Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nau Citi
Nau Citi
2007/2008
Milo
Stani
y = f ( x )
,
,
. :
(1) ( )
(2)
(3) ( )
(4)
(5)
(6) ; ;
:
(7)
,
.
, , :
. .
f ( x)
f ( x )
f ( x )
; ; .
:
:
f ( x) =
x3
.
3 x2
2007/2008
( 1 ) ( )
x y = f ( x ) ..
x
.
: ( >> )
f ( x) =
x3
3 x2
3 x 2 , :
3 x2 0
x2 3
x 3
) (
) (
: D f = , 3 3, 3
3, + .
) (
) (
x , 3 3, 3
3, + .
?
:
( >> )
2
2007/2008
( 2 ) :
'''' .
; ; ; ;
:
2007/2008
, , .
:
lim f ( x ) = x = a .
xa
'''' a
,
.
:
lim f ( x ) = b y = b .
x
2007/2008
:
:
k = lim
x
f ( x)
x
n = lim f ( x ) k x
x
y = kx + n .
:
(
), ,
k = 0
: y = 0 x + n .
: f ( x ) =
'' ''
:
( 3)
x3
.
3 x2
3 ,
( 3)
=
3 ( 3)
3
x
lim f ( x ) = lim
x
3
( )
( ) 3 x2
x 3
: x = 3
3 3 3 3
=
=
33
0
2007/2008
( )
( )
3
3
x3
lim f ( x ) = lim
=
2
x 3
x 3 3 x
3 3
3 3 3 3
=
=
33
0
: x = 3 .
:
( >> ) ,
( + ) ( ) 3
'' ''. (
: << >> )
'' ''
x3
3
3
x
1
1
= = lim x 2 = lim
= =
lim f ( x ) = lim
0
0
2
x
x 3 x
x
3 x
0
3
1
3
x3 x3
x
x
:
( lim f ( x ) = ).
x
'' ''
x3
2
f ( x)
x3
x3
k = lim
lim
= lim 3 x = lim
=
= =
3
2
x
x
x x 3 x
x
x
(
) x 3x x
= lim
x3
x3
3x x
x3 x3
= lim
1
0
3
1
x2
1
= 1
0 1
k = ( 1)
x3
x3
n = lim f ( x ) k x = lim
x
=
+ x =
1
lim
(
)
2
2
x
x 3 x
x 3 x
= lim
= lim
x3 + x ( 3 x 2 )
3 x2
3x
x2
3 x
x2 x2
= lim
= lim
x
3
x
0
x3 + 3x x3
3x
= lim
= =
2
2
x 3 x
3 x
3
1
x2
0
= 0
0 1
n=0
: y = ( 1) x + 0 y = x .
( >>)
( << )
( << >> )
6
2007/2008
(3)
:
:
= f(x) je ( -) :
f (x) = f ( x)
:
= f(x) je ( )
:
f (x) = f ( x)
2007/2008
: f ( x ) =
f (x) =
(x )
3
3 (x)
x3
3 x2
x3
= f ( x)
3 x2
f (x) = f ( x)
: .
( >> )
( << >> )
(4)
:
x : f ( x ) = 0 ; f ( x ) > 0 ;
f ( x ) < 0 . :
f ( x) = 0
(-)
f ( x ) > 0
f ( x ) < 0
( )
f ( x) =
x3
3 x2
'' ''
f ( x) = 0
x3
=0
3 x2
x3 = 0
x=0
f ( x ) = 0 x = 0
:
'' '' x-
8
2007/2008
'' ''
:
f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) < 0 .
.
( >> )
:
f ( x) =
x3
=
3 x2
x3
3x
)(
3+x
( 3)
x3
3x
3+x
f ( x)
(
x (
) ( )
3, 0 ) ( 3, + )
f ( x ) > 0 x , 3 0, 3
f ( x ) < 0
( x
x = 0 ,
)
( << >> )
( >> )
10
2007/2008
2007/2008
(5)
:
( a, b ) y = f ( x ) .
x1 , x2 ( a, b ) x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )
y = f ( x ) .
x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 )
y = f ( x ) .
f ( x )
f ' ( x0 ) < 0 y = f ( x ) x0
:
f ( x )
f ' ( x0 ) = 0 y = f ( x ) x0
. , ( )
( )
11
2007/2008
, y = f ( x )
x0 f ' ( x0 ) = 0 .
:
y = f ( x ) x0
f ' ( x0 ) = 0 :
f '' ( x0 ) < 0 ( ) y = f ( x ) x0
.
f '' ( x0 ) > 0 ( ) y = f ( x ) x0
.
f '' ( x0 ) = 0 ( ) y = f ( x ) x0
. ( x0 )
12
2007/2008
f ( x) =
x3
.
3 x2
f ' ( x ) .
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
x3 ( x ) ( 3 x ) x ( 3 x ) 3 x ( 3 x ) x ( 2 x )
=
=
=
f '( x) =
2
2
2
3 x
(3 x2 )
(3 x2 )
f '( x) =
x 2 3 ( 3 x 2 ) + 2 x 2
(3 x )
2 2
x 2 ( 9 3x 2 + 2 x 2 )
(3 x )
2 2
x2 (9 x2 )
(3 x )
2 2
x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )
(3 x )
2 2
x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )
(3 x )
2 2
'' '' :
f '( x) = 0
x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )
(3 x )
2 2
f '( x) =
x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )
(3 x )
2 2
=0
x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x ) = 0
x2 = 0 3 x = 0 3 + x = 0
x1 = 0
x2 = 3
x3 = ( 3)
'' '': x1 = 0 ; x2 = 3 ; x3 = ( 3) .
f "( x ) :
13
f "( x ) .
2007/2008
x 2 3 x 3 + x x 2 ( 9 x 2 ) 2
4
(
)(
)
9
x
=
=
=
f "( x ) = ( f ' ( x )) =
2 2
2 2
2 2
(3 x ) (3 x ) (3 x )
2
2
( 9 x 2 x4 ) ( 3 x 2 ) ( 9 x 2 x4 ) ( 3 x2 )
=
=
2 4
3
x
(
)
(18 x 4 x )( 3 x ) ( 9 x x ) 2 ( 3 x ) ( 3 x ) =
=
(3 x )
(18 x 4 x )( 3 x ) ( 9 x x ) 2 ( 3 x ) ( 2 x ) =
=
(3 x )
2 x ( 3 x ) ( 9 2 x )( 3 x ) + 2 ( 9 x x )
=
=
(3 x )
2 x ( 27 9 x 6 x +2 x + 18 x 2 x ) 2 x ( 27 + 3 x )
=
=
=
3
x
3
x
(
)
(
)
6x (9 + x )
=
2 2
2 4
2 2
2 4
2 3
2 3
f "( x ) =
3x
)(
6x (9 + x2 )
3x
)(
3
3+x
3+x
( << ; ; ... )
: x1 = 0 ; x2 = 3 ; x3 = ( 3) .
, , : f ( x1 ) ; f ( x2 ) ; f ( x3 ) ; ''''
.
f ( x1 ) = f ( 0 ) =
: f ( 0 ) = 0
6 0 ( 9 + 02 )
(3 0 )
2 3
= 0
x1 = 0
14
2007/2008
f ( x2 ) = f ( 3) =
6 3 ( 9 + 32 )
(3 3 )
2 3
3
f ( 3) = < 0
2
18 18
( 6 )
6 3 6 3
6 6 6
3
2
x2 = 3 .
:
ymax = f ( 3) =
33
27
9
1
=
= = 4
2
33
6
2
2
1
1
, ymax = 4 x2 = 3 , E1 3; 4 .
2
2
f ( x3 ) = f ( 3) =
6 ( 3) 9 + ( 3)
(3 ( 3) )
2 3
f ( x3 ) = f ( 3) =
3
>0
2
) = 18 18 = 3
( 6 )
x3 = ( 3)
.
:
ymin = f ( 3) =
, ymin = 4
( 3)
2
3 ( 3)
3
27 9
1
= = 4
6 2
2
1
1
x3 = ( 3) , E2 3; 4 .
2
2
, , '' ''
f '( x) =
x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )
(3 x )
2 2
15
2007/2008
x2
3 x
3+ x
(3 x )
f ( x)
2 2
f ( x)
) (
) (
f ( x)
x 3; 3 3; 3
f ( x)
x ( ; 3) ( 3; + )
3;3
( << >> )
16
2007/2008
(6)
; ; :
( a, b )
.
( a, b )
.
:
y = f ( x ) ( a, b )
x ( a, b ) , :
f ( x ) > 0 x ( a, b ) y = f ( x )
.
f ( x ) < 0 x ( a, b ) y = f ( x )
.
f ( x0 ) = 0 x0 ( a, b ) y = f ( x ) x0
.
17
2007/2008
; :
x3
3 x2
f ( x) =
'' ''
( << )
,
x3
3 x2
f ( x) =
...............................................
f ( x) =
x 2 ( 3 x )( 3 + x )
(3 x )
2 2
................................................
f ( x ) =
6 x (9 + x2 )
(3 x )
2 3
6 x (9 + x2 )
3x
)(
3
3+x
:
f ( x ) = 0
6x (9 + x2 )
3x
)(
3
3+x
6x (9 + x2 ) = 0
=0
( 9 + x 2 > 0 x )
6x = 0
x=0
, f ( x ) =
x3
x = 0 .
3 x2
f ( 0 ) P .
f ( 0) =
03
0
= = 0
3
30
3
P ( 0, 0 ) .
'''' : y =
.
18
6x (9 + x2 )
3x
)(
3
3+x
2007/2008
6x
9 + x2
3x
3+x
f ( x )
f ( x)
) ( 3, + )
x ( , 3 ) ( 0, 3 )
x 3, 0
P ( 0, 0 ) .
>> :
19
(7)
( << >> )
20
2007/2008
2007/2008
()
:
:
( (... 0 ) )
1:
y=
x2 + 1
x3 + 2 x 2 3x
:
x3 + 2 x 2 3x 0
:
x ( x 2 + 2 x 3) 0
x x 2 x + 3x 3 0
x ( x ( x 1) + 3 ( x 1) ) 0
x ( x 1)( x + 3) 0
x 0 ( x 1) 0 ( x + 3) 0
x 0 x 1 x ( 3)
( 2 >> )
: D f = { x R | x 0 x 1 x 3}
: D f = ( , 3) ( 3, 0 ) ( 0,1) (1, + )
:
y = f ( x ) x ( , 3) ( 3, 0 ) ( 0,1) (1, + )
?
:
21
2007/2008
()
:
(
(... 0 ) )
2:
:
y=
x3 + 2 x 2 3x
x2 + 1
:
. ,
, ,
.
x3 + 2 x 2 3x 0 x 2 + 1 0
x 2 + 1 0 x R .
x3 + 2 x 2 3x 0
22
2007/2008
I ( x ) = x3 + 2 x 2 3 x :
I ( x ) = x3 + 2 x 2 3 x = x ( x 1)( x + 3)
( I ( x ) 1 >> )
( ):
(: (-3); 0; 1; ,
'' - '' ( x+3); x; (x+1); )
() ( + )
( ) , ( )
.
I ( x ) ; ()
(+)
( ) '' ''
''''
()
( -3)
x 1
x+3
I ( x)
x 3 + 2 x 2 3 x 0
( + )
( '' ... 0 '')
.. :
x [ 3;0] 1; + )
x 2 + 1 0 R ,
x3 + 2 x 2 3 x 0 [ 3; 0] 1; + )
y =
x3 + 2 x 2 3x
:
x2 + 1
23
D f = R [ 3;0] 1; + ) = [ 3;0] 1; + )
2007/2008
:
x3 + 2 x 2 3x
x [ 3; 0] 1; + ) .
x2 + 1
.
y =
()
:
( (... > 0 ) )
3:
4 x 2 + 19 x 12
: y = ln
x2 4
:
:
4 x 2 + 19 x 12
>0
x2 4
: 4 x 2 + 19 x 12 x 2 4 :
24
2007/2008
4 x 2 + 19 x 12
x 2 4
: Ax 2 + Bx + C = A ( x x1 )( x x2 )
x 2 4 = ( x 2 )( x + 2 )
4 x 2 + 19 x 12
A = ( 4 ) ; B = 19; C = ( 12 ) ;
x1,2 =
x1,2 =
B B 2 4 AC
2A
19
( 19 )
4 ( 4 ) ( 12 )
2 ( 4 )
19 361 192
8
19 169
x1,2 =
8
19 13
x1,2 =
8
19 13
19 + 13
x1 =
x2 =
;
8
8
32
6
x1 =
x2 =
;
8
8
3
x1 = 4 ;
x2 =
4
x1,2 =
4 x 2 + 19 x 12 = 4 ( x 4 ) x
4
, :
4 ( x 4 ) x
4
>0
( x 2 )( x + 2 )
25
2007/2008
:
-
3
4
-2
( 4 )
x4
3
4
x2
x+2
I ( x)
3
3
: x 2, ( 2, 4 ) : D f = 2, ( 2, 4 )
4
4
:
4 x 2 + 19 x 12
3
y = ln
x 2, ( 2, 4 ) .
2
4
x 4
( << )
( << >> )
26
2007/2008
:
lim f ( x ) , f ( x ) x
xa
a x a .
a , f ( x )
(a , a + )
> 0 .
f ( x )
lim f ( x ) f ( x )
x a
lim f ( x ) .
x a +
:
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( a ) = ...
x a
:
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( a + ) = ...
x a +
> 0 .
:
4:
f ( x ) =
)
)
( 3)
3
27
x3
:
3 x2
:
) :
( 3 + ) =
= lim
3( 3 + )
(
)
( 3 3 + 9 + 3 3 + )
( 3 3 + 9 + 3 3 + )
lim
= lim
=
3 3 2 3
3 ( 3 + 2 3 + )
( 3 3 + 9 + 3 3 + )
3 3 + 9 + 3 3 +
= lim
= lim
=
2 3 +
( 2 3 + )
3
3
x3
lim
= lim
2
x 3 3 x
0 3 3
2
3 3 + 9 0 + 3 3 0 + 03 3 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 3 3
=
=
= +
0+0
0
2 3 0 + 02
:
=
3 +
x3
lim
= lim
2
x 3 + 3 x
0 3 3 +
lim
3 3 9 + 3 3 2 3
3 3 + 2 3 2
2 3 0 0
= lim
0
) = lim (3
0
3 3 9 0 + 3 3 0 2 03
2
) = (3
lim
0
3 3 9 + 3 3 2 3
3 3 2 3 + 2
3 9 + 3 3 2
2 3 2
3 0+00
00
) = 3
3 3 9 + 3 3 2 3
=
0
3 3 + 2 3 2
= lim
3 3 9 0 + 3 3 0 03 3 3 0 + 0 0 3 3
=
=
= +
00
0
2 3 0 02
28
)
)
=
3 3 2 3 + 2
:
3
x3
lim
=
lim
2
x 3 3 x
0 3 3
2007/2008
2007/2008
x
lim
= lim
2
x 3 + 3 x
0 3
3
3 +
3 +
= lim
3 3 + 9 + 3 3 2 + 3
3 3 + 2 3 + 2
3 3 + 9 + 3 3 2 + 3
3 3 + 9 + 3 3 2 + 3
=
lim
=
0
0
3 3 2 3 2
2 3 2
= lim
= lim
3 3 + 9 + 3 3 2 + 3
2 3 + 2
3 3 +0+0+0
0+0
) = 3
3 3 + 9 0 + 3 3 0 2 + 03
=
2 3 0 + 02
=
( << )
( << >> )
5:
: y =
x2 5x + 7
.
x2
:
'' '' :
x2 0
x2
:
D f = ( , 2 ) ( 2, + ) .
:
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2
x 2
x 2 5 x + 7 22 5 2 + 7 4 10 + 7 1
=
=
= =
x2
22
0
0
x = 2 .
5
7
x2 5x 7
+ 2
1
2+ 2
2
2
x 5x + 7
x
x
x
x = lim
= = lim x
lim f ( x ) = lim
0
0
x
x
x
x 2
x2
1
2
2
2
x
x
x
x2
. ( lim f ( x ) = )
x
29
1 0 + 0 1
= =
00
0
:
x2 5x + 7
f ( x)
x2 5x + 7
x2 5x + 7
x2
= lim
= lim
= lim 2
= =
k = lim
x
x
x x ( x 2 )
x
x
x
x 2x
7
5
x2 5x 7
+ 2
1
2+ 2
2
x
x
x = lim
= lim x 2 x
0
x
x
x 2x
2
1
x2 x2
x
1 0 + 0
=1
1 0
k =1
x2 5x + 7 x ( x 2)
x2 5x + 7
n = lim f ( x ) k x = lim
1 x = lim
=
x
x
x2
x2
x
0
= lim
x2 5x + 7 x2 + 2 x
7 3x
= lim
= = lim
x
x2
x 2 x
7
3
x
1
2
x
03
= 3
1 0
n = 3
y = 1 x + ( 3) , , y = x 3 .
( << )
( << >> )
30
2007/2008
2007/2008
6:
: y =
x2 4
1 x2
:
, .
1 x2 0
x2 1
x 1
, D f = ( , 1) ( 1,1) (1, + )
:
( 1 ) 4 = lim 1 + 2 + 2 4 = lim 3 + 2 + 2 =
x2 4
=
lim
2
x 1 1 x 2
0
0 1 1 + 2 + 2
1 ( 1 )
(
) 0 1 1 2 2
2
lim
= lim
(3 2 )
( 2 + 2 )
3 2 3 0 02 3
=
= = +
0 2 + 2
2 0 + 02 0
= lim
( 1 + ) 4 = lim 1 2 + 2 4 = 3 2 + 2 =
x2 4
lim
=
lim
2
x 1+ 1 x 2
0
0 1 1 2 + 2
1 ( 1 + )
(
) 1 1 + 2 2
2
3 2 + 2 3 0 + 0 3
=
=
=
0
2 2
00
0
= lim
(1 ) 4 = lim 1 2 + 2 4 = lim 3 2 + 2 =
x2 4
lim
=
lim
2
x 1 1 x 2
0
0 1 1 2 + 2
1 (1 )
(
) 0 1 1 + 2 2
2
3 + 2 3 0 + 02 3
=
=
=
0
2 2
2 0 02
0
= lim
(1 + ) 4 = lim 1 + 2 + 2 4 = 3 + 2 + 2 =
x2 4
lim
=
lim
2
x 1+ 1 x 2
0
0 1 1 + 2 + 2
1 (1 + )
(
) 1 1 2 2
2
( 3 2 )
3 + 2 + 2
3 2 2 3 0 0 3
=
lim
=
lim
=
= = +
0
0
0
2 2
2 + 2
00
0
( 2 + 2 )
2
= lim
x = ( 1) x = 1 .
31
:
0
4
x2 4
1 2
2
2
2
x 4
1 0
x
x = lim
= = lim x
=
= 1
lim
0
2
x 1 x 2
x
1 x
0 1
1
x2 x2
x2
y = ( 1) .
( << )
( << >> )
:
7:
:
a)
y=
1 x2
x4 + 3
b)
y=
x3
3 x2
c)
y = x
x 2 + 3x
2 x
:
a)
f (x) =
1 (x)
(x)
+3
1 x2
= f ( x)
x4 + 3
(x)
f (x) =
2
3 (x)
3
b)
x3
x3
=
=
= f ( x)
3 x2
3 x2
c)
f (x) = (x)
(x)
+ 3( x)
x 2 3x
= x
f ( x)
2 (x)
2+ x
2
.
( << )
( << >> )
32
2007/2008
2007/2008
8:
:
y=
12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x
9 x2
:
'' ''
y=0
12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x
=0
9 x2
12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x = 0
9 x2 0
3 x ( 4 x + x 2 5 ) = 0
( 3 x )( 3 + x ) 0
3x ( x 2 4 x 5) = 0
(3 x 0
3 x x 2 + x 5 x 5 = 0
3 x x ( x + 1) 5 ( x + 1) = 0
(x 3
3 + x 0)
x ( 3) )
3 x ( x + 1)( x 5 ) = 0
3 x = 0 : ( 3) x + 1 = 0
x1 = 0
x2 = ( 1)
x 5 = 0
x3 = 5
(x 3
x ( 3) )
, y = 0 : x1 = 0 x2 = ( 1) x3 = 5 .
:
'' '' x- .
'' ''
: y > 0 y < 0 .
. ,
:
12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x
12 x 2 3 x3 + 15 x
>
0
<0
9 x2
9 x2
:
3 x ( x + 1)( x 5 )
3 x ( x + 1)( x 5 )
> 0
<0
( 3 x )( 3 + x )
( 3 x )( 3 + x )
33
2007/2008
:
1
3x
x +1
x 5
3 x
3+ x
,
y>0
x ( 3, 1) ( 0,3) ( 5, + )
y<0
x ( , 3) ( 1, 0 ) ( 3,5 )
?
x- : 1; 0; 5 , :
( << )
( << >> )
34
2007/2008
'''' I ( x ) > 0 I ( x ) < 0
:
:
I ( x ) , :
I ( x ) = Q1 ( x ) Q2 ( x ) Q3 ( x ) ... Qn ( x )
: , :
Q1 ( x ) = 0; Q2 ( x ) = 0; Q3 ( x ) = 0; ... Qn ( x ) = 0;
: x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; ... xm (
)
: : Q1 ( x ) ; Q2 ( x ) ; Q3 ( x ) ; ... Qn ( x ) ; I ( x )
.
: :
; x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; ... xm ; +
( x1 < x2 < x3 < ... < xm )
:
-
x1
x2
x3
Q1 ( x )
...
Q2 ( x )
...
Q3 ( x )
...
...
...
...
...
xm
...
Qm ( x )
...
I ( x)
...
...
( + ) ( )
Qi ( x ) .
, ( + ) ( )
.
( << )
:
35
2007/2008
9:
:
25 x x3
>0
x 4 16
:
:
25 x x3
x 4 16
x ( 25 x 2 )
x ( 5 x )( 5 + x )
25 x x3
= 2
=
4
2
x 16 ( x 4 )( x + 4 ) ( x 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 )
, :
x ( 5 x )( 5 + x )
( x 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 )
>0
, :
x=0
x1 = 0
5 x = 0
x2 = 5
5+ x = 0
x3 = ( 5 )
x2=0
x4 = 2
x+2=0
x5 = ( 2 )
x + 4 0 ( )
2
:
2
5 x
5+ x
x2
x+2
x2 + 4
I ( x)
25 x x 3
> 0 :
x 4 16
x ( , 5 ) ( 2, 0 ) ( 2,5 )
( << )
( << >> )
36
2007/2008
10:
:
x2 2x + 3
> 3
x2 4x + 3
:
: I ( x ) > 0
x2 2 x + 3
> 3
x2 4 x + 3
x2 2 x + 3
+3> 0
x2 4 x + 3
x 2 2 x + 3 + 3 ( x 2 4 x + 3)
>0
x2 4 x + 3
x 2 2 x + 3 + 3 x 2 12 x + 9
>0
x2 4 x + 3
4 x 2 14 x + 12
>0
x2 4 x + 3
:
2 ( 2x2 7 x + 6)
>0
x 2 x 3x + 3
2 ( 2 x 2 3x 4 x + 6 )
x ( x 1) 3 ( x 1)
>0
2 x ( 2 x 3) 2 ( 2 x 3)
( x 1)( x 3)
2 ( 2 x 3)( x 2 )
>0
( x 1)( x 3)
( 2 x 3)( x 2 ) > 0
( x 1)( x 3)
>0
:2
( ):
3
2
2x 3 > 0
x>
x2>0
x 1 > 0
x> 1
x 3 > 0
x> 3
x> 2
( + )
:
37
2007/2008
:
-
3
2
2x 3
x2
x 1
x 3
I ( x)
:
3
x ( ,1) , 2 ( 3, + )
2
( << )
( << >> )
38