Chng 2 : Tm hiu thit b DWDM MHL3000 thuc h thng Metrolink

2.1 Khi nim WDM

WDM: (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) l phng thc ghp knh quang theo
bc sng . L cng ngh trong mt si quang ng thi truyn dn nhiu bc
sng tn hiu quang . u pht, nhiu tn hiu quang c bc sng khc nhau
c t hp li ( ghp knh ) truyn i trong mt s quang . u thu, tn
hiu t hp c phn gii ra ( tch knh ) , khi phc tn hiu gc v a vo
cc u cui khc nhau.
S chc nng

u im ca WDM:
- Tng bng thng truyn trn si quang s ln tng ng vi s bc sng
c ghp vo truyn trn mt si quang.
- Tnh trong sut : do cng ngh WDM thuc kin trc lp mng vt l nn n
c th h tr cc nh dng s liu v thoi nh: ATM, ESCON, chuyn
mch knh
- Kh nng m rng : nhng tin b trong cng ngh WDM ha hn tng
bng thng truyn i trn s quang ln n hng Tbps, p ng nhu cu
m rng mng nhiu cp khc nhau.
Nhc im ca WDM:
- Vn cha khai thc ht bng tn hot ng c th ca s quang( ch mi
tn dng c bng C v bng L)
- Qu trnh khai thc, bo dng phc tp hn nhiu ln
- Nu h thng s quang ang s dng l si DSF theo chun G ,653 th rt
kh trin khai WDM v xut hin hin tng trn bn bc sng kh gay
gt.
2.2 Khi nim DWDM
Gii thiu cng ngh DWDM:
Cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang WDM l cng ngh cho php trong mt si
quang ng thi truyn dn nhiu bc sng tn hiu quang.
Khi khong cch gia cc bc sng <1nm, ta ni l DWDM ( ghp knh theo bc sng
mt cao)

2.3 Thit b DWDM MHL3000 thuc h thng Metrolink
2.3.1 Thit b DWDM MHL3000
Marconi MHL3000 l mt thit b tch hp cc h thng SDH/SONE/WDM vo
trong h thng dch v qun l mng cp quang. y l h thng WDM a ng ,
n c cy hnh cho cc h thng c bc sng ngn , bc sng diTi cc
iu kin thch hp, Marconi MHL3000 c th truyn tn hiu i trn 3000 km m
khng cn b khuch i trung gian. y l phng php rt tin li, linh hot v
c kh nng m rng cho cc h thng truy cp v h thng metro. H thng ny
p ng c cc yu cu khc khe nht vi chi ph thp nht nn c thit k
cho cc h thng metro trong khu vc.
Marconi MHL3000 hot ng band C, v vy n c hiu sut ti u ti ITU-
TG.652, G.654 v G.655. Tuy nhin, n c th m rng ln band L, cho php
truyn 160 knh, v h thung c ti u ti G.653. Hin nay, h thng ny
c cu hnh 40 hoc 80 knh hot ng ti ng truyn 2.5, 10, 40Gbit/s.
Cc tnh nng chnh ca h thng Marconi MHL3000 l:
_ H tr cho cc chc nng qun l{ bo ng BW7R v t ng gim st vi tn
hiu analog v pre-FEV trc .
_ Truyn ti cc gi IP.
_ EOR ( engineering order wire) v cc chc nng ph tr.
H thng Marconi MHL3000 c th c qun l bi cc b phn do cc trm
gim st ti a phng hoc bi h thng qun l mng khc, theo d liu c
truyn qua cc bytes GCCO c gim st bi OSC hoc DOSC

Hnh 1.1 a ra s khi ca cc cu hnh ti mt im point- to- point n
gin, nhng h thng trong vng phc tp hn vi cc mng ln hn.
Cc khi trn hnh 1.1:
_Khi OLT: thit b u cui.
_Khi OLA: khuch i quang
_Khi OADM:
2.3.2 Thit b u cui OLT
Thit b u cui l phn t mng tng i n gin xt v mt cu trc, Chng c dng
u cui ca mt lin kt im-im ghp v phn knh cc bc sng. Hnh 1.2 m t ba
phn t chc nng bn trong mt OLT gm: b tip sng (transponder), b ghp knh bc
sng (Wavelength Multiplexer) v mt b khuch i quang khng c v ra trn
hnh. B tip sng c chc nng bini tn hiu i vo t ngi s dng sang mt tn
hiu ph hp s dng trong mng v tng t theo chiu ngc li. Giao din gia ngi s
dng v b tip sng c th thay i ph thuc vo ngi s dng, tc bit v khong cch
hoc suy hao gia ngi dng v b chuyn tip. Giao din ph bin nht l SONET/SDH.

Tn hiu c th cn c chuyn sang mt bc sng thch hp trong mng quang. Cc bc
sng to ra bi b tip sng tun theo cc tiu chun ca ITU trong ca s 1.55 micromet,
trong khi tn hiu n c th l tn hiu 1,3 micromet.B tip sng c th thm vo phn vo
u (overhead) nhm mc ch qun lmng. N cng c th thm thng tin sa li FEC, c
bit cho cc tn hiu 10Gbps v cc tc cao hn. Trong mt s trng hp, vic lm thch
nghi ch cho hng i vo v bc sng ITU hng ngc li c gi trc tip n thit b
ngi s dng. Trong mt s trng hp khc, ta c th trnh s dng b tip sng bng
cch thc hin chc nng thch nghi bn trong thit b ngi s dng nh phn t mng
SONET c ch ra trong hnh 1.2.
Tn hiu ra khi b tip sng c ghp knh vi cc tn hiu khc cc bc sng
khc nhau s dng b ghp knh theo bc sng pht ra trn mt si quang. Thm
vo , c th phi s dng b khuch i quang y cng sut tn hiu ln trc khi
chng c gi n b phn knh, ri truyn ti b tip sng hoc trc tip n thit b
ngi s dng.
OLT cng l u cui ca mt knh gim st quang OSC. OSC c mang trn mt bc sng
ring, tch bit vi cc bc sng mang lu lng. N dung gim st vic thc hin ca cc
b khuch i dc theo tuyn, v mt s chc nng qun l khc

2.3.3 Cc loi khuch i
Khuch i quang:
Khuch i quang c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang nh cc
b khuch i nhm lm tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang trn ng truyn,
khc phc suy hao do si quang v cc mi hn, ni xy ra trn ng truyn. Tuz
theo v tr lp t, cc b khuch i trn tuyn truyn dn quang c chia lm
ba loi:
Khuch i cng sut (Booster Amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t ngay
sau thit b pht nhm mc ch lm tng cng sut quang n mc cao nht
lm cho khong cch truyn cc i. Yu cu ca cc b khuch i cng sut l
to ra cng sut u ra cc i ch khng phi li cc i v cng sut tn hiu
ng vo ln.
Khuch i trn tuyn (In-line Amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t ngay
trn tuyn quang nhm mc ch b mt mt cng sut gy ra bi suy hao si,
suy hao do kt ni v suy hao do vic phn phi tn hiu quang trong mng. Cc
b khuch i ng dy c th c lp t ni tip nhau trn ng truyn
lm gia tng khong cch lp t. Tuy nhin, vic lp t ni tip cc b khuch
i quang s lm gim h s SNR nh hng n cht lng ca h thng truyn
dn quang.
Tin khuch i (Pre amplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t ngay trc
thit b thu quang nhm khuch i tn hiu ngay trc khi tin hiu c a vo
thit b. iu ny lm gim yu cu nghim ngt ca b nhy thit b thu v cho
php h thng truyn dn quang hot ng vi tc bit cao hn. Do v tr lp
t, cc b tin khuch i hot ng vi cng sut tn hiu vo yu v mc nhiu
u thu cao. Do vy, yu cu ca b tin khuch i l nhy ln, h s G
trung bnh nhng thng s nhiu phi rt thp. Khuch i quang Raman c
thng s nhiu nh, v vy chng lun c s dng cho tin khuch quang.
_ Nguyn l EDFA:
Nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA c da trn hin tng pht x kch thch.
Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu quang trong EDFA c th c thc hin theo cc
bc nh sau (xem hnh 1)

Hnh 1: qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra EDFA vi hai bc sng bm 980 nm
v 1480 nm
Khi s dng ngun bm laser 980nm, cc ion Er
3+
vng nn s hp th nng
lng t t cc photon (c nng lng E
photon
= 1.27eV) v chuyn sang trng thi
nng lng cao hn vng bm (pumping band) (1)
Ti vng bm cc Er
3+

phn r khng bc x rt nhanh (khong 1micro s) v
chuyn xung vng gi bn (2)
Khi s dng ngun bm laser 1480 nm, cc ion Er
3+
vng nn s hp th nng
lng t cc photon (c nng lng E
photon
= 0.841 eV) v chuyn sang trng thi
nng lng cao hn nh ca vng gi bn (3)
Cc ion Er trong vng gi bn lun c khuynh hng chuyn xung vng nng
lng thp (vng c mt in t cao) (4)
Sau khong thi gian sng (khong 10ms), nu khng c kch thch bi cc
photon c nng lng thch hp (pht x kch thch) cc ion Er
3+
s chuyn sang
trng thi nng lng thp hn vng nn v pht x ra photon (pht x t pht)
(5).
Khi cho tn hiu nh sng i vo EDFA, s x ng thi hai hin tng sau:
Cc photon tn hiu b hp th bi cc ion Er vng nn (6). Tn hiu nh sng b
suy hao
Cc photon tn hiu kch thch cc ion Er
3+
vng gi bn (7) . Hin tng pht x
kch thch xy ra. Khi , cc ion Er
3+
b kch thch s chuyn sang trng thi nng
lng t mc nng lng cao vng gi bn xung mc nng lng thp vng
nn v pht x photon mi c cng hng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v
cng bc sng. Tn hiu nh sng c khuch i.
rng gia vng gi bn v vng nn cho php s pht x kch thch (khuch
i) xy ra trong khong bc sng 1530 nm 1565nm . y cng l vng bc
sng hot ng ca EDFA. li khuch i gim nhanh chng ti cc bc sng
ln hn 1565 nm v bng 0 dB ti bc sng 1616 nm.
Qu trnh bc x xy ra trong EDFA nhn chung c th c phn cp thnh bc
x kch thch v bc x t pht. Khi cc ion Erbium Er
3+
c kch thch t trng
thi nn thng qua s hp th nh sng bm, n s phn r khng pht x t cc
mc nng lng cao hn cho ti khi tin ti trng thi siu bn
4
I
13/2
. Tn hiu
quang s i n cc Erbium c kch thch. Qu trnh bc x kch thch s xy
ra cc photon ph c cng pha v hng nh tn hiu ti. Nh vy t c
qu trnh khuch i quang trong EDFA. Cc ion c kch thch m khng
tng tc vi nh sng ti s phn r t pht ti trng thi nn vi hng s thi
gian xp x 10ms. Pht x t pht SE (Spontaneous Emisson) c pha v hng
ngu nhin. Tiu biu c t hn 1% pht x t pht c gi li bi mode si
quang v n tr thnh cc ngun nhiu quang. u ra ca b khuch i quang
EDFA khng nhng tn hiu c khuch i m nhiu ny cng s c khuch
i v to ra bc x t pht c khuch i ASE (Amplified Spontaneous
Emisson). ASE l suy gim t l trn nhiu ca tn hiu qua b khuch i.
Khuch i Rama (DRA):
Nguyn l khuch i DRA:
Khuch i Raman c da trn hin tng tn x Raman kch thch xy ra ngay
bn trong si truyn dn (si silica) khi tia bm truyn qua n. Hin tng tn x
kch thch xy ra ti tn s 1.3 THz (c gi l dch chuyn Stoker).

Cc nguyn t bn trong si quang hp th nng lng t bc sng bm dch
chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn. Tn hiu n va chm vi cc nguyn t
xung ng ny s gii phng ra cc photon c mc nng lng thp hn cng
pha, cng tn s vi tn hiu cn khuch i, kt qu l tn hiu c khuch i.

Bn trn l s tng qut ca mt b khuch i Raman in hnh, gm c cc
thnh phn chnh nh sau:
Si quang: l ni xy ra qu trnh khuch i. B khuch i Raman c th s
dng vi hu ht cc loi si quang. Ngoi ra, n cng khng cn s dng bt kz
loi si c bit c pha tp no nh trong b khuch i EDFA.
Coupler: Dng ghp cc bc sng tn hiu n vo bc sng bm.
Isolator: B cch ly c tc dng nh hng tn hiu i theo mt chiu, ngn
khng cho tn hiu ng ra i ngc tr li vo b khuch i, v hn ch nhiu
lm nh hng n tn hiu ng vo.
Laser bm: Dng cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t bn trong si quang
dch chuyn ln trng thi kch thch gip to ra trng thi nghch o nng .
Laser pht ra nh sng c bc sng thch hp ty thuc vo vng bc sng cn
khuch i.
C mt s cu hnh bm ph bin cho khuch i quang Raman nh: C th dng
cch bm ng hng tc l bm cng chiu vi chiu tn hiu. Cng c th bm
ngc hng tc l bm ngc vi hng truyn tn hiu. Ngoi ra cn cch
bm song cng tc l bm t c 2 hng. Mi cu hnh bm c nhng u nhc
im khc nhau.
Cu hnh bm ng hng cho khuch i quang Raman

Cu hnh bm ngc hng cho khuch i quang Raman








Pump
Fiber
Signal
Pump
Coupler
Pump
Fiber
Isolator
Signal
bm thun, qu trnh Raman gn nh tc thi, khi ngun bm Raman nhiu
cao, cc bt ring l c th b khuch i khc nhau dn n cc dao ng v bin
hay bin pha. Do nhiu bm nh hng mnh n cc tn hiu WDM. Tuy
nhin nu dng bm ngc th s trnh c cc hin tng trn v cc dao ng
ca cng sut bm Raman s c ly trung bnh u ra, do c th gim
c nhiu khuch i cng bm. Do cu hnh bm ngc c s dng ph
bin hn.
u im:
B khuch i Raman c cc u im chnh sau:
- Khuch i Raman t b nh hng bi tp m nhiu.
- Cu trc ca b khuch i n gin.
- Khng cn bt kz loi si c bit no.
- D dng la chn bng tn khuch i.
- C th t bng thng rng nh vic kt hp nhiu laser bm.
- u im chnh ca khuch i Raman l tng t s tn hiu v loi b
nhiu ti u thu, gip m rng khong cch truyn dn.
Khuyt im:
Bn cnh nhng u im ni bt th b khuch i Raman vn cn tn ti
mt s khuyt im sau:
- H s khuch i ca b khuch i Raman thp, v hiu sut thp hn b
khuch i EDFA. V cn mt cng sut bm ln hn c cng li.
- Xuyn m gia cc knh tn hiu do hin tng tn x kch thch lm nh
hng n cht lng ton h thng. trnh c hin tng nhiu ny chng
ta phi gim cng sut cc knh nh trnh hin tng khuch i.
2.3.4 B ghp/ xem OADM
OADM (Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer) l thit b c s dng trong cc h thng WDM
ghp v nh tuyn cc knh quang vo i vo/ra mt si quang n mode (SMF). y l loi
node quang thng hay c dng xy dng mng quang cu trc mch vng. y
Add v Drop ch ra kh nng a thm mt hay nhiu knh bc sng mi vo tn hiu
WDM a bc sng ang c v /hoc tch (rt) mt hay nhiu knh bc sng, ri nh
tuyn sang mt tuyn khc ca Mt thit b OADM c th coi nh lm mt loi chuyn mch
quang (Optical Cross-connect) c bit.

Cu to ca mt b OADM s dng FBG v 2 b Circulator
Cu trc in hnh ca mt OADM gm 3 khi: Khi tch knh quang (Optical Demux), khi
ghp knh quang (Optical Mux), gia l khi chuyn mch quang (optical switch). Tt c cc
lightpath i trc tip qua OADM gi l cut-through ligthpath , trong khi nhng lightpath c
xen/rt ti node OADM gi l added/dropped lightpath. Mt OADM c cc chuyn mch
quang c th cu hnh li t xa c gi l ROADM (Reconfigurabel OADM). V mt vt l, c
mt s cch thc hin OADM. C rt nhiu cng ngh tch/ghp knh nh : dng b lc,
FBG (Fiber Bragg Gratings) vi cc b Circulator quang, Cng c rt nhiu cc cng ngh
chuyn mch hay cu hnh li: Fiber Patch Panel, cng ngh MEMS, cc chuyn mch quang
nhit v tinh th lng trong cc mch dn sng phng. Mc d u c chc nng xen/rt,
nhng OADM li khc vi cc b ADM (Add-Drop Multiplexer) v dng tn hiu lm vic.
OADM xen/rt cc knh quang trong mng WDM, trong khi ADM xen/rt cc lung TDM tn
hiu introng mng SONET/SDH.
B xen/tch quang cung cp mt phng tin iu khin lu lng hiu qu trong mng.
OADM c th dng ti nhng v tr khuch i trong cc mng ng trc, nhng cng c th
s dng nh nhng phn t mng c lp. hiu c cc li ch ca b xen/tch quang, ta
xt mt mng gia ba node A,B, v Cvi cc bnh tuyn IP t mi node nh trong hnh
sau. Da vo cu trcmng, lu lng gia A v C i xuyn qua node B. n gin ta gi
thuyt cctuyn kt ni hon ton song cng ging nh hu ht cc mng quang hin nay.

Gi s yu cn lu lng nh sau: mt bc sng gia A v B, mt bc sng gia B v C, v
ba bc sng gia A v C. By gi ta xy dng h thng WDM im ni im p ng nhu
cu lu lng ny. Trong gii php a ratrong hnh a, mi lin kt im im s dng mt
OLT cui tuyn. OLT gmcc b Mux/demux, cc b tip sng. Ch ph b tip sng l mt
phn quan trngtrong chi ph chung ca mng. Node B c hai OLT, mi OLT kt thc bn bc
sng v v vy yu cu bn b tip sng. Tuy nhin, ch c mt trong bn bc sng ny l
dnh cho node B, cc bc sng cn li c s dng cung cp lu lng gia A v C. V
th sau trong tm b tip sng node B dng iu khinlu lng. y l vic lm tn
km.
Xt gii php dng OADM trong hnh.b. Thay v thc hin cc h thng WDM im ni im,
ta trin khai mt mng nh tuyn bc sng. Mng s dng mt OLT node A v C v mt
OADM node B. OADM tch mt trong bn bc sng, sau kt thc trong cc
transponder. Ba bc sng cn li i xuyn qua trong min quang s dng cc k thut
lc tng i n gin, m khng phI kt thc trong cc transponder. Kt qu l ch c hai
transponder cn thit node B thay v tm transponder nh gii php hnh a. iu ny
cho thy OADM s gim bt chi ph ng k.
Tuy nhin cc OADM hin ti kh cng nhc do n khng c kh nng thay i la chn cc
knh c tch v i xuyn qua bng phn mm iu khin khi ang hot ng. Vi ROADM
(Reconfigurable OADM) s dng cc b lc v laser hiu chnh p ng c yu cu v tnh
mm do ca cu hnh h thng.