Chapter 2 : NUTRITION

Subtopic 2.1 : The importance of taking good nurtition and practising good eating habit
1. Calorific value:
Total amount of energ released when one gram of food is burnt completely in oxygen.
Unit joule (! " #ilojoule (#!
$. %alanced &iet :
' diet which contains a!! the food c!asses in the correct proportion
(actors )xplanation
*hysical activity "cti#e people need more energy because they do heavy job
%ody si+e $igger body needs more energy because their metabolism
rate very high
'ge %oung people need more enrgy than old people
,ex &a!e need more energy than female because male are more
active
,tate of health Sick peop!e need more energy to replace damaged cell and
fight diseases
,urrounding
temperature
*eople in co!d place need more energy to maintain their
body temperature
-. C!asses of food and deficienc disease
Class of food (unction .ealth problems
Carbohydrate *rovide energy /arasmus
*roteins (or growth and repair damaged
tissues
0washior#or
(ats 'nother source of energy
1nsulator of heat
&issolve vitamins '2&2) and 0
3besity
4itamin /aintain good health 4itamin ' : night blindness
4itamin % : beri beri
4itamin C : scurvy
4itamin & : ric#ets
/inerals /aintain good health and body
metabolism
1ron : anemia
1odine : goitre
(ibre *revent constipation Cause constipation
5ater 's solvent
/aintain body temperature
&ry s#in
'("&)*' :
' student ta#es 67 g of bread2 177g of mil# and $7 g of orange. Calculate the calorific value in his food.
Calculation :
(67g 8 17.1! 9 (177g 8 $.:! 9 ($7g 8 $.7! ; <16 #
+ood Ca!orific #a!ue
,k-.g/
%read 17.1
/il# $.:
3range $.7
$"$ 2 : NUTRISI
Sub topik 2.1 : 0epentingan mengambi! makanan bernutrisi dan mengama!kan tabiat
pemakanan ang Sihat.
1. =ilai #alori :
umlah #eseluruhan tenaga yang dibebas#an apabila satu gram ma#anan terba#ar leng#ap dalam
o#sigen. Unit joule (! " #ilojoule (#!
$. >i+i seimbang :
&iet yang mengandungi semua ke!as makanan dengan kuantiti ang betu!
(a#tor *enerangan
'#tiviti fi+i#al 3rang aktif perlu lebih tenaga untu# mela#u#an #erja yang berat
,ai+ badan %adan yang besar perlu lebih tenaga #erana #adar metabolisma tinggi
Umur 3rang muda perlu lebih tenaga #erana #adar metabolisma tinggi
antina *e!aki memerlu#an lebih tenaga daripada perempuan #erana lela#i
lebih a#tif
Tahap #esihatan Orang sakit perlu lebih tenaga untu# mengganti sel yang rosa# dan
melawan penya#it
Cuaca " suhu
se#itar
3rang di tempat se1uk perlu lebih tenaga untu# menge#al#an suhu
badan.
2. 0e!as makanan dan penakit akibat kekuranganna
0elas /a#anan (ungsi /asalah 0esihatan
0arbohidrat /embe#al#an tenaga /arasmus
*rotein Untu# tumbesaran dan
membai#i sel?sel yang telah
rosa#
0washior#or
@ema# *unca lain untu# be#al#an
tenaga
,ebagai penebat haba
*elarut bagi vitamin '2&2)
dan 0
0egendutan
4itamin /enge#al#an #esihatan diri 4itamin ' : rabun malam
4itamin % : beri beri
4itamin C : s#urvi
4itamin & : ri#ets
/ineral /enge#al#an #esihatan dan
#adar metabolisma
%esi : anemia
1odin : goiter
,erat /engela##an sembelit /enyebab#an sembelit
'ir sebagai pelarut
menge#al#an suhu badan
0ulit #ering
)aper 1 : Ob1ecti#e 3uestion
Kertas 1 : Soalan Objektif
1. 5hat is meant by balanced diet A
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan gizi seimbang?
'. The food ta#en by an individual according to his appetite
Makanan yang diambil mengikut selera individu
%. The food that can help an individual to resist diseases
Makanan yang dapat membantu individu untuk menghalang penyakit
C. The food that contains sufficient proportion of all classes of food
Makanan yang mengandungi semua kelas makanan dengan nisbah yang betul
&. The food that provides energy to maintain an individualBs physical activity.
Makanan yang membekalkan tenaga untuk mengekalkan kegiatan fizikal individu
$. Table 1 shows the calorific values of three types of food.
Jadual1 menunjukkan nilai kalori bagi tiga jenis makanan.
+ood Ca!orific #a!ue . k-g
41
%read "roti 17.1$
.ard boiled eggs " telur rebus C.6D
/il# "susu $.C<
Table 1" Jadual 1
' pupil ta#es $7g of bread2 17g of hard boiled egg and 177g of mil# for his brea#fast. 5hat is
the total energy consumedA
Seoarang murid mengambil 2g roti! 1g telur rebus dan 1g susu untuk sarapannya.
"erapakah jumlah tenaga yang diperolehinya?
A. 7.<6 # %. 1D.-D #
C. 1D-.D7 # &. 6-C.-7 #
-. Table $ shows the calorific values of three types of food.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan nilai kalori bagi tiga jenis makanan
+ood Ca!orific #a!ue. k-g
41
%read " roti 17.77
%utter " mentega -7.77
3range juice " jus oren $.7
Table $ " Jadual 2
'li ta#es brea#fast which consist of 17 g of bread2 6g of butter and 177g of orange juice.
Calculate the total calorific value ta#en.
Ali mengambil sarapan yang terdiri daripada 1g roti! #g mentega dan 1g jus oren. $itung
jumlah nilai kalori yang diambilnya
A. E$ # %. 116 #
C. 16: # &. E67 #
E. Table - shows the calorific values of different classes of food.
Jadual % menunjukkan nilai kalori bagi kelas makanan yang berbeza
+ood Ca!orific #a!ue. k-g
41
*rotein " protein 1C.:
Carbohydrate " karbohidrat 1C.:
(at" lemak -:.C
Table - " Jadual %
' piece of ca#e contain 6g of protein2 17g of carbohydrate and -g of fat. Calculate the total
calorific value of the ca#e.
Sebiji kek mengandungi #g protein!1g karbohidrat dan %g lemak. $itung jumlah kalori sebiji
kek tersebut
'. -.D # %. :1.7 #
C. -C-.- # &. 1$:<.7 #
6. ' doctor comfirmed that 'li had #washior#or. 5hat should 'li do to overcome the diseaseA
&oktor mengesahkan Ali menghidap k'ashiorkor. Apakah yang patut Ali lakukan untuk
mengatasi penyakit tersebut?
&eficiency of which class of food causes #washior#or A
(ekurangan kelas makanan apakah yang menyebabkan penyakit k'ashiorkor ?
'. 1ncreased fat inta#e" meningkatkan pengambilan lemak
%. 1ncreased 4itamin inta#e " meningkatkan pengambilan vitamin
C. 1ncreased *rotein inta#e ) meningkatkan pengambilan protein
&. 1ncreased Carbohydrate inta#e " meningkatkan pengambilan karbohidrat

C. Table E shows the calorific value of different types of food.
Jadual * menunjukkan nilai kalori beberapa jenis makanan
+ood Ca!orific #a!ue.k- per 155g
)ggs " telur CC6
@amb " daging CE-
Chic#en " ayam <$:
(ish " ikan E--
Table E " Jadual *
5hich food contributes the highest calorific value A
Makanan yang manakah menyumbang nilai kalori yang tinggi?
A. 177g of lamb " kambing
". $77g of eggs " telur
+. 167g of chic#en " ayam
&. $67g fish " ikan
:. 5hich of the following nutrient deficiencies will cause scurvyA
Antara nutrien yang berikut! kekurangan nutrien yang manakah akan menyebabkan skurviA
'. *hosphorus " fosforus %. *rotein
C. 1odine " iodin &. 4itamin C
<. Table 6 shows the calorific value for three types of food.
Jadual # menunjukkan nilai kalori bagi tiga jenis makanan
+ood Ca!orific #a!ue. k-g
41
Chapati " ,apati -.7
/il# " susu $.:
3range "oren $.7
Table 6 " Jadual #
' boy eats E7g of chapati2 $77g of mil# and 67 g of orange. Calculate the calorific value in his
food.
Seorang budak lelaki makan *g ,apati! 2g susu dan #g oren. $itung nilai kalori dalam
makanan tersebut.
A. :.: # %. 1C.$ #
C. $D7 # &. :C7 #
D. 5hich of the following food has the highest calorific value A
Makanan yang manakah menpunyai nilai kalori yang paling tinggi?
A. %read " roti %. 3range " oren
C. %utter " mentega &. (ish " ikan
17. 5hy do the individuals living in cold climate as shown in &iagram 1 need food that is rich in fatA
Mengapa individu di ka'asan beriklim sejuk seperti yang ditunjukkan dalan -ajah 1
memerlukan makanan berlemak?
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
'. To increase adipose tissue " menambahkan tisu lemak
%. To replace the heat loss " menggantikan haba yang hilang
C. To develop more body cells " membina lebih banyak sel badan
&. To increase the metabolic rate " Meningkatkan kadar metabolisma
11. 5hich of the following occupations reFuires the highest amount of energy A
Antara pekerjaan berikut! yang manakah memerlukan jumlah tenaga yang paling tinggi?
'. Cler# " kerani %. .aw#er " penjaja
C. Teacher " guru &. @abourer " buruh
1$. ' lady has no appetite to eat and is very thin. 5hat health problem is faced by this ladyA
Seorang 'anita tiada selera makan dan sangat kurus. Apakah masalah kesihatan yang dihadapi
oleh 'anita ini?

'. 0washior#or " k'asyiorkor
%. 'norexia " anoreksia
C. &iabetes " ken,ing manis
&. Thrombosis " trombosis
Subtopic 2.2 : NUTRI'NT R'3UIR'&'NT O+ )*"NT
1. *lant obtain food through photosnthesis.
carbon dio6ide 7 8ater g!ucose 7 o6gen
$. &acronutrient and micronutrient
=utrient /acronutrient /icronutrient
&efinition =utrients or minerals reFuired in
!arge amount by plants
=utrients or minerals reFuired in
sma!! amount by plants
)xample Carbon2 oxygen2 hydrogen2
nitrogen2 phosphorus2 potassium2
calcium2magnesium and sulphur
%oron2 +inc2 molybdenum2
manganese2copper and iron

2. +unctions of nutrients and smptoms of deficienc

/acronutrient (unction =utrient deficiency symptom

=itrogen ? (ormation of chlorophyll
and protein
? Gellow leaves2 small leaf si+e2
leaves drops easily
*otassium ? (ormation of protein and
carbohydrate.
? 'ctivate cellular en+yme
? Gellowing at the edges of the
leaves.
? %rown spots appear on leaves
*hosphorus ? (ormation of protein.
? )ngcourage cell division
? @eaves turns dar# green with red
spots.
? 4ery few flowers2 seeds 2 fruits and
roots.
? *lants ta#es a longer time to mature
Sub topik 2.2 : 0')'R*U"N NUTRI'N UNTU0 TU&$U94TU&$U9"N
1. Tumbuhan memperolehi ma#anan melalui proses fotosintesis
karbon dio6ida 7 air g!ukosa 7 oksigen
sunlight
chlorophyll
klorofl
Cahaya matahari
$. /a#ronutrien dan mi#ronutrien
=utrien /acronutrien /icronutrien
/a#sud =utrien atau mineral yang
diperlu#an oleh tumbuh?tumbuhan
dalam kuantiti ang banak
=utrien atau mineral yang diperlu#an
oleh tumbuh?tumbuhan dalam kuantiti
ang sedikit
Contoh 0arbon2 o#sigen2 hidrogen2
nitrogen2 fosforus2 #alium2
#alsium2magnesium and sulfur
%oron2 +in#2 molybdenum2 mangan2
#uprum dan besi

-. 0epentingan nutrien dan ge1a!a kekurangan nutrien

/acronutrien (ungsi >ejala #e#urangan nutrien

=itrogen ? *embentu#an #lorofil dan
protein
? &aun menguning2 daun bersai+ #ecil2
daun mudah gugur
0alium ? *embentu#an protein dan
0arbohidrat
? /enga#tif#an en+im sel
? *inggir daun menguning
? Tompo# perang terbentu# pada daun
? Tumbuhan mati pada pering#at awal
(osforus ? *embentu#an protein
? /engala##an
pembahagian sel
? &aun bertu#ar hijau tua dan berbinti#
merah
? ,angat sedi#it bunga2 buah dan a#ar
? %uah lambat masa#
? Tumbuhan lambat matang
)aper 1 : Ob1ecti#e :uestion
kertas 1 : Soalan objektif
1. 5hich of these elements reFuired by plants is a micronutrientA
Antara unsur berikut yang manakah merupakan mikronutrien yang diperlukan oleh tumbuhan?
A. %oron %. Calcium " kalsium
C. *otassium " kalium &. /agnesium
2. The word eFuation below shows a reaction in plants.
.ersamaan perkataan di ba'ah meunjukkan satu tindak balas dalam tumbuhan.
karbon dio6ida 7 air ( 7 oksigen
5hat is 8 A " Apakah /
'. (at " lemak %. *rotein " protein
C. 4itamin " vitamin &. >lucose " glukosa
%. ' farmer realised that his tomato plants are bearing very few fruits. 5hich nutrient can be added
to soil to overcome this problem A
Seorang petani mendapati pokok tomato yang ditanamnya menghasilkan sedikit buah. 0utrien
yang manakah boleh ditambah ke dalam tanah untuk mengatasi masalah ini?
'. =itrogen " nitrogen %. *otassium " kalium
C. *hosphorus " fosforus &. 1ron " besi
*. ' farmer finds that his land is infertile. 5hich natural method can be used to overcome this
problemA
Seorang petani mendapati tanahnya tidak subur. Apakah kaedah semula jadi yang dapat
digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah ini ?
A. 'dd chemical fertili+er " menambah baja kimia
B. *lant leguminous plants " menanam tumbuhan keka,ang
C. Cultivate terraced planting " menanam tanaman berteres
D. %uild a good drainage system " membina sistem saliran yang baik
#. 5hich nutrient is needed for the healthy growth of roots in plants A
0utrien yang manakah diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan akar pokok yang sihat?
'. ,ulphur " sulfur %. =itrogen " nitrogen
C. *otassium " kalium &. *hosphorus " fosforus
1. 5hich of the following is a macronutrient reFuired by plantsA
'ntara makronutrien berikut! yang manakah diperlukan oleh tumbuhah?

'. /agnesium " magnesium %. Copper " kuprum
C. 1odine " iodin &. 4itamin C " vitamin +
2. ' plant has the following symptoms. 'ccording to the symptoms2 which nutrient that the plant
lac#sA
Suatu tumbuhan mempunyai gejala3gejala yang berikut. "erdasarkan gejala3gejala yang
dinyatakan nutrien yang manakah kekurangan dalam tumbuhan itu.
The edges of leaves turned yellow " hujung daun menguning
The plant died at early stage " tumbuhan mati pada peringkat a'al
'. *otassium " kalium %. =itrogen " nitrogen
C. *hosphorus " fosforus &. Hinc " zin,
klorofl
Cahaya
matahari
)aper 2 : Structure :uestion
kertas 2 : Soa!an struktur
1. &iagram 1shows a green plant under the sunlight
-ajah 1 menunjukkan tumbuhan hijau di ba'ah sinaran matahari
a! 5hat is gas 8 A
Apakah gas / ?
.............................................................................................................I1/ar#"1markahJ
b! 5hat process ta#es place in the green plant in diadgram above A
Apakah proses yang berlaku pada tumbuhan hijau dalam rajah diatas ?
..............................................................................................................I1/ar#"1markahJ
c! 5rite down the word eFuation for the above process
4uliskan persamaan perkataan bagi proses diatas
...............................................................................................................I1/ar#"1markahJ
Subtopic 2.2 T9' NITRO;'N C%C*' "N< ITS I&)ORT"NC'
1. Three ways nitrogen in the atmosphere can be converted to nitrate in the soil
a. the action of lightning
b. the action of nitrogen fixing bacteria
c. the action of decomposing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria
$. >roundnut and longbean are leguminous plants which supply nitrate to the soil
-. The importance of nitrogen cc!e :
&iagram 1 " -ajah 1
Water / air
Root
/akar
Stem/
batang
L ea / !aun
a. helps in preserving the fertility of soil
b. ensure the continuity of the food chain and food web
c. ensure the balance of nitrogen in nature
6. *rocesses and the microorganisms involved in the nitrogen cycle
Keaction *rocess /icroorganism
=irite nitrate =itrification =itrifying bacteria
=itrogen nitrate =itrogen fixation =itrogen fixing
bacteria
&ead plants and animals ammonium
compound
&ecomposition &ecomposition
bacteria
=itrate nitrogen &enitrification &enitrifying
bacteria
C. Nitrogen cc!e
Sub topik 2.2 0IT"R NITRO;'N
1. =itrogen dalam atmosfera ditu#ar#an #epada nitrat didalam tanah melalui
a. Tinda#an #ilat
b. Tinda#an ba#teria pengi#at nitrogen
c. Tinda#an ba#teria pengurai dan ba#teria penitritan
$. 0acang tanah dan #acang panjang merupa#an tumbuhan legum yang membe#al#an nitrat
#epada tanah.
-. 0epentingan kitar nitrogen:
Denitriying bacteria
"rotein in plants
"rotein in animals
#itrogen in
atmosphere
!ecomposition
Ammonium compoun!
#itriying bacteria #itrogen f$ing
bacteria
nitrite
nitrate

a. /embantu dalam menge#al#an #esuburan tanah
b. /emasti#an #esinambungan rantai ma#anan dan siratan ma#anan
c. /emasti#an #eseimbangan unsur nitrogen dalam alam semula jadi
E. *roses dan mi#roorganisma yang terlibat dalam #itar nitrogen
=.
0itaran Nitrogen
)aper 1 : Ob1ecti#e :uestion

Kertas 1 : Soalan objektif
1. &iagram 1 shows the roots of a leguminous plant. 5hat type of bacteria found in , A
-ajah 1 menunjukkan akar tumbuhan keka,ang. Apakah jenis bakteria yang terdapat dalam S?
Tinda# %alas *roses /i#roorganism
=itrit nitrat *enitritan %a#teria penitritan
=itrogen nitrat *engi#atan
nitrogen
%a#teria pengi#at
nitrogen
Tumbuhan dan haiwan mati sebatian
ammonium
*enguraian %a#teria pengurai
=itrat nitrogen *endenitritan %a#teria
pendenitritan
Bakteria
pen!initritan
#itrogen gas !i
atmosera
Bakteria pengikat nitrogen
nitrat
penguraian
"rotein !alam
tumbuhan "rotein !alam hai%an
Sebatian ammonium
Bakteria penitritan
nitrit
&iagram 1 " -ajah 1
'. *urifying bacteria " bakteria pereput
%. &enitrifying bacteria " bakteria pendenitritan
C. =itrifying bacteria " bakteria penitritan
&. =itrogen fixing bacteria "bakteria pengikat nitrogen
$. &iagram $ shows part of the nitrogen cycle. 5hat is K A
-ajah 2 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada kitar nitrogen. Apakah - ?
&iagram $ " -ajah 2
A. =itrate " nitrat %. =itrite " nitrit
C. 'mmonia &. 'mmonium
-. ' farmer finds his land is infertile. 5hich natural method can be used to overcome this problemA
Seorang petani mendapat tanahnya tidak subur. Apakah kaedah semulajadi yang dapat digunakan
untuk mengatasi masalah ini?
A. 'dd chemical fertili+er " menambah baja kimia
B. *lant leguminous plants " menanam tumbuhan keka,ang
C. Cultivate terraced planting " menanam tanaman berteres
D. %uild a good drainage system " membina sistem saliran yang baik
E. ' farmer finds the soil fertility decreases after planting sweet potatoes. 5hich plant is suitable to
regain fertility of the soilA
Seorang petani mendapati kesuburan tanah merosot selepas ditanam ubi keledek. Apakah tanaman
yang sesuai ditanam untuk meningkatkan kesuburan tanah tersebut?
A. ,pinach " bayam %. /ai+e " jagung
C. 5atermelon " tembikai &. >roundnuts " ka,ang tanah
6. 5hich microorganism is responsible for converting nitrates into nitrogen gasA
Mikroorganisma yang manakah bertanggungja'ab untuk menukarkan nitrat kepada gas nitrogen?
'. nitrifying bacteria" bakteria penitritan
C. decomposing bacteria )bakteria pengurai
%. denitrifying bacteria"bakteria pendenitritan
&. nitrogen?fixing bacteria"bakteria pengikat nitrogen
C. 5hich statement describes a plant as a producerA
.ernyataan yang manakah menerangkan tumbuhan sebagai pengeluar?
=itrogen in atmosphere
0itrogen di atmosfera

K in the soil
- dalam tanah

'. The dead plant is decomposed
4umbuhan yang mati mengalami pereputan
%. The plant is a source of food for animals
4umbuhan adalah sumber makanan bagi hai'an
C. The plant releases oxygen during photosynthesis
4umbuhan membebaskan oksigen semasa fotosintesis
&. The plant grows healthier with sufficient nutrients
4umbuhan tumbuh sihat apabila mendapat nutrien yang ,ukup
:. &iagram - shows parts of nitrogen cycle. 5hich of the following '2 %2 C and & is the part where
denitrifying bacteria function A
-ajah % menunjukkan sebahagian daripada kitar nitrogen. Antara bahagian A! "! + and &
dimanakah bakteria pendenitritan berfungsi?
&iagram - " -ajah %
)aper 2 : Structure 3uestion
Kertas 2 : Soalan Struktur
1. (igure 1 shows part of nitrogen cycle.
&iagram 1 " -ajah 1
a! Complete the cycle above to identify substance K.
5engkapkan kitaran nitrogen diatas untuk mengenalpasti -.
....................................................................................... I1mar#"1 mar#ahJ
a! =ame the process involved in * and L
0amakan jenis bakteria yang terlibat dalam proses .dan 6
i! *rocess * : .............................................................
ii! *rocess L : .............................................................
I$mar#s"$mar#ahJ
b! =ame one plant that involved in process *
0amakan satu jenis tumbuhan yang terlibat dalam proses .
..................................................................................................................
I1mar#"1mar#ahJ
c! =ame one example of chemical fertiliser that can increase the nitrate content in the soil
0amakan satu ,ontoh baja kimia yang menambahkan kandungan nitrat dalam tanah
.................................................................................................................
I1mar#"1mar#ahJ
"NS>'R ) JA7A.A0
2.1 The importance of taking good nutrition and practising good eating habit
2.1 Kepentingan mengambil makanan bernutrisi dan mengamalkan tabiat pemakanan yang Sihat.
)aper 1 : Ob1ecti#e :uestion
Kertas 1 : soalan objektif
1. C
&. &
'. &
(. C
). C
C. %
:. &
<. &
D. C
17. %
11. &
1$. %
2.2 Nutrient requirement of plant
2.2 Keperluan nutrien untuk tumbuh tumbuhan
Paper 1 : Objeti!e question
Kertas 1 : Soalan objektif
1. '
$. &
-. C
E. %
6. &
C. '
:. '
)aper 2 : Structure :uestion
0ertas 2 : Soa!an Struktur
1.a! oxygen " oksigen
b! photosynthesis " fotosintesis
c! carbon dioxide 9 water oxygen 9 glucose
karbon dioksida 8 air oksigen 8 glukosa

2." Nitrogen yle
2." Kitar nitrogen
Paper 1 : Objeti!e question
Kertas 1 : Soalan objektif
1. &
$. '
-. %
E. &
6. &
C. %
:. '
)aper 2 : Structure 3uestion
Kertas 2 : Soalan Struture
a! 'mmonia " ammonia
b! i! nitration " penitratan
ii9 denitrification " pendenitratan
c! leguminous plant " tumbuhan keka,ang
d! ammonium nitrate " ammonium nitrat
chlorophyll
sunlight
klorofil
+ahaya matahari