nh lipid (triglycerid), phospholipid, glucolipid.

Ta hy xem xt s tng hp phospholipid, thnh phn cu to ch yu ca mng.
Nguyn liu tng hp ra n bao gm acid bo, glycerin, acid phosphoric v amin
hu c. Ngoi tr acid bo, cc thnh phn khc u tan c trong dch bo tng.
Acid bo trong t bo tn ti di dng hot ha l Fattyacyl-CoA (acid bo gn vi
gc coenzym A). Phn t ny c th xem nh bao gm hai na khng ging nhau v
tnh ha tan. Na Fattyacyl th k nc hon ton, do lun lun gn vi mng, cn
thnh phn CoA d tan trong nc th nm l ra dch bo tng. Nh vy, qu trnh
tng hp phospholipid phi xy ra trn mt trong hai lp lipid kp ca mng, c th l
lp hng v bo tng, trn b mt ngoi ca LNSC trn. Sau , phospholipid mi
c chuyn vo lp lipid pha trong cho cu trc mng c cn bng.
* Khi lng cht k nc m t bo phi chuyn ha tng ln, s lng LNSC trn
ca t bo cng tng ln. Chng hn t bo tuyn thng thn phi tng hp nhiu
steroid c h thng LNSC trn rt pht trin. Khi c th b nhim mt s cht c
(cc cht k nc, khng tan), s lng LNSC trn ca t bo gia tng ln p ng
nhu cu chuyn ha cc cht thnh cc cht d tan, c th o thi ra ngoi.
* Mng t bo v nhng bo quan mng nh Golgi lun lun c b sung vt liu
lipid mi nh qu trnh hp mng (membrane fusion) vi cc ti vn chuyn, ti ch
tit... Cc ti ny u c ngun gc pht sinh t h thng li ni sinh cht. Ring
mng ca ti th c cha mt vi lipid c hiu nh cardiolipin, c l bt buc phi
c tng hp ngay ti ch ch khng phi c ngun gc t li ni sinh cht.
Tm li: LNSC l mt h thng cc khoang cha bit lp vi dch bo tng nh
mt lp mng bao bc kn, chng thng ln nhau v an khp t bo cht. LNSC
gm phn c ht (LNSC ht), c dng ti dt c cc ribosom gn pha ngoi v
phn khng c ht (LNSC trn) l h thng cc ng ng khng c ribosom
bm vo. Mng ca LNSC thuc h thng cc mng ni bo, vi lp lipid hng
vo pha trong khoang cha tng ng vi lp lipid b mt ngoi mng t bo
(c cha thnh phn glucid). LNSC ht c chc nng tng hp, ch bin v vn
chuyn protein n Golgi. LNSC trn tng hp cc thnh phn ca mng nh
lipid, phospholipid, glycolipid. Nh c h thng LNSC, t bo tng hp cc cu
trc mng mi v cc cht cn c bao gi trong mng vn chuyn n v tr
s dng.
III. GOLGI:
* Phc h Golgi hay b my Golgi (gi tt l Golgi) thuc nhm bo quan c mng.
Mi t bo thng c mt hay vi Golgi, thng nm gn nhn, cnh cp trung th.
* V chc nng, Golgi nh mt s tip tc ca li ni sinh cht. Ngi ta hay gi n
l "vin cnh st giao thng", hay ng hn l "trm iu vn" ca t bo. Golgi tip
nhn cc sn phm ca LNSC chuyn n, tip tc ch bin v vn chuyn chng n
ni s dng.

1. Cu to:
* Golgi cu to gm mt chng cc ti dt hnh ci cho. Cc ti u gm mt lp
mng. Trong mt chng nh vy (gi l dictiosom) c trung bnh 5-8 ti (c th 3-
20). Cc ti xp ng hng, cch nhau 10-15nm. Mt li ca chng hng v nhn,
gi l mt Cis. Mt lm quay ra pha bo tng, gi l mt Trans.
* Cc ti dt c ng knh kh ln, c 0,5-1 micron. B ra ca chng nham nh v
c nhiu mn nh. l nhng nang mi phng ln, tht li v sp tch ra, hoc l
nhng nang tch t khoang cha khc mi n gn vo b ra. Cc nang ny lun
lun chy theo mt hng t Cis n Trans. Chng c gi l nhng nang (hay ti)
vn chuyn.


* T mt Trans ngoi cng, lin tc tch ra cc nang c kch thc ln hn nang vn
chuyn. l cc ti ch tit v cc tiu th s cp, bn trong cha y cc sn phm
ch bin v c c.
* Cc ti ch tit di ng dn v pha mng t bo, nhp mng v xut bo. Ti ch
tit c th xut bo lin tc hoc nhp vi nhau to thnh ti d tr kch thc ln
hn. Cc ti d tr ny tin gn v mng t bo nhng ch xut bo khi c tn hiu
thn kinh hay hormon tc dng ln mng.
* nhng vng c bit ca mt Trans ngoi cng, cc nang tch ra khng xut bo
m to thnh cc tiu th s cp, bn trong cha y enzym thy phn a acid. Tiu
th s cp, cng nh ti ch tit v ti d tr khng cn thuc phm vi cu to ca
Golgi.

2. Chc nng v hot ng:
* Golgi c cu trc bt i xng: mt Cis li hng v pha nhn, mt Trans lm
hng ra pha bo tng v mng. Mng ca Golgi pha mt Cis mng hn mt
Trans, cn cc nang vn chuyn bao gi cng chuyn ng theo mt hng t Cis n
Trans. c im cu trc bt i xng ny r rng lin quan cht ch vi c im
phn cc trong chc nng ca Golgi.
* Golgi tip nhn cc sn phm t vng chuyn tip ca LNSC ht ti vng Cis-
Golgi, vn chuyn chng theo chiu t Cis n Trans, np vo cc ti ch tit, cc tiu
th s cp, hoc cc ti vn chuyn n bo quan khc. Qu trnh vn chuyn cc sn
phm i qua nhiu tng cc ti dt ca Golgi v thng qua cc nang vn chuyn. Qu
trnh kh phc tp nh vy r rng khng ch l vn chuyn c hc hoc l c c sn
phm.

* Golgi c chc nng quan trng khc, l phn loi, (iu vn) cc sn phm n
ng ni s dng. Mun thc hin chc nng ny, Golgi phi thc hin mt chc
nng na l ci dng ha hc cc sn phm m n vn chuyn.
* Trong lng cc ti dt ca Golgi c cha nhiu enzym hoc phc hp enzym gn
trn cc mng v bin i cc thnh phn glucid, protein v.v...
Ta bit, ti khoang cha ca LNSC ht, cc protein c gn thm cc gc ng
v tr thnh glycoprotein. Ngoi ra, cc ti vn chuyn cng chuyn ch t vng
chuyn tip ca LNSC ht sang Golgi cc phn t proteoglycan (vt liu xy dng
cht nn ngoi bo), glycolipid xy dng mng t bo... H enzym ca Golgi gy
ra cc bin i vi thnh phn glucid ca glycoprotein nh sau:


+ Ct b bt cc gc ng, ch yu l cc gc manoza,
+ Gn thm cc gc ng khc nh N-acetylglucozamin, acid sialic, fucoza,
galactoza v.v...
+ Gn gc phosphat vo cc gc ng v.v...
* Chnh thnh phn glucid ng vai tr quan trng lm cc tn hiu Golgi phn loi
sn phm. Chng tng tc vi th th c mt trn nhng vng ring bit ca mng
Golgi. Nh , sn phm c phn loi v n ng a ch.
V d, cc enzym thy phn a acid c LNSC tng hp di dng glycoprotein
tin enzym khng c hot tnh. Trong dictiosom, gc ng mannoza ca
glycoprotein c phosphoryl ha (gn gc phosphat). Mannozo-phosphat c th
th c hiu trn nhng vng ring ca mng Golgi nhn bit. Cng vi nhng th th
v on mng cha chng, tin enzym c chuyn vo cc nang c bit, to thnh
tiu th s cp. Trong tiu th s cp, bm Hydro hot ng lm cho pH gim i.
Trong mi trng acid, gc mannozo-phosphat phn ly khi th th. Cc th th ny
sau tch ra cng nhng on mng to thnh cc nang nh vn chuyn tr li
cho Golgi hay li ni bo theo mt c ch cha c r.
Golgi cng gy ra bin i ha hc ngay c trn cc on polypeptid. Chng hn ta
bit rng tin insulin c tng hp li ni bo ht di dng mt phn t ln
hn. Ti Golgi, n c ct lin kt peptid to thnh insulin c phn t nh hn.
Tm li: Golgi l mt bo quan gm nhiu ti dt c mng bao bc (khng c
ribosom bm ln), thng nm gn nhn v vng bo tng cha nhiu li ni
sinh cht. Cc ti dt ny lin h vi nhau thng qua cc nang vn chuyn. Golgi
c cu to bt i xng, c phn Cis-Golgi hnh cung li hng v nhn v phn
Trans-Golgi hnh cung lm hng v pha bo tng. Chc nng hot ng ca
Golgi c lin h mt thit vi li NSC. Golgi tip nhn cc sn phm ca li
ni sinh cht, phn loi, ci bin ha hc v vn chuyn chng theo chiu t Cis
n Trans v n cc v tr s dng nh mng, khong gian bo, hay cc bo
quan cha mng nh tiu th.

T kha
Li ni bo - Li ni sinh cht ht, trn - Khoang cha - Golgi - Cis - Trans -
Dictiosom - Ci dng ho hc

TI TH V S CHUYN HO NNG LNG TRONG
T BO

Mc tiu:
1. M t c cu trc vi th v siu vi th ca ti th
2. Phn tch c chc nng cc thnh phn trong ti th
3. M t c cc qu trnh chuyn ho nng lng trong ti th
4. Hiu c tm quan trng ca ti th trong t bo

I I CNG:
Ti th c trong tt c cc t bo eucaryot ca ng vt. L bo quan kh ln v
rt a dng c th l hnh cu, bu dc, que hay hnh tr ko di. Ti th c ng knh
trung bnh 0.5-1m. Ti th c cu to bi hai lp mng, cc mng ny ng vai tr
quyt nh trong hot ng chuyn ho nng lng.
T trong ra ngoi cu trc ca ti th bao gm: khoang cht nn, mng trong,
khoang gian mng v cui cng l mng ngoi.
Cht nn l khong chim bn trong cng ca ti th. Trong cht nn cha mt
hn hp rt m c ca hng trm cc men (enzym), gm cc men cn cho s oxi

Mng trong c cu trc c bit to nhiu np gp, chng lm tng tng din
tch mng kp ny rt nhiu. Trn b mt ca mng cha cc protein chuyn bit m
nhn 3 chc nng chnh: 1. Thc hin cc phn ng oxi-ho trong chui h hp ca t
bo; 2. Mt phc hp men c tn l ATP synthetase t ra ATP trong khoang cht nn;
3. C cc protein vn chuyn c bit iu ho s i qua ca cc cht ra ngoi hoc
vo trong cht nn.
Mng ngoi nh cc protein to knh quan trng nn mng ngoi c tnh thm
vi cc cht c trng lng phn t 5000 daltons. Cc protein khc bao gm cc
men tham gia tng hp lipid trong ti th, cc men chuyn ho lipid sang dng tham
gia trao i cht.
Khoang gian mng cha nhiu men s dng ATP t cht nn tng hp chuyn
ra phosphory ho cc nucleotid khc.
Ti th l trung tm to nng lng ca t bo, c chc nng bin i nng
lng thnh dng c ch hot ho cc phn ng ca t bo.
Ngoi ra ti th cn c b my di truyn ring c lp nn c kh nng t sinh
sn.

II. HNH THI CA TI TH
Ti th l mt bo quan kh ln nn c pht hin t rt lu bng knh hin vi
quang hc. Tuy nhin, cu trc ca ti th ch c th c nghin cu di knh hin vi
in t v cc phng php khc ca sinh hc phn t.

Hnh dng ti th rt phong ph nhng ph bin nht l hnh que, hnh elip
hoc un cong thnh hnh vnh khuyn. v c th bin i hnh dng rt nhanh ph
hp vi t bo cha chng khi thay i trng thi hot ng.
S lng v phn b cc ti th trong t bo cng rt thay i. T bo gan ng
vt thng cha khong 1000 - 2000 ti th, phn b tng i u, chim 1/5 th tch
t bo. T bo tinh trng cha t bo tng, ti th tp trung vng thn, hnh dng
nh vnh khuyn bao quanh si trc ca tinh trng. hng cu khng c nhn, ti th
cng thoi bin ht.
Tuy ti th rt a dng nhng tu chungc cu to t ngoi vo trong nh sau:

1. Mng ngoi
Tng i bng phng, c t l protein khong 50%. Protein ca mng ngoi n
iu, ch yu gm porin. Phn t porin nm xuyn mng, to thnh mt knh cho
php hu nh mi phn t 5000 daltons c lt qua khng chn lc. Nh vy
mng ngoi ti th c tnh thm rt cao so vi cc mng sinh hc khc. N nh mt ci
ry lt qua cc ion H
+
, phn t nh nh ATP v cc nucleotid khc, co-enzym,
acid amin.., thm ch c cc protein nh.
Cc protein khc ca mng ngoi bao gm cc men tham gia tng hp lipid trong ti
th v men bin i c cht lipid thnh dng chuyn ho c trong cht nn.
2. Khoang gian mng
Nm gia mng ngoi v mng trong ca ti th c b rng khong 20nm, cha nhiu
loi men kinase dng vn chuyn ATP ca cht nn ra ngoi tham gia phosporyl
ho cc nucleotid khc. Cc nucleotid ny c khuch tn t do qua mng ngoi v
c trng lng phn t kh thp. Cc ion hydro c bm lin tc t khoang cht nn
vo khoang gian mng, to thnh s chnh lch nng in th (trong m, ngoi
dng). Ion hydro khng lt c qua mng trong tr li vo cht nn. T khoang
gian mng chng khuch tn qua mng ngoi vo bo tng.
3. Mng trong
L mng c t l protein cao, chim n 3/4 khi lng, trong khi t l ny mng t
bo v mng ni bo ni chung l 1/1. Tuy nhin, tnh thm ca n li mang tnh chn
lc nh phn ln cc mng sinh hc khc. Mc d c s chnh lch ln v mt ca
cc ion hydro gia hai pha ca mng trong v mc d cc ion ny c kch thc nh
nht trong cc loi ion, chng cng khng th khuch tn t do qua mng trong.
Nguyn nhn c th mng trong ti th c cha mt loi phospholipid c bit khng
thy cc mng khc gi l cardiolipin, chim ti 10% t l lipid. Ion H
+
c ho
tan cc thp trong cardiolipin.
Trn mng trong c nhiu cu trc cha nhiu protein nh:


- Phc hp nhiu men ca chui truyn in t. Cc men ny tip nhn nng lng
ca NADH v NADH
2
, dng nng lng vo vic bm ion hydro t trong ra ngoi
to thang H
+
qua mng.
- Th hnh chy (phc hp F
0
F
1
) s dng nng lng ca thang H
+
ni trn vo
vic tng hp ATP.
- Cc loi protein ti, vn chuyn cc c cht v sn phm qua cc knh chn lc.
Mng trong ti th khng bng phng m gp np to thnh nhng mo n su vo
trong cht nn ti th. cc ti th ca cc t bo khc nhau, mo cng c hnh dng
thay i. Nh cc mo m din tip xc gia mng trong v cht nn ti th c tng
ln nhiu ln, v th hiu sut lm vic ca ti th cng c tng ln. Ngoi ra, cc
np gp nhiu t cn ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng ATP ca t bo. V d, i vi t
bo c tim phi tiu th rt nhiU ATP nn cc np gp nhiu gp ba ln trong t bo
gan. Nhng trong t bo gan tng din tch mng trong ti th ca nhiu gp nm ln
din tch mng ngoi. Nu cng tt c din tch mng trong ca ti th t bo gan,
din tch ny ln gp mi lm ln so vi n tch mng t bo.
4. Khoang cht nn
L khong khng gian trong cng, khoang ny cha hn hp cc men v c cht khc
nhau tham gia thc hin chu trnh acid citric, chu trnh oxi ho bta acid bo. Ti y
cng c cc ADN, ARN v ribosom ca ti th. i vi t bo gan c ti 67% protein
ca ti th nm trong chn.

III. QU TRNH TNG HP ATP V CUNG CP NNG LNG CHO T
BO
1. Nng lng d tr
S chuyn ho nng lng trong ti th khng ch t nguyn liu l pyruvate sn phm
ly gii ng m cn t cc acid bo cng nh cc protein t m. Pyruvate v acid
bo c vn chuyn chn lc t dch bo tng vo khoang cht nn ti th. Ti y
chng b ct t thnh nhng nhm c hai nguyn t ccbon actyl m quan trng
nht l actyl Co-enzymA (Actyl-CoA=CoA-S-CO-CH
3
). Nhn actyl tham gia vo
chu trnh acid citric (chu trnh Krebs) ca chui h hp t bo.
m bo nng lng c cung cp lin tc, c th d tr nng lng di dng
ho nng ca cc i phn t (ng, m v m). t bo ng vt acid bo d tr
di dng m v glucose di dng glycogeni mt ngi trung bnh, nng lng d
tr trong m c th cho c th sng st mt thng. Mt gam m khi phn hy cho
ra nng lng gp su ln 1 gam glucid. V vy, nu kho d tr nng lng ca c
th chuyn ht thnh glycogen l ra l m th trng lng c th s nng thm trung
bnh 27Kg (60 pounds). Tuy cht ng m ch yu l glycogen ch d tr nng
lng cho chng ta hot ng 1 ngy, nhng y l ngun nng lng quan trng
c huy ng nhanh hn c.

Khi nhu cu nng lng tng, t bo s ct cc polymer ca glycogen thnh glucose
1-phosphate trong bo tng sau chng tham gia vo qu trnh ly gii glucose
thnh cc pyruvate (CH
3
-CO-COO
-
) c ba cc bon. Nng lng ny ch s dng c
sau khi chuyn cc phn t pyruvate t dch bo tng vo cht nn ca ti th. Bn
cnh glycogen cn c m d tr trong m m. T m m chng gii phng vo trong
dng mu n cc t bo khc s dng khi c nhu cu. Mi phn t m gm ester
ca ba phn t acid bo v mt phn t glycrol. Cc vn cht ca acid bo t phn t
m c chuyn vo trong cht nn ca ti th. Trong cht nn ca ti th mi phn t
acid bo vo chu trnh oxi ho acid to thnh actyl Co-enzym A.
Ti cht nn ca ti thactyl Co-enzym A tham gia v chu trnh acid citric tng hp
ATP.
2. Nng lng s dng
Trong phn t ATP (Adenosin triphosphate) c cng thc phn t C H N O P . C
2 lin kt phospho anhydrid cha nhiu nng lng t do (khong 7.3Kcalo/mol). Cc
lin kt ny gi l lin kt cao nng. Khi b thy phn, nng lng t do ca ATP
cung cp cho tt c cc phn ng xy ra trong trong t bo nh tng hp cc cht co
c, vn chuyn qua mng, hot ho glucose, acid amin, acid bo.
10 16 5 13 3
Trong t bo cn c mt s cc phn t khc c lin kt cao nng nh phosphoenol
pyruvate (14.8Kcal/mol), Creatinphosphate (10.3Kcal/mol). Nhng cc phn t ny
khng c s dng cung cp nng lng mi ni v mi lc nh ATP. Ch c
ATP c la chn mt cch t nhin lm vai tr trung tm d t v chuyn vn
nng lng cho t bo. Ngoi ra, cc nucleotid ny cn tham gia nhiu con ng
chuyn ho khc rt quan trng nh chuyn ho acid nucleic, cc co-enzym, nguyn
liu tng hp ARN-polymerase. Mt khc, nu dng phosphoenolpyruvate hay
creatinphosphate cung cp nng lng th t bo s b lng ph nhiu v nng lng
cn cung cp a s cc phn ng sinh hc ch nh hn 3Kcal/mol.

3. Tng hp ATP
Sau khi cc nguyn liu s dng l acid bo v pyruvate c vn chuyn vo trong
cht nn ti th, chng s bin i cui cng to thnh actyl Co-enzymA. Ti y
actyl CoA l nguyn liu tip theo cho chu trnh acid citric. Trong chu trnh acid
citric s oxi ho khng cn c mt oxi, cht oxi ho trong cc phn ng ca chu trnh
l phn t NAD (Nicotinamid Adenin Dinucleotid) v FDA (Flavin Adenin
Dinucleotid). Trong mi chu trnh c ba NAD v mt FDA c kh (nhn in t v
hydro) to thnh NADH v FDAH
2
, v hai phn t CO
2
t hai nguyn t cc bon.
Cng trong chu trnh ny to c mt phn t ATP do chuyn trc tip mt
phosphat t ng phosphate
CH
3
COOH (nh actylCoA) + 2H
2
O + 3NAD
+
+ protein mang FAD -->
2CO
2
+ 3H
+
+ 3NADH + FADH
2
.
Ngoi tr men succinate dehydrogenase v cc c cht c cha CoA, a s
men v c cht ca chu trnh acid citric ho tan trong cht nn ti th. Do vy, chu
trnh acid citric xem nh din ra trong cht nn ti th.
4. Chui truyn in t
Cc phn t NADH v FADH khi b oxi ho trc tip bi oxi ho tan trong nc c
th gii phng c 52.6 v 42.4Kcal/mol nhng con s ny u qu ln so vi nng
lng lin kt cao nng trong phn t ATP. V vy, ti th thc hin qu trnh oxi ho
NADH v FADH qua nhiu giai on, trong nng lng c gii phng tng t
mt. Nhng phn nh nng lng ny c tch lu bng cch bm H ngc chiu
vi gradient v to thnhnng lng ca thang in ho hydro, vi mt hiu sut c
ch rt cao. Qu trnh gii phng nng lng theo nhiu bc ny din ra trn mng
trong ti th, c th trn chui cc men gm trn mt t cc protein khc nhau. V bn
cht, qu trnh chuyn ho nng lng theo nhiu bc ny gm nhiu phn ng oxi
ho kh ni tip nhau v cui cng l phosphoryl oxi ho ngha l phn ng cp i
hai qua trnh oxi ho v phosphoryl ho: s oxi ho gii phng nng lng v s
phosphoryl ho ADP tch tr nng lng to thnh ATP. C mi ln vn chuyn 2H
n c cht n oxi th trung bnh tch tr c 3ATP (2-4ATP).
2
2
+
Ta hy xem trng thi xut pht cc men u dng oxi ho. Khi NADH (dng kh)
c oxi ho trn men u tin (E
1
), th ng thi E
1
cng b kh (tip nhn in t
ca NADH). Tip theo, E
1
truyn in t cho men th hai E
2
, c ngha l E
1
b oxi ho
cn E
2
b kh. E
2
dng kh n lt n l truyn in t cho E
3
vv.. Ni cch khc
in t truyn qua bc thang th nng ti bc cui cng (cytochrome oxidase), in t
mi c kt hp vi oxi (cng vi H
+
) to thnh nc.

Chui cc men lm nhim v bc thang th nng ni trn gi l chui truyn in t
(chui h hp t bo). Chng gm ba phc hp a men ln nm xuyn mng l phc
hp NADH dehydrogenase ln nht c trng lng phn t 800000Dalton vi hn 22
chui polypeptid, phc hp b-c
1
cytochrome gm 8 chui polypeptid vi trng lng
phn t 500000 Daltons v phc hp oxidase cytochrome c trng nht trong ba
phc hp gm khong 9 chui polypeptid v trng lng phn t l 300000 Daltons.
Gia cc phc hp ni trn l cc phn t tng i linh ng trong cu trc tinh th
lng ca mng bao gm Co-enzym Q v cytochrome C. in t tip nhn t NADH
c trong dy c th t. Th t ny trng hp vi th t tng dn in th oxi ho
kh cc thnh phn ca chui. Khi c truyn n khu cui cng l phc hp
cytochrome oxidase, in t kt hp vi phn t oxi ho tan v 2 ion hidro to
thnh nc.
Khi in t chy qua chui v gim dn nng lng, nng lng t do c gii
phng thnh tng xut nh v c cc phc hp men ca chui s dng vo vic
bm ion H
+
t cht nn ra khoang gian mng.
5. Thang in ho hydro
Mi cp in t (ly ca NADH) khi chy qua chui truyn in t gy ra vn chuyn
t 6-12 (trung bnh l 10) ion hydro t cht nn ra khoang gian mng. Kt qu l cng
c nhiu nguyn liu c phn hy bn trong ti th th cng to c chnh lch
nng H
+
gia 2 pha ca mng.
Khoang cht nn c pH=8 cao hn trong dch bo tng pH=7. Mt khc do ion H+
tch in dng, chnh lch nng ca n gy ra chnh lch in th l
160mV(khoang cht nn m, khoang gian mng dng). Tng ca hai thnh phn th
nng in ho ni trn tng ng vi mt hiu in th l 200mV. Khi ion H
+
c
bm t trong ra ngoi, n phi c cung cp nng lng, ngc li khi H
+
di chuyn
t ngoi vo trong, nng lng t do c gii phng c th s dng c.

6. Tiu th hnh chy (phc hp F0F1)
Mc d chu lc y ca in th v thang nng ln gia hai pha ca mng trong
ti th, ion H
+
khng th khuch tn t do t ngoi tr vo cht nn, do mng trong ti
th c cha phospholipid cardiolipin c tnh thm rt km i vi ion H
+
. Trn mng
trong c nhng phc hp protein c bit cho php H
+
lt qua l phc hp F
0
F
1
.
Knh H
+
ny ng thi lm nhim v tng hp ATP.

Phc hp F F c hnh dng nh ci chy. Cn chy (thnh phn F ) nm xuyn mng
cn qu chy F nm nh vo khoang cht nn, kch thc ngang l 9nm, c th nhn
thy di knh hin vi c phng i ln.
0 1 0
1


Thnh phn F
0
gm 3 hay 4 polypeptid v 1 proteolipid c gn kh cht vi mng,
ch khi no dng tc nhn ph hy mng kh mnh mi tch c. F
0
nm xuyn
mng to thnh knh cho php H
+
i qua.
Thnh phn F
1
gm 9 polypeptid ca 5 loi khc nhau, c trng lng phn t
500000 Daltons. N nh mt chic nt y kn knh ion hidro ca F
0
. Phc F
1
c
hot tnh ATP synthetase c th phn hy ATPthnh ADP v Pi, nhng c bit khi
c cung cp nng lng t do, n li c th gn ADP vi Pi to thnh ATP.
Chuyn ng ca ion hydro t khoang gian mng tr li cht nn qua knh F
0
l
chuyn ng xui chiu thang in ho H
+
, do s gii phng nng lng t do.
Nng lng ny lm thay i cu hnh khng gian ca thnh phn F
1
. trng thi tch
ly nng lng v thay i cu hnh khng gian, F
1
thc hin phn ng tng hp ATP
t ADP vi Pi, cn bn thn quay li cu hnh xut pht. Nh vy c th ni, F
0
F
1
lm
chc nng chuyn ho nng lng ca thang in ho H
+
thnh ho nng ATP. Hai
dng nng lng ni trn chuyn ho cho nhau d dng. Trong iu kin thang H
+

gim thp v nng ATP trong cht nn kh cao, c th xy ra s phn hy ATP
trn F
1
v bm ngc H
+
qua F
0
ra khoang gian mng.
7. Hiu qu ca vic tng hp ATP
Qu trnh phosphoryl oxi ho mi cp in t trong NADH cung cp nng lng to
c 2.5 phn t ATP v cp in t trong FADH
2
cho ra 1.5 phn t ATP. Ni
chung c khong 10 ATP c to ra khi mt actyl CoA vo chu trnh acid citric, c
nghal mi phn t glucose tng hp c 20 ATP v mt phn t palmitate (acid
bo c 16 nguyn t cc bon) to c 84ATP. Nu em oxi ho hon ton 1 phn t
glucose v 1 phn t palmitate trc khi thnh lp acetyl CoA, nng lng to ra gn
nh ti a khong 30 v 110ATP. Nh vy hiu sut hu ch ca ton b qu trnh
chuyn ho nng lng thng hn 40%. So vi cc b my chuyn ho nng lng
khng sinh hc c con ngi ch to ra (thng 10 - 20%) th hiu sut chuyn ho
trong t bo l hon ho nht.
S nng lng cn li sau khi oxi ho trong t bo c bin thnh nhit (nng lng
lin kt). Vi ng vt mu nng nng lng ny cng c ch trong vic duy tr thn
nhit. C nhit khi c th tm cch tng t l to nhit ny trong c v trong m m.
ng vt ng ng, hu ht nng lng tiu th vo vic duy tr thn nhit. tr s
sinh, m m c mu nu, ti th ca cc t bo m m cha mt loi protein c bit

IV. S SINH SN CA TI TH
Cng vi nhn, ti th thuc nhm bo quan c ADN. Ti th cng cha mt h
thng tng hp protein ring ca n. Cc thnh phn ny xt theo c im cu to
u thuc loi t bo procaryote. ADN ca ti th rt t so vi tng ADN ca t bo.
Phn t ADN ca ti th hnh ging nh vi khun. ADN ti th cha men m ho mt
s protein (rprotein, protein mng ti th, mt s tiu n v ca men trong chui
truyn din t..) Cc gen ny qui nh tnh di truyn c lp vi nhn.
Ty th trong t bo sinh sn theo kiu tht i n gin.
Cc ti th gi c tiu hy trong cc khng bo t thc. Khi t bo phn
chia, qun th cc ti th trong bo tng c phn phi ngu nhin vo cc t bo
con cng vi khi t bo cht

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