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e

2007/2008

Milo
Stani

Digitally signed by Milo


Stani
DN: cn=Milo Stani,
o=Tehnika kola Uice,
ou,
email=milos.chane@gmail
.com, c=YU
Date: 2010.02.07 00:16:25
+01'00'

y = f ( x )
,
,
. :
(1) ( )
(2)
(3) ( )
(4)
(5)
(6) ; ;
:
(7)

,
.

, , :
. .

f ( x)

f ( x )

f ( x )

; ; .

:

:

f ( x) =

x3
.
3 x2

2007/2008

( 1 ) ( )
x y = f ( x ) ..
x
.
: ( >> )

f ( x) =

x3
3 x2

3 x 2 , :
3 x2 0
x2 3
x 3

) (

) (

: D f = , 3 3, 3

3, + .

) (

) (

x , 3 3, 3

3, + .

?

:

( >> )
2

2007/2008

( 2 ) :

'''' .

; ; ; ;
:

2007/2008

, , .

:
lim f ( x ) = x = a .
xa

'''' a
,
.
:

lim f ( x ) = b y = b .
x

2007/2008

:
:

k = lim
x

f ( x)
x

n = lim f ( x ) k x
x

y = kx + n .

:
(
), ,
k = 0

: y = 0 x + n .

: f ( x ) =

'' ''
:

( 3)

x3
.
3 x2

3 ,

( 3)
=
3 ( 3)
3

x
lim f ( x ) = lim
x

3
( )
( ) 3 x2

x 3

: x = 3

3 3 3 3
=
=
33
0

2007/2008

( )
( )
3

3
x3
lim f ( x ) = lim
=
2
x 3
x 3 3 x
3 3

3 3 3 3
=
=
33
0

: x = 3 .
:
( >> ) ,

( + ) ( ) 3

'' ''. (
: << >> )
'' ''
x3
3
3
x
1
1

= = lim x 2 = lim
= =
lim f ( x ) = lim
0
0
2
x
x 3 x
x

3 x
0

3
1

3
x3 x3
x
x
:
( lim f ( x ) = ).
x

'' ''
x3
2
f ( x)
x3
x3

k = lim
lim
= lim 3 x = lim
=
= =
3
2
x
x
x x 3 x
x
x
(
) x 3x x
= lim

x3
x3

3x x

x3 x3

= lim

1
0

3
1
x2

1
= 1
0 1

k = ( 1)

x3

x3

n = lim f ( x ) k x = lim
x

=
+ x =
1
lim
(
)

2
2
x
x 3 x

x 3 x

= lim

= lim

x3 + x ( 3 x 2 )
3 x2
3x
x2

3 x

x2 x2

= lim

= lim
x

3
x
0

x3 + 3x x3
3x

= lim
= =
2
2
x 3 x
3 x

3
1
x2

0
= 0
0 1

n=0

: y = ( 1) x + 0 y = x .
( >>)

( << )

( << >> )
6

2007/2008

(3)

:
:
= f(x) je ( -) :

f (x) = f ( x)

:
= f(x) je ( )
:

f (x) = f ( x)

2007/2008

: f ( x ) =
f (x) =

(x )
3

3 (x)

x3
3 x2

x3
= f ( x)
3 x2

f (x) = f ( x)
: .
( >> )

( << >> )

(4)

:
x : f ( x ) = 0 ; f ( x ) > 0 ;
f ( x ) < 0 . :
f ( x) = 0

(-)

f ( x ) > 0

f ( x ) < 0

( )

f ( x) =

x3
3 x2

'' ''
f ( x) = 0

x3
=0
3 x2
x3 = 0
x=0

f ( x ) = 0 x = 0

:
'' '' x-
8

2007/2008

'' ''
:

f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) < 0 .

.
( >> )

:

f ( x) =

x3
=
3 x2

x3

3x

)(

3+x

( 3)

x3

3x

3+x

f ( x)

(
x (

) ( )
3, 0 ) ( 3, + )

f ( x ) > 0 x , 3 0, 3
f ( x ) < 0

( x

x = 0 ,
)

( << >> )
( >> )

10

2007/2008

2007/2008

(5)

:
( a, b ) y = f ( x ) .
x1 , x2 ( a, b ) x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )

y = f ( x ) .
x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 )
y = f ( x ) .

'' x0 '', f ' ( x0 ) ( )


T ( x0 , f ( x0 ) ) ,
, f ' ( x0 ) = k , .
,
,
.
y = kx + n , ,
y = f ' ( x0 ) x + n , :
f ' ( x0 ) > 0 y = f ( x ) x0
:

f ( x )

f ' ( x0 ) < 0 y = f ( x ) x0
:

f ( x )

f ' ( x0 ) = 0 y = f ( x ) x0
. , ( )
( )
11

2007/2008

, y = f ( x )
x0 f ' ( x0 ) = 0 .

:
y = f ( x ) x0
f ' ( x0 ) = 0 :
f '' ( x0 ) < 0 ( ) y = f ( x ) x0
.
f '' ( x0 ) > 0 ( ) y = f ( x ) x0
.
f '' ( x0 ) = 0 ( ) y = f ( x ) x0
. ( x0 )

12

2007/2008

f ( x) =

x3
.
3 x2

f ' ( x ) , , '' ''

f ' ( x ) .
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
x3 ( x ) ( 3 x ) x ( 3 x ) 3 x ( 3 x ) x ( 2 x )
=
=
=
f '( x) =
2
2
2
3 x
(3 x2 )
(3 x2 )

f '( x) =

x 2 3 ( 3 x 2 ) + 2 x 2

(3 x )

2 2

x 2 ( 9 3x 2 + 2 x 2 )

(3 x )

2 2

x2 (9 x2 )

(3 x )

2 2

x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )

(3 x )

2 2

x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )

(3 x )

2 2

'' '' :

f '( x) = 0

x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )

(3 x )

2 2

f '( x) =

x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )

(3 x )

2 2

=0

x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x ) = 0
x2 = 0 3 x = 0 3 + x = 0
x1 = 0

x2 = 3

x3 = ( 3)

'' '': x1 = 0 ; x2 = 3 ; x3 = ( 3) .

f "( x ) :

13

f "( x ) .

2007/2008

x 2 3 x 3 + x x 2 ( 9 x 2 ) 2
4
(
)(
)
9
x

=
=
=
f "( x ) = ( f ' ( x )) =
2 2
2 2
2 2

(3 x ) (3 x ) (3 x )

2
2
( 9 x 2 x4 ) ( 3 x 2 ) ( 9 x 2 x4 ) ( 3 x2 )
=
=
2 4
3

x
(
)

(18 x 4 x )( 3 x ) ( 9 x x ) 2 ( 3 x ) ( 3 x ) =
=
(3 x )
(18 x 4 x )( 3 x ) ( 9 x x ) 2 ( 3 x ) ( 2 x ) =
=
(3 x )
2 x ( 3 x ) ( 9 2 x )( 3 x ) + 2 ( 9 x x )
=
=
(3 x )
2 x ( 27 9 x 6 x +2 x + 18 x 2 x ) 2 x ( 27 + 3 x )
=
=
=
3
x
3
x

(
)
(
)
6x (9 + x )
=
2 2

2 4

2 2

2 4

2 3

2 3

f "( x ) =

3x

)(

6x (9 + x2 )
3x

)(
3

3+x

3+x

( << ; ; ... )
: x1 = 0 ; x2 = 3 ; x3 = ( 3) .
, , : f ( x1 ) ; f ( x2 ) ; f ( x3 ) ; ''''
.

f ( x1 ) = f ( 0 ) =
: f ( 0 ) = 0

6 0 ( 9 + 02 )

(3 0 )

2 3

= 0

x1 = 0

14

2007/2008

f ( x2 ) = f ( 3) =

6 3 ( 9 + 32 )

(3 3 )

2 3

3
f ( 3) = < 0
2

18 18

( 6 )

6 3 6 3
6 6 6

3
2

x2 = 3 .

:
ymax = f ( 3) =

33
27
9
1
=
= = 4
2
33
6
2
2

1
1

, ymax = 4 x2 = 3 , E1 3; 4 .
2
2

f ( x3 ) = f ( 3) =

6 ( 3) 9 + ( 3)

(3 ( 3) )

2 3

f ( x3 ) = f ( 3) =

3
>0
2

) = 18 18 = 3
( 6 )

x3 = ( 3)

.
:

ymin = f ( 3) =
, ymin = 4

( 3)
2
3 ( 3)
3

27 9
1
= = 4
6 2
2

1
1

x3 = ( 3) , E2 3; 4 .
2
2

, , '' ''
f '( x) =

x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )

(3 x )

2 2

15

2007/2008

x2

3 x

3+ x

(3 x )

f ( x)

2 2

f ( x)

) (

) (

f ( x)

x 3; 3 3; 3

f ( x)

x ( ; 3) ( 3; + )

3;3

( << >> )

16

2007/2008

(6)

; ; :
( a, b )
.
( a, b )
.

:
y = f ( x ) ( a, b )

x ( a, b ) , :
f ( x ) > 0 x ( a, b ) y = f ( x )
.
f ( x ) < 0 x ( a, b ) y = f ( x )
.
f ( x0 ) = 0 x0 ( a, b ) y = f ( x ) x0
.

17

2007/2008

; :

x3
3 x2

f ( x) =

'' ''
( << )
,
x3
3 x2

f ( x) =

...............................................
f ( x) =

x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )

(3 x )

2 2

................................................

f ( x ) =

6 x (9 + x2 )

(3 x )

2 3

6 x (9 + x2 )
3x

)(
3

3+x

:
f ( x ) = 0

6x (9 + x2 )

3x

)(
3

3+x

6x (9 + x2 ) = 0

=0

( 9 + x 2 > 0 x )

6x = 0
x=0
, f ( x ) =

x3
x = 0 .
3 x2

f ( 0 ) P .

f ( 0) =

03
0
= = 0
3
30
3

P ( 0, 0 ) .

'''' : y =
.
18

6x (9 + x2 )
3x

)(
3

3+x

2007/2008

6x

9 + x2

3x

3+x

f ( x )

f ( x)

) ( 3, + )
x ( , 3 ) ( 0, 3 )

x 3, 0

P ( 0, 0 ) .

>> :

19

(7)

( << >> )

20

2007/2008

2007/2008

()

:
:
( (... 0 ) )

1:

y=

x2 + 1
x3 + 2 x 2 3x

:
x3 + 2 x 2 3x 0
:
x ( x 2 + 2 x 3) 0

x x 2 x + 3x 3 0

x ( x ( x 1) + 3 ( x 1) ) 0
x ( x 1)( x + 3) 0

x 0 ( x 1) 0 ( x + 3) 0
x 0 x 1 x ( 3)
( 2 >> )
: D f = { x R | x 0 x 1 x 3}
: D f = ( , 3) ( 3, 0 ) ( 0,1) (1, + )
:

y = f ( x ) x ( , 3) ( 3, 0 ) ( 0,1) (1, + )
?

:

21

2007/2008

()

:
(

(... 0 ) )

2:
:

y=

x3 + 2 x 2 3x
x2 + 1

:
. ,
, ,
.
x3 + 2 x 2 3x 0 x 2 + 1 0
x 2 + 1 0 x R .
x3 + 2 x 2 3x 0
22

2007/2008

I ( x ) = x3 + 2 x 2 3 x :
I ( x ) = x3 + 2 x 2 3 x = x ( x 1)( x + 3)
( I ( x ) 1 >> )
( ):
(: (-3); 0; 1; ,
'' - '' ( x+3); x; (x+1); )
() ( + )
( ) , ( )
.
I ( x ) ; ()

(+)

( ) '' ''

''''
()

( -3)

x 1

x+3

I ( x)

x 3 + 2 x 2 3 x 0
( + )
( '' ... 0 '')

.. :

x [ 3;0] 1; + )

x 2 + 1 0 R ,
x3 + 2 x 2 3 x 0 [ 3; 0] 1; + )
y =

x3 + 2 x 2 3x
:
x2 + 1

23

D f = R [ 3;0] 1; + ) = [ 3;0] 1; + )

2007/2008

:
x3 + 2 x 2 3x
x [ 3; 0] 1; + ) .
x2 + 1
.
y =

()
:
( (... > 0 ) )
3:
4 x 2 + 19 x 12
: y = ln

x2 4

:
:

4 x 2 + 19 x 12
>0
x2 4

: 4 x 2 + 19 x 12 x 2 4 :

24

2007/2008

4 x 2 + 19 x 12

x 2 4

: Ax 2 + Bx + C = A ( x x1 )( x x2 )

x 2 4 = ( x 2 )( x + 2 )

4 x 2 + 19 x 12
A = ( 4 ) ; B = 19; C = ( 12 ) ;
x1,2 =
x1,2 =

B B 2 4 AC
2A
19

( 19 )

4 ( 4 ) ( 12 )

2 ( 4 )

19 361 192
8
19 169
x1,2 =
8
19 13
x1,2 =
8
19 13
19 + 13
x1 =
x2 =
;
8
8
32
6
x1 =
x2 =
;
8
8
3
x1 = 4 ;
x2 =
4
x1,2 =

4 x 2 + 19 x 12 = 4 ( x 4 ) x
4

, :

4 ( x 4 ) x
4

>0
( x 2 )( x + 2 )

25

2007/2008

:
-

3
4

-2

( 4 )

x4

3
4

x2

x+2

I ( x)

3
3

: x 2, ( 2, 4 ) : D f = 2, ( 2, 4 )
4
4

:
4 x 2 + 19 x 12
3

y = ln
x 2, ( 2, 4 ) .
2
4
x 4

( << )
( << >> )
26

2007/2008


:
lim f ( x ) , f ( x ) x
xa

a x a .

a , f ( x )

(a , a + )

> 0 .

f ( x )

lim f ( x ) f ( x )

x a

lim f ( x ) .

x a +

:
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( a ) = ...
x a

:
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( a + ) = ...
x a +

> 0 .
:
4:
f ( x ) =
)
)

( 3)
3
27

x3
:
3 x2

:
) :

( 3 + ) =
= lim
3( 3 + )
(
)
( 3 3 + 9 + 3 3 + )
( 3 3 + 9 + 3 3 + )
lim
= lim
=
3 3 2 3
3 ( 3 + 2 3 + )
( 3 3 + 9 + 3 3 + )
3 3 + 9 + 3 3 +
= lim
= lim
=
2 3 +
( 2 3 + )
3

3
x3
lim
= lim
2
x 3 3 x

0 3 3
2

3 3 + 9 0 + 3 3 0 + 03 3 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 3 3
=
=
= +
0+0
0
2 3 0 + 02
:
=

3 +
x3
lim
= lim
2
x 3 + 3 x

0 3 3 +
lim

3 3 9 + 3 3 2 3

3 3 + 2 3 2
2 3 0 0

= lim
0

) = lim (3
0

3 3 9 0 + 3 3 0 2 03
2

) = (3

lim
0

3 3 9 + 3 3 2 3

3 3 2 3 + 2

3 9 + 3 3 2

2 3 2

3 0+00
00

) = 3

3 3 9 + 3 3 2 3
=
0
3 3 + 2 3 2

= lim

3 3 9 0 + 3 3 0 03 3 3 0 + 0 0 3 3
=
=
= +
00
0
2 3 0 02

28

)
)
=

3 3 2 3 + 2

:
3
x3
lim
=
lim

2
x 3 3 x

0 3 3

2007/2008

2007/2008

x
lim
= lim
2
x 3 + 3 x

0 3
3

3 +

3 +

= lim

3 3 + 9 + 3 3 2 + 3

3 3 + 2 3 + 2

3 3 + 9 + 3 3 2 + 3
3 3 + 9 + 3 3 2 + 3
=
lim
=
0
0
3 3 2 3 2
2 3 2

= lim
= lim

3 3 + 9 + 3 3 2 + 3

2 3 + 2

3 3 +0+0+0
0+0

) = 3

3 3 + 9 0 + 3 3 0 2 + 03
=
2 3 0 + 02

=
( << )

( << >> )

5:

: y =

x2 5x + 7
.
x2

:
'' '' :
x2 0
x2
:

D f = ( , 2 ) ( 2, + ) .

:
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2

x 2

x 2 5 x + 7 22 5 2 + 7 4 10 + 7 1
=
=
= =
x2
22
0
0

x = 2 .

5
7
x2 5x 7
+ 2
1
2+ 2
2
2
x 5x + 7
x
x
x
x = lim
= = lim x
lim f ( x ) = lim
0
0
x
x
x

x 2
x2

1
2
2
2

x
x
x
x2
. ( lim f ( x ) = )
x

29

1 0 + 0 1
= =
00
0

:
x2 5x + 7
f ( x)
x2 5x + 7
x2 5x + 7
x2
= lim
= lim
= lim 2
= =
k = lim
x
x
x x ( x 2 )
x
x
x
x 2x

7
5
x2 5x 7
+ 2
1
2+ 2
2
x
x
x = lim
= lim x 2 x
0
x
x
x 2x
2

1
x2 x2
x

1 0 + 0
=1
1 0

k =1
x2 5x + 7 x ( x 2)
x2 5x + 7

n = lim f ( x ) k x = lim
1 x = lim
=
x
x
x2
x2
x
0

= lim

x2 5x + 7 x2 + 2 x
7 3x
= lim
= = lim
x

x2
x 2 x

7
3
x
1

2
x

03
= 3
1 0

n = 3
y = 1 x + ( 3) , , y = x 3 .

( << )
( << >> )
30

2007/2008

2007/2008

6:

: y =

x2 4
1 x2

:
, .
1 x2 0
x2 1
x 1
, D f = ( , 1) ( 1,1) (1, + )
:

( 1 ) 4 = lim 1 + 2 + 2 4 = lim 3 + 2 + 2 =
x2 4
=
lim
2
x 1 1 x 2
0
0 1 1 + 2 + 2
1 ( 1 )
(
) 0 1 1 2 2
2

lim

= lim

(3 2 )

( 2 + 2 )

3 2 3 0 02 3
=
= = +
0 2 + 2
2 0 + 02 0

= lim

( 1 + ) 4 = lim 1 2 + 2 4 = 3 2 + 2 =
x2 4
lim
=
lim
2
x 1+ 1 x 2
0
0 1 1 2 + 2
1 ( 1 + )
(
) 1 1 + 2 2
2

3 2 + 2 3 0 + 0 3
=
=
=
0
2 2
00
0

= lim

(1 ) 4 = lim 1 2 + 2 4 = lim 3 2 + 2 =
x2 4
lim
=
lim
2
x 1 1 x 2
0
0 1 1 2 + 2
1 (1 )
(
) 0 1 1 + 2 2
2

3 + 2 3 0 + 02 3
=
=
=
0
2 2
2 0 02
0

= lim

(1 + ) 4 = lim 1 + 2 + 2 4 = 3 + 2 + 2 =
x2 4
lim
=
lim
2
x 1+ 1 x 2
0
0 1 1 + 2 + 2
1 (1 + )
(
) 1 1 2 2
2

( 3 2 )
3 + 2 + 2
3 2 2 3 0 0 3
=
lim
=
lim
=
= = +
0
0
0
2 2
2 + 2
00
0
( 2 + 2 )
2

= lim

x = ( 1) x = 1 .

31

:
0

4
x2 4
1 2
2
2
2
x 4
1 0
x
x = lim
= = lim x
=
= 1
lim
0
2
x 1 x 2
x

1 x
0 1

1
x2 x2
x2

y = ( 1) .
( << )
( << >> )

:
7:
:
a)

y=

1 x2
x4 + 3

b)

y=

x3
3 x2

c)

y = x

x 2 + 3x
2 x

:
a)

f (x) =

1 (x)

(x)

+3

1 x2
= f ( x)
x4 + 3

(x)
f (x) =
2
3 (x)
3

b)

x3
x3
=
=
= f ( x)
3 x2
3 x2

c)

f (x) = (x)

(x)

+ 3( x)
x 2 3x
= x
f ( x)
2 (x)
2+ x
2

.
( << )
( << >> )
32

2007/2008

2007/2008


8:
:

y=

12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x
9 x2

:
'' ''
y=0

12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x
=0
9 x2
12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x = 0

9 x2 0

3 x ( 4 x + x 2 5 ) = 0

( 3 x )( 3 + x ) 0

3x ( x 2 4 x 5) = 0

(3 x 0

3 x x 2 + x 5 x 5 = 0

3 x x ( x + 1) 5 ( x + 1) = 0

(x 3

3 + x 0)

x ( 3) )

3 x ( x + 1)( x 5 ) = 0
3 x = 0 : ( 3) x + 1 = 0

x1 = 0

x2 = ( 1)

x 5 = 0

x3 = 5

(x 3

x ( 3) )

, y = 0 : x1 = 0 x2 = ( 1) x3 = 5 .

:
'' '' x- .
'' ''
: y > 0 y < 0 .
. ,
:
12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x
12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x
>

0
<0
9 x2
9 x2
:
3 x ( x + 1)( x 5 )
3 x ( x + 1)( x 5 )
> 0
<0
( 3 x )( 3 + x )
( 3 x )( 3 + x )

33

2007/2008

:
1

3x

x +1

x 5

3 x

3+ x

,
y>0

x ( 3, 1) ( 0,3) ( 5, + )

y<0

x ( , 3) ( 1, 0 ) ( 3,5 )

?

x- : 1; 0; 5 , :

( << )
( << >> )
34

2007/2008


'''' I ( x ) > 0 I ( x ) < 0
:
:

I ( x ) , :
I ( x ) = Q1 ( x ) Q2 ( x ) Q3 ( x ) ... Qn ( x )

: , :
Q1 ( x ) = 0; Q2 ( x ) = 0; Q3 ( x ) = 0; ... Qn ( x ) = 0;
: x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; ... xm (
)
: : Q1 ( x ) ; Q2 ( x ) ; Q3 ( x ) ; ... Qn ( x ) ; I ( x )
.
: :

; x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; ... xm ; +


( x1 < x2 < x3 < ... < xm )
:
-

x1

x2

x3

Q1 ( x )

...

Q2 ( x )

...

Q3 ( x )

...

...

...

...

...

xm

...

Qm ( x )

...

I ( x)

...

...

( + ) ( )
Qi ( x ) .
, ( + ) ( )
.

( << )
:

35

2007/2008

9:
:

25 x x3
>0
x 4 16

:
:

25 x x3
x 4 16

x ( 25 x 2 )
x ( 5 x )( 5 + x )
25 x x3
= 2
=
4
2
x 16 ( x 4 )( x + 4 ) ( x 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 )
, :
x ( 5 x )( 5 + x )

( x 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 )

>0

, :
x=0
x1 = 0
5 x = 0

x2 = 5

5+ x = 0

x3 = ( 5 )

x2=0

x4 = 2

x+2=0

x5 = ( 2 )

x + 4 0 ( )
2

:
2

5 x

5+ x

x2

x+2

x2 + 4

I ( x)

25 x x 3
> 0 :
x 4 16

x ( , 5 ) ( 2, 0 ) ( 2,5 )

( << )

( << >> )
36

2007/2008

10:
:

x2 2x + 3
> 3
x2 4x + 3

:
: I ( x ) > 0
x2 2 x + 3
> 3
x2 4 x + 3
x2 2 x + 3
+3> 0
x2 4 x + 3
x 2 2 x + 3 + 3 ( x 2 4 x + 3)

>0
x2 4 x + 3
x 2 2 x + 3 + 3 x 2 12 x + 9
>0
x2 4 x + 3
4 x 2 14 x + 12
>0
x2 4 x + 3
:
2 ( 2x2 7 x + 6)

>0
x 2 x 3x + 3
2 ( 2 x 2 3x 4 x + 6 )
x ( x 1) 3 ( x 1)

>0

2 x ( 2 x 3) 2 ( 2 x 3)

( x 1)( x 3)
2 ( 2 x 3)( x 2 )
>0
( x 1)( x 3)
( 2 x 3)( x 2 ) > 0
( x 1)( x 3)

>0

:2

( ):
3
2

2x 3 > 0

x>

x2>0

x 1 > 0

x> 1

x 3 > 0

x> 3

x> 2

( + )
:
37

2007/2008

:
-

3
2

2x 3

x2

x 1

x 3

I ( x)

:
3
x ( ,1) , 2 ( 3, + )
2

( << )

( << >> )

38

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