TRUY VẤN ẢNH PDF

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP.HCM

KHOA IN - IN T
B MN IN T-VIN THNG
--------------------------

N TT NGHIP
NGNH: CNG NGH IN T VIN THNG

TI:
TRUY VN NH DA TRN BIN I
WAVELET

TP.H CH MINH 7/2014
GVHD: Th.S L MINH THNH
SVTH: TRN MINH PHC 10117052
PHM QUC VIT 10117080

Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet i
Li cm n
LI CM N
Trong sut qu trnh hc tp v hon thnh ti, bn cnh s n lc c gng
ca nhm thc hin ti cn c s hng dn nhit tnh ca qu thy, c v s h
tr, ng vin rt ln t gia nh bn b. Vi lng knh trng v bit n su sc,
nhm thc hin ti xin chn thnh cm n :
Nhm thc hin ti xin cm n thy L Minh Thnh, gio vin trc tip
hng dn, tn tnh ch bo v hng dn cho nhm thc hin hon thnh ti
mt cch tt nht.
Nhm thc hin cng xin cm n cc thy, c trong Khoa in-in t, c
bit l cc thy, c b mn in t-Vin thng tn tnh dy d, truyn t cho
nhm nhng kin thc c s v chuyn ngnh, c nn tng kin thc hon thnh
tt ti.
Nhm thc hin cng xin gi li cm n n gia nh, anh ch, bn b c bit
l tp th lp 101170 ng vin, gip nhm trong sut qu trnh hc tp v
thc hin ti.
Mt ln na nhm thc hin ti xin chn thnh cm n.
Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy 25 thng 7 nm 2014
Nhm sinh vin thc hin
Trn Minh Phc Phm Quc Vit
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet ii
Mc lc
MC LC

LI CM N ......................................................................................................................................... i
MC LC........................................................................................................................................... ii
LIT K HNH ....................................................................................................................................... vi
LIT K BNG ...................................................................................................................................... xi
LIT K T VIT TT .................................................................................................................. xii
TM TT .......................................................................................................................................... xiv
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... xii
Chng 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 1
GII THIU ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Vai tr v ng dng ca k thut truy vn nh da trn bin i Wavelet ................... 1
1.2 Mc ch ca ti .............................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Mc tiu v phm vi nghin cu ......................................................................................... 2
1.4 B cc ca n ................................................................................................................... 2
Chng 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 3
TNG QUAN V TRUY VN NH ............................................................................................... 3
2.1 Tng quan v nh s .................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Gii thiu v nh s ....................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 c trng mu sc ................................................................................................................. 4
2.1.2 c trng kt cu ...................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 c trng hnh dng..................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4 c trng cc b bt bin ............................................................................................. 5
2.2 Gii thiu v h thng x l nh .................................................................................................. 5
2.2.1 Phn thu nhn nh (Image Acquisition) .................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Tin x l (Image Processing) ..................................................................................... 6
2.2.3 Phn on (Segmentation) hay phn vng nh ......................................................... 6
2.2.4 Biu din nh (Image Representation) ....................................................................... 7
2.2.5 Nhn dng v ni suy nh (Image Recognition and Interpretation) ....................... 7
2.2.6 C s tri thc (Knowledge Base) ................................................................................ 7
2.1 X l nng cao cht lng nh ........................................................................................... 8
2.3.1 Ci thin nh s dng cc ton t im...................................................................... 8
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet iii
Mc lc
2.3.2 Tng tng phn ...................................................................................................... 8
2.3.2.1 Tch nhiu v phn ngng ..................................................................................... 9
2.3.2.2 Bin i m bn....................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2.3 Ct theo mc ............................................................................................................ 10
2.3.2.4 Trch chn bit .......................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2.5 Nn di sng. ...................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2.6 M hnh ha v bin i lc xm.................................................................... 12
2.3.3 Ci thin nh dng cc ton t khng gian ............................................................... 12
2.3.3.1 Lm trn nhiu bng lc tuyn tnh ..................................................................... 13
2.3.3.2 Lm trn nhiu bng lc phi tuyn ...................................................................... 14
2.3.3.3 Mt n g sai phn v lm nhn ........................................................................... 15
2.3.3.4 Lc thng thp, thng cao v lc di thng ......................................................... 16
2.3.3.5 Khuch i v ni suy nh ..................................................................................... 17
2.3.3.6 Mt s k thut ci thin nh nh phn ................................................................. 18
2.2 Truy vn nh ...................................................................................................................... 19
...................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.3 Cc k thut truy vn nh ...................................................................................................... 21
2.5.1 Truy vn theo li ch thch .............................................................................................. 21
2.5.2 Truy vn nh theo ng ngha ..................................................................................... 22
2.5.3 Truy vn nh theo i tng (OBI R) ......................................................................... 22
2.5.4 Truy vn nh da trn ni dung (CBIR) ......................................................................... 23
2.5.5 Cc vn thng gp phi ....................................................................................... 24
2.5.6 Cc cch tip cn hin ti v gii php c chn ...................................................... 25
Chng 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 26
K THUT TRUY VN NH DA TRN WAVELET ............................................................. 26
3.1 Bin i Wavelet ................................................................................................................. 26
3.1.1 Bin i Wavelet lin tc( CWT) .................................................................................... 26
3.1.1.1 Php bin i Wavelet thun .................................................................................. 26
3.1.1.2 Biu din cc h s Wavelet .................................................................................... 26
3.1.1.3 Php bin i Wavelet nghch................................................................................. 26
3.1.1.4 Php bin i Wavelet lin tc hai chiu v nhiu chiu ...................................... 27
3.1.1.5 Ri rc ha php vin i Wavelet lin tc ............................................................ 28
3.1.1.6 Hiu ng bin .......................................................................................................... 28
3.1.2 Bin i Wavelet ri rc( DWT) ................................................................................. 28
3.1.2.1 Php bin i Wavelet ri rc v phn tch a phn gii ...................................... 28
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet iv
Mc lc
3.1.2.2 Php bin i Wavelet ri rc hai chiu: ............................................................... 29
3.2 K thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelets ....................................................................... 30
3.2.1 Gii thiu v k thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelets ................................................ 30
3.2.2 B lc Gabor ............................................................................................................... 30
3.2.3 c trng cu trc v c trng mu ...................................................................... 32
3.2.3.1 c trng cu trc .................................................................................................. 32
3.2.3.2 c trng mu ........................................................................................................ 32
3.2.4 Thut ton truy vn nh ............................................................................................ 33
3.2.5 So snh tng ng ca nh v nh gi hiu sut ca h thng..................... 33
Chng 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 35
M PHNG K THUT TRUY VN NH DA TRN WAVELET ....................................... 35
4.1 t vn m phng trn matlab .............................................................................................. 35
4.1.1 C s d liu nh ................................................................................................................ 35
C s d liu nh dng trong ti m phng s dng c s d liu nh ca Wang [1] gm
1000 vi 10 ch khc nhau. nh c nh dng JPG, kch thc 256x384 pixel v 384x256
pixel. ......................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1.2 nh u vo v cc tc nhn gy nh hng ...................................................................... 35
4.1.2.1 S m nh ............................................................................................................... 35
4.1.2.2 S m rng nhiu ......................................................................................................... 36
4.1.3 Tin x l nh ..................................................................................................................... 36
4.1.3.1 Khi phc nh m .................................................................................................. 36
4.1.3.2 Gim nhiu ................................................................................................................... 37
4.2 Lu thut ton............................................................................................................... 38
4.3 Chng trnh m phng k thut truy vn nh da trn wavlet .................................. 39
4.3.1 c nh yu cu, chuyn i kiu nh v phn tch wavelet .................................... 39
4.3.2 Ly tr tuyt i cc h s wavlet ................................................................................ 40
4.3.3 Kt hp chi tit dc v ngang ...................................................................................... 40
4.3.4 Hnh thnh vector c trng mu: ............................................................................. 40
4.3.5 Hnh thnh vector c trng cu trc ........................................................................ 41
4.3.6 Tin hnh so snh vector c trng v a ra kt qu ............................................. 41
4.4 Thc nghim ....................................................................................................................... 41
4.4.1 i vi c trng mu: ............................................................................................... 41
4.4.2 i vi c trng cu trc .......................................................................................... 41
4.4.3 Tin hnh la chn cc thng s ph hp................................................................ 42
4.5 Gii thiu chng trnh ..................................................................................................... 48
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet v
Mc lc
5.1 Kt qu m phng .............................................................................................................. 50
5.2 chnh xc ....................................................................................................................... 56
5.3 Tc truy vn nh ........................................................................................................... 56
6.1 Kt qu t c ........................................................................................................................ 57
6.2 Hn ch ...................................................................................................................................... 57
6.3 Hng pht trin ........................................................................................................................ 57

Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet vi
Mc lc
LIT K HNH
Hnh 2. 1: Cc bc c bn trong x l nh ............................................................... 6
Hnh 2. 2: Ln cn cc im nh ca ta (x,y) ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 3: Tch nhiu ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 4:Phn ngng ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 5: Bin i m bn ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 6: K thut ct theo mc khng c nn........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 7: K thut ct theo mc c nn................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 8: Cc ton t g sai phn ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 9: S b lc thng cao. ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 10: Mt s nhn chp trong lc thng cao. .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 11: Khuych i bi lp 2x2. ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 12: Cc vecror thnh phn k thut gradientError! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 13: Ton t Robert ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 14: Mt n Robert ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 15: Mt n Sobel .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 16: Mt n Prewitt ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 17: Mt n ng hng ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 18: Mt n 4 ln cn ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 19: Mt n 8 ln cn ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 20:Ton t Sobel 5x5 ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 21:Ton t la bn Kirsh ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 22:Ton t Laplace ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2. 23:M hnh tnh ca phng php Canny .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 1: Minh ha nron sinh hc. ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet vii
Mc lc
Hnh 3. 2: M hnh nron nhn to ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 3: Hm kch hot ngng ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 4: Hm kch hot tuyn tnh tng on ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 5: Hm kch hot Sigmoid ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 6: M t kh nng phn tch tuyn tnh ca hm f(x
1
,x
2
) = x
1
or x
2
.... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 7: Phn tch phi tuyn ca hm f(x
1
,x
2
) = x
1
xor x
2
... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Hnh 3. 8: Hm kch hot ca nron MVN ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 9: Trng thi ca nron sinh hc phc thuc vo tn s ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Hnh 3. 10: Hm kch hot ca nron UBN .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 11: S thay i tng trng s z sau khi hiu chnh cc trng s s dng lut
hc sa li ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 12: S thay i tng trng s z sau khi hiu chnh cc trng s s dng lut
hc sa li ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 3. 13: Biu din quy tc hc ca nron nh phn UBN . Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Hnh 4. 1: Mng CNN chun, trong mi biu din cho mt t bo C(i,j) c lin
kt trc tip vi cc t bo ln cn. ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 4. 2: Kin trc bn trong mt t bo ca CNN Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 4. 3: Cc dng lng ging ca CNN, (a) r =1; (b) r = 2 . Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Hnh 4. 4: Cc t bo ng bin, gc ca mng ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 4. 5: S hot ng ca mt cell ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 4. 6: Dng th hm ra ca mt t bo .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 4. 7: Mu tm bin v hiu qu ca mu .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet viii
Mc lc
Hnh 4. 8: Mu thit lp ngng (Threshold) ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 4. 9: Tc dng ca mu Hollow ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 4. 10: S cc bc thit k mu theo phng php trc tip. ............. Error!
Hnh 5. 1: Mng CNN c kch thc 3x5 vi kt ni ni b trong vng ln cn l
3x3.Mi mt nron c kt ni vi 8 nron xung quanh n v vi chnh n.Error!
Hnh 5.2: Gim nhiu s dng b lc gi tr (MVF) Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 5.3 : Hiu chnh tn s ton cc (global) MVF v so snh vi phng php
tuyn tnh vi kch thc ca s 35x35. ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 5.4: Hiu chnh tn s cao MVF v so snh vi phng php tuyn tnh vi
kch thc ca s 3x3 ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 5.5: Biu din nh xm 8 bit thnh 8 mt phng nh phn .... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Hnh 5.6 : Pht hin bin chnh xc s dng b lc lun l nron t bo (CNBF) vi
ca s lc 3x3 v so snh vi ton t Sobel ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 5.7: Biu biu th qu trnh ni suy lm trn rng ca .... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Hnh 5.8: Biu din nh ban u ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 5.9: Biu din min nh siu phn gii ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 5.10: Biu din ph ca tn hiu trong min B Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 5.11: Tng mu s dng k thut siu phn gii v so snh vi phng php
ni suy Sinc (Lanczos) .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 5.12: So snh gi tr trung bnh ca bin ph cosine tng ng vi nh 5.11
a, 5.11 c v 5.11 d ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6. 1: Lu chng trnh ng dng lc a tr (MVF) lc nhiu Gaussian
trn nh xm .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet ix
Mc lc
Hnh 6.2: Giao din chng trnh lc nhiu dng MVF ......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Hnh 6.3: Gim nhiu s dng b lc gi tr (MVF) v so snh vi cc b lc khc
................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.4: Lu chng trnh ng dng lc a tr (MVF) lc nhiu Gaussian
trn nh mu .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.5: Lc MVF i vi nh mu ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.6: Giao din chng trnh hiu chnh tn s (ph) dng MVF v so snh vi
phng php tuyn tnh ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.7: nh ban u v lc histogram ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6. 8: nh sau khi hiu chnh tn s ton cc (global) MVF vi ca s lc
35x35 v lc histogram ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.9: Hiu chnh tn s ton cc (global) theophng php tuyn tnh vi kch
thc ca s 35x35. .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.10: nh ban u v lc histogram ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.11: Hiu chnh tn s cao MVF vi ca s 3x3 v lc histogram . Error!
Hnh 6.12: Hiu chnh tn s cao bng phng php tuyn tnh vi ca s 3x3 v
lc histogram ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.13: Hiu chnh tn s cao MVF vi nh muError! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.14: Lu chng trnh tch bin dng lc lun l nron t bo (CNBF)
Hnh 6.15: Giao din chng trnh pht hin bin chnh xc dng CNBF ....... Error!
Hnh 6.16: nh chp mch mu c cc mu ng ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.17: Pht hin bin chnh xc dng CNBF v so snh vi cc phng php
khc ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet x
Mc lc
Hnh 6.18: Pht hin bin chnh xc dng CNBF khi ch xt trn 2 mt phng nh
phn 6 v 7. ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.19: Lu thut ton siu phn gii kt hp vi lc nhiu MVF v hiu
chnh tn s cao MVF ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.20: Giao din chng trnh m phng k thut siu phn gii nh ...... Error!
Hnh 6.21: nh ban u c kch thc 512x512 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.22: nh sau khi gim mu 4 ln ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.23: nh thu c khi dng phng php ni suy Bilinenear .............. Error!
Hnh 6.24: nh thu c khi dng phng php siu phn gii kt hp vi lc
MVF v hiu chnh tn s cao MVF ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 6.25: So snh gi tr trung bnh ca ph bin Cosine tng ng vi nh ban
u, nh dng k thut siu phn gii v nh thu c theo phng php ni suy
Bilinenear .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet xi
Mc lc
LIT K BNG
Bng 3. 1: Gi tr ca hm f(x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
or x
2
........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Bng 3. 2: Gi tr ca hm f(x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
xor x
2
......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Bng 5. 1: Thng k cc c tnh ca v d lc nhiu Gaussian cho bi hnh 5.2
Bng 6. 1: So snh PSNR gia lc MVF v lc trung bnh .... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Bng 6.2: So snh PSNR gia cc thut ton siu phn gii vi phng php ni
suy ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet xii
Mc lc
LIT K T VIT TT
C
CBIR Content Based Image Retrieval Truy vn nh da trn ni dung
CCD Charge Couple Device Camera CCD
CSDL C s d liu
CWT Continuous Wavelet Transform Bin i Wavelet lin tc
D
DCT Discrete Cosine Transform Bin i Cosine ri rc
DWT Discrete Wavelet Transform Bin i Wavelet ri rc
F
FD Feature vector of query image Vector c trng ca nh yu cu
FQ Feature vector of image in dataset Vector c trng ca nh trong
c s d liu
H
HH High- High Cao cao
HL High- Low Cao- thp
HSV Hue- Saturation- Value Mu sc- bo ha- gi tr
HSI Hue- Saturation- Intensity Mu sc- bo ha- cng
L
LH Low- High Thp- cao
LL Low- Low Thp- thp
M
MSN Microsoft Network Tp hp cc dch v Internet cung
cp bi Microsoft
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet xiii
Mc lc

N
NRRI Number of relevant retrieval S nh truy vn tha mn
images
O
OBIR Object Based Image Retrieval Truy vn nh da vo i tng
P
PSF Point Spread Function Hm tri rng im, dng lm
m nh
Q
QBIC Query Based Image Content H thng truy vn da trn s
pht tho do IBM pht trin
R
RGB Red- Green- Blue Khng gian mu RGB
S
SIFT Scale Invariant Feature Transform Bin i c trng bt bin
T
TR Total number of relevant images tng s lng nh truy vn tha
in dataset tha mn c trong c s d liu
X
XR X top ranking of retrieval image X nh gn ging nht so vi nh
truy vn

Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet xiv
Mc lc

TM TT
Vic truy vn nh s tm ra cc hnh nh tng t v ni dung vi hnh nh
cn truy vn. Vn t ra l cn xy dng mt h thng tm kim cc hnh nh
tng t nhng vn m bo v tc , khng gian truy vn v c bit l chnh
xc. Mt phng php truy vn nh mi da trn vic trch c trng mu v cu
trc c xut nhm ci thin chnh xc. Trong lun vn ny, nhm thc hin
ti pht trin mt phng php truy vn nh mi da trn bin i Wavelet
trch c trng cc b ca nh, c trng cc b bao gm c trng mu v c
trng cu trc. Khi mt bc nh c a vo xem xt, chng ta bin i nh s
dng bin i Wavelet to thnh bn nh tn s bng con. Bn nh bao gm mt
nh vi tn s thp, gn ging nht so vi nh gc ban u (LL), mt nh cha tn
s cao gi l chi tit ngang (LH), mt nh cha tn s cao gi l chi tit dc (HL),
v mt nh bao gm c chi tit dc v ngang (HH). lm ni bt cu trc m lm
mnh cnh, nhm thc hin ti kt hp thnh phn chi tit dc v ngang thnh
mt ma trn mi. Bc tip theo l nh gi cc im quan trng c gi l im
ngha bi mt ngng gi tr cao. Sau khi cc im ngha c trch t nh, ta
nhng im ngha s c s dng tm nhng thng tin quan trng nht t
nh v chuyn sang cc vng nh hn. Da vo ta nhng im quan trng ny,
nhm thc hin ti trch c cc c trng cc b gm mu m cu trc ca
nh. y l nhng ni dung quan trng ca mt bc nh, v vic truy vn nh l
da trn s tng ng gia nhng c trng nh tm kim cc nh ging nhau.
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet 15
Mc lc
ABSTRACT

Retrieving image will find out the similar images in content with the query
image. The problem need to build the image retrieval system to find the similar images
which ensures the speed, space to query and specially, the accuracy. A novel method
for retrieving image based on color and texture extraction is proposed for improving
the accuracy. In this research, we develop a novel image retrieval method based on
wavelet transformation to extract the local feature of an image, the local feature consist
color feature and texture teature. Once an image taking into account, we transform it
using wavelet transformation to four sub band frequency images. It consists of image
with low frequency which most same with the source called approximation (LL),
image containing high frequency called horizontal detail (LH), image containing high
frequency called vertical detail (HL), and image containing horizontal and vertical
detail (HH). In order to enhance the texture and strong edge, we combine the vertical
and horizontal detail to be other matrix. The next step is we estimate the important
points called significant points by threshold the high value. After the significant points
have been extracted from image, the coordinate of significant points will be used for
knowing the most important information from the image and convert into small
regions. Based on the significant point coordinates, we extract the image texture and
color locally. They are the important contents of an image, and retrieving image
method compares the similar between feature image to find the similar image.


Mc lc
Chng 1
GII THIU
1.1 Vai tr v ng dng ca k thut truy vn nh da trn bin i Wavelet
Truy vn nh l tm kim mt bc nh trong c s d liu vi hng nghn nh.Vi
s m rng ca cng ngh a phng tin v internet, truy vn nh c cc nh khoa
hc bt u quan tm t nhng nm u 1990. Khi nim truy vn da trn ni dung
ra i t u nhng nm 1980, v c nhng ng dng quan trng t nhng nm u
1990.
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca phn mm v phn cng, khi lng nh
c lu tr ngy cng ln trong th vin nh s v trn cc website. V vy tm kim
nh l mt nhu cu tt yu. Hin ti, truy vn nh ng dng trong kh nhiu lnh vc
nh: qun l nhn hiu logo, truy tm ti phm, ng dng trong y khoa, qun s,
Mc d cc nh nghin cu c nhiu n lc trong nhng nm gn y trong vic
nghin cu h thng truy vn nh nhng vn cha c gii thut thuyt phc c chp
nhn ph bin c th biu din hon chnh cc c im nhn ca con ngi, c bit
l c th hiu c nh, v iu ny lun l thch thc ln vi tt c cc nh nghin
cu.
So vi cc nghin cu h thng CBIR cng b trc nm 2000, s khc bit trong
cc nghin cu gn y l vic gia tng ca a dng cc c trng m t nh. Cc
xut bt ngun t ci tin nhng c trng c bn (nh histogram mu, texture,
shape,) n nhng c trng nh mi da trn nhng php bin i nh wavelets,
contourlets, v kt hp a dng cc m hnh ton hc trong thit k CBIR.
Truy vn nh da trn Wavelet l mt k thut mi, c chnh xc cao hn so vi
cc k thut truy vn nh hin ti. Xut pht t thc t trn, ngi thc hin ti thc
hin tin hnh tim hiu v nghin cu ti :K thut truy vn nh da trn
Wavelets.
1.2 Mc ch ca ti
Tm hiu v m phng k thut truy vn nh da trn bin i Wavelet, qua th
hin c u im ca phng php mi ny, th hin s ci thin chnh xc so vi
cc phng php thng thng.

Mc lc
Thng qua , hnh thnh v nng cao cho ngi thc hin ti kh nng nghin
cu khoa hc, lm vic nhm, tm kim ti liu, phn tch gii quyt vn , t duy v
kh nng lp trnh.
1.3 Mc tiu v phm vi nghin cu
- Tm hiu tng quan v l thuyt x l nh.
- Tm hiu v truy vn nh v cc k thut truy vn nh.
- Tm hiu v bin i Wavelet.
- Tm hiu k thut truy vn nh da trn bin i Wavelet.
- M phng k thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelet trn phn mm Matlab
1.4 B cc ca n
Ni dung ca n gm 6 chng:
- Chng 1: Gii thiu. Trnh by vai tr v ng dng ca ti, l do chn ti,
mc tiu cn t c ca ti, v b cc ca n.
- Chng 2: Tng quan v truy vn nh. Trong chng ny trnh by nhng kin
thc tng quan v nh s, x l nh, truy vn nh v cc k thut truy vn nh hin
nay.
- Chng 3: K thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelets. Trnh by l thuyt v k
thut truy vn nh da trn bin i Wavelet: bin i Wavelet, b lc gabor, c
trng mu, c trng cu trc, v chi tit v phng php truy vn nh xut.
- Chng 4: M phng k thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelet. Chng ny trnh
by v vic t vn m phng, lu gii thut, cch thc tnh ton, chng trnh
m phng trn matlab
- Chng 5: Kt qu m phng k thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelet. Chng
ny trnh by kt qu m phng trong chng 4, gii thch kt qu v nhn xt.
- Chng 6: Kt lun v hng pht trin. Trnh by kt kt lun, hng m rng
pht trin ca ti trong tng lai.


Chng 2: Tng quan v truy vn nh
Chng 2
TNG QUAN V TRUY VN NH
2.1 Tng quan v nh s
S pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh nh s lm s lng hnh nh c lu
tr trn cc trang web tng ln mt cch nhanh chng. Mi ngy, c hng triu
bc nh c ng ti cng nh c tm kim trn cc trang nh trc tuyn nh:
Flickr, Photobucket, Facebook,
Cng vi nhu cu tm kim vn bn, vic tm kim nh cng nhn c nhiu s
quan tm ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, vi mt s lng nh qu ln trn Internet
cng vic tm kim tr nn v cng kh khn. gii quyt vn ny, cc h thng
tm kim nh ra i nh: Yahoo, MSN, Google Image Search, Bing, ... Cc h
thng ny cho php ngi s dng nhp truy vn cc nh cn quan tm. Thng qua
vic phn tch cc vn bn i km nh, h thng gi tr cc nh tng ng theo s
truy vn ca ngi dng. Mt s cng c tm kim nh thng mi khc nh Tiltomo,
ByoImageSearch, cho php ngi dng nhp cu hi di dng nh. y l mt
hng nghin cu mi nhn c nhiu s quan tm ca nhiu cng trnh khoa hc
trn th gii. Mt s sn phm th nghim ca cc cng ty ln v tm kim nh nh:
Google Image Swirl, Like, Tineye, Tiltomo ra i.
2.1.1 Gii thiu v nh s
nh s l tp hp cc im nh vi mc xm ph hp dng m t nh gn vi
nh tht. nh l mt s vt i din cho con ngi, sinh vt hay s vt no .v.v
nh ng nh ta thy trn truyn hnh thc cht l tp hp ca rt nhiu nh tnh lin
tip. Khi mt nh c s ha th n tr thnh nh s v nh s ny li l mt tp hp
ca rt nhiu phn t nh c gi l im nh hay l pixel. Mi im nh li c
biu din di dng mt s hu hn cc bit. Chng ta c th chia nh ra lm ba loi
khc nhau :
- nh en-trng: mi im nh c biu din bi mt bit.
- nh Gray-scale: mi im nh c biu din bng cc mc chi khc nhau,
thng th nh ny c biu din bng 256 mc chi hay l 8 bit cho mi im nh.
- nh mu : mi im nh chia ra thnh tn hiu chi v tn hiu mu.

2.1.2 c trng mu sc
Tm kim nh theo lc mu l phng php ph bin v c s dng nhiu
nht trong cc h thng tm kim nh theo ni dung. y l phng php n gin, tc
tm kim tng i nhanh tuy nhin kt qu tm kim c chnh xc khng cao.
y c th xem l bc lc u tin cho nhng bc tm kim sau. Mt s lc
mu c s dng nh: lc mu RGB, lc mu HSV, lc mu HSI, lc
HSI ci tin.
Trong , lc mu RGB c s dng ph bin nht.
- Lc mu RGB:
i vi nh 256 mu, lc mu ca nh tng ng vi lc mu ca nh
xm. i vi nh 24 bit mu, lc miu t kh nng kt ni v cng ca ba
knh mu R, G, B.
Lc mu ny c tnh bng cch ri rc ha tng mu trong nh, sau m
s im nh ca mi mu. Khi m s lng mu l c hng, thun tin hn, ngi
ta thng chuyn i ba knh mu thnh mt bin gi tr duy nht. Mt cch khc
tnh lc mu ca nh RGB l ta phn ra lm 3 lt ring bit
,-,
,-,
,-.Khi , mi lc c tnh bng cch m knh mu tng ng trong mi

im nh.
2.1.2 c trng kt cu
Kt cu l mt i tng dng phn hoch nh ra thnh nhng vng quan tm
phn lp nhng vng .
Kt cu cung cp thng tin v s sp xp v mt khng gian ca mu sc v cng
mt nh. Kt cu c c trng bi s phn b khng gian ca nhng mc cng
trong mt khu vc lng ging vi nhau. Kt cu gm cc kt cu gc hay nhiu kt
cu gp li i khi gi l texel.
Mt s phng php dng trch xut cc c trng kt cu nh:
o Kim t thp "c th li c" (the steerable pyramid)
o Bin i ng vin (the cotourlet transform)
o Bin i Gabor Wavelet (The Gabor Wavelet transform)

o Biu din ma trn ng hin (co-occurrence matrix)
o H thng b lc nh hng phc tp (The complex directional fillter bank)
2.1.3 c trng hnh dng
Mu sc v kt cu l nhng thuc tnh c khi nim ton cc trong mt nh.
Trong khi , hnh dng khng phi l mt thuc tnh ca nh. Ni ti hnh dng
khng phi l nhc n hnh dng ca mt nh. Thay v vy, hnh dng c khuynh
hng ch n mt khu vc c bit trong nh, hay hnh dng ch l bin ca mt i
tng no trong nh.
Trong tm kim nh theo ni dung, hnh dng l mt cp cao hn so vi mu sc v
kt cu. N i hi s phn bit gia cc vng tin hnh x l v o ca hnh
dng. Cc h thng tm kim nh theo ni dung thng khai thc hai nhm biu din
hnh dng sau :
- Biu din hnh dng theo ng bin (cotour-based descriptor) : Biu din cc
ng bin bao bn ngoi.
- Biu din theo vng (region-based descriptor): Biu din mt vng ton vn.
2.1.4 c trng cc b bt bin
Ngi ta thng chia c trng c b thnh 2 loi l nhng im trch xut c t
im "nh ra" (salient points) ca nh v c trng SIFT c trch chn t cc im
hp dn Haris (interest points).
2.2 Gii thiu v h thng x l nh
Hai nhim v c bn ca qu trnh x l nh l nng cao cht lng thng tin hnh
nh v x l s liu cung cp cho cc qu trnh khc trong c vic ng dng th
gic vo iu khin.
Xt cc bc cn thit trong x l nh. Qu trnh bt u t vic thu nhn nh
ngun (t cc thit b thu nhn nh dng s hoc tng t) gi n my tnh. Trc
y, nh thu qua Camera l cc nh tng t (loi Camera ng kiu CCIR). Gn y,
vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, nh mu hoc en trng c ly ra t Camera, sau
n c chuyn trc tip thnh nh s to thun li cho x l tip theo. (My nh
s hin nay l mt th d gn gi). Mt khc, nh cng c th tip nhn t v tinh; c

th qut t nh chp bng my qut nh. Hnh v di y m t cc bc c bn
trong x l nh. D liu nh c lu tr nh dng ph hp vi qu trnh x l.
nh c th xem l tp hp cc im nh v mi im nh c xem nh l c
trng cng sng hay mt du hiu no ti mt v tr no ca i tng trong
khng gian v n c th xem nh mt hm n bin P(c
1
, c
2
,..., c
n
). Do , nh trong x
l nh c th xem nh nh n chiu.

Hnh 2. 1: Cc bc c bn trong x l nh
S ny bao gm cc thnh phn nh phn c trnh by sau.
2.2.1 Phn thu nhn nh (Image Acquisition)
nh c th nhn qua camera mu hoc en trng. Thng nh nhn qua camera l
nh tng t (loi camera ng chun CCIR vi tn s 1/25, mi nh 25 dng), cng c
loi camera s ho (nh loi CCD Charge Coupled Device) l loi photodiot to
cng sng ti mi im nh.
Camera thng dng l loi qut dng, nh to ra c dng hai chiu. Cht lng
mt nh thu nhn c ph thuc vo thit b thu, vo mi trng (nh sng, phong
cnh).
2.2.2 Tin x l (Image Processing)
Sau b thu nhn, nh c th nhiu tng phn thp nn cn a vo b tin x
l nng cao cht lng. Chc nng chnh ca b tin x l l lc nhiu, nng
tng phn lm nh r hn, nt hn.
2.2.3 Phn on (Segmentation) hay phn vng nh
Phn vng nh l tch mt nh u vo thnh cc vng thnh phn biu din
phn tch, nhn dng nh. V d: nhn dng ch (hoc m vch) trn b th cho mc
ch phn loi bu phm, cn chia cc cu, ch v a ch hoc tn ngi thnh cc t,
cc ch, cc s (hoc cc vch) ring bit nhn dng. y l phn phc tp kh
Phn
on
nh
Biu din
v m t
Nhn dng
v ni suy
Thu
nhn
nh
Tin x
l nh
C s tr thc

khn nht trong x l nh v cng d gy li, lm mt chnh xc ca nh. Kt qu
nhn dng nh ph thuc rt nhiu vo cng on ny.
2.2.4 Biu din nh (Image Representation)
u ra nh sau phn on cha cc im nh ca vng nh (nh phn on)
cng vi m lin kt vi cc vng ln cn. Vic bin i cc s liu ny thnh dng
thch hp l cn thit cho x l tip theo bng my tnh. Vic chn cc tnh cht th
hin nh gi l trch chn c trng (Feature Selection) gn vi vic tch cc c tnh
ca nh di dng cc thng tin nh lng hoc lm c s phn bit lp i tng
ny vi i tng khc trong phm vi nh nhn c. V d: trong nhn dng k t
trn phong b th, chng ta miu t cc c trng ca tng k t gip phn bit k t
ny vi k t khc.
2.2.5 Nhn dng v ni suy nh (Image Recognition and Interpretation)
Nhn dng nh l qu trnh xc nh nh. Qu trnh ny thng thu c bng cch
so snh vi mu chun c hc (hoc lu) t trc. Ni suy l phn on theo
ngha trn c s nhn dng. V d: mt lot ch s v nt gch ngang trn phong b
th c th c ni suy thnh m in thoi. C nhiu cch phn loai nh khc nhau
v nh. Theo l thuyt v nhn dng, cc m hnh ton hc v nh c phn theo hai
loi nhn dng nh c bn:
- Nhn dng theo tham s.
- Nhn dng theo cu trc.
Mt s i tng nhn dng kh ph bin hin nay ang c p dng trong khoa
hc v cng ngh l: nhn dng k t (ch in, ch vit tay, ch k in t), nhn dng
vn bn (Text), nhn dng vn tay, nhn dng m vch, nhn dng mt ngi
2.2.6 C s tri thc (Knowledge Base)
nh l mt i tng kh phc tp v ng nt, sng ti, dung lng im
nh, mi trng thu nh phong ph ko theo nhiu. Trong nhiu khu x l v phn
tch nh ngoi vic n gin ha cc phng php ton hc m bo tin li cho x l,
ngi ta mong mun bt chc quy trnh tip nhn v x l nh theo cch ca con
ngi. Trong cc bc x l , nhiu khu hin nay x l theo cc phng php
tr tu con ngi. V vy, y cc c s tri thc c pht huy.

2.1 X l nng cao cht lng nh
Thu nhn nh khng phi lc no cng cho kt qu l nhng nh c cht lng tt.
H thng truy vn nh ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng nh u vo. Trong cc nh
c cht lng thp, cc chi tit khng r rng v th vic pht hin v trch chn c
trng nh gp nhiu kh khn, ng thi c th dn n to ra nhiu im c trng
gi, b qua cc im c trng tht, nh sai v tr im c trng. V th tin x l l
qu trnh tng cng cht lng nh nhm nng cao hiu qu ca qu trnh truy vn.
2.3.1 Ci thin nh s dng cc ton t im
Nng cao cht lng l bc cn thit trong x l nh nhm hon thin mt s c
tnh ca nh. Nng cao cht lng nh gm hai cng on khc nhau: tng cng nh
v khi phc nh. Tng cng nh nhm hon thin cc c tnh ca nh nh :
- Lc nhiu, hay lm trn nh,
- Tng tng phn, iu chnh mc xm ca nh,
- Lm ni bin nh.
Cc thut ton trin khai vic nng cao cht lng nh hu ht da trn cc k
thut trong min im, khng gian v tn s. Ton t im l php bin i i vi
tng im nh ang xt, khng lin quan n cc im ln cn khc, trong khi , ton
t khng gian s dng cc im ln cn quy chiu ti im nh ang xt. Mt s
php bin i c tnh ton phc tp c chuyn sang min tn s thc hin, kt
qu cui cng c chuyn tr li min khng gian nh cc bin i ngc.
Khi nim v ton t im:
X l im nh thc cht l bin i gi tr mt im nh da vo gi tr ca chnh
n m khng h da vo cc im nh khc. C hai cch tim cn vi phng php
ny. Cch th nht dng mt hm bin i thch hp vi mc ch hoc yu cu t ra
bin i gi tr mc xm ca im nh sang mt gi tr mc xm khc. Cch th
hai l dng lc mc xm (Gray Histogram). V mt ton hc, ton t im l mt
nh x t gi tr cng nh sng u(m, n) ti to (m, n) sang gi tr cng nh
sng khc v(m, n) thng qua hm f(.), tc l:
v(m,n) = f(u(m,n)) (2.1)

2.3.2 Tng tng phn

Trc tin, cn lm r khi nim tng phn. nh s l tp hp cc im, mi
im c gi tr sng khc nhau. y, sng mt ngi d cm nhn nh song
khng phi l quyt nh. Thc t ch ra rng hai i tng c cng sng nhng t
trn hai nn khc nhau s cho cm nhn sng khc nhau. Nh vy, tng phn biu
din s thay i sng ca i tng so vi nn. Ni mt cch khc, tng phn
l ni ca im nh hay vng nh so vi nn. Nh vy, nu nh c tng phn
km, ta c th thay i ty theo mun.
nh vi tng phn thp c th do iu kin sng khng hay khng u,
hoc do tnh khng tuyn tnh hay bin ng nh ca b cm nhn nh. iu chnh
li tng phn ca nh, cn iu chnh li bin trn ton di hay trn di c gii
hn bng cch bin i tuyn tnh bin u vo (dng hm bin i l hm tuyn
tnh) hay phi tuyn (hm m hay hm lgarit). Khi dng hm tuyn tnh cc dc ,
, phi chn ln hn mt trong min cn dn. Cc tham s a v b (cc cn) c th
chn khi xem xt lc xm ca nh.
() {

( )

( )

(2.2)
Cc cp , , xc nh tng phn tng i. L l s mc xm cc i.
Ch , nu dn tng phn bng hm tuyn tnh ta c:
- = = =1 nh kt qu trng vi nh gc
- , , > 1 dn tng phn.
- , , < 1 co tng phn
2.3.2.1 Tch nhiu v phn ngng
Tch nhiu l trng hp c bit ca dn tng phn khi h s gc = =0.
Tch nhiu c ng dng c hiu qu gim nhiu khi bit tn hiu vo trn khong
[a, b].
Phn ngng l trng hp c bit ca tch nhiu khi a=b=const. Trong trng
hp ny, nh u vo l nh nh phn (c 2 mc). Phn ngng thng dng trong k
thut in nh 2 mu v nh gn nh phn khng cho nh nh phn khi qut nh do c
nhiu t b cm bin v bin i ca nn v d trng hp lc nhiu ca nh vn tay.



Hnh 2.2 : Tch nhiu
Phn ngng l trng hp c bit ca tch nhiu khi a=b=const. Trong trng
hp ny, nh u vo l nh nh phn (c 2 mc). Phn ngng thng dng trong k
thut in nh 2 mu v nh gn nh phn khng cho nh nh phn khi qut nh do c
nhiu t b cm bin v bin i ca nn v d trng hp lc nhiu ca nh vn tay.

Hnh 2.3:Phn ngng
2.3.2.2 Bin i m bn
m bn nhn c bng php bin i m. Php bin i rt c nhiu hu ch trong
cc phim nh dng trong cc nh y hc.
f(u)=L-u (2.3)

Hnh 2.4: Bin i m bn
2.3.2.3 Ct theo mc
Lm ni bt mt min mc xm nht nh ( tng cng mt s c im no
).

s L b a
V
a
V
L
V

V
s
L
b

a
L

C 2 k thut thc hin:
Hin th gi tr cao cho tt c cc mc xm trong vng quan tm, v ngc li
(khng nn).
() {

(2.4)

Hnh 2.5: K thut ct theo mc khng c nn
Lm sng vng mc xm mong mun, nhng gi nguyn cc gi tr xm khc
(c nn).
() {

(2.5)

Hnh 2.6: K thut ct theo mc c nn
2.3.2.4 Trch chn bit
Nhm lm ni bt cc thnh phn trn ton nh bi vic s dng cc bt c bit.
Mi im nh thng c m ha trn B bit. Nu B=8 ta c nh 2
8
=256 mc
xm (nh nh phn ng vi B=1). Trong cc bit m ha ny, ngi ta chia lm 2 loi:
bit bc thp v bit bc cao. Vi bit bc cao, bo ton thng tin cao hn so vi bit
bc thp. Mi mc xm ca 1 im nh c m ha trn B bt, v c biu din:

(2.6)
trch chn bit c ngha nht: bit th n v hin th chng, dng bin i sau:
() {

(2.7)

2.3.2.5 Nn di sng.

i khi do di ng ca nh ln, vic quan st nh khng thun tin. Cn phi
thu nh di sng li m ta gi l nn gii sng. Ngi ta dng php bin i
logarit sau:
v(m,n) = c log 10 ( + u(m,n)) (2.8)
Vi c l hng s t l, c coi l nh so vi u(m, n).
2.3.2.6 M hnh ha v bin i lc xm
V ngha ca lc xm v mt s php bin i lc c trnh by
trong ti liu ny. Xt n mt s bin i hay dng sau:

1
( ) ( )
u
u i
x
f u P x =
(2.9)
vi
1
0
( )
( )
( )
i
u i L
i
i
h x
P x
h x
=
=
(2.10)
trong , h(x
i
) l lc mc xm x
i
.
Ngoi cc bin i trn, ngi ta cn dng mt s bin i khc. Trong cc bin
i ny, mc xm u vo u, trc tin c bin i phi tuyn bi mt trong cc hm
sau:

1/
1
1 0
1
1/
1
1 0
( )
( )
( )
u
n
u
x
L
n
u
x
P x
f u
P x
=
=
=

vi n=2,3, (2.11)
( ) log(1 ); 0 f u u u = + > (2.12)

1/
( ) ; 0; 2, 3,....
n
f u u u n = > = (2.13)
Sau cc bin i , u ra c lng ho u. Ba php bin i ny c dng
trong lng ha nh. Ni chung, cc bin i lc nhm bin i lc t mt
ng khng thun nht sang ng nht tin cho phn tch nh.
2.3.3 Ci thin nh dng cc ton t khng gian
Cc ton t khng gian dng trong k thut tng cng nh c phn nhm theo
cng dng: lm trn nhiu, ni bin. lm trn nhiu hay tch nhiu, ngi ta s

dng cc b lc tuyn tnh (lc trung bnh, thng thp) hay lc phi tuyn (trung v, gi
trung v, lc ng hnh).
2.3.3.1 Lm trn nhiu bng lc tuyn tnh
Do c nhiu loi nhiu can thip vo qu trnh x l nh nn cn c nhiu b lc
thch hp. Vi nhiu cng v nhiu nhn ta dng cc b lc thng thp, trung bnh v
lc ng hnh (Homomorphie); vi nhiu xung ta dng lc trung v, gi trung v, lc
ngoi (Outlier).
Lc trung bnh khng gian
Vi lc trung bnh, mi im nh c thay th bng trung bnh trng s ca cc
im ln cn v c nh ngha nh sau:

( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
k l W
v m n a k l y m k n l
e
=

(2.14)
Nu trong k thut lc trn, ta dng cc trng s nh nhau, phng trnh trn s
tr thnh:

( , )
1
( , ) ( , )
k l W
v m n y m k n l
N
e
=

(2.15)
Vi :
- y(m, n): nh u vo,
- v(m, n): nh u ra,
- (k, l) : l ca s lc.
Vi a
k,l

l l s im nh trong ca s lc W.
Mt b lc trung bnh khng gian khc cng hay c s dng. Phng trnh ca
b lc c dng:
(
+ + + + + + + = ]} 1 , [ ] 1 , [ ] , 1 [ ] , 1 [ ] , [ {
4
1
] , [
2
1
] , [ n m X n m X n m X n m X n m X n m X n m Y
(2.16)
y, nhn chp H c kch thc 2x2 v mi im nh kt qu c gi tr bng
trung bnh cng ca n vi trung bnh cng ca 4 ln cn gn nht.
Lc trung bnh trng s l mt trng hp ring ca lc thng thp.
Lc thng thp

Lc thng thp thng c s dng lm trn nhiu.V nguyn l ca b lc
thng thp ging nh trnh by trn. Trong k thut ny ngi ta hay dng mt s
nhn chp c dng sau:

1
0 1 0
1
1 2 1
8
0 1 0
t
H
(
(
=
(
(

(2.17)

2
2
1 1
1
( 2)
1 1
b
b
H b b b
b
b
(
(
=
(
+
(

(2.18)
Ta d dng nhn thy khi b =1, H
b
chnh l nhn chp H
t1
(lc trung bnh). hiu
r hn bn cht kh nhiu cng ca cc b lc ny, ta vit li phng trnh thu nhn
nh di dng:
[ , ] [ , ] [ , ]
qs goc
X m n X m n m n q = + (2.19)
Trong [m, n] l nhiu cng c phng sai
2
n
. Nh vy, theo cch tnh ca lc
trung bnh ta c:

e
+ =
W l k
qs
w
n m l n k m X
N
n m Y
,
] , [ ) , (
1
] , [ q (2.20)
Hay
w
n
W l k
qs
w
N
n m l n k m X
N
n m Y
2
,
] , [ ) , (
1
] , [
o
q + + =

e
(2.21)
2.3.3.2 Lm trn nhiu bng lc phi tuyn
Cc b lc phi tuyn cng hay c dng trong k thut tng cng nh. Trong
k thut ny, ngi ta dng b lc trung v, gi trung v, lc ngoi. Vi lc trung v,
im nh u vo s c thay th bi trung v cc im nh cn lc gi trung v s
dng trung bnh cng ca 2 gi tr trung v (trung bnh cng ca max v min).
Lc trung v
Trung v c vit vi cng thc:
( ) (( )) * + (2.22)
K thut ny i hi gi tr cc im nh trong ca s phi xp theo th t tng
hay gim dn so vi gi tr trung v. Kch thc ca s thng c chn sao cho s
im nh trong ca s l l. Cc ca s hay dng l ca s c kch thc 3x3, hay 5x5
hay 7x7.

Tnh cht ca lc trung v:
- Lc trung v l loi lc phi tuyn. iu ny d nhn thy t:
Trungvi(x(m)+y(m)) Trungvi(x(m)) + Trungvi(y(m)).
- C li cho vic loi b cc im nh hay cc hng m vn bo ton
phn gii.
- Hiu qu gim khi s im trong ca s ln hay bng mt na s im
trong ca s.
iu ny d gii thch v trung v l (N
w
+1)/2 gi tr ln nht nu N
w
l. Lc
trung v cho trng hp 2 chiu coi nh lc trung v tch c theo tng chiu.
Lc ngoi (Outlier Filter)
Gi thit c ngng no cho cc mc nhiu (c th da vo lc xm).
Tin hnh so snh gi tr xm ca mt im nh vi trung bnh s hc 8 ln cn ca
n. Nu sai lch ln hn ngng, im nh ny c coi nh nhiu. Trong trng hp
, thay th gi tr ca im nh bng gi tr trung bnh 8 ln cn va tnh c. B lc
ngoi c th din t bng cng thc sau:

( ) {
() |( ) ()|
( )
(2.23)
vi (w) l trung bnh cng cc im trong ln cn w; l ngng ngoi.
Cc ca s tnh ton thng chn l 3x3. Tuy nhin, ca s c th m rng n
5x5 hay 7x7 m bo tnh tng quan gia cc im nh. Vn quan trng l xc
nh ngng loi nhiu m vn khng lm mt thng tin ca nh.
2.3.3.3 Mt n g sai phn v lm nhn
Mt n g sai phn dng kh ph bin trong cng ngh in nh lm p nh.
Vi k thut ny, tn hiu u ra thu c bng tn hiu ra ca b lc gradient hay lc
di cao b sung thm u vo:
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) v m n u m n g m n = + (2.24)
vi >0, g(m, n) l gradient ti im (m, n). Hm gradient dng l hm Laplace.
( ) ( ) *( ) ( ) ( )+ (2.25)
y chnh l mt n ch thp.


Hnh 2. 7: Cc ton t g sai phn
2.3.3.4 Lc thng thp, thng cao v lc di thng
Ton t trung bnh khng gian l lc thng thp. Nu h
LP
(m, n) biu din b lc
thng thp FIR (Finite Impulse Response) th b lc thng cao h
HP
(m, n) c th c
nh ngha:
h
HP
(m, n) = (m, n) - h
LP
(m, n) (2.26)
Nh vy, b lc thng cao c th ci t mt cch n gin nh trn hnh 2.9.
B lc di thng c th nh ngha nh sau:
H
HP
(m, n)= h
L1
(m, n) h
L2
(m, n) (2.27)
vi h
L1
v h
L2
l cc b lc thng thp.

Hnh 2.8: S b lc thng cao.
B lc thng thp thng dng lm trn nhiu v ni suy nh. B lc thng cao
dng nhiu trong trch chn bin v lm trn nh, cn b lc di thng c hiu qu lm
ni cnh. V bin s c trnh by k trong cc phn sau. Tuy nhin, d nhn thy,
bin l im c bin thin nhanh v gi tr mc xm theo quan im v tn s tn
hiu. Nh vy, cc im bin ng vi cc thnh phn tn s cao. T , c th dng

b lc thng cao ci thin nhiu, ngha l c th lc cc thnh phn tn s thp v
gi li cc thnh phn tn s cao. V th, lc thng cao thng c dng lm trn
bin trc khi tin thnh cc thao tc vi bin nh. Di y l mt s mt n dng
trong lc thng cao:
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

1 1 1
1 9 1
1 1 1

|
|
|
.
|
\
|

0 1 0
1 5 1
0 1 0

|
|
|
.
|
\
|

1 2 1
2 5 2
1 2 1

Hnh 2.9: Mt s nhn chp trong lc thng cao.
Cc nhn chp thng cao c c tnh chung l tng cc h s ca b lc bng 1.
Nguyn nhn chnh l ngn cn s tng qu gii hn ca cc gi tr mc xm (cc gi
tr im nh vn gi c gi tr ca n mt cch gn ng khng thay i qu nhiu
vi gi tr thc).
2.3.3.5 Khuch i v ni suy nh
C nhiu ng dng cn thit phi phng i mt vng ca nh. C ngha l ly
mt vng ca nh cho v cho hin ln nh mt nh ln. C 2 phng php c
dng l lp (Replication) v ni suy tuyn tnh (Linear Interpolation).
Phng php lp
Ngi ta ly mt vng ca nh kch thc MxN v qut theo hng. Mi im
nh nm trn ng qut s c lp li 1 ln v hng qut cng c lp li 1 ln
na. Nh vy, ta thu c nh vi kch thc 2Nx2N. iu ny tng ng vi vic
chn thm mt hng 0 v 1 ct 0 ri chp vi mt n H. Mt n H:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 1
1 1
H
(2.28)

Kt qu thu c : v(m,n) = u(k,l) vi k=[m/2] v l=[n/2]

Hnh 2.10: Khuych i bi lp 2x2.
Phng php ni suy tuyn tnh
Gi s c mt ma trn im nh. Theo phng php ni suy tuyn tnh, trc
tin, hng c t vo gia cc im nh theo hng. Tip sau, mi im nh dc theo
ct c ni suy theo ng thng. V d, vi mc khuch i 2x2, ni suy tuyn
tnh theo hng s c tnh theo cng thc:
v
1
(m,n) = u(m,n) (2.29)
v
1
(m,2n+1) = u(m,n) + u(m,n+1) (2.30)
V ni suy tuyn tnh ca kt qu trn theo ct:
v 1 (2m,n) = v 1 (m,n) (2.31)
v 1 (2m+1,n) = v 1 (m,n) + v 1 (m+1,n) (2.32)
Vi 0mM-1, 0nN-1
Nu dng mt n dng:
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
4 / 1 2 / 1 4 / 1
2 / 1 1 2 / 1
4 / 1 4 / 1 4 / 1
H
(2.33)

Ni suy vi bc cao hn cng c th p dng cch trn. Th d, ni suy vi bc p
(p nguyn), ta chn p hng vi cc s 0, ri p ct vi cc s 0. Cui cng, tin hnh
nhn chp p ln nh vi mt n H trn.
2.3.3.6 Mt s k thut ci thin nh nh phn
Vi nh nh phn, mc xm ch c 2 gi tr l 0 hay 1. Do vy, ta xt mt phn t
nh nh mt phn t logic v c th p dng cc ton t hnh hc da trn khi nim
bin i hnh hc ca mt nh bi mt phn t cu trc.
Chn hng 0,
ct 0
Chp H

|
|
.
|
\
|
6 5 4
2 3 1

Phn t cu trc l mt mt n dng bt k m cc phn t ca n to nn mt m-tp.
Ngi ta tin hnh r mt n i khp nh v tnh gi tr im nh bi cc im ln cn
vi m-tp ca mt n theo cch ly hi hay ly tuyn.
Da vo nguyn tc trn, ngi ta s dng 2 k thut: dn nh (Dilatation) v co
nh (Erosion).
Dn nh
Dn nh nhm loi b im en b vy bi cc im trng. Trong k thut ny,
mt ca s (N+1)x(N+1) c r i khp nh v thc hin i snh mt pexel ca nh
vi (N+1)2-1 im ln cn (khng tnh im tm). Php i snh y thc hin bi
php tuyn logic.
Co nh
Co nh l thao tc i ngu ca dn nh nhm loi b im trng b vy bi cc
im en. Trong k thut ny, mt ca s (N+1)2 c r i khp nh v thc hin so
snh mt pixel ca nh vi (N+1)2-1 im ln cn. Vic so snh y thc hin bi
php hi logic.
p dng: ngi ta thng vn dng k thut ny cho cc nh nh phn nh nh
vn tay, ch vit. khng nh hng n kch thc ca i tng trong nh, ngi
ta tin hnh n ln dn v n ln co.
2.2 Truy vn nh
X l nh l lnh vc nghin cu ang pht trin khng ngng bi tnh trc quan
sinh ng cng nh kh nng p dng vo thc t ln. Trong x l nh, truy vn nh
c th ni l lnh vc i hi s nghin cu tng hp: nghin cu x l nh rt trch
cc c trng, p dng cc tnh ton ton hc cao cp xc nh mc tng ng
gia 2 nh v s t chc sp xp ch mc cho c s d liu nh. Chnh v th truy vn
nh l lnh vc nghin cu ang rt c quan tm.
Cc h thng truy vn nh hin nay rt a dng nhng nhn chung th chng c
phn bit bi: cc c trng m h thng rt trch t nh lm c s truy vn v phng
php phn on nh c s dng trong h thng truy vn, cch thc t chc ch mc
cho CSDL nh, o s tng ng gia hai nh.
M hnh Hnh 1.1 n gin, d ci t nhng a vo ng dng thc t s chm
v nhc im: khi c mt yu cu truy vn nh h thng khng nhng phi rt trch

cc c trng ca nh truy vn m cn phi rt trch cc c trng ca nh trong tp
nh ca CSDL nh, sau tnh ton mc tng ng gia chng. M hnh ny thch
hp ci t th nghim v ghi nhn kt qu trong qu trnh thc nghim la chn
cc c trng cn rt trch cng nh o s tng ng hiu qu nht.
Cc h thng truy vn nh thng tun theo mt trong hai m hnh sau:

Hnh2.11 M hnh trch c trng thi gian thc
M hnh hnh 1.2 xy dng nn CSDL cc c trng tng ng vi CSDL nh
nn khi pht sinh mt yu cu truy vn, h thng ch rt trch cc c trng ca nh truy
vn v so snh vi cc c trng trong CSDL c trng nn kh nng thc thi nhanh
hn nhng c s phc tp hn trong ci t so vi m hnh trn. M hnh ny thch hp
xy dng ng dng sau khi th nghim v la chn o s tng ng ti u,
cc c trng cn thit phi rt trch v phng php truy vn ti u cho bi ton cn
gii quyt. M hnh ny cn mt c ch m bo gia CSDL cc c trng v
CSDL nh phi khp vi nhau sau mt thi gian s dng, trnh trng hp ngi dng
v tnh hay c thay i CSDL c trng khng cn tng ng vi CSDL nh.

CSDL
nh
Tp nh kt
qu
nh truy vn
Yu cu truy vn
Rt trch c trng v o
s tng ng
Xut ra


Hnh 2. 12 M hnh tch ring c s d liu c trng
Tm li, xy dng h thng truy vn nh, cn gii quyt 3 vn chnh sau:
Rt trch cc c trng trn nh (Feature Exaction)
Xc nh o s tng ng gia hai nh (Similarity Measure)
Lp ch mc cho CSDL nh (Image Indexing)
2.3 Cc k thut truy vn nh
2.5.1 Truy vn theo li ch thch
Cc t kha hay cc li ch thch c a vo m t thng tin trong nh v cc
t kha hay li ch thch cng c dng lm ch mc. Vic truy vn nh n gin ch
l s so khp cc t kha . Cch lm ny ch thch hp khi cc nh trong CSDL nh
c ni dung khng qu phc tp. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca cch lm ny l khi CSDL
nh ln th vic b sung t kha hay li ch thch s tn nhiu chi ph tnh ton v kh
kh khn. Hn na, c vn s khng th miu t bng li ch thch m phi th
hin bng th gic ca nh. Ngoi ra, cc h thng truy vn nh da trn t kha hay
nh truy
vn
c trng ca
nh truy vn
Trch
chn
c
trng
Tp kt qu nh
CSDL
c
trng
ca
nh
CSDL
nh
Trch
c
trng
o s tng ng

li ch thch s c s khng ng nht do nhng ngi s dng khc nhau s cho ra cc
t kha khc nhau.
Bn cnh vic truy tm ti liu vn bn, cc b my tm kim ca
www.search.yahoo.com hay www.google.com u h tr truy vn nh da theo cc t
kha. y chnh l cc h thng truy vn nh da trn t kha hay li ch thch.
2.5.2 Truy vn nh theo ng ngha
Truy vn nh theo ng ngha c 2 cp : ng ngha cp thp da trn vic rt trch
mt s c tnh logic nh tm tt c cc hnh c thp Eifel; cn ngh ngha cp cao
th da trn cc thuc tnh tru tng nh Truy vn nh da theo ng ngha c hai cp
: ng ngha cp thp da tm cc hnh c ngi chu ang khiu v. Phn ln
cc k thut truy vn nh trong CBIR hin nay u da trn cc c trng c bn
mc 1. c mt s cng trnh truy vn nh da theo ng ngha cp thp nh phng
php ca Ranta v Grimson dng cc mi lin h v mu sc rt ra t s phn gii cp
thp ca nh xy dng nn cc mu do ngi dng nh ngha. Cn cc cng trnh
nghin cu truy vn nh da trn cc c trng ng ngha cp cao rt t. Hin ti ch c
mt s cng trnh ang nghin cu nhn bit nh hong hn v bnh minh hay l
nh th hin thi tit lnh hay m p
H thng truy vn nh da vo ng ngha thng gp phi vn v rt trch v
nhn dng c trng ng ngha trong nh v tng ng tng th gia cc c
trng ng ngha vi nhau. V d nh 1 c bng n trn mu , nh 2 c bng n
trn mu cam, nh ba c bng n elp mu . Vi trng hp ny vic rt trch
chnh xc cc ng ngha bng n hnh g v mu g trong mi nh l khng d. Hn
na, nh 1 s ging nh 2 hay nh 1ging nh 3 cng l mt vn h thng cn x l.
V nh 1 khc v mu v ging nhau v hnh dng n vi nh 2 nhng nh 1 li khc
v hnh dng n v ging v mu vi nh 3.
2.5.3 Truy vn nh theo i tng (OBI R)
H thng truy vn nh da vo i tng Object Based Image Retrieval (OBIR)
ang c nghin cu. R rng truy vn nh theo i tng s rt gn vi nhu cu
thng thy ca ngi s dng v ging theo nhn thc ca con ngi. V d tm tt
c cc v tr xe (c biu tng Parking) Tuy vy chi ph cho vic d tm khng d

bi l nh ngha th no l i tng trong nh cho ng vi ngha ca i tng
trong thc t. V th ch ring vic nhn din ra i tng hay nhn dng mt ngi
cng l mt ti nghin cu. i vi phng php ny th yu t quyt nh l lm
sao rt trch ra chnh xc cng mt i tng trong cc nh khc nhau (cc hon cnh
khc nhau ca cng 1 i tng).
2.5.4 Truy vn nh da trn ni dung (CBIR)
H thng truy vn nh da trn ni dung (Content-Based Image Retrieval vit tt l
CBIR) l h thng truy vn nh da trn vic t ng rt trch mt s thng tin c
trng trong nh nh: mu sc, kt cu, v tr, hnh dng. Phng php ny c nhiu
ngi nghin cu vi rt nhiu cch tip cn khc nhau; do rt nhiu h thng truy
vn nh da trn ni dung ra i nh: QBIC, VisualSeek, WebSeek v BlobWorld.
Mi h thng s truy vn da trn mt s c trng nht nh no v c nhiu
ty chn khc nhau ngi dng c th truy vn nh theo mu sc, kt cu, hnh
dng hay thm ch l theo t kha.
H thng Query Based Image Content (QBIC) l h thng truy vn da trn s
phc tho do IBM pht trin. Ngi s dng xy dng mt phc tho, v ra v la
chn mu cng kt cu da theo nh truy vn. Cc c trng mu s dng l gi tr
mu trung bnh trong khng gian RGB. Cc c trng v hnh dng s dng l dng
trn, lch tm v hng ca trc chnh. H thng ch mc xy dng da vo cu
trc cy R* Tree. o tng ng v mu trung bnh l:

( ) (
) (2.34)
Cn v hnh dng th s dng o Eu -clide c trng s.
H thng VisualSeek l h thng truy vn da vo cc c trng trc quan ca nh,
s dng khng gian 166 mu HSV( H: (Hue) Vng mu; S: (Saturation) bo ha
mu; B (hay V): (Bright hay Value) sng . S tng ng gia hai nh c xc
nh theo s tng ng ca cc vng -3x3- trong nh. tin hnh truy vn, trc
tin ngi dng phi phc ha mt s vng trn nh. Sau chn mu cho mi vng,
ng thi xc nh v tr, ln ca vng. H thng s s dng hm so khp sau
tm cc hnh ging vi nh truy vn :
(
) (
). (2.35)

Trong
l 2 tp mu ca 2 nh v A(a[i,j]) l ma trn tng ng ca

cc mu.
H thng WebSeek l h thng truy vn nh trn web theo danh mc nh cho trc
v s dng php bin i wavelet: su tp nh sau phn lp nh, to ch mc v
cui cng l tm kim v hin th. Ngi dng phi chn ch trong danh mc tm
kim trong ch tng ng nh ging nht. H thng s s dng hm so khp sau:
(
) ((
) (2.36)
H thng BlobWorld l h thng truy tm theo nh mu da trn vic rt trch cc
d liu im nguyn thy cng cc c tnh ging nhau v mu sc, kt cu v hnh
dng. Mu sc s c biu din di dng histogram 218 mu, kt cu c trng bi
s tng phn v tnh khng thng ng; cn cc c trng hnh dng tnh theo vng
vi trng tm v hng. nh truy vn theo s phc tho ca cc vng ring bit. Hm
o s tng ng l:
(
) (
) (2.37)
Vi A=a(
) l ma trn i xng th hin s tng ng mu gia i v j.

2.5.5 Cc vn thng gp phi
H thng truy vn nh da vo ng ngha thng gp phi vn v rt trch v
nhn dng c trng ng ngha trong nh v tng ng tng th gia cc c trng
ng ngha vi nhau. V d nh 1 c bng n trn mu , nh 2 c bng n trn mu
cam, nh ba c bng n elp mu . Vi trng hp ny vic rt trch chnh xc cc
ng ngha bng n hnh g v mu g trong mi nh l khng d. Hn na, nh 1 s
ging nh 2 hay nh 1 ging nh 3 cng l mt vn h thng cn x l. V nh 1 khc
v mu v ging nhau v hnh dng n vi nh 2 nhng nh 1 li khc v hnh dng
n v ging v mu vi nh 3.
Phng php truy vn nh da trn cc c trng c bn chng minh c
phn no hiu qu ca n qua cc h thng CBIR mc 1 ang c trin khai QBIC,
VisualSeek, BlobWorld, vi hiu qu truy vn tng i. Nhng mi mt cch la
ch n c trng c bn no dng truy vn thng cng ch ti u trong mt s loi
nh ny m khng tt trong loi nh khcNgoi ra, cc h thng nh ch mc cho
d liu vn bn thng thng khng th p dng cho vic xy dng ch mc cho

CSDL nh. p dng h thng ch mc cho d liu nhiu chiu R*-tree, TV-tree v SS
+
-
tree vo nh ch mc cho CSDL nh cng c nhng hn ch nht nh v chi ph tnh
ton. V vy trin khai mt h thng truy vn nh hon thin trong thc t cn xy
dng h thng ch mc nhiu thch hp.
2.5.6 Cc cch tip cn hin ti v gii php c chn
Cng vi s pht trin mnh m php bin i wavelet, cch tip cn truy vn nh
da trn php bin i ny cng pht trin theo. Mt s cng trnh nghin cu theo
hng ny ra i v vn ang tip tc pht trin cho ra nhng kt qu truy vn
chnh xc hn. Song s dng php bin i wavelet, cng nh Fourier hay DCT trc y
i hi chi ph tnh ton cao. Cho nn gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta thng chn
php bin i wavelet Haar gim bt chi ph tnh ton trong cc h thng truy vn
nh.
Mt hng tip cn khc kh mi m v ang c quan tm l kt hp cc c
trng c bn truy vn v d nh phng php kt hp mu sc v kt cu. Nghin cu
trn cho thy vic kt hp hai hay nhiu c trng truy vn l phng php hon ton
kh thi v mang li hiu qu cao hn so vi cc phng php thng thng khc.


Chng 3: K thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelet
Chng 3
K THUT TRUY VN NH DA TRN WAVELET

3.1 Bin i Wavelet
3.1.1 Bin i Wavelet lin tc( CWT)
3.1.1.1 Php bin i Wavelet thun
Gi f(x) l tn hiu 1-D, php bin i Wavelet lin tc ca f(x) s dng hm
Wavelet
c biu din bi:

W(s,b)=
()
(3.1)
Trong :
W(s,b) l h s bin i Wavelet lin tc ca f(x), vi s l t l(nghch o ca
tn s) v b l dch chuyn c trng v tr.

l lin hip phc ca Wavelet
c gi l hm Wavelet phn tch.

Phng trnh (2.1) cho thy php bin i Wavelet l mt nh x chuyn t hm 1
bin f(x) thnh hm W(s,b) ph thuc hai bin s l bin t l s v bin dch chuyn b.
H s chun ha 1/ trong (3.1) m bo cho s chun ha sng Wavelet sao cho
||
()
||= ||
||.
3.1.1.2 Biu din cc h s Wavelet
C hai cch biu din cc h s wavelet. Th nht, biu din cc h s wavelet
W(s, b) trong h ta ba trc vung gc( x, y, z) vi trc x biu din tham s dch
chuyn( v tr) b, trc y biu din tham s t l( l nghch o tn s) s, v trc thng
ng z biu din h s wavelet W. Th hai, biu din cc h s W(s, b) trong mt
phng khng gian- t l (x,s) dng cc ng ng tr hay dng nh,cch biu din
ny thng dng trong x l nh.
3.1.1.3 Php bin i Wavelet nghch
Nu php bin i Wavelet thun c dng (2.1) th php bin i Wavelet nghch
c dng:

()
( )
) (3.2)
Trong :

l hng s ph thuc vo hm Wavelet c s dng

Cng thc (3.2) cho php khi phc li tn hiu nguyn thy t cc h s bin i
Wavelet bng php tnh tch phn theo ton b cc tham s t l s v dch chuyn b.
3.1.1.4 Php bin i Wavelet lin tc hai chiu v nhiu chiu
Php bin i 2-D c cho bi phng trnh:
( )
()
) (3.3)
Trong : R( x1,x2) l vector ta gm hai thnh phn x1 v x2 tha mn h
thc:

B( b1,b2) l vector v tr c hai thnh phn tha h thc:

H s 1/s chun ha nng lng ca sng Wavelet 2-D, c suy ra t
trng hp 1-D. Tn hiu f(R) l hm hai bin khng gian theo x1 v x2.
Php bin i Wavelet nghch 2-D c vit di dng:
()
( )
(3.4)
Php bin i Wavelet n chiu(n>2) c th xy dng n gin bng cch m rng
s phn t trong cc vector R v B n n gi tr theo cch biu din:
R(x1,x2,,xn) v B(b1,b2,,bn) (3.5)
Hm Wavelet
()
(R) trong khng gian n-D c vit dng:

()
(R) =
) (3.6)
Nn php bin i Wavelet n-D c vit dng:
( )
)
()
) (3.7)
V php bin i Wavelet nghch n-D c dng:
()
( )
(3.8)

3.1.1.5 Ri rc ha php vin i Wavelet lin tc
tnh cc h s ca php bin i Wavelet lin tc trn my tnh, hai tham s t l
v tnh tin khng th nhn cc gi tr lin tc m n phi l cc gi tr ri rc.
3.1.1.6 Hiu ng bin
Khi ly bin i Wavelet ca tn hiu hu hn v ri rc, do nh hng bi tch
trong ca hm Wavelet vi cc gi tr ln cn trn cc bin ca tn hiu nn gi tr ca
h s Wavelet b bin i kh mnh, hin tng ny gi l hiu ng bin. S bin dng
do hiu ng bin cng ln khi thc hin php bin i Wavelet vi cc t l ln.
3.1.2 Bin i Wavelet ri rc( DWT)
3.1.2.1 Php bin i Wavelet ri rc v phn tch a phn gii
Mi quan h gia hm t l v hm Wavelet c cho bi:
()
( ) (3.9)
(x) = = (
( ) (3.10)
Cc php lc c tin hnh vi nhiu tng khc nhau v khi lng tnh ton
khng tng, khi qua mi b lc tn hiu c ly mu xung 2.
ng vi mi tng, tn hiu c phn gii khc nhau. Do php bin i Wavelet
ri rc c gi l phn tch a gii( MRA).
Ti mi tng lc, biu thc ca php lc c cho bi cng thc:
() ()( )
(3.11)
() ()( )
(3.12)
Trong : S(n) l tn hiu, h(n) l p ng xung ca cc b lc tng ng vi hm
t l (n) v g(n) l p ng xung ca cc b lc thng cao tng ng vi hm
Wavelet (n). Hai b lc ny lin h nhau theo h thc:
H(N-1-n)=()
g(n) (3.13)
Trong : N l s mu ca tn hiu



Hnh 3.1: Phn tch a phn gii s dng bin i Wavelet ri rc
Tn hiu S(n) c th c ti to theo cc bc ngc li gi l php bin i
Wavelet ri rc nghch( IDWT) c cho bi:
S(n) = (
()( ))
()( )) (3.14)
Trong :
()
() ln lt l tn hiu ng ra sau khi qua cc b lc thng

cao v thng thp.
3.1.2.2 Php bin i Wavelet ri rc hai chiu:
Gi x, y l hai trc ta ca tn hiu 2-D, L l php lc thng thp, H l php lc
thng cao, php bin i Wavelet ri rc 2-D c tnh c th nh sau:

()
( ) ()() :LL (3.15)

()
( ) ()() :LH (3.16)

()
( ) ()() :HL (3.17)

()
( ) ()() :HH (3.18)


Hnh 3.2: Php bin i Wavelet ri rc 2-D
3.2 K thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelets
3.2.1 Gii thiu v k thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelets
Truy vn nh da trn Wavelet s dng php bin i Wavelet trch cc c
trng cc b ca nh, bao gm c trng mu v c trng cu trc. Khi mt bc nh
c a vo phn tch, ta bin i nh thnh 4 nh bng tn con bng vic s dng
bin i Wavelet. 4 nh con bao gm: nh cha tn s thp-gn ging vi nh gc
nht, gi l gn ng(LL); nh cha tn s cao gi l chi tit ngang( LH); nh cha tn
s cao gi l chi tit dc( HL); v nh bao gm c chi tit dc v chi tit ngang(HH).
nng cao cu trc v mnh ca cc cnh, ta kt hp chi tit dc v chi tit
ngang vo mt ma trn khc. Bc tip theo, ta c lng cc im quan trng bng
mt ngng gi tr cao. Sau ta im quan trng s c trch t nh, ta cc
im quan trng s c s dng bit cc thng tin quan trng nht ca bc nh v
chuyn sang mt vng nh hn. Da vo ta cc im quan trng ny, chng ta s
trch cc c trng mu v c trng cu trc ca nh mt cch cc b.
Hnh 3.3 s khi ca k thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelets.
3.2.2 B lc Gabor
Hm 1-D Gabor c nh ngha bi Gabor(1946) v sau c m rng ra 2-D
bi Daugman(1985). B lc Gabor 2-D l mt li sng sine phc c hng c cho
bi cng thc:

( )
( ) ,( )- (3.19)



Hnh 3.2: S khi k thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelet
Trong :

,(
(3.20)
l tn s ca hm sin
l t l ca b lc
l hng ca b lc
(x,y) l hm Gaussian vi thng s t l

Hm ca b lc Gabor
(x,y) c dng phc. Phn tch hm Gabor
(x,y) thnh phn thc v phn o ta c:

(x,y)=
(x,y) +
(x,y) (3.21)
Trong :

(x,y) =
( ) ,( )- (3.22)
(x,y) =
( ) ,( )- (3.23)
nh u
vo
Cc nh ng
ra gn ging
nht vi nh
ng vo
Tin x
l nh
Lc Gabor
Bin i
Wavelet
So snh
vi c s
d liu
nh
Trch chi tit
dc v ngang
Cc c trng
cc b ca
nh
Trch c trng mu
c trng
cu trc
c trng
mu

Ng ra b lc Gabor ca nh f(x,y) t c bng cch chp nh vi hm Gabor
(x,y):

( | ) ( )
( )
(3.24)

( | ) ( )
( )
(3.25)
Vi ca s ca b lc c kch thc WxW, trong W=2k+1
Nng lng ca b lc c tnh nh sau:
( | )
( | )
( | ) (3.26)
3.2.3 c trng cu trc v c trng mu
3.2.3.1 c trng cu trc
Cu trc bao gm s lp li m hnh ca s bin i cc b cng nh. Cu trc
l c tnh quan trng trong nhn dng b mt v vt th. Thng tin cu trc c trch
t nh l c trng in hnh trong truy vn nh.
Cu trc l c tnh c phn phi thng k cng nh s dng nng lng ca
b lc Gabor 7x7 pixel.
3.2.3.2 c trng mu
Mu c to ra bi ph nh sng c hp th hoc phn x, sau c tip
nhn bi mt ngi, v c x l bi no. trch c trng mu, moment thng k
th nht v moment thng k th hai c s dng. Khng gian mu HSV tng t
nh h thng nhn thc mu ca ngi, v vy ta s dng n trch c trng mu
trong khng gian mu HSV ln cn cc im quan trng vi kch thc 3x3 pixel.
Moment thng k th nht c biu din:
=
( )
(3.27)
Trong :
p(i,j): gi tr ca pixel
MxN: kch thc ca im quan trng v ln cn ca n
Moment thng k th hai c biu din nh sau:

=
(( ) )

(3.28)
Trong :
p(i,j): gi tr ca pixel
: gi tr ca moment thng k th nht
MxN: kch thc ca im quan trng v ln cn ca n
3.2.4 Thut ton truy vn nh
Bc 1: c nh yu cu(nh ng vo) v chuyn t nh RGB sang nh gray v
nh HSV. Sau phn tch s dng bin i Wavelet.
Bc 2: Ly tr tuyt i tt c cc h s Wavelet: Wcnew= |WCold|
Bc 3: Kt hp chi tit dc v chi tit ngang: CVdHd(i,j) = max(Vd(I,j),Hd(I,j))
Bc 4: Chn cc im quan trng trn ma trn CVdHd(i,j) bi ngng gi tr cao.
Bc 5: Chn cc im trong nh HSV v ln cn ca n( 3x3 pixel) da vo ta
im quan trng trong ma trn CVdHd(i,j), sau hnh thnh vector c trng mu
bng cch s dng moment thng k th nht v moment thng k th hai.
Bc 6: Hnh thnh vector c trng cu trc bng vic s dng b lc Gabor 7x7
pixel ln cn im quan trng. V tin hnh chun ha tt c cc vector c trng.
Bc 7: o khong cch gia vector c trng ca nh yu cu v vector c trng
ca cc nh trong c s d liu bng cch s dng khong cch Eclic sau hin th
kt qu l danh sch cc nh gn ging nh yu cu nht c trong c s d liu.
3.2.5 So snh tng ng ca nh v nh gi hiu sut ca h thng
Kt qu truy vn khng ch l mt nh n m l danh sch cc nh c sp xp
theo mc tng ng vi nh yu cu. tng ng c tnh ton bng cch s
dng khong cch Eclic gia vector c trng ca nh yu cu v vector c trng ca
nh trong c s d liu.
FQ( Q1,Q2,,Qn)
FD( D1,D2,,Dn)

Dis(FQ,FD) =
( )
(3.29)
Trong :
FQ: vector c trng ca nh yu cu
FD: vector c trng ca nh trong c s d liu
n: s phn t ca vector c trng
Nu khong cch gia vector c trng ca nh yu cu v vector c trng nh
trong c s d liu l nh, th chng c xem l tng ng nhau.
Hiu sut ca h thng CBIR c nh gi bng vic xem xt hai h s: chnh
xc(precision) v truy hi( recall).
Precision =
(3.30)
Trong :
NNRI: s nh c truy vn tha mn(ging vi nh yu cu)
XR: tng s nh c truy vn
Recall=
(3.31)
Trong :
NNRI: s nh c truy vn tha mn(ging vi nh yu cu)
TR: tng s nh tha mn c trong c s d liu

Chng 4: M phng k thut truy vn nh da trn Wavelet
Chng 4
M PHNG K THUT TRUY VN NH DA TRN
WAVELET
4.1 t vn m phng trn matlab
4.1.1 C s d liu nh
C s d liu nh dng trong ti m phng s dng c s d liu nh ca
Wang [1] gm 1000 vi 10 ch khc nhau. nh c nh dng JPG, kch thc
256x384 pixel v 384x256 pixel.
4.1.2 nh u vo v cc tc nhn gy nh hng
nh c th nhn qua camera mu hoc en trng. Thng nh nhn qua camera l
nh tng t (loi camera ng chun CCIR vi tn s 1/25, mi nh 25 dng), cng c
loi camera s ho (nh loi CCD Charge Coupled Device) l loi photodiot to
cng sng ti mi im nh. Camera thng dng l loi qut dng, nh to ra c
dng hai chiu. Mt khc, nh cng c th tip nhn t v tinh, c th qut t nh chp
bng my qut nh.
Cht lng mt nh thu nhn c ph thuc vo thit b thu, vo mi trng (nh
sng, phong cnh).
4.1.2.1 S m nh
S lm m hay s phai nht ca mt nh c th gy ra bi nhiu tc nhn :
- Chuyn ng trong khi chp nh (gy ra bi camera) hoc khi thi gian l sng
nhiu c s dng (gy ra bi vt).
- Ngoi vng tiu c ca ng knh , s dng mt ng knh c gc m rng , s
hn lon ca mi trng , thi gian l sng ngn s lm gim s lng
phtn c bt gi (captured).
Thut ng Point spread function (PSF): Trong min khng gian , PSF din t cp
bc m mt h thng quang hc lm m mt im sng.
Mt nh b m hay b phai nht c th c m t vn tt bi phng trnh g=Hf+n
trong :

- g : nh b m
- H : Tc nhn lm mo cng c gi l PSF .
- f : nh gc
- n : Nhiu ph , c to ra trong qu trnh nhn nh , n lm hng nh
Ch : nh f thc t khng tn ti . nh ny i din cho bc nh m ta c nu
tnh trng thu nhn nh l hon ho.
4.1.2.2 S m rng nhiu
S m rng nhiu l mt vn thng gp ca phng php ging cc i
(maximum likelihood ) c gng lp y d liu gn nht c th . Sau mt s vng lp ,
nh c khi phc c th c hnh lm m , c bit vi mt i tng phng c
quan st ti t s tn hiu / nhiu nh . Nhng m ny khng i din cho bt k mt
cu trc no trong nh thc nhng l gi to ca vic lm khp nhiu trong nh qu
gn .
4.1.3 Tin x l nh
Sau b thu nhn, nh c th nhiu tng phn thp nn cn a vo b tin x
l nng cao cht lng. Chc nng chnh ca b tin x l l lc nhiu, nng
tng phn lm nh r hn, nt hn.
4.1.3.1 Khi phc nh m
Toolbox x l nh ca Matlab gm c 4 hm khi phc nh m bao gm :
- deconvwnr : S dng b lc Wiener
- deconvreg : S dng b lc c quy tc ho
- deconvlucy : S dng gii thut Lucy-Richardson
- deconvblind : S dng gii thut blind deconvolution
Tt c nhng hm ny chp nhn mt PSF v mt nh b m nh l cc tham s
chnh ca n .Vi hai hm deconvwnr v deconvreg, ta cung cp mt s thng tin v
nhiu gim s khuch i nhiu n mc c th trong qu trnh khi phc .
Hm deconvlucy thi hnh mt cch nhanh chng gii thut Lucy-Richardson . Hm
ny thc hin nhiu vng lp , s dng k thut ti u v thng k Poisson . Vi hm
ny, ta khng cn phi cung cp thng tin v nhiu ph trong nh b bn. Hm ny

c th c s dng hiu qu khi bit c hm PSF nhng bit t v nhiu tc ng
ph ln nh.
Hm deconvblind thi hnh gii thut blind deconvolution m khng cn nhn ra
PSF . Khi ta gi hm deconvblind , ta truyn mt tham s nh l gi tr on bit ban
u PSF . Hm deconvblind tr li mt PSF c khi phc khi phc nh .
S thi hnh s dng cng ch suy gim v lp nh hm deconvlucy . Hm ny
c s dng hiu qu khi khng c thng tin v m hoc nhiu.
T cc nhn xt pha trn, c th thy hm deconvblind l thch hp cho vic la
chn gii thut x l nh m trong vic truy vn nh khi ta khng c thng tin no v
m hoc nhiu i vi 1 bc nh c a vo truy vn.
Cc bc kh m dng hm deconvblind:
- c mt nh vo khng gian lm vic
- To hm PSF lm m nh
- To m trn nh
- Kh m nh, to mt s c lng ban u cho kch thc ca PSF
4.1.3.2 Gim nhiu
iu khin s m rng nhiu , hm deconvlucy s dng mt tham s gi l
DAMPAR . Tham s ny ch ra mc ngng cho lch ca nh kt qu so vi nh
gc . Vi cc pixel m lch khi vng ln cn ca cc gi tr gc ca chng , vng lp
b treo .
Damping cng c s dng gim rung ( ringing ) hnh dng ca cu trc tn
s cao trong nh khi phc . Ringing khng cn thit n kt qu ca m rng nhiu .


4.2 Lu thut ton

Hnh 4.1 Lu thut ton truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet.

c nh yu cu, chuyn i kiu nh v
phn tch Wavelet
Ly tr tuyt i cc h s Wavelet
Kt hp chi tit dc v ngang
Chn im quan trng
Hnh thnh vector c trng mu
Hnh thnh vector c trng cu
trc
So snh vector c trng v a ra kt qu
end
Begin

4.2.1 Cc hm trong matlab c s dng cho n
Bng 4.1: Cc hm matlab c s dng trong n
Tn hm Chc nng
imread(football.jpg); Hm imread c mt nh t bt k
nh dng no c h tr trong
matlab.
[file_name file_path] Tr v ng dn n th mc
nh v tn nh.
rgb2hsv Chuyn t nh RGB sang nh
mu HSV
rgb2gray Chuyn t nh RGB sang nh
xm.
imshow(moon) Hin th mt nh c nhp
vo trong khng gian lm vic.
Y = imresize(X,[100 150]) Ch nh kch thc nh

4.3 Chng trnh m phng k thut truy vn nh da trn wavlet
4.3.1 c nh yu cu, chuyn i kiu nh v phn tch wavelet
c nh yu cu
Ta s dng hm [file_patch,file_name] hin th ng dn th mc hnh nh.
[file_name file_path] = uigetfile ('*.jpg','Chon anh kiem tra ','test\2.jpg');
if file_path ~= 0
Ikt = imread ([file_path,file_name]);
end
S dng cc hm chuyn i kiu nh chuyn t nh gc sang nh mu v nh
xm a vo cc hm rt trch c trng mu v c trng cu trc.

imghsvyc= rgb2hsv(Ikt);
imgyc= rgb2gray(Ikt);
Dng hm bin i wavelet bc 1 rt trch cc h s chi tit dc(HL), chi tit
ngang(LH), trung bnh(LL), kt hp chi tit dc v chi tit ngang (HH).
[LL,LH,HL,HH]= dwt2(imgyc, 'haar');
4.3.2 Ly tr tuyt i cc h s wavlet
Cc h s rt trch c t php bin i wavlet c c gi tr m v dng. Ta ly
tr tuyt i cc h s wavelet a v mc dng thch hp cho vic chn ngng
phn sau.
vdyc= abs(HL);
hdyc= abs(LH);
4.3.3 Kt hp chi tit dc v ngang
Kt hp chi tit dc v ngang bng cch ly gi tr cao nht ca chi tit dc v
ngang s dng hm max trong matlab.
Chn im quan trng
Vic la chn im quan trng da trn mt ngng gi tr cao ca tp kt hp
cc chi tit dc v ngang. Vi s im quan trng c chn cho ti ny l 500
im quan trng.
[ayc1, byc1]= laynguong(sodqt,cvhyc);
Vi ayc1 l gi tr v byc1 l v tr ca im quan trng.
4.3.4 Hnh thnh vector c trng mu:
Vector c trng mu hnh thnh bng cch dng cc h s trong ma trn im
quan trng ca mi bc nh tnh ton moment mu th nht v moment mu th 2
cho mi bc nh. Vic tnh ton ny s hnh thnh 500 im moment mu cho mi bc
nh tng ng vi 500 im quan trng c rt trch t ma trn kt hp cc h s
wavelet.
v2yc=momentmau(imghsvyc,ayc1,byc1);

Vi imghsvyc l nh yu cu c chuyn sang nh HSV, ayc1 v byc1 l cc
thng s ca im quan trng c rt trch t ly ngng.
4.3.5 Hnh thnh vector c trng cu trc
Vector c trng cu trc c hnh thnh bng cch dng cc h s trong ma
trn im quan trng ca mi bc nh kt hp vi nh xm(gray) tnh ton cho mt
kch thc 3x3 xung quanh im quan trng. Tng t th vic tnh ton ny cng
hnh thnh 500 im c trng cu trc cho mi bc nh.
v1tv=gaborver2(img,ayc1,byc1);
Vi img l nh yu cu c chuyn sang nh gray, ayc1 v byc1 l cc thng s
ca im quan trng c rt trch t ly ngng.
4.3.6 Tin hnh so snh vector c trng v a ra kt qu
Cc vector c trng mu v cu trc c kt hp li thnh vector c trng ring
ca mi nh. Tin hnh so snh bng cch o khong cch gia nh yu cu v cc
nh trong c s d liu nh. nh gn nht tng ng vi khong cch nh nht c
tnh ton.
4.4 Thc nghim
4.4.1 i vi c trng mu:
c trng mu s dng d liu hnh nh HSV c chuyn i t hm nh gc
RGB. nh HSV c chuyn i bao gm 3 thnh phn: Thnh phn H: (Hue) Vng
mu; S: (Saturation) bo ha mu; B (hay V): (Bright hay Value) sng.
imgh= imghsv(:,:,1) : c php ny dng ly thnh phn mu h.
imgh= imghsv(:,:,2) : c php ny dng ly thnh phn mu s.

imgh= imghsv(:,:,3) : c php ny dng ly thnh phn mu v.
thu c kt qu truy vn tt nht, ta th nghim vi tng thnh phn kt hp
vi cc c im ca c trng cu trc.
4.4.2 i vi c trng cu trc

i vi vic tnh ton cc c trng cu trc s dng b lc garbor ph thuc vo
vic chn cc thng s ph hp cho vic x l nh.
Cc thng s lin quan n rt trch nh:
l tn s ca hm sin
l t l ca b lc
l hng ca b lc
Cc thng s ny phi c thc nghim trn c s l thuyt [garbor] la chn
thng s ph hp nht cho s chnh xc ca vic truy vn nh.
Theo c s l thuyt [], ta c cc gi tr c chn l:
: ()
:
: 0
o
,45
o
,90
o
,135
o
.
4.4.3 Tin hnh la chn cc thng s ph hp
Bng 1: Thng k chnh xc ca cc c trng v mu sc (%)
Coso1(h) Coso2(s) Coso3(v)
Bus 12.7 11.1 10.5
Khung long 12.6 42.9 52.8
Voi 19.4 26.4 12.7
Hoa 11.4 11.6 29.9
Ngua 46 52.4 63.6
Trung binh 20.4 28.9 33.9

Bng 2: Thng k chnh xc ca cc c trng v cu trc
0
o
, 0
o
, 0
o
, 0
o
,
12.7 10.2 11.9 12.6
52.3 72 58.1 49.7
22.8 12.2 20.4 21.2
17.2 19.3 16.5 18.5

19.7 32.3 22.3 17.2
24,9 30.3 25.8 23.8

45
o
, 45
o
, 45
o
, 45
o
, /4
10.3 10.3 10.3 10.7
71.4 71.4 71.4 37.1
11.8 11.8 11.8 19.2
17.4 17.4 17.4 24
38.2 38.2 38.2 19.7
29.8 29.8 29.8 22.1

90
o
, 90
o
, 90
o
, 90
o
,
13.7 13.7 11.7 12.8
40.8 40.8 61.9 50.3
24.9 24.9 24.5 24.1
15.2 15.2 13.1 16.7
18.8 18.8 14.3 16.9
22.6 22.6 25.1 24.1

135
o
, 135
o
, 135
o
, 135
o
, /4
10.3 10.3 10.3 11.4
71.4 71.4 71.4 53.2
11.8 11.8 11.8 21.2
17.4 17.4 17.4 23.5
38.2 38.2 38.2 18.9
29.8 29.8 29.8 25.6


Bng 3: Thng k chnh xc kt hp gia c trng mu thnh phn h v cc c
trng cu trc (%)
0
o
, 0
o
, 0
o
, 0
o
,
22.5 20.3 21.9 22.5
56 68 63.1 54
31.2 25 28.8 29.3
26.4 26.3 25.9 27.3
32.9 44.4 33.3 30.5
33.8 36.8 34.6 32.7

45
o
, 45
o
, 45
o
, 45
o
, /4
20.2 20.2 20.2 20.3
68.7 68.7 68.7 42.1
25.3 25.3 25.3 28.3
24.1 24.1 24.1 31.9
48.9 48.9 48.9 35.5
37.4 37.4 37.4 31.6

90
o
, 90
o
, 90
o
, 90
o
,
23.4 23.4 21.5 22.7
44.3 44.3 63 52.7
33 33 33.2 31
25 25 22.7 26.3
32.7 32.7 29 31.3
31.7 31.7 33.9 32.8

135
o
, 135
o
, 135
o
, 135
o
, /4

20.2 20.2 20.2 21.3
68.7 68.7 68.7 57.3
25.3 25.3 25.3 30
24.1 24.1 24.1 32.8
48.9 48.9 48.9 33.2
37.4 37.4 37.4 34.9

Cc c trng kt hp thnh phn mu h v b lc garbor s dng gc 135
o
v 45
o

ti cc gi tr w=, , , 2 cho cng kt qu v c chnh xc truy vn trung
bnh cao nht l 37.4%.
Bng 4: Thng k chnh xc kt hp gia c trng mu thnh phn s v cc c
trng cu trc
0
o
, 0
o
, 0
o
, 0
o
,
22.5 20.2 21.9 22.5
63.7 51.6 65.8 61
31.1 33.8 29.6 30.4
26.5 24.2 26 27.4
27.8 50.9 29.9 26.4
34.3 36.1 34.6 33.5

45
o
, 2 45
o
, 22 45
o
, 42
45
o
, /4
20.1 20.1 20.1 20.3
53.2 53.2 53.2 53
34 34 34 29.7
22.3 22.3 22.3 31.7
56.9 56.9 56.9 30.3
37.3 37.3 37.3 33


90
o
, 90
o
, 90
o
, 90
o
,
23.4 23.4 21.5 22.7
52.4 52.4 63.3 54.8
32.7 32.7 33.4 30.3
24.8 24.8 22.5 26.2
28.8 28.8 25.1 26.3
32.42 32.42 33.16 32.06

135
o
, 135
o
, 135
o
, 135
o
, /4
20.1 20.1 20.1 21.3
53.2 53.2 53.2 61.4
34 34 34 31.6
22.3 22.3 22.3 32.5
56.9 56.9 56.9 30.3
37.3 37.3 37.3 35.4

Cc c trng kt hp thnh phn mu s v b lc garbor s dng gc 135
o
v 45
o
ti
cc gi tr w=, , , 2 cho cng kt qu v c chnh xc truy vn trung
bnh cao nht l 37.3%

Bng 5: Thng k chnh xc kt hp gia c trng mu thnh phn s v cc c
trng cu trc
0
o
, 0
o
, 0
o
, 0
o
,
22.5 20.2 21.9 22.5
59.8 57.2 62.9 58
30.3 22 27.4 28.7
28.5 36.7 29.6 29.7
34.4 66.5 35.4 33
35.1 36.6 35.44 34.38


45
o
, 45
o
, 45
o
, 45
o
, /4
20.1 20.1 20.1 20.3
66.9 66.9 66.9 51.2
22 22 22 26.7
37.1 37.1 37.1 33.6
69.1 69.1 69.1 40
43.1 43.1 43.1 34.36

90
o
, 90
o
, 90
o
, 90
o
,
23.4 23.4 21.5 22.7
50.8 50.8 63.2 53.9
33 33 33 31.2
27.2 27.2 25.6 28.4
31.8 31.8 29.3 32.6
33.24 33.24 34.52 33.76

135
o
, 135
o
, 135
o
, 135
o
, /4
20.1 20.1 20.1 21.3
66.9 66.9 66.9 60.3
22 22 22 29.9
37.1 37.1 37.1 35.5
69.1 69.1 69.1 39.3
43.1 43.1 43.1 37.2

Cc c trng mu s dng gc 135
o
v 45
o
ti cc gi tr w=, , , 2
cho cng kt qu v c chnh xc truy vn trung bnh cao nht l 43.1%.


Ch thch: Cc thnh phn c chnh xc trung bnh cao nht.
Cc thnh phn c la chn cho n.
Nh vy sau cc cch kt hp cc thnh phn mu sc v cc thnh phn cu trc,
ta c s kt hp tt nht l: s kt hp gia thnh phn V trong biu mu HSV vi
c trng v cu trc s dng gc 45
o
hoc 135
o
v w=, hoc , 2 .
Cui cng ta chn gc 45
o
v w= cho b lc gabor v thnh phn V trong gam
mu HSV cho vic rt trch cc c trng v mu sc v cu trc cho n ny.
4.5 Gii thiu chng trnh
Chng trnh Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet l chng trnh c thit
k trn giao din ngi dng GUI ca phn mm Matlab 7.8. Rt n gin v d dng
s dng.
m chng trnh bn c th lm theo 2 cch:
Cch 1: M trc tip trn chng trnh Matlab 7.8. Ta ch ng dn n th
mc DATN sau Run file giaodien.fig. Nh hnh di:

Hnh 4.2 M giao din bng ng dn th mc c sn trn Matlab
Hoc cc bn cng c th vo trc tip th mc DATN m file giaodien.fig. Sau
khi chy chng trnh s xut hin hp th thoi nh hnh:



Hnh 4.3 Giao din chng trnh
chn hnh cn truy vn, ta nhp chut vo nt brown for image... Sau
nhp chut vo nt truy vn. Chng trnh s chy v xut kt qu ra mt figure ring
nh hnh 4.4. chnh xc v truy hi cng c tnh ton v xut ra 2 textbox
trn giao din.

Hnh 4.4 Kt qu ca truy vn mt nh trong loi hnh khng long

Chng 5: Kt qu m phng
Chng 5
KT QU M PHNG
5.1 Kt qu m phng
Trong chng trnh m phng, ta s dng c s d liu ca Wang [5], gm 1000
hnh kiu RGB.
Bng 5.1: chnh xc ca phng php xut
Loi hnh Truy vn 10 nh Truy vn 5 nh
Africa 27.3 45
Bi bin 34.8 56
Kin trc 24.9 43.2
Bus 20.1 39.8
Khng long 66.9 73.8
Voi 21.9 40.4
Hoa 37.1 51.2
Nga 69.1 76.4
Ni 22.3 41
Food 21.3 40.8
Trung bnh 34.6 50.8

Bng 4.1 trnh by chnh xc trung bnh khi truy vn nh ca tng loi nh trong
c s d liu. Ta thy nh Voi c chnh xc cao nht(39.6% ), trong khi nh
ngi c chnh xc thp nht( ch 14,9%).
Di y l kt qu truy vn nh ca mi loi nh trong c s d liu:
+ nh ngi:

Hnh 5.1 nh ngi

+ nh bi bin:

Hnh 5.2 nh bi bin
+nh kin trc:

Hnh 5.3 nh kin trc

+nh xe bus:

Hnh 5.4 nh xe bus
+ nh khng long:

Hnh 5.5 nh khng long

+ nh voi:

Hnh 5.6 nh voi
+ nh hoa:

Hnh 5.7 nh hoa

+ nh nga:

Hnh 5.8 nh nga
+ nh ni:

Hnh 5.9 nh ni

+ nh thc n:

Hnh 5.10 nh thc n
Kt qu c mang ra so snh vi cc phng php truy vn nh khc cng s
dng tp c s d liu nh WANG [] nh FIRM[], SIMPLYcity[], Color sailient
points[]. Kt qu so snh c th hin bng sau
Bng 5.2 So snh chnh xc ca cc phng php truy vn khc.
Loi hnh FIRM SIMPLYcity Color sailent
points
Phng php
xut
Kin trc 0.35 0.35 0.32 0.44
Xe but 0.60 0.36 0.52 0.59
Nga 0.65 0.72 0.70 0.42
Khng Long 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.75
Bi bin 0.35 0.32 0.34 0.35
Trung bnh 0.58 0.54 0.566 0.51


5.2 chnh xc
Truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet c mang ra so snh vi cc h thng
truy vn nh khc. Kt qu thu c cho thy phng php ny tt hn cho vic truy
vn mt vi loi hnh nh: Bin vi chnh xc l 44%( FIRM 35% , SIMPLYcity
35%, color sailients points 32%); xe but vi chnh xc l 59%, tt hn so vi
SIMPLYcity(36%) v color sailient points (52%).
Tuy nhin, chnh xc trung bnh th thp hn so vi cc phng php nu trn.
5.3 Tc truy vn nh
Tc truy vn nh trong c s d liu l rt tt so vi cc phng php khc,
di 1s. Tc trung bnh thng k cho mt loi nh l 4s. Nh vy v mt thi gian
vic truy vn nh da trn bin i wavelet c truy xut p ng nhanh.


Chng 6: Kt lun v hng pht trin
Chng 6
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN
6.1 Kt qu t c
- a ra c cc l thuyt tng quan v truy vn nh, l thuyt v b lc gabor,
c trng mu, c trng cu trc, php bin i Wavelet v ng dng ca php bin
i Wavelet trong truy vn nh.
- Xy dng chng trnh m phng v truy vn nh da trn php bin i Wavelet
- a ra kt qu, tnh chnh xc, truy hi ca tng nh ring l, v thng k
chnh xc truy vn nh ca tng loi nh c trong c s d liu.
6.2 Hn ch
- Kt qu m phng khng c chnh xc so vi l thuyt.
- chnh xc cn thp.
- Chng trnh m phng cn di nn tc x l chm.
6.3 Hng pht trin
- Tip tc nghin cu ti nng cao chnh xc ca chng trnh m phng.
- n gin ha m chng trnh tc x l nhanh hn.
- Tin hnh thc nghim trn phn cng.
- So snh chnh xc, tc x l ca phng php so vi cc phng php hin
ti.

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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP.HCM

,-.Khi , mi lc c tnh bng cch m knh mu tng ng trong mi

l 2 tp mu ca 2 nh v A(a[i,j]) l ma trn tng ng ca

) l ma trn i xng th hin s tng ng mu gia i v j.

c biu din bi:

l lin hip phc ca Wavelet

c gi l hm Wavelet phn tch.

l hng s ph thuc vo hm Wavelet c s dng

() ln lt l tn hiu ng ra sau khi qua cc b lc thng

(x,y) l hm Gaussian vi thng s t l

(x,y) c dng phc. Phn tch hm Gabor

(x,y) thnh phn thc v phn o ta c:

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