Trang 131

CHNG 5
BO V QU KH
Liu c th du hnh thi gian c khng?
Mt nn vn minh tin tin c th quay li v thay i qu kh c khng?
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 132
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
B O V Q U K H
Trang 133
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
T
i nh cuc nhiu ln vi mt ngi bn v l mt
ngi ng nghip ca ti Kip Thorne, anh khng phi l
mt ngi theo xu hng c chp nhn trong vt l ch v
nhng ngi khc chp nhn. iu ny lm cho anh c can m tr
thnh nh khoa hc nghim tc u tin nghin cu v du hnh thi
gian nh l mt kh nng hin thc.
Nghin cu cng khai v du hnh thi gian i hi phi rt kho lo.
Ta c nguy c vp phi, hoc l, s phn i kch lit v vic lng
ph tin cng vo nhng th v b, hoc l, yu cu vic nghin
cu phi c xp vo mc tiu qun s. Sau ht l lm th no m
chng ta c th t bo v khi nhng ngi c chic my thi gian?
H c th thay i lch s v iu khin th gii. Ch c vi ngi
trong chng ta in r nghin cu v mt vn qu khng
ng n v mt chnh tr nh th trong th gii vt l. Chng ta che
y thc t ny bng cc thut ng khoa hc m ha cho vic du
hnh thi gian.
Kip Thorne
(1)
Stephen Hawking
i vo h giun ngy
6/1/1997
(2)
Trong tng lai,
ngi ta chng minh
c rng qu trnh
tin ha ng t cc
iu kin chung ban
u c th khng bao
gi to ra k d trn
tri
(3)
Stephen Hawking
k vo bn nh
cc ngy 5/1/1997
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 134
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
Mt phi thuyn ct
cnh vo lc 12:00
Phi thuyn tr li vo lc
11:45, mi lm pht
trc khi n c gi i
Phi thuyn du hnh
qua cc chu trnh trong
khng thi gian cong
B O V Q U K H
Trang 135
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
C s cho tt c tho lun v du hnh thi gian l thuyt tng
i rng ca Einstein. Nh chng ta thy trong cc chng trc,
cc phng trnh Einstein lm cho khng gian v thi gian tr
nn ng bng vic m t cch m chng b cong v bin dng bi
vt cht v nng lng trong v tr. Trong thuyt tng i rng,
thi gian c nhn ca mt ngi no c o bi ng h eo
tay ca h v thi gian lun tng ging nh vic thi gian tng
trong l thuyt Newton hay khng thi gian phng trong thuyt
tng i hp. Nhng by gi c kh nng khng thi gian b b
cong n ni bn khng th thot ra khi phi thuyn v tr li trc
khi bn c gi i (hnh 5.1).
C mt cch iu ny c th xy ra nu c cc h giun (worm
hole) cc ng ng ca khng thi gian c nhc n trong
chng 4 ni cc vng khc nhau ca khng gian v thi gian.
tng l bn li phi thuyn ca bn vo mt ming ca h giun v i
ra ming kia n mt ni khc v ti thi im khc (hnh 5.2).
Nu cc h giun tn ti th chng s l li gii cho vn gii hn
tc trong khng gian: phi mt mi ngn nm i ngang qua
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 136
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
thin h bng mt phi thuyn chuyn ng chm hn nh sng nh
yu cu ca thuyt tng i. Nhng bn c th i qua h giun
n l bn kia ca thin h v tr li ng vo ba ti. Tuy nhin,
nu ta chng minh rng h giun tn ti th bn cng c th quay
li trc khi bn c gi i. Vy nn, bn c th ngh rng bn
c kh nng lm iu g nh l cho n tn la trn b phng
trnh khng phi ln ng v tr u tin. y l mt bin i ca
nghch l ngi ng (grandfather paradox): iu g s xy ra nu
bn quay tr li v git ng bn trc khi b bn ra i (hnh 5.3)?
Tt nhin, y ch l nghch l nu bn tin rng bn c ch t do
lm iu bn mun khi bn quay tr li qu kh. Cun sch ny
(Hnh 5.2) PHIN BN TH HAI CA NGHCH L ANH EM
SINH I
(1)
Nu mt h giun nng, bn c th i vo h giun v ra cng
mt thi im.
H GIUN NNG
i vo lc 12:00 i ra lc 12:00
B O V Q U K H
Trang 137
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
(2) Ta c th hnh dung ly mt u ca h giun
su t phi thuyn v u kia tri t.
(3) V hiu ng nghch l anh em sinh i (*thi
gian trn phi thuyn ang chuyn ng vi
vn tc ln s chm hn thi gian trn tri t
ND*), khi chic phi thuyn tr li, thi gian
tri i u phi thuyn chm hn thi gian
u tri t. iu c ngha l nu bn bc
vo u tri t v bc ra u phi thuyn ti
thi im sm hn.
Ming h giun bn
trong phi thuyn
Ming h giun
trn mt t
T tri t i vo
h giun lc 12:00
Ra khi h giun vo
phi thuyn lc 10:00
Phi thuyn tr li
tri t t h giun
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 138
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
DY V TR
C
c dy v tr l cc vt
th di, nng v c thit
din rt nh. Cc dy ny c
l c to ra ti cc thi k
s khai ca v tr. Mt khi cc
dy c hnh thnh, chng b
ko di ra do v tr gin n,
v by gi, mt dy v tr c
th ko di theo ton b vng
v tr c th quan st.
S xut hin ca cc dy v
tr n t cc l thuyt mi
v ht c bn. Chng tin
on rng, ti cc giai on
ban u nng bng, vt cht
trong mt pha i xng, rt
ging nc trng thi lng
rt i xng: ging nhau ti
mi im v theo mi hng
ch khng ging trong tinh
th nc ng bng c cc
cu trc ri rc.
Khi v tr lnh i, tnh i
xng ca pha ban u ny
c th b ph v theo cc
cch khc nhau cc vng xa
nhau. Kt qu l vt cht v
tr cc vng c cc trng
thi c bn khc nhau. Do ,
s hnh thnh ca chng l
mt h qu khng th trnh
khi ca vic cc vng khc
nhau c cc trng thi c bn
khc nhau.
(Hnh 5.3)
Mt vin n bn vo qu kh qua mt h giun c nh hng n x th
hay khng?
s khng i vo tho lun trit hc v ch t do. M thay vo ,
cun sch s tp trung vo vic cc nh lut vt l c cho php
khng thi gian b b cong n mc m cc vt th v m nh l
mt chic phi thuyn c th quay tr li qu kh ca chnh n c
hay khng. Theo l thuyt Einstein, mt chic phi thuyn cn phi
chuyn ng chm hn vn tc nh sng a phng v i theo mt
ci gi l l trnh thi gian (timelike path) trong khng thi gian.
Do , ta c th pht biu cu hi trn bng cc thut ng chuyn
mn: khng thi gian c chp nhn cc ng cong thi gian ng
(closed timelike curve) hay khng tc l cc l trnh tr li im
xut pht ca n nhiu ln? Ti s gi nhng ng nh th l chu
trnh thi gian (time loop).
Chng ta c th c gng tr li cu hi ny theo ba mc . Mc
th nht l l thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein, l thuyt cho
rng v tr c mt lch s tt nh m khng c bt k bt nh
no. i vi l thuyt c in ny, chng ta c mt bc tranh kh
hon thin. Tuy nhin, nh chng ta thy, l thuyt ny khng
th ng hon ton v chng ta thy vt cht tun theo nguyn l bt
nh v cc thng ging lng t.
Do , chng ta c th t cu hi v du hnh thi gian trn mt mc
th hai, mc ca l thuyt bn c in. Trong l thuyt ny,
chng ta xem xt vt cht hnh x theo thuyt lng t, vi tnh bt
nh v thng ging lng t, nhng khng thi gian hon ton tt
nh v c in. y, bc tranh km hon thin hn, nhng t nht
chng ta c mt vi tng v vic s tip tc nh th no.
B O V Q U K H
Trang 139
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
NH L KHNG CA
GODEL
V
o nm 1931, nh ton
hc Kurt Godel chng
minh nh l khng ni
ting ca ng v bn cht ca
ton hc. nh l pht biu
rng trong bt k mt h tin
hnh thc no, ging nh
ton hc ngy nay, cc cu
hi v vic chng minh hoc
bc b cc tin xc nh
cc h, lun lun tn ti. Ni
cch khc l Godel chng
minh rng lun tn ti nhng
bi ton khng th gii bng
bt k tp hp cc quy tc
hoc qu trnh.
nh l Godel t gii hn
cho ton hc. iu ny gy
sng st cho gii khoa hc v
n p nim tin by lu
cho rng ton hc l mt h
thng cht ch v hon thin
da trn cc chuyn tc l-
gic. nh l Godel, nguyn
l bt nh Heisenberg v
vic khng th tin on s
tin ha ngay c trong cc
h quyt nh lun (tr thnh
hn lon) to nn mt tp
hp cc gii hn cho tri thc
khoa hc, iu ch c th
c nhn thy vo th k hai
mi.
(Hnh 5.4)
Khng thi gian c c php ng,
tc l tr li im xut pht ban u
ca chng nhiu ln hay khng?
Cui cng, c mt l thuyt lng t hp dn y , d n c th
l g i chng na. Trong l thuyt ny, khng ch c vt cht m c
khng gian v thi gian u bt nh v thng ging, ngay c vic
lm th no t ra cu hi l du hnh thi gian c kh thi hay
khng vn cn cha r rng. C l iu tt nht chng ta c th lm
l hi xem nhng ngi trong cc vng khng thi gian gn c in
v khng c tnh bt nh gii thch cc php o ca h nh th no.
H c ngh rng du hnh thi gian c th xy ra trong nhng vng
hp dn mnh v thng ging lng t ln hay khng?
bt u vi l thuyt c in: khng thi gian phng ca thuyt
tng i hp (tng i khng c hp dn) khng cho php du
hnh thi gian v cng khng cho php khng thi gian b b cong
m ta bit trc y. Chnh v th m Einstein rt sng st khi
Kurt Godel pht hin ra mt khng thi gian mt v tr trn y
vt cht ang quay vi cc chu trnh thi gian xuyn qua ti mi
im (hnh 5.4) l nh l Godel.
Li gii Godel cn mt hng s v tr, hng s c th hoc
khng th tn ti trong t nhin, nhng ri cc li gii khc c
tm thy m khng cn mt hng s v tr. Mt trng hp c bit
l th l trng hp khi hai dy v tr (cosmic string) chuyn ng
vi tc cao i qua nhau.
Khng nn nhm ln cc dy v tr vi cc dy ca l thuyt dy
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 140
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
mc d chng khng phi l hon ton khng c lin h g vi nhau.
Chng l cc vt th c di vi thit din rt nh. S c mt ca
chng c tin on trong mt s l thuyt ht s cp. Khng thi
gian bn ngoi mt dy v tr n l phng. Nhng l mt khng
thi gian phng vi mt gc hnh ci nm b ct i, u nhn ca
ci nm l dy v tr. N ging nh mt ci nn: ly mt hnh trn
ln bng giy v ct i mt cung trn ging nh ct i mt gc bnh
ngt, ta c mt gc bnh hnh ci nm vi cnh nhn ca ming
bnh chnh l tm ca hnh trn. Sau vt phn cung trn b ct
i v dn hai ng ct ca phn giy cn li vi nhau v bn s c
mt ci nn. Ci nn ny biu din khng thi gian m trong dy
v tr tn ti (hnh 5.5).
Lu rng v b mt ca nn chnh l tm giy phng ban u (tr
i phn giy hnh ci nm), bn vn c th gi n l phng ngoi
tr ci nh. Bn c th nhn ra rng c cong nh nn nh vo
mt hnh trn xung quanh nh nn c ng knh nh hn hnh
trn c v trn tm giy trn ban u vi cng khong cch t
tm hnh trn. Ni cch khc, mt hnh trn xung quanh nh s c
chu vi ngn hn hnh trn c cng bn knh c v trn khng gian
phng v mt cung trn ca n b mt i (hnh 5.6).
Tng t nh vy, trong trng hp dy v tr, phn khng thi
gian hnh ci nm b ct khi khng thi gian phng lm ngn i
cc hnh trn xung quanh dy v tr nhng khng nh hng n
thi gian v khong cch dc theo cc dy . iu ny c ngha
l khng thi gian xung quanh mt dy v tr n l s khng c
bt k chu trnh thi gian no, th nn ta khng th du hnh v qu
kh. Tuy nhin, nu c mt dy v tr th hai chuyn ng tng
i vi chic dy th nht th hng thi gian ca dy th hai s
l t hp ca cc hng thi gian v khng gian ca dy th nht.
Tc l, phn khng gian hnh ci nm c ct t ci dy th hai s
lm ngn i khong thi gian v khng gian i vi ai chuyn
ng cng ci dy th nht (hnh 5.7). Nu cc dy v tr chuyn
ng vi vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng tng i vi nhau th
khong thi gian tit kim c xung quanh c hai dy c th ln
n mc ta c th tr v trc khi ta c gi i. Ni cch khc, s
c cc chu trnh thi gian m ta c th theo n m du hnh v qu
kh.
Khng thi gian ca cc giy v tr c cha vt cht vi mt
nng lng dng v ph hp vi nn vt l m ta bit. Tuy vy,
(Hnh 5.5)
B O V Q U K H
Trang 141
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
Dy v tr
t
x
y
Cc gc hnh nm b ct
khi khng thi gian c
cc cnh khng song song
(Hnh 5.6)
Mt gc ca mt dy v tr lm ngn i
khong cch ca phn cn li nhng thi
gian khng b nh hng.
Mt gc b ct t mt dy v tr chuyn ng khc
cng s lm ngn i khong cch trong khng gian
v thi gian ca dy v tr th nht
(Hnh 5.7)
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 142
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
s cong ca khng thi gian m to nn cc chu trnh thi gian tri
di cho n v tn trong khng gian v tr li n qu kh v tn
trong thi gian. Do vy, ta c th du hnh thi gian trong cc khng
thi gian t khi chng c to ra. Ta khng c l do g tin
rng v tr ca ring chng ta c to ra theo mt cch b b cong
nh vy, v chng ta cng khng c cc bng chng ng tin cy v
cc v khch ca tng lai (Ti khng tnh n gi thuyt im lng
cho rng cc a bay UFO n t tng lai v cc chnh ph bit
nhng che du i. H s che giu chuyn khng th kn nh th
c). Do , ti s gi thit rng khng c cc chu trnh thi gian
trong qu kh xa xi, hay l mt cch chnh xc hn, khng c cc
chu trnh thi gian trong qu kh ca mt s mt phng trong khng
thi gian m ti gi l S. Lc cu hi s l: liu cc nn vn minh
tin tin c th xy dng mt chic my thi gian hay khng? Tc
l liu n c th thay i khng thi gian ca tng lai ca S (pha
trn mt S trn gin ), lm cho cc chu trnh thi gian c xut
hin trong mt vng hu hn hay khng? Ti ni mt vng hu hn
bi v d nn vn minh c tr thnh tin tin n bao nhiu i
chng na th nn vn minh c l ch c th iu khin mt phn
hu hn ca v tr m thi.
Trong khoa hc, vic trnh by mt cch chnh xc mt vn
thng l cha kha gii quyt vn , v y l mt v d tt.
nh ngha my thi gian hu hn c ngha g, ti quay tr li vi
mt s cng trnh trc y ca ti. C th du hnh thi gian trong
mt vng khng thi gian c cc chu trnh thi gian cc l trnh
chuyn ng chm hn tc nh sng, nhng tuy vy, chng li c
th tr li thi gian v a im m chng khi u nh vo cong
(Hnh 5.8)
Nn vn minh tin tin nht c
th b cong khng thi gian trong
mt vng hu hn. Chn tri du
hnh thi gian l bin gii ngn
cch vng khng thi gian, n
c hnh thnh bi cc tia sng
pht ra t cc vng hu hn.
Trong vng , ta c th du hnh
vo qu kh.
S
CHN TRI DU HNH THI GIAN PHT X HU HN
Tt c cc tia sng trong
chn tri du hnh thi
gian n t vng mt
cao ny
chn tri du
hnh thi gian
B O V Q U K H
Trang 143
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
ca khng thi gian. V
ti gi thit rng khng
c cc chu trnh thi
gian trong khng gian
xa xi, nn cn phi c
mt ci gi l chn
tri du hnh thi gian
(time travel horizon)
bin gii phn cch
vng c v khng c
chu trnh thi gian
(hnh 5.8).
Cc chn tri du hnh
thi gian kh ging cc
chn tri h en. Trong
khi chn tri h en c
hnh thnh bi cc tia sng sut
b ri vo h en th chn tri du hnh thi gian c hnh thnh
bi cc tia sng sut gp nhau. Vy nn ti chn tiu chun ca ti
v my thi gian ci m ti gi l chn tri pht sinh hu hn
(nitly generated horizon) l mt chn tri c hnh thnh bi
cc tia sng xut hin t mt vng khng thi gian b buc. Ni
cch khc, cc tia sng khng n t v tn hoc t im k d m
t mt vng hu hn c cha cc chu trnh thi gian vng khng
thi gian m ta gi thit nn vn minh tin tin ca chng ta c
sinh ra.
Khi chn nh ngha ny lm c s ca my thi gian, chng ta c
li th c th s dng chic my m Roger Penrose v ti
pht trin nghin cu cc k d v cc h en. Thm ch khng
s dng cc phng trnh Einstein, ti c th chng minh rng, ni
chung, mt chn tri pht sinh hu hn s c cha mt tia sng m
thc ra t gp chnh n tc l mt tia sng c chuyn ng vng
quanh mt im. Mi ln tia sng quay li n s b dch chuyn v
pha nh sng xanh, v dn dn n s tr ln xanh hn. Cc nh
sng ca xung nh sng s dn dn gn nhau hn v nh sng s
quay vng trong mt khong thi gian ngn hn. Trn thc t, mt
ht nh sng ch c mt lch s hu hn v c xc nh bi php
o thi gian ring ca n, mc d n chuyn ng vng quanh trong
mt vng khng thi gian hu hn v khng va phi mt im k
d.
Cu hi l: mt s nn vn
minh tin tin c th xy
c my thi gian hay
khng?
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 144
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
Ngi ta c th khng quan tm n chuyn mt ht nh sng c
chm dt lch s ca n hay khng. Nhng ti vn c th chng
minh rng c nhng l trnh chuyn ng chm hn vn tc nh
sng v c thi gian sng hu hn. Cc l trnh ny c th l nhng
lch s ca ngi quan st, ngi quan st li b by trong mt
vng khng thi gian hu hn ngay trc chn tri v s bay vng
quanh, nhanh dn nhanh dn cho n khi t n tc nh sng
trong mt thi gian hu hn. Do , nu c mt ngi ngoi hnh
tinh xinh p trong mt a bay mi bn vo chic my thi gian
ca c ta th bn phi cn thn khi bc chn vo y. Bn c th b
ri vo mt trong nhng lch s tun hon b by c thi gian hu
hn (hnh 5.9).
Cc kt qu ny khng ph thuc vo cc phng trnh Einstein m
ch ph thuc vo cch m khng thi gian b cong to ra cc chu
trnh thi gian trong mt vng hu hn. Tuy nhin, by gi chng ta
c th hi liu nn vn minh tin tin phi s dng loi vt cht g
b cong khng thi gian c th xy dng c mt chic my
thi gian c kch thc hu hn? Vt cht c th c mt nng
lng dng khp ni ging nh trong khng thi gian dy v tr
m ti m t trc y hay khng? Khng thi gian dy v tr
khng tha mn yu cu ca ti l cc chu trnh thi gian xut hin
trong mt vng hu hn. Tuy nhin, ngi ta c th ngh rng yu
cu ch l do cc dy v tr di v hn. Ngi ta c th tng
tng rng ngi ta c th xy mt ci my thi gian hu hn s
dng cc vng dy v tr hu hn v c mt nng lng dng
khp mi ni. Tht ng tic khi phi lm tht vng nhng ngi
mun quay li qu kh ging nh Kip, nhng iu khng th
thc hin c khi m mt nng lng l dng khp mi ni.
Ti c th chng minh rng, xy mt my thi gian hu hn, bn
cn nng lng m.
Trong l thuyt c in th mt nng lng lun lun dng, do
, loi tr my thi gian vi kch thc hu hn ra khi mc
ny. Tuy nhin, tnh hung li khc trong l thuyt bn c in, khi
m ta coi vt cht tun theo thuyt lng t nhng khng thi gian
li tt nh v c in. Nh chng ta thy, nguyn l bt nh ca
c hc lng t ni rng cc trng lun thng ging ln xung
ngay c trong chn khng v c mt nng lng v hn. Do ,
ta phi loi tr i lng v hn nhn c mt nng lng
hu hn m ta quan st c trong v tr. Vic loi tr ny c th
lm nng lng m, t nht l m cc b. Ngay c trong khng gian
(Hnh 5.9, pha trn)
S nguy him khi du hnh thi
gian.
(Hnh 5.10, trang k)
Vic tin on h en pht x
v mt i khi lng ng rng
thuyt lng t to ra cc nng
lng m i vo h en qua chn
tri s kin. i vi h en co li
n khng, mt nng lng
trn chn tri s kin phi l m,
l du hiu cn c xy dng
my thi gian.
B O V Q U K H
Trang 145
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
phng, ta c th tm thy cc trng thi lng t c nng lng m
cc b mc d nng lng ton phn l dng. Ta c th t hi l
cc gi tr m ny c thc s lm khng thi gian b b cong mt
cch thch hp xy mt my thi gian hu hn hay khng, dng
nh l c. Nh chng ta thy trong chng 4, thng ging lng
t c ngha l ngay trong chn khng trng rng cng y p cc
cp ht o, cng xut hin, ri xa nhau ri quay tr li hy ln
nhau (hnh 5.10). Mt thnh vin ca cp ht o c nng lng
dng v thnh vin kia c nng lng m. Khi c mt h en thnh
vin c nng lng m c th b ri vo h en v thnh vin c
nng lng dng c th thot vo v tn, , thnh vin c nng
lng dng c quan st nh l bc x mang nng lng dng
ra khi h en. Cc ht c nng lng m ri vo h en s lm cho
h en mt khi lng v t t bay hi, kch thc ca chn tri s
kin s b suy gim (hnh 5.11).
Vt cht thng vi mt nng lng dng gy ra hiu ng hp
dn m v b cong khng thi gian lm cho c tia sng i li gn
nhau ging nh hn bi trn tm cao su trong chng hai b cong
ng i ca cc hn bi nh hn li gn nhau ch khng bao gi
lm cho chng xa nhau.
(Hnh 5.10)
Sinh
Hy
Ht
Phn ht
(Hnh 5.11)
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 146
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
iu ny ng rng din tch ca chn tri h en lun tng theo
thi gian ch khng bao gi b gim i. i vi chn tri ca h
en ang gim kch thc th mt nng lng trn chn tri phi
l m v b cong khng thi gian lm cho cc tia sng i ra xa
nhau. l iu ti nhn ra u tin khi ti i v bung ng ngay
sau khi con gi ti ra i. Ti s khng ni khi cch y bao lu,
ch bit rng nay ti c chu ngoi ri.
Vic cc h en bay hi cho thy rng trn mc lng t, i khi
mt nng lng c th l m v lm b cong khng thi gian theo
hng cn thit xy dng mt my thi gian. Do chng ta c
th tng tng rng, mt s nn vn minh rt cao c th b tr mt
nng lng m to nn mt my thi gian c th s dng
cho cc vt th v m nh l cc phi thuyn. Tuy nhin, c mt s
khc bit quan trng gia chn tri h en c hnh thnh bi
cc tia sng bay vng quanh h en, v chn tri ca my thi gian
c cha cc tia sng chuyn ng vng. Do , ta c th trng i
mt nng lng v hn trn chn tri bin ca my thi gian
vng khng thi gian m ta c th i v qu kh. iu ny c
xc nh bi cc tnh ton rt tng minh trn mt s nn tng
n gin cho cc tnh ton chnh xc. iu c ngha l mt ngi
hay mt my d khng gian khi th vt qua chn tri i vo trong
my thi gian s b ph hy bi mt vnh ai bc x (hnh 5.12).
Nn tng lai c v nh l mt mu en vi vic du hnh thi gian
hay l mt mu trng cht chc nh?
Mt nng lng ca vt cht ph thuc vo trng thi ca n nn
c th mt nn vn minh tin tin c kh nng to ra mt vt cht
hu hn trn bin ca my thi gian bng vic vt b hoc loi
tr cc ht o chuyn ng vng quanh trong mt chu trnh kn. Tuy
vy, vn cha r mt chic my thi gian nh th c th n nh hay
khng: mt nhiu lon nh nht nh l vic ai i ngang qua chn
tri vo trong my thi gian s lm tng cc ht o chuyn ng
tun hon v khi ng vnh ai nh sng. y l mt cu hi m
Chu ngoi ti, William Macken-
zie Smith.
B O V Q U K H
Trang 147
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
cc nh vt l nn t do tho lun, khng nn ci khinh thng.
Thm ch ngay c khi du hnh thi gian l bt kh th th vic tm
hiu ti sao n bt kh th l iu rt quan trng.
tr li dt khot cu hi ny chng ta cn xem xt cc thng
ging lng t khng ch ca cc trng vt cht m c ca bn
thn thi gian na. Ta c th trng i cc thng ging gy ra mt
m nht nh trong cc l trnh thi gian v trong ton b khi
nim thi gian trt t. Thc vy, ta c th coi bc x t cc h en
ging nh mt s r g ra ngoi nh cc thng ging lng t ca
khng thi gian, c ngha l chn tri khng hon ton xc nh
mt cch chnh xc. V chng ta vn cha c mt l thuyt hp dn
lng t hon thin nn tht kh c th ni cc hiu ng ca thng
ging khng thi gian l g. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th hy vng c
c mt s gi t tng theo cc lch s ca Feynman m c
m t trong chng 3.
(Hnh 5.12)
Ta c th b mt vnh ai bc x
xa s khi bc chn vo chn
tri du hnh thi gian.
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 148
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
Mi lch s s c mt khng thi gian cong vi cc trng vt cht
trong . V chng ta gi thit ly tng theo tt c cc lch s kh
d, khng ch cc lch s tha mn mt s phng trnh m tng cn
bao gm cc khng thi gian cong du hnh v qu kh (hnh
5.13). Do , cu hi l ti sao du hnh thi gian khng xy ra
khp ni? Cu tr li l thc ra du hnh thi gian xy ra cp
vi m, nhng chng ta khng ch n n. Nu ngi ta p dng
tng ly tng theo cc lch s ca Feynman i vi mt ht, ngi
ta phi ly c cc lch s trong cc ht chuyn ng nhanh hn
nh sng thm ch cn i ngc thi gian. c bit l s c cc lch
s m trong cc ht chuyn ng vng quanh theo nhng chu
trnh kn trong thi gian v khng gian. iu ny ging nh trong
phim Groundbog Day, trong mt phng vin phi sng trong
mt ngy c lp i lp li nhiu ln (hnh 5.14).
Ngi ta khng th quan st mt cch trc tip cc ht vi cc lch
s c chu trnh kn nh th bng cc my o ht. Tuy vy, cc hiu
ng gin tip ca chng c thy trong rt nhiu th nghim.
Mt trong nhng th nghim l c mt dch chuyn nh trong
(Hnh 5.13)
Ly tng theo cc lch s ca
Feynman tnh n cc lch s
trong cc ht quay ngc li
thi gian v ngay c cc lch s l
cc vng ng trong thi gian v
khng gian.
Chu trnh kn
L trnh ca
ht i ngc
thi gian theo
mt chu trnh
Cc lch s ca ht
TNG THEO CC LCH S
Ht
KHNG GIAN
T
H

I

G
I
A
N
B O V Q U K H
Trang 149
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
nh sng pht ra t cc nguyn t hydro, gy ra bi cc in t
chuyn ng trong cc chu trnh kn. Mt th nghim khc na
l c mt lc nh xut hin gia cc tm kim loi song song gy ra
do c t hn cc lch s chu trnh kn c th khp vo gia cc tm
kim loi so vi cc vng bn ngoi l mt li gii thch tng
ng khc cho hiu ng Casimir. Vy nn s tn ti ca cc lch s
chu trnh kn c khng nh bng thc nghim (hnh 5.15).
Ngi ta c th nghi ng vic cc lch s chu trnh kn liu c lin
quan g n vic b cong khng thi gian hay khng v chng xut
hin ngay c trong khung nn c nh nh l khng gian phng.
Nhng nhng nm gn y chng ta tm ra rng cc hin tng
vt l thng c th c m t theo hai cch tng ng nhau.
Ngi ta hon ton c th ni rng mt ht chuyn ng trn mt
chu trnh kn trong mt khung nn c nh hoc ngi ta cng c
th ni rng ht nm trong trng thi c nh v khng gian v thi
gian thng ging xung quanh n. Cu hi ch l bn ly tng theo
cc l trnh ca ht trc ri sau ly tng theo khng thi gian
cong hoc ngc li.
Cc chu trnh kn
(Hnh 5.15)
(Hnh 5.14)
Ht i ngc thi
gian
Ht i xui thi
gian
KHNG GIAN
T
H

I

G
I
A
N
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 150
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
Vy nn, dng nh thuyt lng t cho php du hnh thi gian
cp vi m. Nhng iu ny khng c nhiu tc dng lm vi
mc ch vin tng khoa hc nh l vic quay li qu kh v git
ngi ng chng hn. Vy cu hi l: xc xut trong vic ly tng
theo cc lch s xung quanh khng thi gian vi cc chu trnh thi
gian v m c cao hay khng?
Ngi ta c th xem xt cu hi ny khi nghin cu tng theo cc
lch s ca cc trng vt cht trong mt chui cc khng thi gian
nn (background spacetime) ang xch li gn nhau c cc chu
trnh thi gian. Ngi ta trng i ci g kch tnh xy ra khi cc
chu trnh thi gian xut hin u tin, v iu ny c xc nhn
trong mt th nghim n gin m ti kho cu vi mt sinh vin
ca ti l Micheal Cassidy.
Cc khng thi gian nn trong chui m ti nghin cu c lin h
rt mt thit i vi ci c gi l v tr Einstein, khng thi gian
m Einstein a ra khi ng tin rng v tr l tnh ti v khng i
theo thi gian, khng gin n m cng khng co li (xem chng
1). Trong v tr ca Einstein, thi gian chy t qu kh v cng n
tng lai v cng. Tuy nhin, cc hng khng gian li hu hn v
t ng, ging nh b mt tri t nhng c nhiu hn mt chiu.
Ta c th mng tng khng thi gian ny ging nh mt hnh tr
vi trc thng ng l hng thi gian v mt ct l ba chiu ca
khng gian (hnh 5.16).
V tr ca Einstein khng th hin v tr m chng ta ang sng v
n khng gin n. Tuy vy, n l mt khung nn rt thun tin trong
vic s dng khi nghin cu du hnh thi gian v v tr n
gin khi ta ly tng theo cc lch s. By gi ta b qua chuyn du
hnh thi gian, hy xem xt vt cht trong v tr ca Einstein quay
xung quanh mt s trc no . Nu bn ng trn mt ci trc
quay, bn c th vn ti mt im trong khng gian, ging nh
bn ng trung tm ca tr tri nga quay ca tr con. Nhng nu
bn khng ng tm th bn s chuyn ng trong khng gian khi
bn quay quanh trc. Bn cng xa trc quay th bn chuyn ng
cng nhanh (hnh 5.17). Do , nu v tr l v hn trong khng
gian, th cc im xa trc quay s quay nhanh hn vn tc nh
sng. Tuy nhin, v v tr ca Einstein l hu hn theo cc hng
trong khng gian, nn s c mt tc quay ti hn m di n
khng c phn no ca v tr quay nhanh hn vn tc nh sng.
(Hnh 5.16)
V tr ca Einstein ging nh
mt hnh tr, n hu hn theo
khng gian v khng i theo
thi gian, mi ni trong v tr c
th quay vi tc nh hn tc
nh sng.
KHNG GIAN
T
H

I

G
I
A
N
B O V Q U K H
Trang 151
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
By gi ta hy nghin cu vic ly tng theo cc lch s ht trong
mt v tr Einstein quay. Khi quay chm, mt ht c th theo rt
nhiu l trnh khi dng mt lng nng lng cho. Do , tng
theo tt c cc lch s ca ht trong khung nn ny s c bin
ln. iu ny mun ni rng xc xut ca khung nn ny s cao khi
ly tng theo tt c lch s khng thi gian b un cong tc l, n
l mt trong nhng lch s c xc xut cao hn. Tuy vy, khi tc
quay ca v tr Einstein t n gi tr ti hn, th ra ngoi
ca v tr chuyn ng vi vn tc tin n vn tc nh sng. Ch
c mt l trnh c php trong khun kh c in trn ra v tr,
l l trnh cho ht chuyn ng vi vn tc nh sng. iu ny c
ngha l tng theo tt c cc lch s ht s nh nn xc xut ca cc
khung nn ny s thp hn xc xut khi ly tng theo tt c cc lch
s khng gian cong. Tc l, chng c xc xut thp nht.
(Hnh 5.17)
Trong khng gian phng, phn
xa trc quay ca mt a cng c
th quay nhanh hn vn tc nh
sng.
Quanh nhanh hn
vn tc nh sng
Quanh chm hn
vn tc nh sng
Trc quay
QUAY TRONG KHNG GIAN PHNG
V T R T R O N G M T V H T
Trang 152
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
V tr Einstein quay th c lin quan g
n du hnh thi gian v cc chu trnh thi gian? Cu tr li l v
mt ton hc chng tng ng vi cc khung nn khc cho php
tn ti cc chu trnh thi gian. Cc khung nn khc
ny l cc v tr ang gin n theo hai chiu
khng gian. V tr khng gin n theo chiu
th ba m chiu ny l tun hon. iu
ni rng nu bn i mt khong cch
nht nh theo chiu ny th bn s quay
tr li ni bn xut pht. Tuy vy, mi
ln bn i vng quanh theo chiu khng
gian th ba ny th tc ca bn trong
chiu th nht v th hai s c tng
thm (hnh 5.18).
Nu s gia tc ny nh th s khng c cc
chu trnh thi gian. Nhng hy xem xt
mt chui cc khung nn vi gia tc tng
dn. Ti mt gia tc ti hn nht nh, cc
chu trnh thi gian s xut hin. iu d
hiu l s gia tc ti hn ny tng ng vi tc quay ti hn
ca cc v tr Einstein. V cc tnh ton tng theo cc lch s trong
cc khung nn ny l tng ng nhau v mt ton hc nn ta c
V tr gin n theo hng ny
V tr khng gin
n theo hng ny
Cng gia tng vn tc
theo chiu thng ng
(Hnh 5.18) V TR C VNG THI GIAN NG
B O V Q U K H
Trang 153
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
th kt lun rng xc xut ca cc khung nn ny tin n khng khi
chng tin n cong cn thit cho cc chu trnh thi gian. Ni
cch khc, xc xut c cong cho mt my thi gian l bng
khng. iu ny cng c ci m ti gi l Gi nh bo ton lch s
(Chronology Protection Conjecture): l cc nh lut vt l c
gng trnh du hnh thi gian i vi cc vt th v m.
Mc d cc chu trnh thi gian c th xy ra nh vic ly tng theo
cc lch s, nhng cc xc xut li cc k nh. Da trn lun c
lng tnh ti ni trc y, ti c tnh xc xut m Kip Thorne
c th quay li v git cht ngi ng ca anh ta l mt phn mi
t t t t t t t t t t.
y l mt con s rt nh, nhng nu bn nhn gn vo bc tranh
ca Kip th bn c th nhn thy nhng ng m
ra bc tranh. N tng ng vi xc sut khi mt
k v li no t tng lai quay li qu kh
v git cht ngi ng ca anh ta anh ta
khng th c mt y c na.
Nh nhng tay c bc, Kip v ti nh bc
v iu . Nhng vn l chng
ti khng th c cc vi nhau
v by gi chng ti cng
mt pha. Mt khc, ti s
khng nh bc vi bt
k ai na. Anh ta c th
n t tng lai v bit
rng my thi gian
hot ng.
Bn c th t hi
chng sch ny c
phi l mt phn bin
php che y my thi
gian ca chnh ph hay
khng. C th bn
ng y.
Xc sut m Kip c th quay
li qu kh v git ngi
ng ca anh ta l mt phn
mi m mi m su mi
(1/10
10
60
).
Ni cch khc xc sut
nh hn mt phn ngn
t ngn t ngn t ngn t
ngn t.