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) (Theodore Noldeke )(Ignaz Goldziher
) (W. Wellhausen ) (Leon Caetani
) .(David Samuel Margoliouth

(William
) (Ritchard Bell
) .Montgomery Watt
.



.
. ) (J. Wansbourough. . ) (J.A. Bellamy
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( )1W. Muir: Life of Mohamet, 3rd edition reprinted 1923, pp.25-26, D.S. :
Margoliouth: Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, London, 1905, pp.64-65,
Montgomery Watt: Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, 1960, p.39, and Muhammad's
Mecca, Edinburgh, 1988, pp.50-51.
( )2Margoliouth, op. cit, p.52-53, 60, Muir: op. cit. P.15 :
( )3Watt: Muhammad's Mecca, p.52-53 :
( )4Abraham Gelger: Judaism and Islam, Madras, 1898; Richard Bell: The :
Origin of Islam and its Christian Environment, London, 1926; C.C. Torrey: The
Jewish Foundations of Islam, New York, 1933; A.I. Kash: Judaism in Islam, New
York 1954
( )5Watt: Muhammad's Mecca, pp. 45-46; C.C. Torrey: The Commercial :
Theological Terms of the Koran, Leiden, 1892; Arthur Jeffry: The Foreign
Vocabulary of the Qur'an, Broda, 1938

 -9 ""
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) (suggestion " " ).(Intellectual Locution

:
-1 .
-2

.
-3
.
-4 .

.


" "( .)2
.

( )1Richard Bell: "Mohammed's Call", The Moslem World, January 1934, :

pp.13-19; Mohammed's Vision, ibid; Watt: Muhammad at Mecca, pp.52-58, and
"The Islamic Revelation in the Modern World", Edinburgh, 1969.
( )2M.M. Ali: Sirat al-Nabi and the Orientialists, vol:1A, King Fahd Qur'an :
Printing Complex, Madina, 1997, Chapters: x-xii and xvi-xxii.

 -2 . ) (J. Wansborough

) (Ignaz Goldziher

( )
( )

()1
.

)2(.

) (J. Horovitz
()3
.
.
) (Joseph Shacht
( )1:

Ignaz Goldziher, Mohammedarische Studien (first published 1890) vol: 2,

tr. Into English by C.R. Borber and Snt. Sten under title: Muslim Studies, vol:2,
London, P.170.

( )2 M.M. Al-Azami: Studies in Early Hadith Literature, Beirut, 1968; :

: 1694
: 1694/1444
( )3J. Horovitz: The Earliest Biographies of the Prophet and Their Authors", :
translated from the German by Marmaduke Pickthall, Islamic Culture, vol:1, 1927,
pp.535-559; vol:2, 1925, pp.22-50, 164-182 and 495-523.


(Origins
of
) Studies :
)( Muhammadan Jurisprudence ) )1(.
:


.

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) (Engels 1944 1949

(School of Oriental and African

(Published at Oxford, 1950 )1

( )2 :

M.M. Al-Azami: On Shacht's Origin of Muhammadan Jurisprudence,

King Saud University and John Wily & Sons. Inc., New York, 1985
( )3N.J. Coulson: A History of Islamic Law, London, 1946, pp.64-65 :

( )4:

M.M. Watt: Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, 1960, p.xv; and his "The

Materials used by Ibn Ishaq in B. Lewis and P.M. Holtfield (ed): Historians of the
Middle east, London, 1962, pp.23-24

) )1(.(Institute of Marxism-Leninism :
()2
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. ) (John Wansborough
1677 1679 Quranic Studies: Sources and :
( Methods of Scriptural Interpretation :
) Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation
( History : ) .

:
.

) (Canonical Form
()3
.
.
.

( )1Souvenires sur Marx et Engels, Russian edition, 1956 :

()2

me Rodinson: "A Critical Survey of Modern Studies on Muhammad", in Merlin

Swarty (ed), Studies in Islam, OUP, 1981, pp.44 and notes 123 and 124 at pp.75-76.
( )3J. Wansborough: Quranic Studies, etc, Oxford, 1977, pp.42-45 :

 . "
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. :
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) (Patricia Crone ) (Michael Cook
Hagarism : The Making :
( of the Islamic World : )
1677 .
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( )1 44
( )2 ) (Toby Lester What is the Koran, The Atlantic
Monthly, January 1999, p.55

11

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 -3 )(Yehuda De Nevo
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( )1:

Koren & Y.D. Nevo: "methodological Approaches to Islamic Studies", Der

Islam, Band 68, Hapt 1, pp.91-102

.
( )2
( )3Y.D. Nevo: "Towards a pre-history of Islam", Jerusalem Studies in Arabic :
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( )4Fred M. Donner: Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of :
Historical Writings, Darwin Press, Inc, Preston, 1998

15

 :

.
-
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(.)1
) (Estelle Whelan
)2(. :

2 : 57 1 : 49
72 (962-961)
.
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.
:112
( )1 .92
( )2Estelle Whelan: "Forgotten Witness: Evidence for the Early Codification of :
the Qur'an", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol:48, no:1, 1998, pp.1-14
( )3P. Crone & M. Cook, Hagarism etc., pp.18; 167n.18 :

16

 2-1 133 :6 77 132

(754-967) .
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( )2 : ( : . . ) .371 .
( )3 : 14 .
( )4 12-14 . ( .) 3:2326 :
Writing the Words of God: Some early Quran Copyists and their Milieu, part 1,
Ars Orientalis, 1990, pp.113-47

17

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:

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( )1:

R. Talman: "An Eight century Grammatical School in Madina: The

Collection and Evaluation of the Available Material", Bulletin of the School of

Oriental and African Studies, vol. 48, 1985, pp.225-228

18

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( )3Gerd R. Puin: "Observation on Early Qur'an Manuscripts in San'a", in :
Stefan Wilde (ed), The Quran as Text, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1996, pp.107-111

23



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The Coran : Translation with Suras :
Arranged Chronologically 1611
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.
. .

.
( )1:

Mirza Abu al-Fazl, The Qur'an, Arabic Text and English Translation,

Arranged Chronologically, 1911, (British Library [British Museum] Catalogue Call

)mark 14512.d.15
( )2R. Bell: The Quran: Translated with a Critical Rearrangement with the :
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28

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 -5 ) (J.A. Bellamy
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22
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J.A. Bellami: Al-raqim or al-Ruqa?": A note on Surat 18:9, Journal of

American Oriental Society:, 1991, pp.115-117; Fa-Ummuhu Hayiyyah: A Note on

Surah 101:9, ibid, 1992, pp.485-487; Some proposed Emenuation to the Text of
the Qur'an, ibid, 1993, pp.562-573; and "More proposed Emenuations to the Text
of the Koran", ibid, 1996, pp.196-204

( )2 243

31

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( )3Hans Wehr: A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (ed.): :
( )4Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, ed. A.S. Hornby :
and others, third edition, 1974, eighteenth impression, 1983, p. 357

34

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York, 1998
( )2 The Atlantic Monthly, January 1999, p.30

38


4 .....................................................................
-2 . ( )J. Wansborough 7 ...
-3 ( )Yehuda De Nevo (14....... )The Revisionist
-4 23..................
-5 ( )J.A. Bellamy 34.................................
-9 37...............................................................

39