V T R T R O N G M T V H T

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THUT NG
A
DN: axt Deoxyribonucleic bao gm
phosphate, mt ng v bn ba-z: adenine,
guanine, thymine v cytosine. Hai nhnh ADN
to nn cu trc hnh xon kp lin kt vi nhau
ging nh cu thang xon. ADN m ha tt c cc
thng tin m cc t bo cn ti to v ng vai
tr sng cn trong di tuyn.
B
o ton nng lng: nh lut khoa hc pht
biu rng nng lng (hoc i lng tng
ng ca n l khi lng) khng th t nhin
sinh ra hoc mt i.
Bin : cao cc i ca nh mt sng hay
su cc i ca mt hm sng.
Boson: ht hoc kiu dao ng dy c spin l mt
s nguyn.
Bc x phng vi sng: bc x t v tr s khai
nng bng, do dch chuyn m ngy nay n
xut hin khng phi di dng nh sng m di
dng vi sng (sng v tuyn c bc sng c vi
vi cm).
Bc x: nng lng c truyn bi sng hoc
ht trong khng gian hoc mi trng no .
Bc sng: khong cch gia hai nh hoc hm
sng lin tip.
C
hn tri s kin: bin ca h en, bin ca
vng khng gian ngn cch vt cht thot ra
v hn.
Chiu khng gian: bt k chiu no trong ba chiu
khng gian.
Chu trnh thi gian: tn khc ca vng thi gian
ng.
C hc lng t: cc nh lut vt l iu khin
vng quc ca cc ht rt nh nh nguyn t,
proton, c pht trin t nguyn l lng t
ca Plank v nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg.
D
y ng: mt vng dy.
Dy v tr: mt vt th nng, di c tit din rt
nh c th c to ra trong cc thi k s khai
ca v tr. Ngy nay, mt dy c th tri di ton
b v tr.
Dy: vt th mt chiu c bn trong l thuyt dy
m c th lm thay i khi nim v ht c bn
khng c cu trc. Cc kiu dao ng khc nhau
ca dy s to ra cc ht c bn vi cc tnh cht
khc nhau.
Dch chuyn : bc x pht ra t cc vt th
chuyn ng ra xa khi ngi quan st s hn,
gy bi hiu ng Doppler.
Dch chuyn xanh: s co li ca bc sng ca
bc x pht ra t mt vt th ang chuyn ng
v pha ngi quan st, gy ra bi hiu ng
Doppler.

im k d trn tri: mt im k d ca khng

thi gian, khng b bao bi mt h en, kh
kin i vi ngi quan st t xa.
im k d: mt im trong khng thi gian m
ti cong ca khng thi gian l v hn.
in tch: tnh cht ca mt ht m nh ht
c th y (hoc ht) cc ht khc c in tch
cng (hoc tri) du.
in t: ht c in tch m, quay xung quanh ht
nhn nguyn t.
iu kin ban u: trng thi ca mt h vt l ti
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thi im ban u.
iu kin bin: trng thi ban u ca mt h vt
l, hay ni mt cch khi qut hn l trng thi
ca h ti bin trong thi gian v khng gian.
iu kin khng bin: tng cho rng v tr l
hu hn nhng khng c bin trong thi gian o.
nh lut chuyn ng ca Newton: nh lut m
t chuyn ng ca cc vt th da trn khi nim
khng thi gian tuyt i. Cc nh lut ny thng
tr cho n khi Einstein a ra thuyt tng i.
nh lut Moore: nh lut pht biu rng tc
ca cc my tnh s tng gp i c sau mi tm
thng. iu ny r rng khng th tip tc mi
mi c.
nh lut th hai ca nhit ng hc: nh lut
pht biu rng entropy (ca mt h kn ND)
lun tng v khng th gim.
nh l im k d: nh l chng minh rng vi
mt s iu kin nht nh th s tn ti mt im
k d m ti thuyt tng i rng khng cn
ng, v rng v tr cn phi bt u t mt im
k d.
di Plank: di khong 10
-35
cm. Kch thc
ca dy c trng trong l thuyt dy.
E
ntropy: php o mt trt t ca mt h vt
l, s cc cu hnh vi m khc nhau ca h m
lm cho hnh thc v m ca h khng thay i.

-te: mi trng phi vt cht tng c cho

l lp y ton b khng gian. tng v mi
trng nh th cn thit cho sng in t c th
lan truyn i c, nay khng cn ng na.
F
ermion: mt ht hoc mt kiu dao ng dy
c spin l mt s bn nguyn.
G
i nh bo ton lch s (Chronology
protection conjecture): gi nh cho rng cc
nh lut vt l ngn cn khng cho cc vt th v
m du hnh thi gian.
Gia tc: s thay i vn tc ca vt th.
Gin n thi gian: c im ca thuyt tng i
rng tin on rng dng thi gian s chy chm
i vi ngi quan st chuyn ng hoc di tc
dng ca trng hp dn mnh.
Giy nh sng: khong cch m nh sng i c
trong mt giy.
H
m sng: mt khi nim c bn trong c
hc lng t; mt con s ti mi im trong
khng gian c lin quan n mt ht, xc nh xc
sut m ht c th c tm thy ti mt v tr.
Hng s Plank: hn tng ca nguyn l bt
nh tch gia bt nh v v tr v vn tc
cn phi ln hn hng s Plank. Biu din bng
k hiu .
Hng s v tr: mt cng c ton hc c
Einstein s dng gn cho v tr c xu hng
gin n, cho php thuyt tng i rng tin on
mt v tr tnh.
Hp dn lng t: l thuyt kt hp c hc lng
t vi thuyt tng i rng.
Ht o: trong c hc lng t, mt ht o l mt
ht m ta khng bao gi c th o c trc tip
nhng s tn ti ca n gy ra nhng hiu ng c
th o c. Xem thm hiu ng Casimir.
Ht c bn: ht c coi l khng th phn chia
c na.
Ht nhn: phn tm ca mt nguyn t, ch bao
gm proton v neutron lin kt vi nhau bng lc
ht nhn mnh.
Hiu ng Casimir: p lc ht gia hai tm kim
loi phng, song song c t gn nhau trong
chn khng. p sut xut hin l do s cc ht o
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gia hai tm kim loi nh hn bn ngoi.
Hiu ng Doppler: s dch chuyn tn s v bc
sng ca cc sng m hoc sng nh sng m
ngi quan st thu c khi ngun pht chuyn
ng tng i vi ngi quan st.
Hiu ng quang in: hiu ng pht in t khi
nh sng p vo cc kim loi.
H en nguyn thy: mt h en hnh thnh t
giai on s khai ca v tr.
H en: mt vng khng thi gian c trng hp
dn qu mnh n ni ngay c nh sng cng
khng th thot ra c.
H giun: mt ng ng rt nh trong khng thi
gian kt ni cc vng xa nhau ca v tr. Cc h
giun cng c th kt ni cc v tr song song v
c th to ra kh nng du hnh thi gian.
K
envin: thang nhit tuyt i.
Khi lng: l mt thuc tnh ca vt th, l qun
tnh hoc cn tr gia tc trong khng gian t do.
Khng gian t do: vng khng gian khng c
trng no, tc l, khng chu tc dng ca lc
no.
Khng thi gian: khng gian bn chiu m cc
im ca n l cc s kin.
L
m pht: mt thi k ngn gin n gia tc,
trong , v tr thi k rt s khai gia tng
kch thc vi mt tc cha tng c.
Lc in t: lc xut hin gia cc ht c in tch
cng (hoc tri) du.
Lc hp dn: lc yu nht trong bn loi lc c
bn ca t nhin.
Lc tng tc mnh (lc ht nhn mnh): lc
mnh nht v c tm tc dng ngn nht trong
bn lc c bn. N gi cc quark li vi nhau
to nn proton v neutron, v cc ht ny n lt
n li cng nhau lm nn ht nhn nguyn t.
Lc tng tc yu (lc ht nhn yu): lc yu
th hai trong bn lc c bn c tm tc dng
rt ngn. N tc dng ti tt c cc ht vt cht
nhng khng tc dng ln cc ht truyn tng
tc.
Lng tnh sng/ht: khi nim trong c hc
lng t cho rng khng c s khc bit gia cc
sng v cc ht; cc ht c th hnh x ging nh
cc sng v ngc li.
Lng t: n v khng th phn chia m cc sng
c th hp th hoc pht x.
L thuyt nh a chiu: l thuyt cho rng cc
trng thi lng t ca mt h trong mt vng
khng thi gian c th c m ha trn bin ca
vng .
L thuyt c in: mt l thuyt da trn cc khi
nim c thit lp trc c hc tng i v c
hc lng t. L thuyt gi thit rng cc vt th
c v tr v vn tc hon ton xc nh. iu ny
khng ng cc nc thang rt nh v nguyn l
bt nh s pht huy tc dng.
L thuyt dy: l thuyt vt l cho rng cc ht c
th c m t nh l cc sng trn cc dy; thng
nht c hc lng t v tng i rng. Cn c
bit l thuyt siu dy.
L thuyt thng nht ln: l thuyt thng nht lc
in t, lc tng tc yu v lc tng tc mnh.
L thuyt thng nht: bt k l thuyt no m t
tt c bn lc v tt c vt cht trong mt m hnh
duy nht.
L thuyt tng i hp: l thuyt ca Einstein
da trn tng cho rng cc nh lut khoa hc
T H U T N G
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cn phi nh nhau i vi tt c cc ngi quan
st khng ph thuc vo cch h chuyn ng khi
khng c trng hp dn.
L thuyt tng i rng: l thuyt ca Einstein
da trn tng cho rng cc nh lut khoa hc
xy ra nh nhau i vi tt c cc ngi quan st,
khng ph thuc vo cch m h chuyn ng. L
thuyt gii thch lc hp dn trn c s v cong
ca khng thi gian bn chiu.
L thuyt vn vt hp dn ca Newton: l thuyt
cho rng lc ht gia hai vt th ch ph thuc vo
khi lng ca cc vt th v khong cch gia
chng; lc ht t l vi tch ca khi lng v t
l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch.
L thuyt Yang-Mills: l thuyt m rng ca l
thuyt trng Maxwell m t lc tng tc yu
v lc tng tc mnh.
L thuyt-M: l thuyt thng nht nm l thuyt
dy cng nh l thuyt siu hp dn thnh mt m
hnh l thuyt n nht nhng ngi ta vn cha
hiu ht l thuyt ny.
M
ng: mt thc th c coi l mt thnh
phn c bn ca thuyt-M, c th c nhiu
chiu. Ni chung, mt mng-p c chiu di theo p
chiu, mng-1 l mt dy, mng-2 l mt mt,
Mng-p: mt mng c p chiu. Xem thm mng.
My gia tc ht: mt ci my c th gia tc cc
ht mang in chuyn ng lm tng nng lng
chng.
M hnh chun trong vt l ht: l thuyt thng
nht ba lc phi hp dn v cc hiu ng ca chng
ln vt cht.
M hnh chun trong v tr hc: l thuyt v n
ln cng vi l gii ca m hnh chun trong vt
l ht.
M hnh Randall-Sundrum: l thuyt cho rng
mt mng trong khng gian nm chiu v hn ca
cc cong m, ging nh hnh yn nga.
N
m nh sng: khong cch m nh sng i
c trong mt nm.
Nng lng chn khng: nng lng c mt ngay
c trong chn khng trng rng. N c tnh cht
rt k l l, khng ging nh s c mt ca khi
lng, s c mt ca nng lng chn khng s
lm cho v tr gin n v tng tc.
Neutrino: cc ht nh b ch chu tc dng ca lc
tng tc yu.
Neutron: mt ht tng t ht proton nhng khng
mang in, chim gn mt na khi lng ht
nhn. N c to thnh t ba quark (hai nghch
v mt thun).
Ngi quan st: mt ngi hoc mt dng c
quan st o cc tnh cht vt l ca h.
Nguyn l bt nh: Nguyn l c Heisenberg
a ra, pht biu rng ngi ta khng bao gi c
th xc nh chnh xc c v tr v vn tc ca ht.
Nu ta bit chnh xc mt i lng ny th ta s
bit km chnh xc mt i lng kia.
Nguyn l loi tr: nguyn l cho rng cc ht
c spin bng -1/2 khng th c (trong gii hn
nguyn l bt nh) cng v tr v vn tc.
Nguyn l lng t Plank: nguyn l cho rng cc
sng in t (tc l nh sng) ch c th pht x
hay hp th mt lng gin on gi l lng t.
Nguyn l v nhn: nguyn l cho rng chng ta
thy v tr nh n hin hu bi v nu n khc i
th chng ta khng th c mt y quan st
n.
Nguyn t: n v c bn ca vt cht thng,
to thnh t mt ht nhn nh b (gm proton v
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neutron) v cc in t quay xung quanh.
Nht thc: hin tng mt trng i vo khong
gia tri t v mt tri v che mt tri, hin
tng ko di vi pht. Nht thc xy ra nm
1919 c th quan st t vng ng Phi chng
minh s ng n ca thuyt tng i.
Nhit khng tuyt i: nhit thp nht c
th, ti vt cht khng c nhit nng; khong
-273 C hay 0 K.
Nhit ng hc: nghin cu v mi lin h gia
nng lng, cng, nhit v entropy trong h vt
l ng.
Nn nh sng: mt b mt trong khng thi gian
vch ra hng kh d cc tia sng i qua mt
s kin cho.
P
hn ht: mi ht vt cht u c mt phn ht
tng ng, khi mt ht va chm vi phn ht
ca n th chng s hy ln nhau v ch cn li
nng lng m thi.
Phn r ht nhn: qu trnh cc ht nhn b phn
r thnh cc ht nhn nh hn v gii thot nng
lng.
Ph: di tn s ca sng. Phn kh kin ca quang
ph mt tri i khi l cu vng.
Phng php thc chng: phng php cho rng
l thuyt khoa hc l mt m hnh ton hc c th
m t v gii m cc quan st m chng ta thc
hin.
Phng trnh Schrodinger: phng trnh iu
khin qu trnh tin ha ca cc sng trong thuyt
lng t.
Positron: phn ht ca in t c in tch
dng.
Proton: ht mang in tch dng, rt ging
neutron, chim gn mt na khi lng ht nhn
nguyn t. Proton to thnh t ba quark (hai thun
v mt nghch).
Q
u trnh phng x: qu trnh ph v t pht
t mt loi ht nhn nguyn t ny sang loi
khc.
Quang t (photon): mt lng t nh sng; b
sng nh nht ca trng in t.
Quark: ht c bn mang in chu tc dng ca
lc tng tc mnh. Quark c su mi: thun
(up), nghch (down), l (strange), p (charm),
di (bottom) v trn (top). Mi mi c th c ba
mu: , lc v xanh.
Quyt nh lun khoa hc: mt khi nim my
mc v v tr ca Laplace, trong , cc thng tin
y v trng thi ca v tr hin ti cho php
tin on cc thng tin y v trng thi ca v
tr trong qu kh v tng lai.
S
iu i xng: nguyn l lin h tnh cht ca
cc ht c spin khc nhau.
Siu hp dn: tp hp cc l thuyt thng nht l
thuyt tng i rng v siu i xng.
S o: mt khi nim ton hc tru tng. Cc s
o v s thc c th c coi nh s nh s v tr
ca cc im trong mt mt phng, do , cc s
o s vung gc vi cc s thc bnh thng.
S Grassman: mt lp cc s khng giao hon vi
nhau. i vi cc s thc bnh thng, th t ca
cc s hng trong php nhn khng quan trng:
A*B=C v B*A=C. Tuy nhin s Grassman li
phn giao hon nn A*B bng B*A.
Sng in t: dao ng kiu sng trong in
trng. Tt c cc sng ca ph in t chuyn
ng vi vn tc nh sng, tc l nh sng kh
kin, tia X, vi sng, hng ngoi,
Sng hp dn: dao ng kiu sng trong trng
T H U T N G
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hp dn.
Spin: tnh cht ni ca cc ht c bn c lin quan
n (nhng khng ng nht vi) khi nim t
quay trong i sng hng ngy.
S co Lorentz: s co ngn v chiu di ca vt th
theo hng di chuyn khi n chuyn ng, tin
on t l thuyt tng i hp.
S kin: mt im trong khng thi gian xc nh
bi v tr v thi gian ca n.
T
n s: ca mt sng l s chu k trong mt
giy.
Th gii mng: mt b mt hay mt mng bn
chiu trong mt khng thi gian c nhiu chiu
hn.
Thi gian o: thi gian c o bng cc s o.
Thi gian Plank: bng khong 10
-43
giy, thi gian
nh sng i c mt khong cch bng di
Plank.
Thi gian tuyt i: khi nim cho rng c mt
ng h v tr. Thuyt tng i ca Einstein
khng th c khi nim nh th.
Tnh i ngu: mt s tng ng gia cc l
thuyt hon ton khc nhau dn n cc kt qu
vt l nh nhau.
Trng thi c bn: trng thi ca mt h c nng
lng cc tiu.
Trng thi tnh: trng thi khng thay i theo
thi gian.
Trng lng: lc tc dng ln vt th bng mt
trng hp dn. N t l vi (nhng khng phi
l) khi lng ca n.
Trng hp dn: phng tin lc hp dn trao
i tc ng ca n.
Trng lc: phng tin cc lc trao i tc
ng ca n.
Trng Maxwell: tng hp in, t, nh sng vo
cc trng ng c th dao ng v lan truyn
trong khng gian.
Trng: mt ci g tn ti trong sut khng
thi gian, ngc li vi mt ht ch c th tn ti
ti mt im trong khng thi gian.
T trng: trng truyn tng tc t.
V
n giao thoa: xut hin khi hai hay nhiu
sng (pht ra t cc v tr v thi gian khc
nhau) ha vo nhau.
Vn tc: mt con s biu din tc v hng
ca chuyn ng ca vt th.
Vt cht ti: vt cht c mt trong cc thin h
v cc m, v c th gia cc m m chng ta
khng th quan st c nhng chng ta vn ghi
nhn c trng hp dn ca n.
V m: ln c th nhn bng mt thng;
thng l vi khong cch ln hn 0,01 mm.
Khong cch nh hn khong cch c coi
l vi m.
V hn: mt pham vi hay mt con s khng c
gii hn hoc khng c kt thc.
V co ln: tn ca mt kch bn kh d v s kt
thc ca v tr, ti , tt c khng gian v vt
cht suy sp v hnh thnh mt im k d.
V n ln: k d ti im khi u ca v tr,
cch y khong mi lm t nm.
V tr hc: khoa hc nghin cu v v tr.
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