Lun vn

ti: Bi ton nhn dng

bin s xe

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MC LC
M U .................................................................................................................. 7
CHNG 1. Tng quan v nhn dng. ................................................................... 8
1.1 - Tnh cht v s cn thit ca bi ton nhn dang. ................................................ 8
1.1.1

Tnh cht ...................................................................................................... 8

1.1.2

S cn thit. ................................................................................................. 8

1.2 - Khng gian biu din i tng, khng gian din dch. .................................... 10
1.2.1

Khng gian biu din i tng ................................................................ 10

1.2.2

Khng gian din dch. ................................................................................ 10

1.3 - M hnh v bn cht ca qu trnh nhn dng.................................................... 11

1.3.1

M hnh. ..................................................................................................... 11

1.3.2

Bn cht ca qu trnh nhn dng. ............................................................. 12

CHNG 2. X l nh v openCV ...................................................................... 15

2.1 - X l nh phn .................................................................................................... 16
2.2 - Gim nhiu. ........................................................................................................ 18
2.2.1

B lc hp thng thng (Normalized Box filter). ................................... 19

2.2.2

B lc gaussian (Gaussian Filter). ............................................................. 20

2.2.3

B lc Median (Median Filter): ................................................................. 21

2.2.4

B lc song phng (Bilateral filter). ........................................................ 22

2.2.5

Filter2D ...................................................................................................... 23

2.3 - Bin v cc phng php tm bin. .................................................................... 24

2.3.1

Khi nim v bin: ..................................................................................... 24

2.3.2

Phng php Gradient. .............................................................................. 24

2.3.3

Ton t la bn. ........................................................................................... 29

2.3.4

Laplace. ...................................................................................................... 31

2.3.5

Tch sn nh theo Canny. ....................................................................... 33

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2.4 - Bin i Hough .................................................................................................. 35

2.5 - Mt s hm c bn trong th vin OpenCV ...................................................... 41
2.5.1

Ti mt nh v hin th nh. ...................................................................... 41

2.5.2

Chuyn nh mu sang nh xm. ................................................................ 42

2.5.3

Tm i tng bng findContours ............................................................ 43

CHNG 3. Bi ton nhn dng bin s xe. ....................................................... 45

3.1 - Khi nim v nhn dng bin s xe. ................................................................... 45
3.1.1

Khi nim. .................................................................................................. 45

3.1.2

ng dng. .................................................................................................. 47

3.1.3

Phn loi bin s xe. .................................................................................. 48

3.2 - Mt s hng gii quyt bi ton nhn dng bin s xe. ................................... 52
3.2.1

Hng tip cn pht trin vng. ................................................................ 52

3.2.2

Hng tip cn d bin v bin i Hough. .............................................. 53

3.2.3

Phn ngng v tm vng i tng (hng tip cn ca n). ............ 54

3.3 - Hng gii quyt. ............................................................................................... 54

3.4 - Pht hin vng cha bin s. .............................................................................. 56
3.4.1

Giai on 1: Bin i nh xm v lc nh ................................................. 57

3.4.2

Giai on 2: Tin hnh phn ngng hoc pht hin bin. ....................... 57

3.4.3

Giai on 3: Tm ng bao i ng. ................................................... 58

3.4.4

Giai on 4: Tch vng bin s. ................................................................ 59

3.5 - Tch ring tng k t ......................................................................................... 60

3.5.1

Giai on 1: Tin hnh phn ngng. ....................................................... 61

3.5.2

Giai on 2: Tm vng i tng. ............................................................. 61

3.5.3

Giai on 3: Tm v tch vng k t. ........................................................ 61

3.6 - Nhn dng k t quang hc ( mng nron) ........................................................ 61

3.6.1

M hnh nron nhn to............................................................................. 62

3.6.2

Mng nron ................................................................................................ 63

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3.6.3

Mng Kohonen ........................................................................................... 66

3.6.4

Mng nron nhiu lp ln truyn ngc sai s ......................................... 71

CHNG 4. Kt qu v hng pht trin ca bi ton nhn dng bin s xe. .... 74
4.1 - Kt qu hng gii quyt phn ngng v tm i tng. ............................. 74
4.1.1 Kt qu dng vi phng php tm bin Canny kt hp vi tm vng i
tng. 75
4.1.2

Kt qu dng vi phng php phn ngng kt hp tm vng i tng

75

4.1.3

Kt lun. ..................................................................................................... 76

4.2 - Hng pht trin ca bi ton nhn dng bin s xe. ........................................ 82
4.2.1

Nhn xt. .................................................................................................... 82

4.2.2

Hng pht trin ca bi ton. ................................................................... 82

KT LUN. ........................................................................................................... 84
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................... 85
Ph lc. ................................................................................................................... 86

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Danh mc cc hnh v
Hnh 1.1 Nhn dng vn tay trn my ATM. .......................................................... 9
Hnh 1.2 Phin dch vin Jibbigo ............................................................................ 9
Hnh 1.3 S tng quan mt h nhn dng. ....................................................... 14
Hnh 2.1 Qu trnh x l nh. ................................................................................ 15
Hnh 2.2 Cc bc c bn trong h thng x l nh............................................. 15
Hnh 2.3 (a) ngng 40,(b) ngng 121 ............................................................... 16
Hnh 2.4 S dng b lc hp thng thng. ......................................................... 20
Hnh 2.5 s dng b lc Gaussian ......................................................................... 21
Hnh 2.6 s dng b lc Median ........................................................................... 22
Hnh 2.7 s dng b lc song phng................................................................... 23
Hnh 2.8 filter2D nhn thay i tng dn t tri qua phi..................................... 24
Hnh 2.9 Tm bin bng chc nng Sobel trong OpenCV .................................... 29
Hnh 2.10 Mt n 8 hng theo Kirsh. .................................................................. 29
Hnh 2.11 Tm bin Laplace .................................................................................. 33
Hnh 2.12 Tm bin theo Canny ............................................................................ 35
Hnh 2.13 Trc ta cc i qua 2 im.......................................................... 36
Hnh 2.14 Trc ta cc................................................................................. 36
Hnh 2.15 H ta cc. ....................................................................................... 37
Hnh 2.16 ng thngHough trong ta cc. .................................................. 38
Hnh 2.17 Kt hp gia HoughLines vi HoughCircles ....................................... 40
Hnh 2.18 Tm thy hnh trn trong mu c hnh trn. ......................................... 41
Hnh 2.19 Ti mt nh vo ca s windows ......................................................... 42
Hnh 2.20 Chuyn nh mu sang nh xm. ........................................................... 43
Hnh 2.21 s dng findContours tm i tng .................................................... 44
Hnh 3.1 H thng t ng nhn dng bin s xe. ................................................ 46
Hnh 3.2 Bin s mi. ............................................................................................ 52
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Hnh 3.3 Mt s loi bin s xe thng dng ......................................................... 54

Hnh 3.4 (a) nh u vo (b) nh x l xm v lc song phng. ........................ 57
Hnh 3.5 nh sau khi tin hnh phn ngng ........................................................ 58
Hnh 3.6 Tm ng bao cc i tng ................................................................ 59
Hnh 3.7 Sau khi lc bng dc im bin s v ct ring vng bin s ................ 60
Hnh 3.8 Cc k t c ct sau khi tm thy vng bin s.................................. 61
Hnh 3.9 M hnh nron nhn to. ........................................................................ 62
Hnh 3.10 Mng nron truyn thng v nhiu lp. ............................................... 64
Hnh 3.11 Mng nron hi quy. ............................................................................ 64
Hnh 3.12 Hc tham s c gim st....................................................................... 66
Hnh 3.13 Li cc nron ..................................................................................... 67
Hnh 3.14 nh x mt cu vo li nron 15x15 ................................................. 71
Hnh 3.15 Mng nron 2 lp. ................................................................................ 72
Hnh 4.1 Bin khng nhn dng c ................................................................... 77
Hnh 4.2 Vng bin s trong qu trnh phn ngng. ........................................... 80
Hnh 4.3 Mc xm thp lm vng bin s b mt trong qu trnh phn ngng .. 80
Hnh 4.4 Nhng bin s khng nhn k t ...................................................... 82

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Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Danh mc cc bng
Bng

Tn bng

Trang

Bng 1

Chi tit tm vng bin s s dng d bin Canny v tm

vng i tng.

77

Bng 2

Chi tit tm vng bin s s dng hng phn ngng v

tm vng i tng.

78

Tm vng bin s trong cc khong ngng khc nhau

Bng 3

tng dn.(bin c tm thy khong ngng trc s

79

khng phi l i tng xt cc khong ngng sau).

Tm vng bin s trong cc ngng khc nhau gim dn.
Bng 4

(bin c tm thy khong ngng trc s khng phi

80

l i tng xt cc khong ngng sau).

Chi tit cc khong ngng pht hin nhng bin s.( cc
Bng 5

bin tch ly thnh cng khong ngng trc khng

82

c tnh cho khong ngng sau).

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M U
Hin nay, vi s pht trin kinh t x hi bng n s lng phng tin giao
thng. Gy ra nhng kh khn trong cng tc qun l, x l vi phm giao thng m
ngun nhn lc con ngi kh c th m ng c. V vy vn cn thit l c
mt h thng qun l, x l vi phm giao thng t ng.
xy dng h thng qun l giao thng t ng th Bi ton nhn dng bin
s xe l tin xy dng nhng m hnh qun l . Tuy nhin, hin nay Vit
Nam nhng h thng qun l cha nhiu v lnh vc nhn dng cn ang pht trin.
T nhng thc t , trong thi gian lm n tt nghip em quyt nh la
chn tm hiu v bi ton nhn dng trong ch trng vo vic nhn dng bin s
xe. phc v cho bc u trong h thng qun l phng tin giao thng ti Vit
Nam. Trong iu kin nng lc v thi gian c hn, nn bo co ca em khng trnh
khi nhng sai st. Em knh mong thy c v cc bn ng gp nhng kin em c
th chnh sa v b sung nhng phn thiu st em hon thin ti ca mnh.
Em xin chn thnh cm n Thy V Anh Dng v cc bn ht lng gip ,
ch bo em c th hon thnh tt n tt nghip ny.
Trong bo co n ln ny em trnh by thnh 4 chng nh sau.
Chng I: Tng quan v nhn dng.
Chng II. X l nh v OpenCV.
Chng III. Bi ton nhn dng bin s.
Chng IV. Kt qu v hng pht trin ca bi ton nhn dng bin s xe.

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CHNG 1. Tng quan v nhn dng.

1.1 - Tnh cht v s cn thit ca bi ton nhn dang.

1.1.1
-

Tnh cht

Nhn dng l qu trnh phn loi cc i tng c biu din theo mt m

hnh no v gn cho chng vo mt lp (gn i tng mt tn gi) da theo nhng

quy lut v cc mu chun. Qu trnh nhn dng da vo nhng mu hc bit trc gi
l nhn dng c thy (supervised learning); trong trng hp ngc li gi l hc
khng thy (non supervised learning).
-

Nhn dng l mt bi ton quan trng trong ngnh th gic my tnh.

1.1.2 S cn thit.
-

Cng vi s pht trin khng ngng ca kinh t x hi v cc ngnh k thut

hin nay. i hi s qun l v x l thng tin chnh xc m n vt qu sc ca con

ngi. V vy chng ta cn c my mc hoc ng lm gim ti hoc thay th cng
vic nng nhc, i hi s chnh xc cao v nhm chn cho con ngi. Vic gip my
mc nhn dang (thu thp , phn loi thng tin) nh cn ngi s gip my mc hot
ng hiu qu ging nh con ngi vi chnh xc cao hn rt nhiu.
-

Mt s ng dng ca bi ton nhn dng.

Nhn dng du vn tay: Vit Nam c s dng trong vic chm cng,

im danh v lm kha an ton cho cc loi ca st, my tnh xch tay. N to s

tin dng v rt an ton.

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Hnh 1.1 Nhn dng vn tay trn my ATM.

Thay v phi nhp m pin trn my ATM th bn ch vic t ngn tay tr ca mnh
ln v giao dch s bt u.
Nhn dng ging ni: ng dng ny c tch hp trn nhiu sn phm, bn s iu
khin cc thit b qua ging ni ca mnh thay v phi thao tc trc tip bng tay, nh
trong m hnh nh thng minh, trn in thoi. V d : ng dng Jibbigo trn in
thoi i ng , ng dng ny c th dch c ting ni ca ngi s dng vi 8 ngn
ng khc nhau nh ting Anh, Php, c, Nht, Hn Quc, Philipin, Ty Ban Nha,
Trung Quc.

Hnh 1.2 Phin dch vin Jibbigo

Nhn dng bin s xe: s c gii thiu ti Chng III

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1.2 - Khng gian biu din i tng, khng gian din dch.
1.2.1 Khng gian biu din i tng
Cc i tng khi quan st hay thu nhp c thng c biu din bi tp
cc c trng hay c tnh. Nh trong trng hp x l nh, nh sau khi c tng
cng nng cao cht lng, phn vng v trch chn c tnh, .c biu din bi
cc c trng nh bin , min ng nht. Ngi ta thng phn cc c trng ny
theo cc loi nh: c trng t p (tp im), c trng hnh hc v c trng chc
nng. Vic biu din nh theo c trng no cn ph thuc vo ng dng tip theo.
V d : gi s i tng X (nh, ch vit, du vn tay,) c biu din bi n
thnh phn c trng: X={x1,x2.,xn}; mi xi biu din mt c tnh. Khng gian biu
din i tng thng gi tt l khng gian i tng A c nh ngha:
A={X1,X2,Xm}
Trong mi Xi biu din mt i tng. Khng gian ny c th l v hn.
nhng tin xem xt th ta ch xt tp hu hn.

1.2.2 Khng gian din dch.

Khng gian din dch l tp cc tn gi ca i tng. Kt thc qu trnh nhn
dng ta xc nh c tn gi cho cc i tng trong tp khng gian i tng hay
ni l nhn dng c i tng.
Mt hnh thc gi l l tp tn i tng:
={ w1 ,w2,.wk} vi wi, i= 1,2,.k l tn cc i tng
Qu trnh nhn dng i tng f l mt nh xa f: A vi f l tp cc quy lut
nh mt phn t trong A ng vi mt phn t trong . Nu tp cc quy lut v tp
tn cc i tng l bit trc nh trong nhn dng ch vit c ( c 26 lp t AZ),

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ngi ta gi l nhn dng c thy. Trng hp hai l nhn dng khng c thy ( trng
hp ny kh khn hn).

1.3 - M hnh v bn cht ca qu trnh nhn dng.

1.3.1 M hnh.
Vic chn la mt qu trnh nhn dng c lin quan mt thit n kiu m t m
ngi ta s dng c t i tng. Trong nhn dng, ngi ta phn chia theo hai h
lp:
-

H m t theo tham s.

H m t theo cu trc.
Cch m t c la chn s xc nh m hnh ca i tng. Nh vy, chng

s c 2 loi m hnh: m hnh theo tham s v m hnh cu trc.

a.

M hnh tham s.

M hnh tham s s dng mt vector c i tng. Mi phn t cavector

m t mt c tnh ca i tng. V d: nh trong cc c trng chc nng, ngi ta
s dng cc hm c s trc giao biu din. V nh vy nh s c biu din bi
mt chui cc hm trc giao. Gi s C l ng bao ca nh C(i,j) l im th i trn
ng bao, i= 1,2,n ( ng bao gm n im).
Gi s
x0=

y0=

l ta im. Nh vy, moment trung tm bc p,q ca ng bao l :

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vector tham s trong trng hp ny chnh l cc moment ij vi i=1,2,.,p v j =

1,2,,q. Cn trong s cc c trng hnh hc, ngi ta hay s dng chu tuyn, ng
bao, din tch v t l T=4S/p2 vi S l din tch, p l chu tuyn.
Vic chn phng php biu din s lm n gin cch xy dng. Tuy nhin, vic
la chn c trng no l hon ton ph thuc vo ng dng.

b.

M hnh cu trc.

Cch tip cn ca m hnh ny da vo vic m t i tng nh mt s khi nim

biu th cc i tng c s trong ngn ng t nhin. m t i tng, ngi ta
dng mt s dng nguyn thy nh on thng, cung . Chng hn mt hnh ch nht
c nh ngha gm 4 ong thng vung gc vi nhau tng i mt. Trong m hnh
ny ngi ta s dng mt b k hiu kt thc Vt, mt b k hiu khng kt thc gi l
Vn . Ngoi ra cn dng mt tp cc lut sn xut m t cch xy dng cc i tng
ph hp da trn cc i tng n gin hn hoc i tng nguyn thy. Trong cch
tip cn ny, ta chp nhn mt khng nh l: cu trc l kt qu ca vic p dng lut
sn xut theo nhng nguyn tc xc nh bt u t mt dng gc bt u. Mt cch
hnh thc, ta c th coi m hnh ny tng ng mt vn phm G=(Vt,Vn,P,S) vi :
-Vt l b k hiu kt thc,
-Vn l b k hiu khng kt thc,
-P l lut sn xut,
-S l dng ( k hiu bt u).

1.3.2 Bn cht ca qu trnh nhn dng.

Qu trnh nhn dng gm 3 giai on chnh:
-

La chn m hnh biu din i tng.

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La chn lut ra quyt nh (phng php nhn dng) v suy din qu trnh hc.

Hc nhn dng.

Khi m hnh biu din i tng c xc nh, c th l nh lng ( m hnh

tham s) hay nh tnh ( m hnh cu trc), qu trnh nhn dng chuyn sang giai on
hc. Hc l giai on quan trng. Thao tc hc nhm ci thin, iu chnh vic phn
hoch tp i tng thnh lp.
Vic nhn dng chnh l tm ra quy lut v cc thut ton c th gn i tng
vo mt lp hay ni mt cch khc gn cho i tng mt tn.

a.

Hc c thy ( supervised learning)

K thut phn loi nh kin thc bit trc gi l hc c thy. c im c bn ca

k thut ny l ngi ta c mt th vin cc mu chun. Mu cn nhn dng s c
em so snh vi mu chun xem n thuc loi no. V d nh trong mt nh vin
thm, ngi ta mun phn bit mt cch ng la, mt cnh rng hay mt vng t
hoang m c miu t v i tng . Vn ch yu l thit k mt h thng c
th i snh i tng trong nh vi mu chun v quyt nh gn cho chng vo mt
lp. Vic i snh nh vo cc th tc ra quyt nh da trn mt cng c gi l hm
phn lp hay hm ra quyt nh.

b.

Hc khng c thy( non supervised learning)

K thut ny phi t nh ra cch lp khc nhau v xc nh cc tham s c

trng cho tng lp. Hc khng c thy kh khn hn. Mt mt, do s lp khng c
bit trc, mt khc nhng c trng ca lp cng khng bit trc. K thut ny
nhm tin hnh mi cch gp nhm c th v chn la cch tt nht. Bt u t tp d
liu, nhiu th tc x l khc nhau nhm phn lp v nng cp dn t c mt
phng n phn loi.

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Nhin chung, mt h thng nhn dng c th tm tt s sau.

Hnh 1.3 S tng quan mt h nhn dng.

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CHNG 2. X l nh v openCV
Qu trnh x l nh c xem nh l qu trnh thao tc nh u vo nhm cho
ra kt qu mong mun. kt qu u ra ca mt qu trnh x l nh c th l mt nh
tt hn (theo mun) hoc mt kt lun.

Hnh 2.1 Qu trnh x l nh.

nh c th xem l tp hp cc im nh v mi im nh c xem l c trng
cng sng hay mt du hiu no ti mt v tr no ca i tng trong khng
gian v c th xem nh hm n bin . Do nh trong x l nh c th xem nh nh n
chiu.
S tng qut ca h thng x l nh:

Hnh 2.2 Cc bc c bn trong h thng x l nh

V chng ny chung ta s c bit OpenCV h tr g cho nhng bc x l
nh. Tip sau em s gii thiu cc bc x l v OpenCV h tr x l nh nh th no
(cung cp th vin g).
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Tin x l
Cc thao tc x l trn nh chun b cho nhng bc phn tch tip theo.
Chng hn nh cc thao tc: chn ngng chuyn nh a cp xm, nh mu v dng
nh phn, gim nhiu loi b nhng d diu khng lin quan, phn on phn
tch cch thnh phn trong nh v cui cng l lm mnh hay d bin dng xc
nh cc vng, cc c trng thch hp v i tng cn quan tm.

2.2 - X l nh phn
Mc xm l gi tr c th c ca im nh.
Vi nhng nh a cp xm cc thng tin sn dng nh phn chng hn nh cc
chui vn bn hay cc i tng nh, th phng php nh phn thng thng s c
thc hin trc. Mc ch ca phng php ny s t ng chn mt ngng cn thit
tch nh ra lm hai phn: thng tin nh v thng tin nn. Vic chn ngng tt
(ngng m c th tch nh thnh hai phn: phn nh, phn nn mt cch chnh xc)
lun l mt qu trnh kh v d gy ra li.

(a)

(b)

Hnh 2.3 (a) ngng 40,(b) ngng 121

Kt qu ny s gp kh khn khi tng phn gia nn v cc gi tr im nh l
thp (chng hn nh xe mu xm nn mu trng), nt ca vn bn mng hoc d liu
khng c chiu sng tt.
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thc hin vic tch ngng ny th OpenCV cung cp chc nng threshold.
threshold( src_gray, dst, threshold_value, max_BINARY_value,threshold_type );

src_gray: hnh nh u vo.

dst: hnh nh u ra.

threshold_value: gi tr thc hin tch ngng.
max_BINARY_value: gi tr thc hin tch ngng nh phn.
threshold_type: mt trong 5 ngng hot ng
5 ngng hot ng OpenCV cung cp:
a. Threshold Binary: nu gi tr cc im nh cao hn gi tr ngng th c thit
lp gi tr mi l gi tr cao nht (255), thp hn gi tr cc im nh v mc 0;

b. Threshold binaru, inverted: ngc vi Threshold Binary

c. Truncate: gi tr cc im nh cao hn gi tr ngng s b thay i bng gi tr

ngng, thp hn gi nguyn.

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d.

18

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Threshold to Zero: gi tr cc im nh cao hn gi tr ngng s c gi li

cn cc im nh c gi tr thp hn gi tr ngng s a v gi tr 0.

e. Threshold to Zero, inverted : Ngc li vi Threshold to Zero.

2.3 - Gim nhiu.

Nhiu trong nh l do nhiu nguyn nhn bao gm: s thoi ha theo thi gian,
qu trnh sao chp. Mt s k thut x l nh s c p dng loi b nhiu. Sau
khi c nh phn ha, nh s c lc gim nhiu. Trn thc th tn ti nhiu
loi nhiu, tuy nhin ngi ta thng xem xt 3 loi chnh: nhiu cng, nhiu nhn
v nhiu xung. Chng xut hin nhng im nh khc bit so vi vng xung quanh.
Bn cht ca nhiu l thng tng ng vi tn s cao v c s l thuyt ca cc
b lc l ch cho nhng tn hiu c tn s no thng qua, do lc nhiu
ngi ta thng s dng b lc thng thp hay trung bnh. Vi nhiu cng v nhiu

SV: Phm Th Ti Lp S11-50TH

GVHD: Th.S V Anh Dng

 n Tt Nghip

19

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

nhn ta dng cc b lc thng thp, trung bnh; vi nhiu xung ta dng lc trung v
gi trung b.
Trong lc trung bnh, ngi ta u tin cho cc hng bo v bin ca nh
khi b m khi lm trn nh. Cc kiu mt n c s dng ty theo cc cc trng
hp khc nhau. Cc b lc trn l b lc tuyn tnh theo ngha l im tm ca s
s c thay bi t hp cc im ln cn chp vi mt n. Lc thng thp thng
dng lm trn nhiu.
Cc b lc phi tuyn cng c dng trong k thut tng cng nh. Trong k
thut ny ngi ta dng b lc trung v, b lc gi trung v. Vi b lc trung v cc
im nh s c thay th bi trung v cc im nh, b lc gi trung v th cc im
nh c thay th bi trung bnh cng ca gi tr trung vi..
Sau y l mt s b lc thng dng.

2.3.1 B lc hp thng thng (Normalized Box filter).

y l b lc n gin nht.
Mi im u ra l trung bnh ca cc im lng ging ht nhn ca mnh (tt c cc
im xung quanh ng gp vi trng lng bng nhau.

1
K
K width K Height

1
1

.
1

1
1
.
.
1

1 ... 1
1 ... 1
. ... 1

. ... 1
1 ... 1

OpenCv cung cp cc chc nng blur thc hin gim nhiu vi b lc ny.
Blur(src,dst,size(i,i),point(-1,-1))
src: nh ngun
dst: nh ra
size(w,h) : xc nh kch thc ca ht nhn s c s dng ( chiu

SV: Phm Th Ti Lp S11-50TH

GVHD: Th.S V Anh Dng