1

LECTURE NOTES
SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
BASIC
Prepared
By
Bjorn Bo
Senior Inspector Flight Operations
CAA Norway
LECT!E NOTES " SAFET# $ANA%E$ENT S#STE$S& BASIC
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SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
BASIC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND DOC 9774
3.0 SUMMARY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
ICAO Anne( 1) has a new re*+ire,ent that Aerodro,es shall ha-e a Sa.ety $anage,ent
Syste,/
That is indeed .ine& 0+t what does it ,ean and what are the practical realities1
Let +s .irst digress .or a ,o,ent/
2hat are the si,ilarities 0etween sa.ety and econo,y1
So,e will say that the two ter,s are contradictory& i.e. yo+ cannot ,a3e ,oney i. yo+ spend
all o. it on sa.ety/
Others will say that i. yo+ thin3 sa.ety is e(pensi-e& then try an accident4
Now& this is in .act not the point/
The simi!"i#ies i$ #his %&$#e'#( !"e #h!# )&#h h!*e #& )e m!$!+e,.
5ow do yo+ ,anage econo,y1
First o. all& $anage,ent ta3es an interest and ass+,es acco+nta0ility/
$anage,ent will esta0lish a 0+siness idea or philosophy and will esta0lish goals or targets/
It ,+st o. co+rse 0e possi0le to ,eas+re i. the targets are ,et or not/
Ne(t& proced+res are esta0lished/
There are proced+res .or proc+re,ent& .or sales and .or acco+nting/
There are proced+res .or a+diting and reporting/
Co,petent people are e,ployed/
A+dits are carried o+t and res+lts are ,eas+red/
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Finally& a $anage,ent re-iew is periodically held to e-al+ate the .inancial per.or,ance o. the
co,pany and& i. necessary& to decide +pon ,eans and ways o. i,pro-e,ent/
N&-( )!si%!. #he s!me /"i$%i/es !//. #& ! S!0e#. M!$!+eme$# S.s#em.
First o. all& $anage,ent ta3es an interest and ass+,es acco+nta0ility/
$anage,ent will esta0lish a sa.ety philosophy and will esta0lish sa.ety goals or targets/
It ,+st o. co+rse 0e possi0le to ,eas+re i. the targets are ,et or not/
Ne(t& proced+res are esta0lished/
There are proced+res .or all sa.ety critical acti-ities/
There are proced+res .or a+diting and reporting/
Co,petent people are e,ployed/
A+dits are carried o+t and res+lts are ,eas+red/
Finally& a $anage,ent re-iew is periodically held to e-al+ate the sa.ety per.or,ance o. the
aerodro,e and& i. necessary& ,eans and ways o. i,pro-e,ent are decided +pon/
5owe-er& there are a co+ple o. additions necessary to ,a3e a proper Sa.ety $anage,ent
Syste,/
!is3 analysis is i,portant/ Acti-ities sho+ld 0e analysed with regard to ris3 and how ris3
co+ld 0e ,ini,ised within reasona0le li,its/
A contin+al process to learn .ro, one7s own and other8s errors and s+ccesses is also
i,portant/
I s+ppose these ite,s are also rele-ant .or the ,anage,ent o. econo,y these days/
Th+s& a Sa.ety $anage,ent Syste, ,ay 0e tho+ght o. as a contin+o+s process with a .eed9
0ac3 loop/
#o+ start with standards& ha-e ade*+ate in.rastr+ct+re& proced+res and co,petency& r+n the
process and get res+lts/
One a+dits the in.rastr+ct+re& proced+res and co,petency and processes against the standards&
and ,eas+res the res+lts/
The res+lts o. a+dits and ,eas+re,ents are analysed& lessons are learned and s+ggested
correcti-e:pre-enti-e actions are .ed 0ac3 into the syste,/
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This .ig+re is one way o. ill+strating the principles;
SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A
A
B
B
D
D
E
E
ORGANISATION
RESPONSIBILITY
RESOURCES
PROCESSES
RISK ANALYSIS/ASSESSMENT
CORRECTIVE ACTIONS POSSIBLE
CHANGE OF SAFETY
OBJ ECTIVES AND STANDARDS
SAFETY OBJ ECTIVES
AND STANDARDS FOR
INFRASTRUCTURE,
PROCEDURES AND COMPETENCY
MAINTAINED OR
INCREASED SAFETY AND
EFFICIENCY UNDER
CONTINUOUS O1ERATION
T2ROUG2 INTERNAL
AUDITS AND RE1ORTING
OF INCIDENTS3ACCIDENTS
AND NON4CONFORMITIES
C
C
The 0asic principles o. Sa.ety $anage,ent Syste,s are applica0le at any scale or le-el& i.e.;
They are applica0le to a s+09contractor at an aerodro,e
They are applica0le to an aerodro,e
They are applica0le to a CAA
They are applica0le to ICAO
Be.ore we contin+e& a word o. ca+tion/
A Sa.ety $anage,ent Syste, is a tool with which to ,anage sa.ety/
It is not a s+0stit+te .or co,pliance with reg+lations and ha-ing the necessary in.rastr+ct+re&
.acilities& wor3ing proced+res and co,petent personnel/
2.0 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND DOC 9774
The $an+al on Certi.ication o. Aerodro,es also pro-ides so,e answers to the *+estions o.
what& why and how that are related to Sa.ety $anage,ent Syste,s/ 2e will start .ro, there
and try to pro-ide so,e ,ore/ 5owe-er& we will not say that that these are the only answers
or that we ha-e all the answers/
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2.1 De0i$i#i&$5
Safety management system. A system for the management of safety at aerodromes including
the organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes and provisions for the
implementation of aerodrome safety policies by an aerodrome operator, which provides for
the control of safety at, and the safe use of, the aerodrome.
I. we dissect the de.inition we can .ind so,e +se.+l in.or,ation/
There shall 0e a syste,& and as a corollary& a syste,atic approach to sa.ety/
Sa.ety shall 0e ,anaged and controlled/
There ,+st 0e an organisation with str+ct+re and de.ined responsi0ilities/
There ,+st 0e proced+res/
There ,+st 0e a sa.ety policy which shall 0e i,ple,ented/
And the o0jecti-e& the aerodro,e shall 0e sa.e .or operation/
2.2 Ae"&,"&me &)i+!#i&$( O)6e%#i*es !$, !//i%!)ii#.
According to the Certi.ication $an+al& the aerodro,e has an o0ligation;

3D.4.1 The aerodrome operator shall establish a safety management system for the
aerodrome describing the structure of the organization and the duties, powers and
responsibilities of the officials in the organizational structure, with a view to ensuring that
operations are carried out in a demonstrably controlled way and are improved where
necessary.
5ere we .ind the o0jecti-e o. the S$S;
To ensure that operations are carried out in a demonstrably controlled way and are
improved where necessary.
Another way o. .or,+lating the o0jecti-e is the .ollowing;
An Aerodro,e organisation with its .acilities& e*+ip,ent and syste,s shall 0e
designed and operated so that .or any ha=ard the co,0ination o. the pro0a0ility o.
occ+rrence and the serio+sness o. the conse*+ences o. the ha=ard occ+rring& ,+st not
res+lt in a le-el o. ris3 that is +naccepta0le
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6?) goes on to re*+ire that all parties operating on the aerodro,e shall co,ply with the
aerodro,e sa.ety re*+ire,ents and that they shall participate in the Sa.ety $anage,ent
Syste,/
This is i,portant in order to get the total pict+re/ Fro, the presentation o. the Total A-iation
Syste,& we re,e,0er how an AE!O?!O$E consists o. the Anne( 1) part& AT$& CNS and
how these and e-eryone with access to the airside need to cooperate in order .or the TOTAL
AE!O?!O$E to .+nction s,oothly& e..iciently and with opti,+, sa.ety/
Now we 3now why& 0+t not how/
2.3 S!0e#. M!$!+eme$# S.s#em5 2&-7
I. we loo3 into the $an+al on Certi.ication o. Aerodro,es& Appendi( 1& Part < we .ind that
partic+lars o. the Aerodro,e organisation o. the Sa.ety $anage,ent Syste, shall 0e
descri0ed in the Aerodro,e $an+al/
2e will tal3 thro+gh the ite,s there and try to .lesh o+t the ,aterial and gi-e so,e practical
e(a,ples to ill+strate the ideas/
2.3.1 Aerodrome administration
articulars of the aerodrome administration, including the following!
a" An aerodrome organizational chart showing the names and positions of #ey personnel,
including their responsibilities$
This sho+ld also descri0e the lines o. co,,+nication and cooperation with the local AT$ and
CNS i. these are not part o. the Aerodro,e organisation/
b" The name, position and telephone number of the person who has overall responsibility
for aerodrome safety$ and
2hereas the +lti,ate responsi0ility .or sa.ety always rest with the Aerodro,e $anager& the
contact person ,ay 0e another& 0+t this cannot 0e too low in the hierarchy/ Sa.ety is a
,anage,ent responsi0ility/
c" Airport committees
The word co,,ittee has di..erent ,eanings in di..erent parts o. the world/ In this conte(t a
Sa.ety co,,ittee is an ad-isory gro+p& which& i. sensi0ly tas3ed& is a +se.+l tool .or any
aerodro,e ,anage,ent/ Loo3ing 0ac3 to the introd+ction session we re,e,0er that that a
+sa0le aerodro,e consists o. a n+,0er o. interacting +nits/ The Anne( 1) part is one/ Air
Tra..ic $anage,ent and Co,,+nications:Na-igation:S+r-eillance are so,e o. the others/ On
LECT!E NOTES " SAFET# $ANA%E$ENT S#STE$S& BASIC
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the aerodro,e yo+ also ha-e handling agents& catering co,panies& .reight agents& .+el
co,panies etc/
Finally& there are airlines or operators +sing the aerodro,e/
2e also re,e,0er that a n+,0er o. sa.ety iss+es can 0e .o+nd in the inter.ace 0etween these
+nits& and conse*+ently there is a need .or close cooperation 0etween the,/
A sa.ety co,,ittee with ,e,0ers .ro, the a0o-e,entioned parties can 0e o. great help in
.ostering cooperation and +nderstanding 0etween the,/ It can also 0e -ery +se.+l i. tas3ed
with the identi.ication o. ris3 areas on the AtotalB aerodro,e incl+ding the inter.aces/ 5a-ing
identi.ied ris3 areas& it sho+ld also 0e in a position to s+ggest i,pro-e,ents/
Other typical tas3s .or s+ch a co,,ittee is the coordination o. ra,p sa.ety proced+res& low
-isi0ility proced+res& proced+res .or winter ,aintenance and proced+res .or carrying o+t wor3
on the ,o-e,ent area and its i,,ediate s+rro+ndings/

2.3.2 Safety management system (SMS
articulars of the safety management system established for ensuring compliance with all
safety re%uirements and achieving continuous improvement in safety performance, the
essential features being!
a" The safety policy, insofar as applicable, on the safety management process and its
relation to the operational and maintenance process.
2hich is the policy ,a3ing +nit at an aerodro,e1
That is the top ,anage,ent/ This ,eans that top ,anage,ent ,+st ta3e an interest and j+st as
they .or,+late a 0+siness policy& they ,+st .or,+late a sa.ety policy/
5ere are ele,ents that sho+ld 0e co-ered in a sa.ety policy;
9 A state,ent that the highest priority shall 0e attached to sa.ety in relation to all
0+siness acti-ities
9 A 0+siness o0jecti-e .or sa.ety that shall ,ini,ise the aerodro,e8s contri0+tion to
a-iation accident ris3 to as low as reasona0ly practica0le
9 A co,,it,ent 0y the organisation to adopt an e(plicit& pro9acti-e approach to sa.ety
,anage,ent
9 State,ents o. sa.ety9related responsi0ilities thro+gho+t the organisation
9 Co,pliance with all appropriate sa.ety standards
9 That the sa.ety ass+rance processes +sed 0y its e(ternal s+ppliers co,ply with the
aerodro,e8s sa.ety ,anage,ent standards and re*+ire,ents

b" The structure or organization of the &'&, including staffing and the assignment of
individual and group responsibilities for safety issues.
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The ,ain responsi0ilities .or sa.ety will and ,+st always re,ain in the line
organisation/
The S$S is a tool with which to ,anage sa.ety and nothing else/ 5owe-er& there are
so,e ite,s which ,+st 0e p+t in place in addition to the traditional line organisation/
$anage,ent sho+ld appoint one o. their ,e,0ers to ta3e a special interest in sa.ety and
the Sa.ety $anage,ent Syste,/ At a s,all aerodro,e this co+ld 0e the Aerodro,e
$anager hi,sel./ At large aerodro,es& it co+ld 0e a .+ll ti,e post/ At ,edi+, si=e
aerodro,es& the d+ties co+ld 0e assigned to one in the ,anage,ent gro+p& pre.era0ly one
who has no other direct responsi0ility .or sa.ety/
One also needs a .+nction to organise the a+dit syste, and the reporting and analysing
syste,/ This is a critical .+nction/
Proper planning and e(ec+tion o. a+dits and the .ollow9+p o. correcti-e:pre-enti-e actions
as a res+lt o. a+dits are& together with the collection and analysis o. reported incidents&
,ishaps& non9con.or,ities etc& essential to the learning and i,pro-e,ent process which is
the ,ajor reason .or ha-ing an S$S in the .irst place/
The persons holding these .+nctions& e-en i. part ti,e& sho+ld ha-e their d+ties spelled o+t
in writing/
c" &'& strategy and planning, such as setting safety performance targets, allocating
priorities for implementing safety initiatives and providing a framewor# for controlling
the ris#s to as low a level as is reasonably practicable #eeping always in view the
re%uirements of the &tandards and (ecommended ractices in )olume * of Anne+ 14 to
the ,onvention on *nternational ,ivil Aviation, and the national regulations, standards,
rules or orders$
Based on the sa.ety policy& which is a rather 0road state,ent& there is a need to de.ine sa.ety
per.or,ance targets/ One co+ld ha-e spent a whole session on what constit+tes sensi0le sa.ety
per.or,ance targets& howe-er& we to+ched the s+0ject 0rie.ly d+ring a pre-io+s session/
The ,ain iss+e is that sa.ety per.or,ance targets ,+st 0e realistic and the para,eters ,+st 0e
,eas+ra0le/
A personal hint .ro, ,e; start o+t with selecting j+st a .ew which are easy to .ollow +p/ Start
the .ollow +p process& analyse the res+lts and i,ple,ent actions li3ely to i,pro-e the res+lts/
S+ch actions can 0e in.or,ation& training& i,pro-ed proced+res etc/
Ne(t on the agenda is to allocate priorities .or i,ple,enting sa.ety initiati-es/
In order to do this yo+ need to 3now the wea3nesses o. the aerodro,e/ A per.ect tas3 .or a
sa.ety co,,ittee is to loo3 o-er the aerodro,e and its operation and as3 the .ollowing
*+estions;
2here can 2hat go wrong 2hen and .or 2hat reason/ Essentially a ris3 analysis/
Another approach is to ,a3e an a+dit and record any discrepancy .ro, Anne( 1) and
applica0le national reg+lations/ Pre.era0ly& do 0oth and yo+ ha-e got a reasona0le pict+re/
The lessons learned ,+st 0e sa-ed& and i,pro-e,ent action ,+st 0e decided +pon and
i,ple,ented/
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This re*+ires an organisational +nit that can analyse res+lts& learn lessons and s+ggest
i,pro-e,ent action and& ,ost i,portantE an interested ,anage,ent that is open .or inp+t and
willing and a0le to act in the interest o. sa.ety/
It is also a ,atter o. organisational c+lt+re/
The o0jecti-e is to red+ce and control ris3s to As Low As !easona0ly Practical/ AALA!PB
The ALA!P principle was co-ered in a pre-io+s session/
The ne(t ti,e aro+nd& the res+lts o. a+dits& inspections& c+sto,er co,,ents and analysis o.
reported accidents& incidents& ,ishaps or discrepancies will .or, the 0asis o. the S$S report
to the $anage,ent re-iew together with s+ggested co+rses o. action to 0e decided +pon 0y
the $anage,ent/
This is a ne-er ending cycle/
d" &'& implementation, including facilities, methods and procedures for the effective
communication of safety messages and the enforcement of safety re%uirements$
This ite, entails two aspects& co,,+nication and en.orce,ent/
A well .+nctioning S$S is totally dependent +pon all sta.. .ro, top ,anage,ent and all the
way down 3nowing 25# and 5O2/ This ,eans that co,,+nication and training plays a
,ajor part/ Both initial and rec+rrent training are in-ol-ed& and one ,+st ens+re that the
sa.ety philosophy and the sa.ety targets are not only 3nown& 0+t that the practical
conse*+ences are +nderstood/
En.orce,ent is delicate/ O. co+rse& sa.ety critical acti-ities ,+st 0e per.or,ed to standard/
Tra..ic reg+lations ,+st 0e adhered to/ There ,+st 0e a syste, o. s+per-ision in place/
5owe-er& and let +s +se tra..ic reg+lations as an e(a,ple/ I. a person is reported .or -iolation&
one ,+st .ind o+t why/ ?id he 3now the r+les or not1 5ad he recei-ed the prescri0ed training1
2hat was the res+lt o. the test at the end o. training1 2as the training and testing ade*+ate1
?epending on the answers& ,ay0e additional training and testing is re*+ired/ $ay0e the
training co+ld 0e i,pro-ed/ This in co,0ination with well p+0licised and +nderstood
,eas+res entailing te,porary re-ocation o. dri-ing per,it& trans.er to less pop+lar tas3s co+ld
0e a sol+tion/
e" A system for the implementation of, and action on, critical safety areas which re%uire a
higher level of safety management integrity -safety measures programme"$
Once again one needs to identi.y these areas/ To a degree they can 0e aerodro,e speci.ic/
Low -isi0ility operations Aincl+ding low -isi0ility ta3e9o..sB& winter operations and high
density operations are so,e that deser-e consideration at any aerodro,e/
f" 'easures for safety promotion and accident prevention and a system for ris# control
involving analysis and handling of accidents, incidents, complaints, defects, faults,
discrepancies and failures, and continuing safety monitoring$
Sa.ety pro,otion and accident pre-ention has a lot to do with persistent in.or,ation&
ed+cation and c+lt+re/ People ,+st get +sed to thin3ing Fwhat can I do in ,y wor3 to pre-ent
accidents or incidentsG There ,+st 0e a c+lt+re .or doing tas3s correctly e-en i. it ta3es two
,in+tes ,ore/
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A system for ris# control involving analysis and handling of accidents, incidents, complaints,
defects, faults, discrepancies and failures, and continuing safety monitoring i,plies a
reporting syste,/ !e,e,0er that all parties wor3ing airside are o0liged to participate in the
syste,/ 2hat yo+ want is in.or,ation/ #o+ cannot e(pect ,+ch in.or,ation i. people ris3
losing their jo0 i. they report a ,ista3e Awhich they and others co+ld learn .ro,B/ Also
so,eone ,+st re-iew and analyse the data co,ing .ro, the di..erent so+rces/ The data sho+ld
0e +sed to .ollow +p the sa.ety targets& yo+ ,ay re,e,0er we tal3ed a0o+t sa.ety
per.or,ance indicators/
g" The internal safety audit and review system detailing the systems and programmes for
%uality control of safety$
2e will co-er a+dits in a separate session/ At this stage& we will j+st re.er to 3D...1 /The
aerodrome operator shall arrange for an audit of the safety management system, including an
inspection of the aerodrome facilities and e%uipment. The audit shall cover the aerodrome
operator0s own functions. The aerodrome operator shall also arrange for an e+ternal audit
and inspection programme for evaluating other users, including fi+ed1base operators, ground
handling agencies and other organizations wor#ing at the aerodrome as referred to in model
regulation 3D.4.2.3
h" The system for documenting all safety1related airport facilities as well as airport
operational and maintenance records, including information on the design and
construction of aircraft pavements and aerodrome lighting. The system should enable
easy retrieval of records including charts.
?oc+,entation is a necessary e-il and it ,+st 0e well organised/ The syste,
sho+ld ena0le easy retrie-al o. records and doc+,ents and there are se-eral good reasons
.or this/
One& i. so,ething 0rea3s down& .or instance the approach lighting& yo+ will need to
.i( it as soon as possi0le/ I. doc+,ents are easy to .ind& then yo+ can start tro+0leshooting
*+ic3er/
Two& i. so,ething goes really wrong& say an incident or accident& the A+thorities
,y want to see yo+r records/ Proper record93eeping ,ay show that yo+ ha-e done what
yo+ were s+pposed to/
Three& and the ,ost i,portant reason .ro, an S$S point o. -iew& is that the
records sho+ld .or, the 0asis o. a reg+lar analysis to show how yo+ per.or, relati-e to
yo+r sa.ety targets and in t+rn .or, the 0asis .or i,pro-e,ents/

i" &taff training and competency, including the review and evaluation of the ade%uacy of
training provided to staff on safety1related duties and of the certification system for
testing their competency.
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Co,petency o. personnel is a 3ey .eat+re o. sa.e operation/ Indeed the o0ligation o. the
aerodro,e operator can 0e .o+nd in Chapter 6?/
3D.2.1 The aerodrome operator shall employ an ade%uate number of %ualified and
s#illed personnel to perform all critical activities for aerodrome operation and maintenance.
3D.2.3 The aerodrome operator shall implement a programme to upgrade the
competency of the personnel referred to in regulation 3D.2.1.
The co,petency re*+ire,ents shall 0e descri0ed in the operational proced+res/ For e(a,ple
*+ali.ication re*+ire,ents .or .ire9.ighters sho+ld 0e .o+nd in the !FF part o. the Aerodro,e
$an+al/
The S$S sho+ld ha-e proced+res in place to identi.y sa.ety critical personnel& to -eri.y that
*+ali.ication re*+ire,ents indeed are descri0ed .or these categories/
F+rther& there sho+ld 0e proced+res to -eri.y that the personnel do .+l.il these re*+ire,ents/
This is applica0le to 0oth initial and rec+rrent training/
A prere*+isite .or s+ch proced+res are proper record93eeping o. attendance to co+rses and
training e-ents& test res+lts etc/
There sho+ld also 0e proced+res in place to e-al+ate the ade*+acy o. training and to s+ggest
i,pro-e,ents/
A new category o. personnel that need training is a+ditors and 3ey personnel o. the S$S/
2e will co-er training re*+ire,ents .or a+ditors in the session on a+dits/

4" The incorporation and enforcement of safety1related clauses in the contracts for
construction wor# at the aerodrome.
Constr+ction wor3 on the aerodro,e is o.ten necessary to i,pro-e e..iciency and to red+ce
long ter, ris3/ 5owe-er& while it is in progress& ris3 tends to increase and ,+st 0e ,anaged/
So,e e(a,ples o. .actors that tend to increase ris3 in this sit+ation are;
9 A n+,0er o. +ntrained personnel is allowed on the ,o-e,ent area Aor close to itB/
9 Parts o. the ,o-e,ent area ,ay 0e p+t o+t o. action& a..ecting +sa0le lengths& ta(i9
ro+tes etc/
9 Te,porary gates ,ay ha-e to 0e esta0lishedE this increases the ris3 o. +na+thorised
access to the ,o-e,ent area and hence r+nway inc+rsions/
The Sa.ety $anage,ent Syste, sho+ld incl+de proced+res to ,anage these ris3s/
Typical S$S proced+res incl+de;
An e-al+ation o. the project 0y the Sa.ety Co,,ittee/
The recording o. the o+tco,e o. the e-al+ation incl+ding any special sa.ety ,eas+res .o+nd
necessary/
Control ,eas+res to ens+re that the project is carried o+t within the constraints i,posed/
The reporting& recording and e-al+ation o. any -iolation o. the constraints i,posed/
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A post project e-al+ation 0y the Sa.ety Co,,ittee with a -iew to learn and to do 0etter ne(t
ti,e/
The recording o. the o+tco,e o. this e-al+ation incl+ding any lessons learned/
Bear in ,ind that the syste, and proced+res descri0ed .or constr+ction wor3 is not li,ited to
physical constr+ction& i/e/ res+r.acing o. the r+nway& constr+ction o. a new ta(iway& etc/
They are also applica0le i. one wants to install new na-igational aids or i,ple,ent new
operational concepts& .or instance low -isi0ility operations/
3.0 SUMMARY
2e ha-e co-ered a lot o. ,aterial in this session/
So,e 3ey words to s+, +p;
Operational sa.ety is the responsi0ility o. the line organisation/
The S$S is a tool with which to ,anage sa.ety/
The S$S in-ol-es a ne-er ending cycle o. setting targets and priorities& ed+cation& a+diting
and ,onitoring& analysing the res+lts and stri-ing .or i,pro-e,ent/
Than3 yo+ .or yo+r attention/
EN?
LECT!E NOTES " SAFET# $ANA%E$ENT S#STE$S& BASIC