1.

What is the importance of the Thermodynamics in the field of Mechanical

Engineering?
All the mechanical engineering systems are studied with the help of thermodynamics.
Hence it is very important for the mechanical engineers.
2. How many Laws of Thermodynamics are there?
There are three laws of the thermodynamics.
First Law: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only change forms.In any
process in an isolated system, the total energy remains the same.
econd Law: When two isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space, each in
thermodynamic equilibrium in itself, but not in equilibrium with each other at first, are at
some time allowed to interact, breaing the isolation that separates the two systems, and
they e!change matter or energy, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic
equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the initial, isolated systems is less than or equal
to the entropy of the final e!changing systems. In the process of reaching a new
thermodynamic equilibrium, entropy has increased, or at least has not decreased.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute "ero, the entropy of a system
approaches a minimum.
!. tate Laws of conser"ation of energy?
According to the laws of conservation of energy, #energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another.$
#. $s the %oiler a closed system?
%es definitely the boiler is a closed system.
&. What is 'arnot engine?
It was being designed by &arnot and let me tell you that &arnot engine is an imaginary
engine which follows the &arnot cycle and provides '(() efficiency.
(. Which form)la forms a lin* %etween the Thermodynamics and Electro
chemistry?
*ibbs Helmholt" formula is the formula which forms the lin between the
thermodynamics and electromagnetism.
+Hs,- . /0 lnp ,0 11,T234
where+ ! , mole fraction of &-. in the liquid phase
p , &-. partial pressure /0a1
T , temperature /21
3 , universal gas constant
4 , mole ratio in the liquid phase /mole &-. per mole of amine1
5. Which is the hardest compo)nd *nown?
5iamond.
6. What is Hess Law?
According to the Hess law the energy transfer is simply independent of the path being
followed. If the reactant and the product of the whole process are the same then same
amount of energy will be dissipated or absorbed.
7. Which has more efficiency: 8iesel engine or 9etrol engines?
-ff course 5iesel engine has the better efficiency out of two.
1. What is the difference %etween 'ritical peed and Whirling peed?
:ns. In 6olid mechanics, in the field of rotor dynamics, the critical speed is the
theoretical angular velocity which e!cites the natural frequency of a rotating ob7ect, such
as a shaft, propeller or gear. As the speed of rotation approaches the ob7ects natural
frequency, the ob7ect begins to resonate which dramatically increases system vibration.
The resulting resonance occurs regardless of orientation.Whirling 6peed is due to the
unbalanced forces acting on a rotating shaft.

2. How a 8iesel Engine Wor*s as ;enerator?
:ns. 5iesel engine is a prime mover, for a generator, pump,and for vehicles etc.
generator is connected to engine by shaft. mostly in thermal power plat ,there is an engine
is used to drive generator to generate power.

!. E4plain econd Law of Thermodynamics?
:ns. The entropy of the universe increases over time and moves towards a ma!imum
value.

#. 'ompare <rayton 'ycle and =tto 'ycle?
:ns. The heat addition and re7ection processes in -tto cycle are of constant volume,
whereas in 8rayton cycle, they are of constant pressure.
9-tto cycle is the ideal cycle for spar ignition engines.
98rayton cycle is the ideal cycle for gas power turbines.

&. What is the p)rpose of crapper -ing?
:ns. scrap the e!cess lube oil from the cylinder walls. there by preventing oil from
entering combustion "one.

(. What is 8T$ Technology?
:ns. 5T6I stands for 5igital Twin 6par 0lug Ignition. The vehicles with 5T6I
Technology use . spar plugs which are controlled by digital circuit. It results in efficient
combustion of air fuel mi!ture.
Digital 9 6ince the spar generation will be initiated by a microchip.
Twin - 6ince two spar plugs will be used.
Spark ignition 9 6ince the ignition will be done via a spar.

5. How to Find> 8)ctile?<rittle Transition Temperat)re in Metals?
:ns. The point at which the fracture energy passes below a pre9determined point for a
standard Impact tests. 58TT is important since, once a material is cooled below the
58TT, it has a much greater tendency to shatter on impact instead of bending or
deforming.

6. What is the importance of Thermodynamics?
:ns. All the mechanical engineering systems are studied with the help of
thermodynamics. Hence it is very important for the mechanical engineers.

7. What is the difference %etween 911 and 912 9ipes?
:ns. 0'' the chromium molybdenum composition that is ') ofchromium and ':;) of
molybdenum
0'. the chromium molybdenum composition that is ') ofchromium and .) of
molybdenum

1@. tate difference %etween :nitiFriction <earing and Ao)rnal <earing?
:ns. *enerally, 7ournal bearings have higher friction force, consume higher energy and
release more heat, but they have larger contact surface, so normally used in low speed
high load applications. In anti friction bearings friction is less. -ne ob7ect 7ust rolls over
each other.
1. What is the difference %etween Technology and Engineering?
:ns. Engineering is application of science. Technology shows various methods of
Engineering. A bridge can be made by using beams to bear the load,by an arc or by
hanging in a cable< all shows different technology but comes under civil engineering and
science applied is laws of force:load distribution.

2. How to Meas)re Temperat)re in Wet <)l% Thermometer?
:ns. Wet bulb temperature is measured in a wet bulb thermometer by covering the
bulb with a wic and wetting it with water. It corresponds to the dew point temperature
and relative humidity.

!. What are the :d"antages and 8isad"antages of )sing L9; in 'ar?
:ns. :d"antages
'. &omplete combustion
.. =uel saving
>. Homogenous combustion
8isad"antages
'. As complete combustion is occurring ,more heat liberated,not advised for long 7ourney,
engine will be over heated
.. Installation is difficult
>. 3educe engine life efficiency

#. What is the difference %etween peed and Economic peed?
:ns. The rated speed tells us about the ma!imum speed which can be achieved by a
vehicle or some other machine but the economical speed means the speed limit at which
the machine wors efficiently with least consumption of fuel.eg9in normal bies/not
racing1,the ma!.speed limit shown on speedometer is upto '.( mph but companies
always advice their customers to drive such bies at around ?( mph to have ma!imum
mileage.

&. What is 9owder Technology?
:ns. 0owder technology is one of the ways of maing bearing material. In this method
metals lie bron"e, Al, =e are mi!ed and compressed to mae an alloy.

(. tate all the laws of Thermodynamics?
:ns. There are three laws of the thermodynamics.
First Law: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any
process in an isolated system, the total energy remains the same.
econd Law: When two isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space, each in
thermodynamic equilibrium in itself, but not in equilibrium with each other at first, are at
some time allowed to interact, breaing the isolation that separates the two systems, and
they e!change matter or energy, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic
equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the initial, isolated systems is less than or equal
to the entropy of the final e!changing systems. In the process of reaching a new
thermodynamic equilibrium, entropy has increased, or at least has not decreased.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute "ero, the entropy of a system
approaches a minimum.

5. tate the difference %etween Bnilateral and <ilateral Tolerance?
:ns. A unilateral tolerance is tolerance in which variation is permitted only in one
direction from the specified direction.e.g. '@(( A(.(((:9(.(?(
8ilateral tolerance is tolerance in which variation is permitted in both direction from the
specified direction.e.g. '@(( A(.(?(:9(.(?(

6. What is the a%%re"iation of welding rod 5@16?
:ns. B('@ C
B(Ctensile strength B((((psi
'C welding position
@Ccurrent flu!

7. What is difference %etween Welding and <raCing?
:ns. In Welding concentrated heat /high temperature1 is applied at the 7oint of metal
and fuse together.
In 8ra"ing involves significantly lower temperatures and does not entail the melting of
base metals. Instead, a filler metal is melted and forced to flow into the 7oint through
capillary action.

1@. Which has more Efficiency 8iesel Engine or 9etrol Engine?
:ns. 5iesel engine has the better efficiency out of two.
1. What is 8ifference %etween stamina and strength?
:ns. 6trength is capability over a short length of time and 6tamina is the ability to eep
going continuously.

2. What is Hydrostatic ystem?
:ns. Hydrostatics is the study of Duid bodies that are
At rest
Eoving sufciently slowly so there is no relative motion between ad7acent parts
of the body
=or hydrostatic situations
There are no shear stresses
There are only pressure forces that act perpendicular to any surface.
ItFs a closed loop hydraulic systems. It comprises of motor and pump. Here pump
supplies energy to motor and motor gives return energy to pump supply.

!. What is 'otter Doint?
:ns. A cotter 7oint is used to connect rigidly two co9a!ial rods or bars which are
sub7ected to a!ial tensile or compressive forces. Here shaft is loced in place by a smaller
pin that passes through the side of the lug and partly or completely through the shaft
itself. This locing pin is named as cotter.

#. How is the e4cess discharge press)re pre"ented?
:ns. 5ischarge pressure prevented by a pressuri"ed spie cushion. Here the system
employs a pressuri"ed cushion of air and a two o9ring piston, which permanently
separates this air cushion from the water system. When the valve closes and the water
flow is suddenly stopped, the pressure spie pushes the piston up the arrester chamber
against the pressuri"ed cushion of air. The air cushion in the arrester reacts instantly,
absorbing the pressure spie that causes water hammer.

&. What is the difference %etween trainer and Fitler?
:ns. 6trainer for coarse si"e, =ilter is more accurate than 6trainer.

(. What is the position of 9iston -ing?
Ans. In '@( degree angle the Top ring, 6econd ring and -il ring are fi!ed. 0osition the
ring appro!imately ' inch gap below the nec.

5. Why 8eareator are placed at Hieght> $n Thermal 9ower 9lant?
:ns. To build a Gery high pressure and the temperature for a boiler feed water pump
and it discharge high pressure water to the boiler.
And to provide the required Het 0ositive 6uction Head /H06H1 for the 8=W pump and to
serve as a storage tan to ensure a continuous supply of feed water during rapid changes
in 8=0.

6. What is meanst %y =ne Tonn :ir?'onditioner?
:ns. ' ton refrigeration means .'( I:min e!tracts heat from thesystem.

7. tate 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
:ns. HEAT AH5 EE&HAHI&AJ W-32 A3E EKTKAJJ% &-HGE3TA8JE.
EHE3*% &AH 8E &3EATE5 H-3 8E 5I6T3-%E5 8KT IT &AH
8ET3AH6=E3E5 =3-E -HE =-3E T- AH-THE3 =-3E.

1@. $f yo) heat a steel pipe with the hole at center> does heat affects the hole
diameter?
:ns. It gets bigger.
1. Why the 'entrif)gal 9)mp is called High 8ischarge p)mp?
:ns. &entrifugal pump is a inetic device. The centrifugal pump uses the centrifugal
force to push out the fluid. 6o the liquid entering the pump receives inetic energy from
the rotating impeller. The centrifugal action of the impeller accelerates the liquid to a high
velocity, transferring mechanical /rotational1 energy to the liquid. 6o it discharges the
liquid in high rate. It is given in the following formulae+
&entrifugal force F. 1MEF
2
2,-.
Where,
E9Eass
G9Gelocity
393adius

2. How 'a"itation can %e eliminated %y 9)mp?
:ns. &avitation means bubbles are forming in the liquid.
L To avoid &avitation, we have to increase the 0ump si"e to -ne or Two Inch<
To increase the pressure of the 6uction Head, or
L 5ecrease the 0ump 6peed.

!. Why 'a"itation will occ)r in 'entrif)gal 9)mp and not in 8isplacement
9)mp?
:ns. The formation of cavities /or bubbles1 is induced by flow separation, or non9
uniform flow velocities, inside a pump casing. In centrifugal pumps the eye of the pump
impeller is smaller than the flow area of pipe. This decrease in flow area of pump results
in increase in flow rate. 6o pressure drop happened between pump suction and the vanes
of the impeller. Here air bubbles or cavities are formed because of liquid vapour due to
increase in temperature in impeller. This air bubbles are transmitted to pump which forms
cavitation.

#. Which 9)mp is more Efficient 'entrif)gal 9)mp or -eciprocating 9)mp?
:ns. &entrifugal pump. 8ecause flow rate is higher compared to reciprocating pump.
=low is smooth and it requires less space to install. Jower initial cost and lower
maintenance cost.
&. Why 'entrif)gal 9)mp is not called as a 9ositi"e 8isplacement Type of
9)mp?
:ns. The centrifugal has varying flow depending on pressure or head, whereas the
0ositive 5isplacement pump has more or less constant flow regardless of pressure.
Jiewise viscosity is constant for positive displacement pump where centrifugal pump
have up and down value because the higher viscosity liquids fill the clearances of the
pump causing a higher volumetric efficiency. When there is a viscosity change in supply
there is also greater loss in the system. This means change in pump flow affected by the
pressure change.
-ne more e!ample is, positive displacement pump has more or less constant efficiency,
where centrifugal pump has varying efficiency rate.
1. Why Entropy decreases with increase in temperat)re?
:ns. ds.dG,T Entropy is inversely proportional to the temperature so, as temp.
Increases, entropy decreases.

2. Why different types of so)nd are prod)ced in different %i*es> tho)gh they
r)n on $ Engines?
:ns. Engine specifications are different in different manufactures lie as 8ore
5iameter /&&1, Ignition timing. Also the e!haust passage taes more responsible for
sound.

!. How m)ch Watt means 1Hp?
Ans. B;?.. Watt
#. E4plain <icycle -ear Wheel proc*et wor*ing?
:ns. 3ear wheel sprocet wors under the principle of ratchet and pawl.

&. 8efinition of =ctane H)m%er and 'etane H)m%er?
:ns. -ctane Ho.9 -ctane number is defined as the percentage, by volume, of iso
octane in the mi!ture of iso octane and h9heptane. It is the measure of rating of 6I engine.
&etane Ho.9 &etane number is defined as the percentage, by volume, of n9cetane in the
mi!ture of n9cetane and alpha methyl naphthalene. It is the measure of rating of &I
engine.

(. Which Mechanism is )sed in :)tomo%ile gearing ystem?
Ans. 5ifferential mechanism

5. When 'r)de =il is Heated> Which Hydro 'ar%on comes first?
:ns. Hatural gas /*asoline1M at .( &elsius

6. How to calc)late <earing n)m%er ti 8iameter of the inner and o)ter?
:ns. 5ivide the shaft diameter si"e by N, it will give last two digit of the bearing no.
and according to type of load we have to choose the type of bearing and that will give
prior number of the bearing.

7. The Fatig)e life of a part can %e impro"ed %y?
:ns. Improving the surface finish by 0olishing O providing residual stress by 6hot
peening.

1@. What happens if gasoline is )sed in a 8iesel Engine> iesel Engine will
wor*?
:ns. Ho, It will not wor, as the &ompression ratio of 0etrol engine is ( to 1@ O that
of 5iesel engine is 1& to 22. Thus on such high compression, gasoline gets highly
compressed O it may blast.

11. 9oissons -atio is Higher in> -)%%er,teel,Wood?
:ns. When a material is compressed in one direction, it usuallytends to e!pand in the
other two directions perpendicular tothe direction of compression. This phenomenon is
called the0oisson effect. 0oissonFs ratio is a measure of the 0oisson effect.
=or rubber C (.N
=or steel C (..@@
=or wood P (..
Thus 0oissonFs ratio is higher in 3K88E3.
What are the different types of fits? E4plain?
=n the %asis of $ndian standards fits can mainly %e categoriCed into three gro)ps:
I 'learance Fit: These types of fits are characteriCed %y the occ)rrence of a
clearance %etween the two mating parts. The difference %etween the minim)m siCe
of the hole and the ma4im)m siCe of the shaft is called the minim)m clearance> the
difference %etween the ma4im)m siCe of the hole and the minim)m siCe of the shaft
is *nown as ma4im)m clearance.
I $nterference Fit: $n these types of fits the siCe of the mating parts are predefined
so that interference %etween them always occ)rs. The tolerance Cone of the hole is
completely %elow the tolerance Cone of the shaft.
I Transition Fit: :s the name s)ggests these type of fit has its mating parts siCed
limited to allow either clearance or interference. The tolerance Cone of the hole and
the shaft o"erlaps in case of s)ch fits.
For a shaft designated as #@ H6,f5> calc)late the tolerances.
;i"en: haft designation . #@ H6,f5
The shaft designation #@ H6,f 5 means that the %asic siCe is #@ mm and the tolerance
grade for
the hole is 6 1 i. e. $ T 62 and for the shaft is 5 1 i. e. $ T 52.
ince #@ mm lies in the diameter steps of !@ to &@ mm> therefore the geometric mean
diameter>
8 . J)are root of 1!@ 4 &@2 . !6.5! mm
We *now that standard tolerance )nit>
i . @.#& 4 ')%e root of 182 K @.@@1 8
i . @.#& L !.!6 K @.@!65! . 1.&&7 5! or 1.&( microns
i . 1.&( L @.@@1 . @.@@1 &( mm ...11 micron . @.@@1 mm2
The standard tolerance for the hole of grade 6 1$T62
. 2& i . 2& L @.@@1 &( . @.@!7 mm
The standard tolerance for the shaft of grade 5 1$T52
. 1( i . 1( L @.@@1 &( . @.@2& mm
What are the factors that can affect the Factor of safety selection?
The factor of safety is )sed in designing a machine component. 9rior to selecting the
correct factor of safety certain points m)st %e ta*en into consideration s)ch as:
I The properties of the material )sed for the machine and the changes in its intrinsic
properties o"er the time period of ser"ice.
I The acc)racy and a)thenticity of test res)lts to the act)al machine parts.
I The applied load relia%ility.
I The limit of stresses 1localiCed2.
I The loss of property and life in case of fail)res.
I The limit of initial stresses at the time period of man)fact)re.
I The e4tent to which the ass)mptions can %e simplified.
The factor of safety also depends on n)mero)s other considerations s)ch as the
material> the method of man)fact)ring > the "ario)s types of stress> the part shapes
etc.
What is heat treatment and why is it done?
Heat treatment can %e defined as a com%ination of processes or operations in which
the heating and cooling of a metal or alloy is done in order to o%tain desira%le
characteristics witho)t changing the compositions. ome of the moti"es or p)rpose
of heat treatment are as follows:
I $n order to impro"e the hardness of metals.
I For the softening of the metal.
I $n order to impro"e the machina%ility of the metal.
I To change the grain siCe.
I To pro"ide %etter resistance to heat> corrosion> wear etc.
Heat treatment is generally performed in the following ways:
I HormaliCing
I :nnealing
I pheroidising
I Hardening
I Tempering
I )rface or case hardening
What are the r)les that m)st %e *ept in mind while designing castings?
ome of the points that m)st %e *ept in mind d)ring the process of cast designing
are as follows:
I To a"oid the concentration of stresses sharp corners and freJ)ent )se of fillets
sho)ld %e a"oided.
I ection thic*nesses sho)ld %e )niform as m)ch as possi%le. For "ariations it m)st
%e done grad)ally.
I :%r)pt changes in the thic*ness sho)ld %e a"oided at all costs.
I implicity is the *ey> the casting sho)ld %e designed as simple as possi%le.
I $t is diffic)lt to create tr)e large spaces and henceforth large flat s)rfaces m)st %e
a"oided.
I We%s and ri%s )sed for stiffening in castings sho)ld as minimal as possi%le.
I ')r"ed shapes can %e )sed in order to impro"e the stress handling of the cast.
What are the points that sho)ld %e *ept in mind d)ring forging design?
ome of the points that sho)ld %e followed while forging design are:
I : radial flow of grains or fi%ers m)st %e achie"ed in the forged components.
I The forged items s)ch as drop and press forgings sho)ld ha"e a parting line that
sho)ld di"ide the forging into two eJ)al hal"es.
I The ri%s in a forging sho)ld not %e high or thin.
I $n order to a"oid increased die wear the poc*ets and recesses in forgings sho)ld %e
minim)m.
I $n forgings the parting line of it sho)ld lie as far as possi%le in a single plane.
I For ease of forging and easy remo"al of forgings the s)rfaces of the metal sho)ld
contain s)fficient drafts.
8escri%e %riefly the different cold drawing processes.
ome of the important cold drawing processes are as follows:
I <ar and -od 8rawing: $n the case of %ar drawing the hot drawn %ars are at first
pic*led> washed and coated to pre"ent o4idation. =nce this is done a draw %ench is
)sed for the process of cold drawing. $n order to ma*e an end possi%le to enter a
drawing die the diameter of the rod is red)ced %y the swaging operation. This end is
fastened %y chains to the draw %ench and the end is gripped %y the Daws of the
carriage. $n this method a high s)rface finish and acc)racy dimensionally is
o%tained. The prod)cts of this process can %e )sed directly witho)t any f)rther
machining.
I Wire 8rawing: imilar to the a%o"e process the %ars are first pic*led> washed and
coated to pre"ent any o4idation. :fter this the rods are passed thro)gh se"eral dies
of decreasing diameter to pro"ide a desired red)ction in the siCe 1 diameter 2. The
dies )sed for the red)ction process is generally made )p of car%ide materials.
IT)%e 8rawing: This type of drawing is "ery similar to the %ar drawing process and
in maDority of cases it is accomplished %y the )se of a draw %ench.
What are the different theories of fail)re )nder static load> e4plain %riefly?
The main theories of fail)re of a mem%er s)%Dected to %i?a4ial stress are as follows:
I Ma4im)m principal stress theory 1 -an*ineMs theory2: This theory states that
fail)re occ)rs at a point in mem%er where the ma4im)m principal or normal stress
in a %i?a4ial system reaches the ma4im)m strength in a simple tension test.
I Ma4im)m shear stress theory 1 ;)estMs or TrescaMs theory2: This theory states that
fail)re occ)rs when the %ia4ial stress reaches a "al)e eJ)al to the shear stress at
yield point in a simple tension test.
I Ma4im)m principal strain theory 1 aint Fenant theory2: This theory states that
fail)re occ)rs when %i?a4ial stress reaches the limiting "al)e of strain.
I Ma4im)m strain energy theory 1 HaighMs theory2: This theory states that fail)re
occ)rs when strain energy per )nit "ol)me of the stress system reaches the limiting
strain energy point.
I Ma4im)m distortion energy theory 1 Henc*y and Fon Mises theory2: This theory
states that fail)re occ)rs when strain energy per )nit "ol)me reaches the limiting
distortion energy.
What happens if gasoline is used in a Diesel engine?Diesel engine will work ?
Ho, It will not wor,as the &ompression ratio of 0etrol engine is ( to 1@ O that of 5iesel
engine is 1& to 22. Thus on such high compression, gasoline gets highly compressed O it
may blast.
Which Mechanism is used in Automobile gearing system
5ifferential mechanism
Why different types of sound are produced in different bikes though they say
run on SI engine
Engine specifications are different in different manufactures lie as 8ore 5iameter/&&1,
Ignition timing.Also the e!haust passage tae more responsible for sound.
Why entropy decreases with the increase in temperature?
ds.dG,TEntropy is inversely proportional to the temperature so.as temp.
increases,entropy decreases.
1 hp how much watt?
B;?..Watt
ow to calculate bearing number to diameter of the inner and outer
5ivide the shaft diameter si"e by N, it will give last two digitof the bearing no. and
according to type of load we have tochose the type of bearing and that will give prior no.
ofthe bearing.
!"plain #icycle rear wheel Sprocket working?
3ear wheel sprocet wors under the principle of ratchet and pawl.
Definition of $ctane number % &etane number
-ctane Ho.9 -ctane number is defined as the percentage, by volume, of iso octane in the
mi!ture of iso octane and h9heptane. It is the measure of rating of 6I engine.
&etane Ho.9 &etane number is defined as the percentage, by volume, of n9cetane in the
mi!ture of n9cetane and alpha methyl naphthalene. It is the measure of rating of &I
engine.
'oisons ratio is higher in (rubber)steel)wood*
What is important to remember about radial bearings?
A turbine rotor is supported by two radial bearings, one on each end of the steam
cylinder. These bearings must be accurately aligned to maintain the close clearance
between the shaft and the shaft seals, and between the rotor and the casing. If e!cessive
bearing wear lowers the he rotor, great harm can be done to the turbine.
ow many go+ernors are needed for safe turbine operation? Why?
Two independent governors are needed for safe turbine operation. -ne is an over speed or
emergency trip that shuts off the steam at '( percent above running speed /ma!imum
speed1. The second, or main governor, usually controls speed at a constant rate< however,
many applications have variable speed control.
How is a fly ball governor used with a hydraulic control?
As the turbine speeds up, the weights are moved outward by centrifugal force, causing
linage to open a pilot valve that admits and releases oil on either side of a piston or on
one side of a spring9loaded piston. The movement of the piston controls the steam valves.
What is meant by critical speed?
It is the speed at which the machine vibrates most violently. It is due to many causes,
such as imbalance or harmonic vibrations set up by the entire machine. To minimi"e
damage, the turbine should be hurried through the nown critical speed as rapidly as
possible. /&aution, be sure the vibration is caused by critical speed and not by some other
trouble1.
How is oil pressure maintained when starting or stopping a medium-sized
turbine?
An au!iliary pump is provided to maintain oil pressure. 6ome au!iliary pumps are turned
by a hand cran< others are motor9driven. This pump is used when the integral pump is
running too slowly to provide pressure, as when starting or securing a medium9si"ed
turbine.
Besides lubrication, what are two functions of lubricating oil in some turbines?
In larger units, lube oil cools the bearings by carrying off heat to the oil coolers. Jube oil
in some turbines also acts as a hydraulic fluid to operate the governor speed9control
system.
Do you stop cooling-water flow through a steam condenser as soon as the turbine
is slopped?
%ou should eep the cooling water circulating for about 'N mill or more so that the
condenser has a chance to cool down gradually and evenly. 8e sure to have cooling water
flowing through the condenser before starting up in order to prevent live steam from
entering the condenser unless it is cooled. -verheating can cause severe leas and other
headaches.
How can the deposits be removed?
o Water soluble deposits may be washed off with condensate or wet steam.
o Water insoluble deposits are removed mechanically after dismantling the
turbine.
o E!perience shows that water soluble deposits are embedded in layers of
water9insoluble deposits. And when the washing process is carried out,
water soluble parts of the deposit dissolve away leaving a loose, friable
seleton of water9insoluble deposits which then brea loose and wash
away.
How can the fatigue damage on high-pressure blades be corrected?
=atigue9damage on high9pressure blades arises due to vibration induced by partial9arc
admission. This can be corrected by switching over to full arc admission technique.