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SUY LUN T NHIN
Tng kt cc qui tc suy lun:
Ghi ch: Du * l cc dng suy ra c, khng c * l gi thit.
Giao i (.i) (F, G, *F . G)
Giao e (.e) (F . G, *F, *G)
iu kin e (e) (F G, F, *G)
iu kin i (i) (if F, nif G, *FG)
Bn sao (id) (F, *F)
Hi i (vi) (F, *F v G)
Hi e (ve) (F v G, if [F|G] ... nif H, *H)
Mu thun (i) (F . F, )
Mu thun (e) (, *F . F)
Ph nh (i) (if F, nif , *F)
Ph nh kp e (e) (F, *F)


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LUN L MNH
1. Cc khi nim:

- Din dch : l 1 dng trong bng thc tr
- M hnh : l mt din dch ng
- Lng nguyn : l mt Cng thc nguyn (LN dng) hoc Ph nh ca CNT (LN m)

2. Th tc s hc
Chuyn cng thc vo <Z
2
, +, .> tnh thc tr.
v(P v Q) = vP + vQ + vPvQ trong Z
2
,
v(P . Q) = vPvQ trong Z
2
,
vP = 1 + vP trong Z
2
,
v(P Q) = 1 + vP + vPvQ trong Z
2
.
H qu :
vP + vP = 0.
vP.vP = vP.
vP.vP = 0.
3. Cc cng thc tng ng:
1. (F) = F
2. F G = (F G) . (G F)
3. F G = F v G
4. F G = G F
5. (F v G) = (F) . (G) (DeMorgan)
6. (F . G) = (F) v (G) (DeMorgan

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4. Cc dng chun:
1. CNF : Dng chun giao (Giao ca cc Mnh )
Mnh : Mi khi (P
1
v v P
n
)
i
ca CNF.
Mnh n v: Mnh ch c 1 lng nguyn: F ^ (Q v G) ^ (A v B) //F l mv
Clausal form: Dng tp hp biu din CNF: {F, {Q,G}, {A, B}}
2. DNF: Dng chun hi (Hi ca cc () )
3. NNF: Khng cha du ->. Ex: (A . B) v (B v A)
4. Horn Form: Dng Horn (Giao ca cc mnh Horn)
Horn clause: M ch c 1 lng nguyn dng.

5. Bi ton SAT:
- Xt tnh kh ng ca 1 CT, nu CT kh ng, tm mt din dch ng (m hnh).
- Phng php:
PP chng minh bi ton SAT (X kh ng):
+ Chuyn X thnh dng chun giao.
+ Kim tra mi mnh khng cha 2 lng nguyn tri du :
:: Nu c mnh khng cha 2 lng nguyn tri du th X kh ng.
:: Ngc li X hng ng.

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LUN L V T
1. Cc khi nim:
- Min i tng D : l mt tp hp tru tng (CLGT)
- Lng t c 2 loi :
o Ph dng (universal quantifier)
o Hin hu - (existential quantifier).
o Hnh thc s dng : (x), (-x) : vi x l bin.
- Hm l nh x t D
n
D, n e N.
o Th d : nhn, cng : D D D.
- Biu thc hm: nh ca hm.
o Th d : nhn(x, n), cng(x, m), cng(nhn(y, z), x)
- V t: tp con ca tp D
n
(ni cch ngu ngu: quan h trn D)
- Biu thc v t: nh ca v t
o Th d : m(x, y) l nh ca v t m, bn(y, z) l nh ca v t bn
- Nguyn t (term) : Hng or Bin or Biu thc hm.
- Cng thc nguyn: Biu thc v t (sp in cmnr)
- Cng thc hon ho c gi tt l cng thc.
o Cng thc nguyn l CT.
o , l CT.
o CT kt hp vi , ., v, cng l CT.
o CT kt hp vi (x), (-x) cng l CT.
- Phm vi ca lng t: Khi ghi
- Hin hu ca mt bin l s xut hin ca bin trong cng thc.
o x (p(x,y) . q(y)): Bin x c 2 hin hu, bin y c 1 hin hu.
- Hin hu rng buc: thuc phm vi ca lng t c bin cng tn vi n >< Hin hu t
do
- Cng thc ng : cng thc khng cha hin hu t do >< CT T do
2. Thay th:
- Ch nhng hin hu t do mi c thay th
- Bin l nguyn t phi c thay bi mt nguyn t.
- K hiu F[t/x] ngha l tt c hin hu t do ca x trong F c thay bi t.
- K thay th: hin hu ca cc bin trong t khng tr thnh rng buc khi th t vo tt c
nhng hin hu t do ca x.

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SUY LUN T NHIN TRONG LUN L V T
1. Tng kt cc qui tc suy lun:
Ghi ch: Du * l cc dng suy ra c, khng c * l gi thit
Bng nhau i (=i) : *eq(t, t) (lun vit c t trn tri ri
xung)
Bng nhau e (=e) : eq(t1,t2), F[t1/x], *F[t2,x]
L. t ph dng e (e) : x F, *F[t/x]
L. t ph dng i (i) : if x0, nif F[x0/x], *x F
L. t hin hu i (-i) : F[t/x], *-x F
L. t hin hu e (-e) : -x F, if F[x
0
/x], nif G, *G

2. nh l :
(a) x F -x F
(b) -x F x F
3. nh l (tt): G khng cha hin hu t do ca x (trong G)
(a) x F . G x (F . G)
(b) x F v G x (F v G)
(c) -x F . G -x (F . G)
(d) -x F v G -x (F v G)
(e) x (G F) G x F
(f) -x (F G) x F G
(g) x (F G) -x F G
(h) -x (G F) G -x F
4. nh l :
(a) x F . x G x (F . G)
(b) -x F v -x G -x (F v G)
(c) xy F yx F
(d) -x-y F -y-x F

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NG NGHA CA LUN L V T
1. nh gi CT trong 1 din dch:
- Tnh ng, sai ca CT ng trong mt din dch I c xc nh nh lng t:
x F l ng, nu F ng, x e D.
-x F l ng, nu F[a/x] ng, -a e D.
Khng xc nh c tnh ng, sai trong 1 din dch ca cng thc t do.
- Khi ni mt cng thc F l ng, hay sai ngha l ng hay sai trong mt din dch.
(Din dch c th khng c nhc n nhng phi c ngm hiu)

2. Ng ngha: (Ch hiu slide vit g na Chc bn may mn)

3. Cng thc tng ng:
F, P l cng thc v P khng cha hin hu t do ca x (i vi P).
1. (x F) v P = x (F v P)
1'. (-x F) v P = -x (F v P)
2. (x F) . P = x (F . P)
2'. (-x F) . P = -x (F . P)

4. Hi giao m rng:
- ngha: Vit tt (tc dng ging nh ), v a s lng tp hp ln thnh v hn.
- nh ngha giao m rng :
x e A
ieI
i (x e A
i
)
- nh ngha hi m rng :
x e A
ieI
-i (x e A
i
)
- K hiu: vi I = {1, 2, 3}
A
ieI
= A
1
A
2
A
3
,
A
ieI
= A
1
A
2
A
3


5. Cc b > Ton b
- Tht s ch ny mnh ny dng ch Ton cc hay hn Ton b.
- i khi th n ging khi nim tm vc trong lp trnh.

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6. Dng chun Prenex
- Dng chun Prenex c dng :
F = (Q
1
x
1
) ... (Q
n
x
n
) M
+ M l CT khng cha lng t (quantifier-free).
+ Q
i
l hoc -.
VD: -x -y (p(x) v q(y))

- Qui trnh chuyn v dng chun Prenex :
o Thay th ton t bng v, s dng
(S dng: X Y = X v Y)
o y tt c lng t ra pha tri
(nu cn th i tn bin cc b).


7. Soundness v Completeness: (Ch hiu g c, chp y chang slide
goodluck)

- nh l (soundness).
Nu F H th F H.

- nh l (completeness).
Nu F H th F H.

- Th tc c F H c gi l sound nu c F H th F H.
- Mt s trng hp, th tc c tnh sound khng tm thy li gii, mc d li gii tn ti
(*).
- Th tc c F H c gi l complete nu F H th c F H.
- Mt s trng hp, th tc c tnh complete ni c th tm thy li gii, mc d li gii
khng tn ti (*).




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PHN GII
Lu :
- Ch cng thc ng mi c nh gi ng sai trong mt din dch.
Do , cc cng thc c cp t y tr i mc nhin l cng thc ng.
- Bc thay th (3.3) trong Dng chun Skolem khc vi khi nim Thay th trong LLVT.

1. Mc tiu:
nh gi CT: (hng ng/ hng sai/ kh ng/ kh sai)

2. Phng php:
- Kim tra tnh hng sai ta s bit c CT thuc loi no trong 4 loi trn.
- lm c iu , ta c 2 phng php:
o Bin i cng thc (vn cn tnh hng sai).
o Co nh khng gian din dch.

3. Dng chun Skolem (PP1 - bin i CT):
Cng thc F c chuyn v dng :
1. Chun Prenex (cn tng ng vi CT ban u)
2. Chun giao. (cn tng ng vi CT ban u)
3. Ln lt xa cc lng t --.
Vi mi -x, thay tt c hin hu ca x bng hm f
x
. Hm f
x
c thng s
l cc bin ca cc lng t ng trc -x.
Nu trc -x khng c lng t ph dng th thay bng hng.
4. Tp S
F
c phn t l cc thnh phn giao.

4. Mnh :
- Mi phn t ca dng chun Skolem c gi l 1 mnh .
- Mnh : hi cc lng nguyn.
- Mnh n v : mnh c 1 lng nguyn.
- Mnh rng : l cng thc hng sai.
- Nhc li :
F v = F ( l cng thc hng sai), F.
F . = F ( l cng thc hng ng), F.

5. Tnh hng sai:
- nh l :
Cng thc F hng sai nu v ch nu dng chun Skolem S
F
hng sai.