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V tuyn thng minh: gii php cng ngh s
dng hiu qu tn s v tuyn - Phn 1

Ngun: khonggianit.vn
Vi cng ngh v tuyn thng minh, cc thit b v tuyn thng minh c s
dng cm ng, nhn din v s dng ph tn v tuyn hiu qu hn na
theo thi gian, khng gian v tn s.

Theo Ed Thomas Nu xt ton b gii tn s v tuyn t 0 n 100 GHz v quan
trc mt thi gian v khng gian c th, th ch c t 5% n 10% lng ph tn
c s dng. Nh vy, c hn 90% ti nguyn ph tn v tuyn b lng ph [1].
Cng ngh v tuyn thng minh hin c xem nh l mt gii php ti u cho
vn ny. Bi vit s trnh by tng quan cc khi nim, c ch truy cp ph tn
ng, m hnh h thng in hnh cng nh tnh kh thi ca cng ngh v tuyn
thng minh trong cc h thng khng dy th h sau.

I. Khi nim v v tuyn thng minh

H thng v tuyn thng minh l h thng m cc phn t ca n c kh nng thay
i cc tham s (cng sut, tn s) trn c s tng tc vi mi trng hot ng
[2]. Theo , thit b v tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm SDR (Software Defined
Radio) s l mt phn t quan trng trong h thng v tuyn thng minh. V cc
tham s ca thit b SDR c thay i mt cch linh ng bng phn mm m
khng cn phi thay i cu trc phn cng. Mc ch ca v tuyn thng minh l
cho php cc thit b v tuyn khc hot ng trn cc di tn cn trng tm thi
m khng gy nhiu n cc h thng v tuyn c quyn u tin cao hn hot
ng trn di tn . cho php tn dng ti a ti nguyn ph tn nh trn, v
tuyn thng minh phi c nhng tnh nng c bn nh sau:

- iu chnh tn s hot ng ca h thng mt cch tc th t mt bng tn ny
n mt bng tn khc (cn trng) trn di tn cho php (Hnh 1).

- Thit lp mng thng tin v hot ng trn mt phn hoc ton b bng tn
c cp pht

- Chia s knh tn s v iu khin cng sut thch ng theo iu kin c th ca
mi trng v tuyn, m tn ti nhiu loi hnh dch v v tuyn cng chim
dng.

- Thc hin thch ng rng bng tn, tc truyn v cc s m ho sa
li cho php t c thng lng tt nht c th.

- To bp sng v iu khin bp sng thch ng theo i tng truyn thng
nhm gim thiu nhiu ng knh v ti a cng tn hiu thu.



Hnh 1: Khi nim h ph ri hnh thnh ln tng v v tuyn thng minh

II. M hnh v tuyn thng minh da trn SDR

M hnh v tuyn thng minh in hnh trn c s SDR nh Hnh 2. Theo , cc
chc nng v cc c tnh c bn nh sau :

Khi anten di rng (Wideband antenna) c c im l hot ng trn ton b
bng tn v tuyn thng minh (di tn ny rt rng). tn dng trit ti
nguyn ph tn v tuyn cn trng mt cch tc th, anten di rng phi c kh
nng qut tn s rt rng sao cho c th pht hin c hu ht nhng thay i ca
mi trng (thi gian khng s dng ca cc di tn s cp php). Ton b ph
tn kh qut c chia thnh N bng nh, v mi thit b v tuyn nh ngha bng
phn mm (SDR) s hot ng trn mt bng tn nh . Ngoi ra, h thng a
anten c xut to bp sng v li phn tp nhm tng cng phn
gii khng gian v ci thin hiu qu tch sng.

Khi duplexer c dng nh hng (phn b) tn hiu cho cc anten, hay ni
cch khc n phn cch tn hiu thu v tn hiu pht.


Hnh 2: M hnh v tuyn thng minh in hnh trn c s SDR

Khi la chn tn s ng (Dynamic Frequency Selection - DFS) l mt qu trnh
la chn tn s t ng c dng trong v tuyn thng minh trnh gy nhiu
n cc h thng v tuyn khc c quyn u tin cao hn khi hot ng cng
bng tn. Khi hot ng, ph tn s ch c la chn s dng khi n khng b
chim dng bi thit b khc, v s dng chim dng ph tn ny ngay khi cc
thit b v tuyn c quyn u tin cao hn c nhu cu s dng.

Khi v tuyn c nh ngha bng phn mm (Software Defined Radio - SDR)
hot ng ng thi trong module thu. Mi khi SDR c iu khin hot
ng trong mt di tn nht nh thng qua phn mm m khng phi thay i cu
trc phn cng. L do ca vic s dng nhiu module SDR song song thay v ch
mt module SDR duy nht l gim phc tp ca thit b SDR. S liu u ra
ca cc khi SDR c a vo cng mt khi chc nng, khi ny thc hin
quyt nh ti u (thng minh) da trn nhng thng tin t cc SDR thnh phn,
trong thc hin la chn v kt hp gia cc lung thng tin sau tch sng
ti to lung thng tin cng nh cc tn hiu iu khin cc tham s phn pht.



Khi cm bin mi trng (Incumbent Profile Detection IPD) pht hin s hin
hu ca thit b v tuyn c quyn u tin cao hn da trn cc thng tin v: s
phn b ph tn, thi im chim dng ph tn ca cc thit b v tuyn c cp
php, v tp tham s cng sut pht.

Khi tng hp tn s thch ng pha pht c nhim v to ra tn s sng mang
tham kho chun mt cch chnh xc phc v cho qu trnh iu ch cao tn v
chuyn i bng tn. Mun vy, cn phi khai thc thng tin t khi cm bin mi
trng (IPD) nh: s phn b ph tn, thi im chim dng ph tn ca cc
thit b v tuyn c cp php, v tp tham s cng sut pht. Cc thng s ny
cho php xc nh chnh xc mc cng sut pht nhm m bo v tuyn thng
minh khng gy nhiu n cc thit b v tuyn khc.

Khi iu khin cng sut pht (Transmit Power Control - TPC) cho php thch
ng mc cng sut pht theo s thay i tn s lm vic ca thit b v tuyn
thng minh.

Khi cng nh thi (Timing Gate) cho php m bo rng v tuyn thng minh
ch pht tn hiu nhng tn s hin khng b chim dng.

III. M hnh mng v tuyn thng minh

Cc khng dy ang tn ti s dng hn hp nhiu chnh sch ph v cng ngh
truyn thng khc nhau. Hn na, mt s phn ph v tuyn c cp php
cho cc mc ch khc nhau trong khi mt s bng vn cha c cp php.



Hnh 3 Kin trc mng V tuyn thng minh

Cc thnh phn kin trc ca mng V tuyn thng minh, nh Hnh 3, c th phn
thnh hai nhm l mng chnh (primary network) v mng V tuyn thng minh.
Cc thnh phn c bn ca hai nhm mng ny c xc nh nh sau:

- Mng chnh (Primary network): Mng chnh c quyn truy nhp ti mt vi
bng ph nht nh, chng hn nh mng TV qung b, hay mng t ong ni
chung. Cc thnh phn ca mng chnh bao gm:

+ Ngi dng chnh (Primary user): Ngi dng chnh (hay ngi dng c
cp php) c giy php hot ng trong mt bng ph nht nh. Truy nhp ny
ch c gim st bi trm gc chnh v khng b nh hng bi nhng hot ng
ca bt k ngi dng khng c cp php khc. cng tn ti vi cc trm
gc V tuyn thng minh v ngi dng V tuyn thng minh, nhng ngi dng
chnh ny khng cn bt c s iu chnh hoc chc nng cng thm no.

+ Trm gc chnh (Primary base-station): Trm gc chnh (hay trm gc c
cp php) l thnh phn c s h tng mng c c nh, c giy php ph, nh
BTS trong mng t ong. V nguyn tc, trm gc chnh khng c kh nng chia s
ph vi nhng ngi dng V tuyn thng minh. Tuy nhin, trm gc chnh ny
c th yu cu c c kh nng ny.

- Mng V tuyn thng minh: Mng V tuyn thng minh (hay mng xG, mng
Truy nhp ph tn ng, mng th cp, mng khng c cp php) khng c
giy php hot ng trong mt bng mong mun. Do , n ch c php truy
nhp ph khi c c hi. Mng V tuyn thng minh c th gm c mng c c s
h tng v mng ad hoc, cc thnh phn ca mng V tuyn thng minh nh sau:

+ Ngi dng V tuyn thng minh: Ngi dng V tuyn thng minh (hay
ngi dng xG, ngi dng khng c cp php, ngi dng th cp) khng c
giy php s dng ph. Do , cn c cc chc nng cng thm chia s bng
ph cp php.

+ Trm gc V tuyn thng minh: Trm gc V tuyn thng minh (hay trm gc
xG, trm gc khng cp php, trm gc th cp) l thnh phn c s h tng c
nh vi cc kh nng ca V tuyn thng minh. Trm gc V tuyn thng minh
cung cp kt ni n chng ti nhng ngi dng V tuyn thng minh m khng
cn giy php truy nhp ph. Thng qua kt ni ny, ngi dng V tuyn thng
minh c th truy nhp n cc mng khc.

+ B phn chia ph (Spectrum broker): B phn chia ph (hay server lp lch) l
mt thc th mng trung tm ng vai tr trong vic chia s cc ti nguyn ph tn
gia cc mng V tuyn thng minh khc nhau. B phn chia ph c th kt ni
vi tng mng v c th phc v vi t cch l ngi qun l thng tin ph, nhm
cho php cc mng V tuyn thng minh cng tn ti.

Mng V tuyn thng minh bao gm nhiu loi mng khc nhau: mng chnh,
mng V tuyn thng minh da trn c s h tng, v mng V tuyn thng minh
ad hoc. Mng V tuyn thng minh hot ng di mi trng ph hn hp, bao
gm c cc bng cp php v khng cp php. Do , trong mng V tuyn thng
minh, c ba loi truy nhp khc nhau, l:

Truy nhp mng V tuyn thng minh (xG network access): Ngi dng V
tuyn thng minh c th truy nhp ti chnh trm gc V tuyn thng minh c
bng cp php v khng cp php.

Truy nhp mng V tuyn thng minh ad hoc (xG ad hoc access): Ngi dng
V tuyn thng minh c th truyn thng vi nhng ngi dng V tuyn thng
minh khc thng qua kt ni ad hoc c bng cp php v khng cp php.

Truy nhp mng chnh (Primary network access): Ngi dng V tuyn thng
minh cng c th truy nhp ti trm gc chnh thng qua bng cp php.

IV. Hot ng ca mng V tuyn thng minh

Mng V tuyn thng minh c th hot ng trong c bng cp php v khng cp
php, do , cc chc nng yu cu cho mng V tuyn thng minh khc nhau ty
theo ph l cp php hay khng.

Trn bng cp php

Nh ch ra trn Hnh 1, ta thy c nhng h ph khng s dng trong bng ph
c cp php. Do , cc mng V tuyn thng minh c th c s dng
khai thc cc h ph ny thng qua cc cng ngh thng minh. Kin trc ny c
miu t trong Hnh 4 trong cc mng V tuyn thng minh cng tn ti vi cc
mng chnh ti cng mt v tr v trn cng mt bng ph.


Hnh 4. Mng V tuyn thng minh hot ng trn bng cp php

C nhiu thch thc khc nhau thc hin cc mng V tuyn thng minh trn
bng cp php v s tn ti ca nhng ngi dng chnh. Mc d, mc ch chnh
ca mng V tuyn thng minh l xc nh ph tn c sn tt nht, nhng cc
chc nng ca V tuyn thng minh trong bng cp php li bao gm pht hin s
c mt ca cc ngi dng chnh. Dung lng knh ca cc h ph ph thuc vo
nhiu xung quanh nhng ngi dng chnh. Do , vic trnh nhiu cho nhng
ngi dng chnh l vn quan trng nht trong kin trc ny. Hn na, nu
ngi dng chnh xut hin trong bng ph b nhng ngi dng V tuyn thng
minh chim, th ngi dng V tuyn thng minh ngay lp tc phi b li ph
hin thi v chuyn ti ph mi sn c khc, gi l chuyn giao ph.

Trn bng khng cp php

Cc mng V tuyn thng minh c th c thit k hot ng trn cc bng
khng cp php ci thin hiu qu ph trong phn ph ny. Mng V tuyn
thng minh hot ng trn bng khng cp php c minh ha trn Hnh 5. Tt
c thc th trong mng c quyn nh nhau khi truy nhp ti cc bng ph. Nhiu
mng V tuyn thng minh cng tn ti trong mt vng ging nhau v truyn
thng s dng cng mt phn ph nh nhau. Cc thut ton chia s ph thng
minh c th ci thin hiu qu s dng ph v h tr QoS cao.



Hnh 5. Mng V tuyn thng minh hot ng trn bng khng cp php

Trong kin trc ny, nhng ngi dng V tuyn thng minh tp trung vo pht
hin vic truyn ca nhng ngi dng V tuyn thng minh khc. Khc vi hot
ng trn bng cp php, vic chuyn giao ph khng b kch thch bi s c mt
ca nhng ngi dng chnh khc. Tuy nhin, v tt c nhng ngi dng V
tuyn thng minh c quyn truy nhp ph nh nhau, nn h phi cnh tranh vi
nhau trong cng bng khng cp php. Do , kin trc ny i hi cc phng
php chia s ph phc tp gia nhng ngi dng V tuyn thng minh. Nu
nhiu mng V tuyn thng minh nm trong cng mt bng khng cp php th
phi c phng php chia s ph ph hp gia cc mng ny.
V tuyn thng minh: Gii php cng ngh s
dng hiu qu tn s v tuyn (Phn 2)

Ngun: khonggianit.vn
IV. Truy cp ph tn ng trong mng v tuyn thng minh

>> V tuyn thng minh: Gii php cng ngh s dng hiu qu tn s v tuyn
(Phn 1)

c th tn dng c nhng h ph ri nh hnh 1, mt phng php quan
trng c p dng trong mng v tuyn thng minh, l phng php truy cp
ph tn ng. Phng php ny cho php cc thit b v tuyn thng minh thc
hin thng tin mt cch thng minh theo kh dng ca ph tn.

Truy cp ph tn ng, c th hin khi la chn tn s ng DFS nh trn
hnh 2. S kt hp ca truy cp ph tn ng vi khi IPD cho php thit b v
tuyn khng c cp php truy cp vo bng tn c cp php trong mt
khong thi gian ngn m khng nh hng n quyn truy cp mng ca thit b
c quyn u tin cao hn.

Vic chia s ph tn gia cc h thng v tuyn khc nhau thc cht l vic chia
s vic s dng cc di tn s gia cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau m
thi. V trong cc h thng, ti nguyn v tuyn ch yu c cc mng truy nhp
s dng truyn dn tn hiu t mng n khch hng. C ch hot ng ca
phn b tn s ng gia cc mng truy nhp nh sau: S dng cc khong tn s
lin k cp pht cho cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau. Cc khong tn s
n nh cho mi h thng c phn cch bng mt bng tn bo v, vic lm ny
cng ging vi c ch phn b tn s c nh hin nay. Tuy nhin, c ch phn
b ti nguyn ny b rng ph gn cho mi mt mng truy nhp v tuyn c
thay i ty theo thay i ca yu cu ph tn ca tng mng theo thi gian v
khng gian nh Hnh 6.


Hnh 6

C ch phn b ph tn lin k ng ny c u im l vic qun l v phn b ti
nguyn ph tn n gin; trong khi vn c c nhng u im nh i vi
phng php phn b tn c nh, nh kim sot c nhiu t cc mng truy
nhp v tuyn khc ch cn dng mt bng tn bo v. Hn th na, c ch ny ti
thiu ha vic hp tc qun l gia hai mng truy nhp bi v chng ta ch cn xc
nh c v tr ca di tn bo v gia hai bng tn n nh lin k. Tuy nhin, do
s n gin trong vic qun l ph tn ca c ch nn cng c nhng nhc im
nh: Nu mun tng bng tn cho mt mng truy nhp v tuyn th bng tn ca
mng truy nhp v tuyn ln cn s b ct gim. Do , nu mt mng truy nhp
v tuyn c nhu cu tng lng bng tn cp php s khng c p ng nu nh
mng truy nhp v tuyn bn cnh khng th ct gim bng tn ca mnh c.
Mc d cn tn ti nhc im nh vy nhng phng php phn b ti nguyn
ny vn c ngha trong vic tn dng cc bng tn trng ca cc h thng mng
truy nhp khch da trn quy lut dch v m khng phi s dng cc thut ton
iu khin qu phc tp.

Hin nay, phng php phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng ang c tp trung
nghin cu trong cc mng truy nhp v tuyn l mng di ng 3G (UMTS) v h
thng truyn hnh qung b s mt t DVB-T. La chn hai loi mng truy nhp
ny a vo nghin cu v hai mng truy nhp ny c c ch cung cp dch v
hon ton khc nhau. Mt bn l cung cp dch v theo yu cu ca khch hng
(mng di ng) trong khi mng truyn hnh qung b s mt t th pht qung
b tn hiu n cc khu vc khc nhau. i vi mng di ng th nhu cu v bng
tn ch yu tp trung vo gi lm vic trong khi cc dch v truyn hnh li ch
yu tp trung vo ngoi gi lm vic. c im khc bit v quy lut dch v ny
lm cho vai tr ca vic phn b ph tn ng trn tr nn cp thit v quan
trng hn. Hn th na, mng 3G-UMTS v mng truyn hnh qung b v tuyn
s mt t DVB-T c chung b rng sng mang (Vi 3G-UMTS l 5 MHz trong
khi DVB-T l 8 MHz). Mt phn tch v qui lut s dng dch v ca hai h
thng trn, c trnh by Hnh 7.



Hnh 7. Dng phn b lu lng thay i theo thi gian ca dch v DVB-T v
UMTS

Phn b ph tn ng theo thi gian

Thut ton phn b tn s ng lin k theo thi gian s hot ng theo cc chu k
nh trc cho tng ngy. Nhng tnh ton v ph tn yu cu bi mi mng truy
nhp v tuyn da trn nhng d on v ti h thng. Do , vic d on ti ca
tng mng truy nhp s l phn t quan trng trong thut ton phn b ph tn
ng theo thi gian. Qu trnh d on ti gm hai vn : Lch s ti, l mt
c s d liu v ti trng ca mng trong thi gian trc , v thut ton d on
theo chui thi gian. Nu nh cc s kin v ti bt thng sy ra, yu t lch s
ti trng s khng th cung cp y thng tin thch ng, do s dn n
vic phn b ph tn khng hiu qu v chnh xc. Khi , d on chui thi
gian s c s dng c tnh ti trng. Da trn d on ti trng, cc mng
truy nhp v tuyn s c tnh c s sng mang s phi p ng cho mng truy
nhp trong thi gian sp ti. Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn s thng bo cho phn
h phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng nhng tn s sng mang hin ti n khng
dng. V cc tn s sng mang trng ny s c gn li cho cc mng truy nhp
v tuyn khc nu chng c nhu cu. Lu rng, mt sng mang v tuyn no
s c gn cho mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nu nh khng c cuc gi no
ang c mang i trn n. Thut ton phn b ti nguyn s quyt nh cch thc
m cc tn s sng mang cn trng c phn b cho cc mng truy nhp v
tuyn. nhiu sng mang trng i vi mt h thng phn b ti nguyn v
tuyn ng no , cc cuc gi mi trong mng truy nhp thng c truyn ti
trn cc sng mang cch xa bng tn bo v nht gia hai mng truy nhp v
tuyn hoc chuyn giao cc cuc gi hin hnh sang cc tn s nu c th. Do
, cc tn s sng mang gn vi khong bo v s c s dng n nh li
cho mt mng truy nhp v tuyn khi cn. Chc nng c bn ca phn b ti
nguyn v tuyn ng theo thi gian c th hin Hnh.8.




Hot ng ca thut ton phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng theo thi gian da trn
c tnh lu lng bin i theo thi gian ca cc mng truy nhp v tuyn. Hnh
9 minh ha c tnh lu lng ca dnh v thoi (mng UMTS) v dch v video
(DVB-T).

Phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng theo thi gian khi d on ti hon ho

Chng ta xem xt hot ng ca b phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng trong
trng hp d on ti hon ho, ngha l khng c s kin bt ng no xy ra
trong c tnh lu lng ca cc mng truy nhp v tuyn. iu ny cng ng
ngha vi lch s s khng mang li c tnh tt cho ti ca mng truy nhp v
tuyn trong tng lai.



Hnh 9 nh hng ca khong truy nhp ph tn ng DSA ln hiu nng ca h
thng

Hnh 9 th hin hot ng ca thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng theo thi gian
cc khong thi gian khc nhau gia cc ln n nh li ph tn. Theo , li
ca thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng s thay i khi cc khong thi gian ca
thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng tng ln. Kt qu trn hnh 9 th hin hai min
k hiu l phn b ti nguyn tn s ng tin cy v khng tin cy. Trong khong
thi gian di 4 gi th li ca cc mng truy nhp v tuyn u vt tri so
vi li ca phng php phn b ti nguyn c nh. Tuy vy vi khong thi
gian ca phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng ln hn 4 gi ng h th li ca tt
cc mng truy nhp v tuyn u st gim rt nhanh v thp hn vi li ca
thut ton n nh ti nguyn c nh thng thng. Hin tng ny c th l gii
l do thi gian phn b ti nguyn ng di khi ti ca mng truy nhp
v tuyn thay i do vic phn phi ti nguyn ph tn khng cn chnh xc
na, dn n hiu qu ca thut ton phn b ti nguyn b gim.



Hnh 10 nh hng ca tng quan mu lu lng

Hnh 10 cho thy tng ch ca thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng thay i theo h
s tng quan v c tnh lu lng ca cc mng truy nhp v tuyn. li ca
thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng cao hn thut ton phn b ti nguyn c nh
khong 40% i vi h s tng quan m. Khi h s tng quan tng dn th
li ca thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng s gim. Khi h s tng quan lu
lng dch v ca cc mng v tuyn ln hn 0.5 lc ny li ca thut ton
phn b ti nguyn c nh s gim i v thp hn so vi thut ton phn b ti
nguyn c nh.

Phn b ti nguyn ng trong trng hp d on ti khng hon ho

Phn trn xem xt kt qu ca thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng trong trng
hp d on ti mng truy nhp v tuyn l hon ho. Tuy nhin trn thc t, c
nhng trng hp lu lng ti ca mng truy nhp khc bit hon ton vi lu
lng ti ca n trc . V d, do mt s kin c bit no m lu lng
cuc gi trong mng UMTS tng t bin hoc nhu cu truy nhp dch v video s
tng vt khi c s kin nng din ra. Trong trng hp nh vy, ba thut ton d
on khc nhau c s dng th nghim. Thut ton n gin u tin l
da trn gi tr ca ti trong khong thi gian trc. Hai thut ton cn li s s
dng ti ngay trong chu k trc v nu n nh hn 5% so vi ti lch s th
thut ton s s dng ti lch s c tnh ti trng. Ngc li, thut ton s
dng chui thi gian s c s dng c tnh ti trng trong tng lai. Kt
qu cho thy, thut ton s dng chui thi gian s cho kt qu tt hn nh minh
ha trn Hnh 11.



Hnh 11 nh hng ca khong DSA n thut ton d on ti khng hon ho

Nhng yu cu i vi thut ton phn b ti nguyn theo thi gian

Nhng yu cu t ra i vi phn b ti nguyn v tuyn m bo vic n
nh ti nguyn khng gy nhiu ln cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc, khi chng
cng chia s ph tn. Sau y l nhng yu cu c bn

Lu lng ti thay i theo thi gian: thut ton phn b ti nguyn v
tuyn theo thi gian thc s c hiu qu v mt ph tn, th thut ton ny phi
c thc hin trong trng hp ti ca cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau s
khc nhau theo thi gian. Nhng lu lng ti ny c th m hnh ha v s dng
nh gi hot ng ca thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng.

D on ti: Phn b ti nguyn ng theo thi gian phi c chc nng phn b
ph tn theo ti c d on cho mt thi im trong tng lai. iu ny thc s
cn thit khi thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng khng hot ng trong khong
thi gian ngn. Nu nh vic phn b ti nguyn v tuyn m hot ng vi chu
k ngn th khng cn phi d on ti v ti khng th thay i qu nhanh trong
mt thi gian ngn gia cc ln n nh li ti nguyn. Tuy vy, tnh hung ny c
th khng thc t. Do , ti ca cc mng truy nhp v tuyn phi c d on
t nht theo hot ng ca chng ch khng phi hon ton ngu nhin.

Chu k d on gia cc ln n nh li ph: c th hot ng hiu qu,
phng php phn b ti nguyn theo thi gian cn phi thc hin n nh li ph
tn nhanh c th bt kp vi nhng yu cu ph tn ca mng truy nhp v
tuyn. Tuy nhin, vic n nh li ph tn nhanh s gy nn nhng phc tp cho
mng v mt thi gian mt mng truy nhp v tuyn cn thay i tn s thu
pht cng nh bo hiu cho vic thay i . Ngoi ra khong thi gian gia hai
ln n nh li ti ph tn cng ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi tnh
chnh xc ca cc phng php d on. Thng thng tnh chnh xc s tng nu
nh chu k gia hai ln n nh li knh gim.

n v trao i tn s ti thiu: Tham s ny quy nh ph tn ti thiu cn phi
ct i hay thm vo cho mt mng truy nhp v tuyn. Ngha l, khng th n nh
b rng ph tn cho mt mng truy nhp mt cch ngu nhin.

Ri cuc gi: Trong cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng th nu nh
mt tn s sng mang no ang c kch hot truyn ti cc cuc gi th n
khng c chim dng n nh li cho cc mng v tuyn khc. Quy nh ny
m bo rng cuc gi khng b ri do vic n nh li tn s gy ra. Tuy
nhin, trong mt vi trng hp th thut ton phn b ti nguyn s ti u nu
nh chng ta chp nhn mt mc ri cuc gi no . Trong trng hp ny th
phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng c nh hng trc tip ln t l tha mn ca
cc mng truy nhp dng chung ph tn do vic yu cu cc mng truy nhp v
tuyn nh ri cuc gi.

Chuyn giao gia cc tn s: Nu gi s rng cc mng truy nhp v tuyn cng
nh cc user c kh nng chuyn giao tn s trong cng mt di tn s ca h
thng mt cch d dng m khng gy dn on cuc gi

S mng truy nhp v tuyn chia s cng mt ph tn: Mt cch tng qut th
cc thut ton phn b ph tn ng khng gii hn s mng truy nhp v tuyn
dng chung ph tn.

Thch ng phn b ti nguyn khng gian: C th tng hiu qu ca gii
thut phn b ph tn theo thi gian th yu t khng gian cng phi c tnh n
c mt thut ton thch ng.

S khi chc nng ca thut ton



Cc khi chc nng trong thut ton phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng theo
thi gian gm c:

Kch hot n nh ti nguyn v tuyn ng: Khi chc nng ny c nhim v
gim st thi gian k t ln n nh ph tn ng trc . Sau kch hot chc
nng phn b ti nguyn ng n nh li ph tn trong cc chu k thi gian
trong mt ngy. Chc nng kch hot ny c th cho php kch hot n nh ti
nguyn ng theo nhu cu ca mng li.

Qun l lu lng sng mang: Chc nng qun l sng mang c thit k
gia tng lng sng mang trng trong cc mng truy nhp v tuyn. Thut ton c
th thc hin bng vic kha vic s dng mt tn s sng mang no trong mt
mng truy nhp v tuyn trc khi n c n nh li. Hoc nh gi s cuc gi
m mt sng mang no truyn ti t xc nh liu hiu qu s dng ph
tn c tng ln nu nh ct bt mt s cuc gi sang cc tn s sng mang cn
trng khc. Ngoi ra, khi ny cn c nhim v m bo rng lu lng cc cuc
gi trn mt sng mang no l ti a c th tit kim c nhiu tn s sng
mang hn. S sng mang s c tng thm na nu h thng phc tp c
th thc hin chuyn giao gia cc mng truy nhp.

D on v o lng ti: Khi chc nng ny c xy dng da trn lch s ti
v chui thi gian nh phn tch trn. Ngha l, da trn c s d liu v ti ca
mng truy nhp trc thut ton d on s c tnh ti trng trong tng li
ca mng.

Tnh ton yu cu sng mang: Chc nng ny dng cho cc mng truy nhp
v tuyn bit c ti d on ca chng t xc nh s sng mang cn c
cho mt mng truy nhp v tuyn.

n nh sng mang: Khi chc nng ny thc hin vic n nh sng mang cho
cc mng truy nhp v tuyn.

Phn b ti nguyn ng theo khng gian

Nhu cu ti ca mng truy nhp v tuyn khng ch thay i theo thi gian m n
cn thay i v khc nhau theo tng khu vc. V d nh, dch v pht qung b s
c nhu cu cao nhng ni vui chi gii tr dch v im a im li c nhu cu
cao nhng ni m nhu cu truyn thng hai chiu c u tin la chn
nh cc khu kinh doanh bun bn. iu , cho thy nhu cu cp thit c mt
thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng theo tng khu vc a l v ph tn c phn
b u cho cc khu vc. Nhu cu lu lng ca cc mng v tuyn khc nhau s
khc nhau theo khng gian c minh ha trong Hnh 13.


Hnh 13 Phn b ph tn ng theo khng gian

Theo , ph tn phn b cho hai khu vc cnh nhau l khng chng ln ln nhau.
Chin lc phn b ph tn ny c cho l hp l trong trng hp quy hoch
cc mng truy nhp v tuyn l c lp (khng c s o kim trnh nhiu gia
cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau nu chng hot ng cng di tn s)

Nhng yu cu i vi thut ton phn b ti nguyn theo khng gian :

Mc tiu ca cc yu cu i vi phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng theo khng
gian l khng c nhiu xy ra bin gia cc khu vc ca thut ton phn b
ti nguyn v tuyn ng. Nhng yu cu ny phc v cho vic phi hp phn b
ph tn gia cc khu vc phn b ph tn ng bng vic chn thm cc khong
bo v. Di y l cc yu cu c bn:

Lu lng thay i theo khng gian: cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn v
tuyn theo khng gian hiu qu v mt ph tn, cc mng truy nhp v tuyn phi
quan tm n c tnh lu lng ca mng theo tng khu vc a l khc nhau.
Thut ton phn b ph tn ng theo khng gian phi thc hin m hnh ha quy
lut lu lng theo khng gian thc him vic nh gi got ng ca phng
php thit k.

n v trao i tn s ti thiu: Cng ging nh thut ton phn b ti nguyn
v tuyn theo thi gian, thut ton phn b theo khng gian cng a ra quy nh
v b rng ph ti thiu c thm vo hoc ct bt gia cc mng truy nhp v
tuyn.

Thch ng ph theo khng gian: Phn b ph tn theo khng gian khng th
thay i theo s thay i v nhu cu lu lng theo khng gian vi mt s thay
i bt k no v mt khng gian. Phn gii khng gian m thch ng
phn b ph tn theo khu vc c thc hin. Vic phn gii khng gian s dn
n mt khi nim v kch thc phn b tn s ng khu vc, l khu vc m
nhu cu v lu lng khng thay i theo khng gian.

Mi quan h gia phn b ti nguyn khu vc v t bo ca cc mng truy
nhp v tuyn: Phn b ti nguyn v tuyn khu vc dn n phn b a l cc
thit b phn b ti nguyn trong mt mng truy nhp v tuyn thc t. Bi v, khi
xem xt tn hiu bo hiu phn b ti nguyn v tuyn, dng nh ch c mt
node phn b ti nguyn trong mt khu vc phn b ti nguyn. Khi thch ng ph
tn c thc hin trn h thng cc my thu pht trong mng truy nhp v tuyn,
chiu ti thiu ca khu vc phn b ti nguyn s trng kch thc ca mt ln
nht trong h thng v tuyn.

Dng chung nh gi ti lu lng gia cc khu vc phn b ti v tuyn
ng khc nhau: Gi s rng cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng
khng gian m ti ca n c phn b gia cc phn b ti nguyn v tuyn khu
vc ln cn. y l yu cu quan trng i vi cu trc ca phn b ti nguyn
ng v c th phi hp n nh ph tn gia cc phn b ti nguyn khu vc
ln cn vi nhau, mi mt phn b ti nguyn v tuyn khu vc phi nhn thc
c t nht cc mc lu lng ca cc cnh mnh. V vy, cn phi c tng tc
mng gia cc node phn b ti nguyn khu vc i vi phn b thng tin ti lu
lng chung.

Node phn b ti nguyn ng thng minh: Yu cu ny i vi cc thut ton
phn b ti nguyn v tuyn ng trong trng hp khu vc bo v trong mi mt
phn b ti nguyn khu vc hn ch vic chn vo cc ph tn s v tuyn
khng s dng. thc hin c iu ny, mi mt node phn b ti nguyn
ng phi c kh nng thit lp cc phn b tn s khc nhau trong cng mt khu
vc phn b ti nguyn.

S mng truy nhp v tuyn chia s dng ph tn: Phn b ph tn ng theo
khng gian vi mc ch l pht trin cc thut ton n nh sng mang sao cho
ph tn c th cp pht cho s lng bt k cc mng truy nhp v tuyn.

S khi thut ton



Thut ton phn b ti nguyn v tuyn theo khng gian c cc khi chc nng
chnh nh sau:

D on v nh gi ti: n gin, nhng kt qu ban u ca thut ton
phn b ti nguyn v tuyn theo khng gian c c vi gi thit rng cc phn
b ti nguyn c kh nng d on ti mt cch hon ho sao cho mi mng truy
nhp v tuyn c cung cp mt gi tr xc nh ti trng. Gi thuyt ny l cn
thit bi v khi nghin cu v thut ton phn b khng gian chng ta c nh i
lng thi gian do rt kh c th m hnh ha mt k mt phng php d
on ti no.

Tnh ton yu cu sng mang: Chc nng ca khi ny l t thng tin c c t
d on ti trng ca mng s tnh ton s sng mang cn thit cho mi mt mng
truy nhp. Kt qu u ra ca khi chc nng ny s l u vo va thut ton n
nh khng gian phn sau.

Th tc n nh sng mang: y l vn ht sc quan trong trong bt c mt
thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng no n nh cc sng mang c th cho tng
mng truy nhp v tuyn.

Hin nay, c nhiu cc phng php truy nhp ph tn ng c cc nhm
nghin cu khc nhau trn th gii xut. Tuy nhin, mi phng php thng
tp trung vo mt ng dng c th ch cha c mt m hnh truy nhp ph tn
ng ph hp chung cho gii php v tuyn thng minh. y vn ang l vn
m cho cc nhm nghin cu trn th gii.

y ban truyn thng lin bang (FCC) M xut phng php truy cp ph
tn ng theo m hnh nhit nhiu (Interference Temperature Model - ITM).
Trong m hnh ny, thit b v tuyn s o nhit nhiu v xc nh gii hn
nhit nhiu trc khi pht. Quan h gia nhit nhiu v bng tn, tn s
sng mang c th hin nh sau [1]:
T = P (f ,B)/kB
I I c
(1)

trong , T
I
l nhit nhiu ( K), P (.)
o
I
l cng sut nhiu trung bnh (W) ti tn
s f
c
vi rng bng tn B (Hz), v k l hng s Boltzman.

T thit b c th xc nh tham s rng bng tn v mc cng sut pht
t c dung lng mong mun m khng vi phm gii hn nhit nhiu.
Trong mng v tuyn thng minh, quyn truy nhp vo mng ca thit b da trn
nhit nhiu. C ch ny hnh thnh nn m hnh a truy nhp theo nhit
nhiu ITMA (Interference Temperature Multiple Access) .

Trc khi pht, nt mng tin hnh o nhit nhiu T ,
I
l mt hm ca bng tn
cn o nh (1). Sau , gi tr trn s phi hp cng vi gii hn nhit nhiu
T
L
, dung lng cn thit C
req
v tham s phm vi L (c trng cho c tnh knh)
tnh ton rng bng B v tc d liu. Qu trnh trn c lp li cho n
khi gi tr B hi t nh c m t Hnh 15.

Nu rng bng B cn thit truyn thnh cng gi tin c gi tr nh hn B
max
B ,
th gi tin c truyn. Ngc li, nu B > B
max
B gi tin khng c truyn, thit b
v tuyn c cc la chn sau:

- i: Do xuyn nhiu trong thi gian ngn nn c th phi tm thi dng truyn
tin.

- Gim C, gim tc d liu gi: Tuy nhin, do yu cu ca loi hnh dch v
m khng th gim C xung di mc ngng C
min
.

- Tng L, gim phm vi v tuyn: Nu my thu ch xa, hoc b fading hoc b
che chn, L khng th tng vt qu L
max
.

- C < C , L > L
min max
v qu hn i, phng php cui l phi dch ton mng
sang mt tn s lm vic mi.



Hnh 15: Lu thut ton cho ITMA