ASTM D 6751

ASTM D 6751

02
02
Standard Specification for
Standard Specification for
Biodiesel Fuel (B 100)
Biodiesel Fuel (B 100)
Blend Stock for Distillate
Blend Stock for Distillate
Fuels
Fuels
Summary
Summary
! ! This module describes the key elements in This module describes the key elements in
ASTM Specifications and Standard Test ASTM Specifications and Standard Test
Methods Methods
! ! ASTM Specification D 6751 ASTM Specification D 6751 02, the 02, the
specification of B 100 (biodiesel) fuel is specification of B 100 (biodiesel) fuel is
described in detail. described in detail.
! ! Key properties of B 100 are discussed in Key properties of B 100 are discussed in
terms of their tests and specifications. terms of their tests and specifications.
Definition of
Definition of

Biodiesel
Biodiesel

! ! Biodiesel Biodiesel a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl

esters of long chain fatty acids derived esters of long chain fatty acids derived
from vegetable oils or animal fats, from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated designated
B 100. B 100.
ASTM Testing Procedures
ASTM Testing Procedures
! ! ASTM Standards are based upon the use of a ASTM Standards are based upon the use of a
number of ASTM Methods to perform the number of ASTM Methods to perform the
property measurements. property measurements.
! ! The Methods provide very explicit directions with The Methods provide very explicit directions with
respect to the equipment, the measurements, respect to the equipment, the measurements,
and the data analysis. and the data analysis.
! ! Standardization of procedure and reproducibility Standardization of procedure and reproducibility
of results among laboratories is the goal of the of results among laboratories is the goal of the
process. process.
ASTM Methods Structure
ASTM Methods Structure
1. 1. Scope Scope
2. 2. Referenced Documents Referenced Documents
3. 3. Terminology Terminology
4. 4. Summary of Test Method Summary of Test Method
5. 5. Significance and Use Significance and Use
6. 6. Interferences Interferences
7. 7. Apparatus Apparatus
ASTM Methods Structure, cont.
ASTM Methods Structure, cont.
8. 8. Reagents and Reference Materials Reagents and Reference Materials
9. 9. Sampling Sampling
10. 10. Apparatus Standard Operating Apparatus Standard Operating
Conditions or Preparation of Apparatus Conditions or Preparation of Apparatus
11. 11. Calibration Calibration
12. 12. Procedure Procedure
ASTM Methods Structure, cont.
ASTM Methods Structure, cont.
13. 13. Quality Control Checks Quality Control Checks
14. 14. Calculations Calculations
15. 15. Report Report
16. 16. Precision and Bias Precision and Bias
17. 17. Keywords Keywords
Flash Point
Flash Point
! ! Method ASTM D 93 Method ASTM D 93
! ! Limit: 130 Limit: 130 C minimum C minimum
! ! Temperature Temperature
! ! A sample is heated in a close vessel and A sample is heated in a close vessel and
ignited. When the sample burns, the ignited. When the sample burns, the
temperature is recorded. temperature is recorded.
Water and Sediment
Water and Sediment
! ! Method D 2709 Method D 2709
! ! 0.050 % volume maximum 0.050 % volume maximum
! ! 100 100 mL mL of sample are centrifuged at 800 of sample are centrifuged at 800
rcf rcf for 10 min at 21 for 10 min at 21 to 32 to 32 C in calibrated C in calibrated
tube. tube.
Kinematic
Kinematic
Viscosity
Viscosity
! ! Test Method D 445 Test Method D 445
! ! Measured at 40 Measured at 40 C C
! ! Limits: 1.9 Limits: 1.9 6.0 6.0 mm mm
2 2
/s /s
! ! Generally higher than Generally higher than Petrodiesel Petrodiesel
! ! Volume of liquid flows under gravity Volume of liquid flows under gravity
through calibrated capillary through calibrated capillary
Sulfated Ash
Sulfated Ash
! ! Test Method ASTM D 874 Test Method ASTM D 874
! ! Limits: 0.020 % mass maximum Limits: 0.020 % mass maximum
! ! Sample ignited and burned Sample ignited and burned
! ! Ash + carbon (C removed by H Ash + carbon (C removed by H
2 2
SO SO
4 4
) )
! ! Indication of concentration of metal Indication of concentration of metal
additives ( additives (Ba Ba, Ca, Mg, Na, K, , Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sn Sn, Zn) , Zn)
Sulfur
Sulfur
! ! Test Method ASTM D 5453 Test Method ASTM D 5453
! ! Limits: 0.05 % mass maximum Limits: 0.05 % mass maximum
! ! S oxidized to SO S oxidized to SO
2 2
at high temperatures at high temperatures
! ! UV UV phluorescence phluorescence of of emited emited gases SO gases SO
2 2 " "
SO SO
2 2
* *
" "

SO SO
2 2
! ! S limits dictated by environmental S limits dictated by environmental
considerations considerations
! ! Limits vary according to State regulations Limits vary according to State regulations
Copper strip corrosion
Copper strip corrosion
! ! Test Method ASTM D 130 Test Method ASTM D 130
! ! Limits: No 3 maximum Limits: No 3 maximum
! ! A copper strip is immersed into a fixed A copper strip is immersed into a fixed
volume of sample and heated for a certain volume of sample and heated for a certain
period. The color of the strip is compared period. The color of the strip is compared
to standards. to standards.
! ! Amount of S not directly correlated to Amount of S not directly correlated to
corrosivity corrosivity of fuel. of fuel.
Cetane
Cetane
Number
Number
! ! Test Method ASTM D 613 Test Method ASTM D 613
! ! Limits: 47 minimum Limits: 47 minimum
! ! Comparison of combustion characteristics Comparison of combustion characteristics
with reference fuels. with reference fuels.
! ! Measure of ignition characteristics Measure of ignition characteristics
! ! Compression ratio is varied for the sample Compression ratio is varied for the sample
and 2 bracketing standards. and 2 bracketing standards.
Cloud point
Cloud point
! ! Test Method ASTM D 2500 Test Method ASTM D 2500
! ! Limits: No established limits Limits: No established limits
! ! Reported in Reported in C C
! ! Sample cooled and examined visually until Sample cooled and examined visually until
first cloud appears. first cloud appears.
! ! Indicates the lowest temperature at which Indicates the lowest temperature at which
fuel is usable. fuel is usable.
! ! Generally higher than Generally higher than Petrodiesel Petrodiesel. .
Carbon Residue
Carbon Residue
! ! Test Method ASTM D 4530 Test Method ASTM D 4530
! ! Limits: 0.050 % mass maximum Limits: 0.050 % mass maximum
! ! Sample heated at 500 Sample heated at 500 C under inert C under inert
atmosphere (N atmosphere (N
2 2
) )
! ! Tests the tendency of the sample to form Tests the tendency of the sample to form
deposits under degradation deposits under degradation
Acid Number
Acid Number
! ! Test Method ASTM D 664 Test Method ASTM D 664
! ! Limits: 0.8 mg KOH/g maximum Limits: 0.8 mg KOH/g maximum
! ! pH sensitive electrode pH sensitive electrode
! ! May also be determined using indicators May also be determined using indicators
Free and Total Glycerin
Free and Total Glycerin
! ! Test Method ASTM D 6584 Test Method ASTM D 6584
! ! Limits: 0.020 % mass free glycerin Limits: 0.020 % mass free glycerin
! ! 0.240 % mass total glycerin 0.240 % mass total glycerin
! ! Gas Chromatography with FID detection Gas Chromatography with FID detection
! ! Quantifies Quantifies glycerine glycerine, mono-, , mono-, di di- and - and
triglycerides triglycerides
Phosphorous content
Phosphorous content
! ! Test Method ASTM D 4951 Test Method ASTM D 4951
! ! Limits: 0.001 % mass maximum Limits: 0.001 % mass maximum
! ! ICP ICP Determines 8 elements ( Determines 8 elements (Ba Ba, B, Ca, , B, Ca,
Cu, Mg, P, S, Zn) Cu, Mg, P, S, Zn)
! ! Intended for additive packages Intended for additive packages
Distillation Temperature
Distillation Temperature
! ! Test Method ASTM D 1160 Test Method ASTM D 1160
! ! Limits: 360 Limits: 360 C maximum when 90% C maximum when 90%
recovered recovered
! ! Bears relation with viscosity, vapor Bears relation with viscosity, vapor
pressure, heating value, average pressure, heating value, average
molecular weight, etc molecular weight, etc
! ! Indication of suitability for desired Indication of suitability for desired
application. application.