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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056
1

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1. n v trong h SI 2. Cc tip u ng
Tn i lng n v Tip u ng Ghi
ch Tn gi K hiu Tn gi K hiu
Chiu di mt M pico p 10
-12
Khi lng kilogam Kg nano n 10
-9

Thi gian giy S micro 10
-6

Cng dng in ampe A mili m 10
-3

Nhit K centi c 10
-2

Lng cht mol mol deci d 10
2

Gc radian rad kilo k 10
3

Nng lng joule J Mega M 10
6

Cng sut watt W Giga G 10
9

3. Mt s on v thng dng trong vt l

STT Tn i lng
on v
Tn gi K hiu
1 Din tch Mt vung m
2
2 Th tch Mt khi m
3

3 Vn tc Mt / giy m/s
4 Gia tc Mt / giy bnh m/s
2
5 Tc gc (tn s gc) Rad trn giy rad/s
6 Gia tc gc Rad trn giy
2
rad/s
2
7 Lc Niutn N
8 Momen lc Niuton.met N.m
9 Momen qun tnh Kg.met
2
kg.m
2
10 Momen ng lng Kg.m
2
trn giy kg.m
2
/s
11 Cng, nhit; nng lng Jun J
12 Chu k Wot W
13 Tn s Hc Hz
14 Cng m Ot/met vung W/m
2
15 Mc cng m Ben B

2

4. Kin thc ton c bn:

a. o hm ca mt s hm c bn s dng trong Vt L:
Hm s o hm
y = sinx y = cosx
y = cosx y = - sinx

b. Cc cng thc lng gic c bn:
2sin
2
a = 1 cos2a - coso = cos(o + t) - sina = cos(a +
2
t
)
2cos
2
a = 1 + cos2a sina = cos(a -
2
t
)
sina + cosa = )
4
sin( 2
t
+ a - cosa = cos(a + t )
sina - cosa = )
4
sin( 2
t
a cosa - sina = )
4
sin( 2
t
a
3
sin3 3sin 4sin a a a =
3
cos3 4cos 3cos a a a =

c. Gii phng trnh lng gic c bn:
sin

+ =
+ =
=
t t o
t o
o
2
2
sin
k a
k a
a
cos t o o 2 cos k a a + = =

d. Bt ng thc C-si:
b a b a . 2 > +
; (a, b >0, du = khi a = b)

e. nh l Viet:
y x
a
c
P y x
a
b
S y x
,
.

= =
= = +
l nghim ca X
2
SX + P = 0
Ch : y = ax
2
+ bx + c; y
min
th x =
a
b
2
;
i x
0
ra rad:
180
0
t x

3

g. Cc gi tr gn ng:
+ S
2
t ~10; 314~100t ; 0,318 ~
t
1
; 0,636 ~
t
2
; 0,159 ~
t 2
1
;
+ Nu x 1 th (1 x)
x
= 1 nx;
1
1 2
2
1 x
1 x x
1 x
;

x
(1 x) 1
2
+ ~ ;
1
1 x
1 x
~
;
2 1 2 1
1 ) 1 )( 1 ( c c c c ~
+ Nu < 10
0
( nh): tan sin
rad

; cos = 1 -
2
2
o

h. Cng thc hnh hc
Trong mt tam gic ABC c ba cnh l a, b, c (i din 3 gc A; B;C)
ta c :
+ a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
+ 2 a.b.cos A ; (tng t cho cc cnh cn li)
+
a b c
sinA sinB sinC
= =

----------

4

Chng I: DAO NG C HC

I - I CNG V DAO NG IU HO

T: chu k; f: tn s; x: li ; v: vn tc; a: gia tc; g: gia tc trng
trng; A: bin dao ng; (et + ): pha dao ng; : pha ban u; e: tc
gc;
1. Phng trnh dao ng
( ) e + = t Acos x
- Chu k:
e
t 2
= T (s) - Tn s:
t
e
2
1
= =
T
f (Hz)
- Nu vt thc hin - c N dao ng trong thi gian t th:

= =
t N
T v f
N t
.
2. Phng trnh vn tc
( ) e e + = = t A x v sin '
- x = 0 (VTCB) th vn tc cc i: A v e =
max

- x A (bin) th 0 v =
3. Phng trnh gia tc
( )
2 2
' cos a v A t x e e e = = + =
- x = A th
2
max
a A e =
- x = 0 th 0 a =
Ghi ch: Lin h v pha: - v sm pha
2
t
hn x;
- a sm pha
2
t
hn v;
- a ngc pha vi x.

4. H thc c lp thi gian gia x, v v a
- Gia x v v:
2
2
2 2
e
v
x A + =
- Gia v v a: ( )
2
2
2 2
2
max
a
v A v e
e
= = +
- Gia a v x:
2
a x e =
5

5. Cc lin h khc
- Tc gc:
max
max
v
a
= e
- Tnh bin
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
max
2
max
2
max max
2
4 2 e
e
e e e
a v v
x
k
W
a
v a v
n
S L
A
+
= + = = = = = = =

6. Tm pha ban u

2
A

2
2
A

3
2
A

3
A
2

A

O
A

2
A

2
2
A

3
2
A

v < 0
= + /2
v < 0
= + /4
v < 0
= + /6
v = 0
= 0
v < 0
= + /3
v > 0
= - /6
v < 0
= + 2/3
v > 0
= - /2
v > 0
= - /3
v > 0
= - /4
v < 0
= + 3/4
v < 0
= + 5/6
v > 0
= -5/6
v > 0
= - 3/4
v > 0
= - 2/3
v = 0
=
6

6. Thi gian ngn nht vt i t:
+ x
1
n x
2
(gi s
2 1
x x > ):

e

e
1 2

=
A
= At vi
=
=
A
x
A
x
2
2
1
1
cos
cos
( ) t s s
2 1
, 0 .
+ x
1
n x
2
(gi s
1 2
x x < ):

e

e
1 2

=
A
= At vi
=
=
A
x
A
x
2
2
1
1
cos
cos
( )
1 2
, 0 t s s
7. Vn tc trung bnh - tc trung bnh
- Tc trung bnh v

S
t
=
- di x trong n chu k bng 0;
qung ng vt i c trong n chu k bng nA S 4 = .
- Vn tc trung bnh
x
v
t
A
=
A
.

8. Tnh qung ng vt i c trong thi gian t

+ S 1:
x
-A
A
2
0(VTCB)
A
2

A 2
2

A 3
2
+A
T/4 T/12 T/6

T/8 T/8

T/6 T/12
+ S 2:
x
0 (VTCB)

A
2

A 2
2

A 3
2
+A

T/12 T/24 T/24 T/12
7

* Cng thc gii nhanh tm qung ng i (dng my tnh)
x
1
(bt k) x
0

+A

t
1
=
1
x
1
ar sin
A
=
e
t
1
=
1
x
1
ar cos
A
=
e

* Phng php chung tm qung ng i trong khong thi gian no
ta cn xc nh:
- V tr vt lc t = 0 v chiu chuyn ng ca vt lc ;
- Chia thi gian t thnh cc khong nh: nT; nT/2; nT/4; nT/8; nT/6;
T/12 vi n l s nguyn;
- Tm qung ng s
1
; s
2
; s
3
; tng ng vi cc qung thi gian nu
trn v cng li

Tnh qung ng ngn nht v b nht vt i c trong khong thi
gian t vi
2
0
T
t s s

Nguyn tc:
+Vt i c qung ng -A - x
0
O x
0
+A
di nht khi li im u v im
cui c gi tr i nhau s
max

Qung ng di nht:
max
2 sin
2
t
S A
e
=

+Vt i c qung ng -A - x
0
O x
0
+A
ngn nht khi li im u v im
cui c gi tr bng nhau
s
min Smin

Qung ng ngn nht:
min
2 1 cos
2
t
S A
e
| |
=
|
\ .

8

Trng hp
2
T
t > th ta tch t
T
n t A + =
2
* 0
2
T
n N v t
| |
e < A <
|
\ .
:
+ Qung ng ln nht:
max
2 2 sin
2
t
S nA A
eA
= +
+ Qung ng nh nht:
min
2 2 1 cos
2
t
S nA A
eA
| |
= +
|
\ .

+ Tc trung bnh ln nht trong thi gian t:
max
ax tbm
S
v
t
=
+ Tc trung bnh nh nht trong thi gian t:
min
min tb
S
v
t
=

+ S quan h gia li v vn tc

max
v v =

max
3
v v =
2

max
2
v v =
2

max
v
v
2
=

v 0 =

x
0 (VTCB)

A
2

A 2
2

A 3
2
+A

II - CON LC L XO

l A : bin dng ca l xo khi vt cn bng;
k: cng ca l xo (N/m);
0
l : chiu di t nhin ca l xo
1. Cng thc c bn
- Tn s gc:
k g
m l
e = =
A
;
+ Con lc l xo treo thng ng:
2
mg g
l
k e
A = = ;
+ t con lc trn mt phng nghing gc o khng ma st:
9

sin mg
l
k
o
A =
- p dng cng thc v chu k v tn s:

2. Chiu di cc i v cc tiu ca l xo
+ dao ng thng ng:

( )
( )
+ A + =
A + =
A l l l
A l l l
0 max
0 min

2
min max
l l
A

=
+ dao ng phng ngang:

min 0
max 0
A
l A
l l
l
=
= +

3.Ghp l xo.
- Ghp ni tip:
n
k k k k
1
...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + + =
- Ghp song song:
n
k k k k + + + = ...
2 1

- Gi T
1
v T
2
l chu k khi treo m vo ln lt 2 l xo k
1
v k
2
th:
+ Khi ghp k
1
ni tip k
2
:
+ =
+ =
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
f f f
T T T

+ Khi ghp k
1
song song k
2
:
+ =
+ =
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
T T T
f f f

- Gi T
1
v T
2
l chu k khi treo m
1
v m
2
ln lt vo l xo k th:
+ Khi treo vt
2 1
m m m + = th:
2
2
2
1
T T T + =
+ Khi treo vt
2 1
m m m = th:
2
2
2
1
T T T = ( )
2 1
m m >
4. Ct l xo
- Ct l xo c cng k, chiu di
0
l thnh nhiu on c
chiu di
n
l l l ..., , ,
2 1
c cng
2
2 2
1 1 1
2 2
m l
T
k g
k g
f
T m l
t
t t
e
t t
A
= = =
= = =

10

t- ng ng
n
k k k ..., , ,
2 1
lin h nhau theo h thc:

n n
l k l k l k kl = = = = ...
2 2 1 1 0
.
- Nu ct l xo thnh n on bng nhau (cc l xo c cng cng k):
nk k = ' hay:
=
=
n f f
n
T
T
'
'

5. Lc n hi - lc hi phc
Ni
dung
Lc hi phuc
Lc n hi
L xo nm
ngang
L xo thng ng
A l A < l
Gc ti

V tr cn bng V tr l xo cha bin dng
Bn cht

hp dh
F P F = +
F
h
= k . ( bin dng)
ngha
v tc
dng
- Gy ra chuyn ng
ca vt
- Gip vt tr v
VTCB
- Gip l xo phc hi hnh dng c
- Cn gi l lc ko (hay lc y) ca l
xo ln vt (hoc im treo)
Cc i

F
max
= kA
F
max
= kA F
max
= k(l + A)
Cc tiu

F
min
= 0
F
min
= 0 F
min
= 0
F
min
= k(l
A)
V tr
bt k
F=k x

F=k x

F = k(l + x)

III - CON LC N

1. Cng thc c bn
Di y l bng so snh cc c trng chnh ca hai h dao ng.

H dao ng Con lc l xo Con lc n
Cu trc
Hn bi m gn vo l xo (k). Hn bi (m) treo vo u si
dy (l).
VTCB - Con lc l xo ngang: l Dy treo thng ng
11

xo khng gin
- Con lc l xo thng ng
n dn
k
mg
l = A
Lc tc dng
Lc n hi ca l xo:
F = - kx
x l li di
Trng lc ca hn bi v lc
cng ca dy treo:
s
l
g
m F = s l li cung
Tn s gc
m
k
= e =
g
l A

l
g
= e
Phng trnh
dao ng.
x = Acos(t + ) s = s
0
cos(t + )
Hoc =
0
cos(t + )
C nng
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
W kA m A e = =
0
(1 cos ) W mgl o =

2
0
s
l
g
m
2
1
=

- Chu k dao ng ca con lc n c chiu di l
1
v l
2
ln lt l T
1
v T
2

th:
+ Chu k ca con lc c chiu di
2 1
l l l + = :
2
2
2
1
T T T + =
+ Chu k ca con lc c chiu di
2 1
l l l = :
2
2
2
1
T T T = ( )
2 1
l l > .
- Lin h gia li di v li gc: s l o =
- H thc c lp thi gian ca con lc n:
a = - e
2
s = - e
2
l;
2 2 2
0
( )
v
S s
e
= +
2
2 2
0
v
gl
o o = +
2. Lc hi phc

2
sin
s
F mg mg mg m s
l
o o e = = = =
3. Vn tc - lc cng
+ Khi con lc v tr li gc o vn tc v lc cng tng ng ca vt:

( )
( )
0
0
2 cos cos
3cos 2cos
c
v gl
T mg
o o
o o
Khi
0
o nh:
( )
2 2
0
2 2
0
3
1
2
c
v gl
T mg
o o
o o
| |
= +
|
\ .

12

+ Khi vt bin:
0
0
cos
c
v
T mg o
=
; khi
0
o nh:
2
0
0
1
2
c
v
T mg
o
=
| |
=
|
\ .

+ Khi vt qua VTCB:
( )
( )
0
0
2 1 cos
3 2cos
c
v gl
T mg
o
o
; khi
0
o nh:
( )
0
2
0
1
c
v gl
T mg
o
o
= +

4. Bin thin chu k ca con lc n ph thuc: nhit , su v
cao. Thi gian nhanh chm ca ng h vn hnh bng con lc n

a.Cng thc c bn
* Gi chu k ban u ca con lc l
0
T (chu k chy ng), Chu k sau
khi thay i l T (chu k chy sai).

0
T T T = A : bin thin chu k.
+ 0 T A > ng h chy chm li;
+ 0 T A < ng h chy nhanh ln.
* Thi gian nhanh chm trong thi gian N (1 ngy m
24 86400 N h s = = ) s bng:
0
T
N
T N
T T
t
A
= A ~
b. Cc trng hp thng gp
Khi nhit thay i t
1
t n
2
t :
0
1
2
1
2
T
t
T
N t
o
t o
A
= A
= A
(
2 1
t t t A = )
Khi a con lc t cao
1
h n cao
2
h :
0
T h
T R
h
N
R
t
A A
(
2 1
h h h A = )
Khi em vt ln cao 0 h A > , khi em vt xung cao thp hn
0 < Ah . Ban u vt mt t th 0
1
= h v h h = A
13

Khi a con lc t su
1
h n su
2
h :
0
2
2
T h
T R
N h
R
t
A A
(
2 1
h h h A = )
Khi em vt xung su 0
1 2
> = A h h h , khi em vt ln cao hn ban
u 0 < Ah . Ban u vt mt t th 0
1
= h v h h = A
c. Cc trng hp c bit
- Khi a con lc mt t (nhit
1
t ) ln cao h (nhit
2
t ):

0
1
2
T h
t
T R
o
A
= A +
Nu ng h vn chy ng so vi di mt t th:

0
1
0
2
T h
t
T R
o
A
= A + =
- Khi a con lc t tri t ln mt trng (coi chiu di l khng i) th:
T
MT
MT
T
MT
T
M
M
R
R
T
T
=
- Khi c l v g thay i mt lng rt nh th

0 0 0
1 1
.
2 2
A A A
=
T l g
T l g

- Khi c nhit v g thay i mt lng rt nh th

0 0 0
1 1
.
2 2
A A A
=
T l g
T l g

5. Con lc n chu tc dng ca lc ph khng i

* Lc ph f
gp trong nhiu bi ton l:

+ Lc qun tnh a m F
q

= , ln: ma F
q
= , (a l gia tc ca h quy
chiu)
+ Lc in trng F qE = , ln: E q F = ,
q l in tch ca vt, E l cng in trng ni t con lc ( / V m)
+ Lc y Acsimet g V
=
A
F , ln: Vg F
A
= .
14

l khi lng ring ca mi trung vt dao ng, V l th tch vt
chim ch
Chu k dao ng trong trng hp ny s l:
g
l
T
'
= ' t 2
,
' g l gia tc trng trng hiu dng.
* Tnh g':
+ Trng hp P f

|| :
m
f
g g + = '
Lc qun tnh: a g g + = '
Lc in trng:
m
E q
g g + = '
+ Trng hp P f

|+ :
m
f
g g = '
Lc qun tnh: a g g = '
Lc in trng:
m
E q
g g = '
Lc y Acsimt:
m
Vg
g g

= '
+ Trng hp P f

:
2
2
'
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
m
f
g g
Lc qun tnh:
2 2
' a g g + =
Lc in trng:
2
2
'
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
m
qE
g g
Ch : + Trng hp P f

th gc lch o ca si dy so vi phng
thng ng c tnh:
P
f
= o tan
+ Khi con lc n gn trn xe v chuyn ng trn mt phng
nghing gc o khng ma st th VTCB mi ca con lc l si dy lch
gc o | = (si dy vung gc vi mt phng nghing) so vi phng
thng ng v chu k dao ng ca n l:

15

o
t
cos
2 '
g
l
T =

V - NNG LNG DAO NG

-ng nng: ( ) e e + = = t A m mv W
d
2 2 2 2
sin
2
1
2
1

- Th nng: ( ) e e + = = t A m kx W
t
2 2 2 2
cos
2
1
2
1

- ng nng v th nng bin thin tun hon vi chu k bng 1/2 chu k
dao ng iu ho (T = T/2).
- Khong thi gian gia 2 ln ng nng v th nng bng nhau lin tip l
T/4.

cos
-A
A
2
0

A
2

A 2
2

A 3
2
+A
T/4 T/12 T/6

Vi T/8 T/8

T/6 T/12

1. Con lc l xo (Chn gc th nng ti VTCB)
- ng nng:
2
2
1
mv W
= ; Th nng:
2
2
1
kx W
t
=
- C nng:
t
W W W + =
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
A m kA e = =
+ V tr ca vt khi
t
nW W = :
1 +
=
n
A
x
W
= 3 W
t
W
max

W
t
= 0
W
t
= 3 W

W
= W
t
W
= 0
W
tmax

W = W
tmax
= W
max
= 1/2kA
2
16

+ Vn tc ca vt lc
t
nW W = :
1 1
max
+
=
+
=
n
A
n
v
v
e

+ ng nng khi vt li x: ( )
2 2
2
1
x A k W
=
+ T s ng nng v th nng:
2
2 2
x
x A
W
W
t

=
2. Con lc n (Chn gc th nng ti VTCB)
- ng nng:
2
2
1
mv W
= ; Th nng: ( ) o cos 1 = mgl W

t

- C nng:
t
W W W + = ( )
0
cos - 1 mgl o =
Khi gc
0
o b th:
2
1
2
t
W mglo = ;
2
0
1
W mgl
2
o =
+ V tr ca vt khi

t
nW W = :
1
0
+
=
n
S
S v
1
0
+
=
n
o
o
+ Vn tc ca vt lc

t
nW W = :
1
max
+
=
n
v
v
1
0
+
=
n
S e

+ ng nng ca vt khi n li o :
( ) ( )
2 2
0
2 2 2
0
2
1
2
1
S S m mgl W
= = e o o
+ T s ng nng v th nng:
2
2 2
0
2
2 2
0
S
S S
W
W
t
=
o
o o

VI - TNG HP DAO NG

1. Phng php gin Frexnel
- Bi ton: Tng hp 2 dao ng iu ho cng phng:

( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
cos
cos
x A t
x A t
e
e
= +
= +
( )
cos x A t e = +
17

Vi
( )
+
+
=
+ + =
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
2
2
2
1
cos cos
sin sin
tan
cos 2

A A
A A
A A A A A

- Nu bit mt dao ng thnh phn ( )
1 1 1
cos e + = t A x v dao ng
tng hp ( ) e + = t A x cos th dao ng thnh phn cn li l
( )
2 2 2
cos e + = t A x c xc nh:
( )
=
+ =
1 1
1 1
2
1 1
2
1
2 2
2
cos cos
sin sin
tan
cos 2

A A
A A
AA A A A

(vi
2 1
s s )
- Nu 2 dao ng thnh phn vung pha th:
2
2
2
1
A A A + =

2. Tm dao ng tng hp xc nh A v bng cch dng my
tnh thc hin php cng:

+ Vi my FX570ES: Bm chn MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch:
CMPLX.
-Chn n v o gc l bm: SHIFT MODE 3 mn hnh hin th ch D
(hoc Chn n v gc l Rad bm: SHIFT MODE 4 mn hnh hin th
ch R )
-Nhp A
1
SHIFT (-)
1,
+ Nhp A
2
SHIFT (-)
2
nhn = hin th kt
qu.
(Nu hin th s phc dng: a+bi th bm SHIFT 2 3 = hin th kt
qu: AZ)

+ Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch:
CMPLX.
Nhp A
1
SHIFT (-)
1
+ Nhp A
2
SHIFT (-)
2
=
Sau bm SHIFT + = hin th kt qu l: A. SHIFT = hin th kt
qu l:

+ Lu Ch hin th mn hnh kt qu:
18

Sau khi nhp ta n du = c th hin th kt qu di dng s v t, mun
kt qu di dng thp phn ta n SHIFT = (hoc dng phm SD )
chuyn i kt qu Hin th.

VII - DAO NG TT DN

- Tm tng qung ng S m vt i c cho n khi dng li:
S F kA
C
=
2
2
1

- gim bin sau 1 dao ng:
2
4
C
F
A
me
A = =
k
F
C
4
,
C
F l lc cn
Nu F
c
l lc ma st th :
k
N
A
4
= A
- S dao ng thc hin c:
C
F
A k
A
A
N
4
.
'
1 1
=
A
=
Nu F
c
l lc ma st th:
N
kA
N
4
'
1
=
- Thi gian t lc b ma st n khi dng li
t = N. T
- S ln qua VTCB ca vt: khi 25 , ' n N n < s (n nguyn) th s ln qua
VTCB s l 2n; khi
75 , ' 25 , n N n < s th s ln qua VTCB ca vt l 2n+1; khi
1 ' 75 , + s s n N n th s ln qua VTCB ca vt l 2n+2.
- V tr ca vt c vn tc cc i:
F
c
= F
hp
=> .m.g = K.x
0
=>
0
mg
x
k
=
- Vn tc cc i khi dao ng t c ti v tr x
0
:

0 0
v (A x ). = e

VIII - DAO NG CNG BC. CNG HNG

- Khi vt dao ng cng bc th tn s (chu k) dao ng ca vt bng
tn s (chu k) ca ngoi lc.
19

- Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi tn s (chu k) ca ngoi lc bng tn
s (chu k) dao ng ring ca h.
Ch : Chu k kch thch
v
l
T = ; l l khong cch ngn nht gia 2 mi
ray tu ha hoc 2 g trn ng ; Vn tc ca xe con lc t trn
xe c cng hng:
0
0
lf
T
l
v = =

IX CON LCTRNG PHNG

- xc nh chu k ca 1 con lc l xo (hoc con lc n) ngi ta so
snh vi chu k T
0
( bit) ca 1 con lc khc ( )
0
T T ~ .
- Hai con lc ny gi l trng phng khi chng ng thi i qua 1 v tr
xc nh theo cng mt chiu
- Thi gian gia hai ln trng phng:
0
0
T T
TT
= u
Ch : + Nu
0
T T >
( ) nT T n = + =
0
1 u
+ Nu
0
T T <
( )
0
1 nT T n = + = u (vi
*
N ne )

CHNG II: SNG C HC

I - I CNG V SNG C HC

T: chu k sng; v: vn tc truyn sng; : bc sng

1. Cc cng thc c bn
- Lin h gia , v v T (f): v f
T
= =
- Qung ng sng truyn i c trong thi gian t: t
T
vt S

= =
20

- Vn tc truyn sng bit qung ng sng truyn c trong thi gian t
l S:
t
S
v =
- Khong cch gia n gn li lin tip l d th:
1
=
n
d

- n ngn sng i qua trc mt trong thi gian t th:
1
=
n
t
T
- Phao nh cao n ln trong thi gian t th:
1
=
n
t
T

2. Phng trnh sng
- Sng truyn t N qua O v n M, gi s biu thc Sng ti O c dng:
) cos(
0
e + = t A u , th:
)
2
cos(
t
e
x
t A u
M
+ =
)
' 2
cos(
t
e
x
t A u
N
+ + =
- lch pha ca 2 im trn phng truyn sng cch nhau mt on d:

t
d
2 = A

t 2 k = A hay k d = 2 im dao ng cng pha
( )t 1 2 + = A k hay ( )
2
1 2

+ = k d 2 im dao ng ngc pha
- lch pha ca cng mt im ti cc thi im khc nhau:
( )
1 2
t t = A e

- Cho phng trnh sng l ) cos( kx t A u = e sng ny truyn vi vn
tc:
k
v
e
=

Ch : C nhng bi ton cn lp phng trnh sng ti 1 im theo iu
kin ban u m h chn th ta lp phng trnh sng ging nh phn lp
phng trnh dao ng iu ha.

21

II GIAO THOA SNG

1. Phng trnh sng tng hp ti mt im

* Trng hp tng qut:
Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun

1 1
Acos(2 ) u ft t = + v
2 2
Acos(2 ) u ft t = +
Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:

1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft t t
= + v
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft t t
= +
Phng trnh sng ti M:
2 1 1 2 1 2
2 cos[ ] cos 2
2 2
M
d d d d
u A ft

|
t t t

( ( + +
A
= + +
( (

Bin dao ng ti M:
C bc 0
(k=0)
A
B
CT th 1
(k=0)

C bc 1
k=1

CT th 2
( k=1)
O
/2

Gn lm

Gn li
d
1
d
2
M
22

]
2
cos[ 2
1 2

t
A
=
d d
A A
M
vi A =
2
-
1

2.Tm s im dao ng cc i, s im dao ng cc tiu gia hai
ngun:

Cng thc tng qut
* S cc i: (k Z)
2 2
A A
+ < < + + e
l l
k

t t

* S cc tiu: (
1 1

2 2 2 2
k Z)
A A
+ < < + e +
l l
k

t t

Ta xt cc trng hp sau y:
a. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: A = =2kt
* S Cc i: (k Z) < < e
l l
k

* S Cc tiu:
1 1
- (k Z)
2 2
< < + e
l l
k

Hay 0, 5 (k Z) < + < + e
l l
k

b. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: A ==(2k+1)t
* S Cc i:
1 1
(k Z)
2 2
< < + e
l l
k

Hay 0, 5 (k Z) < + < + e
l l
k

* S Cc tiu: (k Z) < < + e
l l
k

c. Hai ngun dao ng vung pha: A =(2k+1)t/2
(S cc i= S cc tiu)
* S Cc i:
1 1
(k Z)
4 4
+ < < + + e
l l
k

* S Cc tiu:
1 1
(k Z)
4 4
< < + e
l l
k

Hay 0, 25 (k Z) < + < + e
l l
k

23

Nhn xt: s im cc i v cc tiu trn on AB l bng nhau nn c
th dng 1 cng thc l

3. Tm s cc i , cc tiu ngoi on thng ni 2 ngun

1 2
'
1
'
2
d d
k
d d
s s

(gi s
'
1
'
2 1 2
d d d d > )
- Xc nh s im (s ng) cc
tiu trn on AB (cng pha so vi ng
thng 0
1
0
2
) l s nghim k nguyn tha
mn biu thc:
2
1
2
1
1 2
'
1
'
2
s s

d d
k
d d

(gi s
'
1
'
2 1 2
d d d d > )
Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc
i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch
hai ngun ln lt l d
1M
, d
2M
, d
1N
, d
2N
.
t Ad
M
= d
1M
- d
2M
; Ad
N
= d
1N
- d
2N
v gi s Ad
M
< Ad
N
.
+ Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:
- Cc i: Ad
M
< k < Ad
N

- Cc tiu: Ad
M
< (k+0,5) < Ad
N

+ Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
- Cc i:Ad
M
< (k+0,5) < Ad
N

- Cc tiu: Ad
M
< k < Ad
N

S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.
+ Hai ngun dao ng vung pha:

III SNG DNG

1- Bin ca sng ti v sng phn x l A th bin dao ng ca
bng sng a =2A.
- B rng ca bng sng l: L = 4A.
- Vn tc cc i ca mt im bng sng trn dy: v
max
= e2A
- Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l:
24

os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft t t
= +
v
' os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft t t t
=

- Phng trnh sng dng ti M: '
M M M
u u u = +

2 os(2 ) os(2 ) 2 sin(2 ) os(2 )
2 2 2
M
d d
u Ac c ft A c ft
t t t
t t t t

= + = +

Ch : Khong thi gian gia 2 ln lin tip si dy dui thng l T/2.
Khong cch gia 2 nt lin k bng khong cch 2 bng lin k
v bng
2
. Khong cch gia 2 nt hoc 2 bng

2
k
.
2 - iu kin c sng dng trn si dy n hi:
+ C 2 u c nh:
2
k l = (
*
N k e )
S nt trn dy l 1 + k ; s bng trn dy l k
+ C mt u c nh, mt u t do: ( )
4
1 2

+ = k l ( N k e )
S nt trn dy l 1 + k ; s bng trn dy l 1 + k

3. Chiu di b sng c v thi gian dao ng ca cc phn t mi
trng
u
3
a
2

2
a
2

a
2

a

0
2

12

3
8

5
12

T/12
T/8
T/6
T/4
T/2

Thi
gian
Hnh
b
sng
25

IV SNG M
1. i cng v sng m
- V sng m cng l sng c nn cc cng thc ca sng c c th p
dng cho sng m.
- Vn tc truyn m ph thuc vo tnh n hi, mt v nhit ca mi
trng. Biu thc vn tc trong khng kh ph thuc nhit :
t v v o + = 1
0

v
0
l vn tc truyn m C
0
0 ; v l vn tc truyn m t
0
C;
1
273
o =
K
-1
2. Cc bi ton v to ca m
- Mc cng m k hiu l L, n v l ben (B) : ( )
0
lg
I
L B
I
=

- Nu dng n v xiben th : ( )
0
10lg
I
L dB
I
=
;
1 10 B dB =

Vi I l cng m (n v
2
W/m , I
0
l cng m chun,
2 -12
0
W/m 10 I = .
3. Cc bi ton v cng sut ca ngun m
- Cng sut ca ngun m ng hng: I I P . r 4 S
2
t = =
(S l din tch ca mt cu c bn knh r bng khong cch gia tm
ngun m n v tr ta ang xt, I l cng m ti im ta xt)
-
B A
I I , l cng m ca cc im A, B cch ngun m nhng khong
r
A
, r
B
th:
2
2
A B
B A
I r
I r
=

- Mi lin h gia cng m v bin ca sng m:
2
2
2
1
2
1
A
A
I
I
=
- Khi cng m tng (gim) k ln th mc cng m tng (gim)
k N lg = (B) v k N lg 10 = (dB).
+ Trng hp
n
k 10 = n N = (B) hoc n N 10 = (dB)

4. Giao thoa sng m
Giao thoa sng sng dng p dng cho:
+ Dy n c 2 u c nh:
26

m c bn:
l
v
f
2
0
= (cn gi l ha m bc 1)
ho m bc 2 l : f
2
= 2f
0
;
ha m bc 3 l : f
3
= 3f
0
bc n:
l
v
n f
n
2
. =
+ ng so:
H mt u: m c bn
l
v
f
4
0
=
(cn gi l ha m bc 1);
ho m bc 3 l f
3
= 3f
0
; f
5
= 5f
0
bc n:
( )
l
v
n f
n
4
1 2 + =
.
H 2 u: m c bn
l
v
f
2
0
= ;
ho m f
1
= 2f
0
; f
1
= 3f
0 ;
f bc n:
l
v
n f
n
2
. =
.
Ch : i vi ng so h 1 u, u kn s l 1 nt, u h s l bng
sng nu m nghe to nht v s l nt nu m nghe b nht

CHNG III: DNG IN XOAY CHIU

I. I CNG V IN XOAY CHIU

1. Sut in ng xoay chiu
- Chu k v tn s quay ca khung:
t
e
e
t
2
1
;
2
= = =
T
f T
- Biu thc ca t thng qua khung dy:

( ) ( ) e e + u = + = u t t NBS cos cos
0

0
NBS u =
: T thng cc i gi qua khung dy.
- Biu thc ca sut in ng xut hin trong khung dy dn:
( ) ( ) e e e + = + = u' =
A
Au
= t E t NBS
t
e sin sin
0

vi
0 0
u = = e eNBS E : Sut in ng cc i xut hin trong khung.
2. in p (hiu in th) xoay chiu
+ Cc my o in ch cc gi tr hiu dng

0
2
I
I =
v
2
0
U
U =

27

+ Thi gian n sng v tt

- U
0
U
gh
0 U
gh
+ U
0
u = U
0
cos(t + )

3. Cc cng thc khc
- Tnh nhit l-ng ta ra trn in tr thun theo cng thc: Rt I Q
2
=
- in tr
S
l
R = ;
- Mt khi cht c khi lng m, nhit dung ring l
|
|
.
|
\
|
K kg
J
c
.
nhn nhit
lng Q tng nhit t
1
t n
2
t , th: ( )
1 2
t t mc Q =
- in lng chuyn qua tit din ca dy dn trong khong thi gian t A
t
1
t n
2
t :

= =
}
2
1
t
t
dq q
}
2
1
t
t
idt

5. Dng in xoay chiu trong mch ch c in tr thun R; ch c cun
dy thun cm L v ch c t in C
1. Cc cng thc c bn
Ch c R Ch c L Ch c C
nh lut
m
R I U
R 0 0
= ,
IR U
R
=
L L
Z I U
0 0
= ,
L L
IZ U =
C C
Z I U
0 0
= ,
C C
IZ U =
Tr khng R
L
Z L e = 1
C
Z
C e
=
lch pha
(u v i)

u

i
= 0
u

i
= + /2
u

i
= - /2
Lin h gia
u v i:
0
0 0
=
I
i
U
u

1
2
0
2
2
0
2
= +
I
i
U
u
1
2
0
2
2
0
2
= +
I
i
U
u

Thi gian n tt lt i
Thi gian n tt lt v
Thi gian
n sng
trong T
Thi gian
n sng
trong T
28

II. MCH R, L, C MC NI TIP.CNG HNG IN

Cc
mt
Mch RLC Mch RL Mch RC Mch LC
Dng
mch

Vect
quay

Tng
tr
Z =
2
L
2
) (Z R
C
Z +

Z =
2
L
2
R Z +
Z =
2
C
2
R Z +

Z =
C L
Z Z
Gc
lch
pha
L C
Z - Z
tan
R
=
0L 0C
0R
U - U
tan
U
=
L C
R
U - U
tan
U
=
+
Z
L
>Z
C
: cm khng
Z
L
< Z
C
dungkhng.
Z
L
=Z
C
:cng hng
L
Z
tan
R
=

0L L
0R R
U U
tan
U U
= =

Mch c tnh
cm khng: >
0
C
Z
tan -
R
=

0C C
0R R
U U
tan - -
U U
= =

Mch c tnh
dung khng:
< 0
= tg
nh
lut m

Z
U
I ;
Z
U
I
0
0
= =

Z
U
I ;
Z
U
I
0
0
= =

Z
U
I ;
Z
U
I
0
0
= =

Z
U
I ;
Z
U
I
0
0
= =

Cng
sut
P = UIcos
P = RI
2

P = UIcos
P = RI
2

P = UIcos
P = RI
2

P = 0
in
nng
W = P t W = P t W = P t
W = 0

29

2. Cng hng in.
Nu gi nguyn gi tr ca in p hiu dng U gia hai u mch v
thay i tn s gc e sao cho
C L
Z Z =
hay
C
L
e
e
1
= , th trong mch xy
ra hin tng c bit, l hin tng cng hng. Khi :
+ Tng tr ca mch t gi tr nh nht R Z =
min
.
+ Cng dng in qua mch t gi tr cc i
R
U
I =
max
.
+ Cc in p tc thi hai u t in v hai u cun cm c bin
bng nhau nhng ngc pha nn trit tiu ln nhau, in p hai u in
tr bng in p hai u on mch.
iu kin xy ra cng hng l :
0
1
=
C
L
e
e
LC
1
= e
.

3. iu kin hai i lng tha mn h thc v pha
+ Khi hiu in th cng pha vi dng in (cng h- ng):
0 tan =
=
R
Z Z
C L
hay
C L
Z Z =
+ Khi hai hiu in th u
1
v u
2
cng pha:
2 1 2 1
tan tan = = .
Sau lp biu thc ca
1
tan v
2
tan th vo v cn bng biu
thc ta s tm - c mi lin h.
+ Hai hiu in th c pha vung gc:
1 tan . tan
2
2 1 2 1
= = +
t
.
Sau lp biu thc ca
1
tan v
2
tan th vo v cn bng biu thc
ta cng s tm - c mi lin h.

Tr-ng hp tng qut hai i l- ng tho mn mt h thc no ta s
dng phng php gin vect l tt nht hoc dng cng thc hm s
tan gii ton:
( )
2 1
2 1
2 1
tan . tan 1
tan tan
tan

+
= +

30

4. MT S CNG THC P DNG NHANH CHO DNG CU
HI TRC NGHIM (dng hi p)

Cc dng sau y p dng cho on mch xoay chiu L R C mc
ni tip

Dng 1: Hi iu kin c cng hng in mch RLC v cc h qu
p: iu kin Z
L
= Z
c
LC
2
= 1
Khi Z = Z
min
= R ; I = I
max
=
U
R

cos = 1 ; P = P
max
=
2
U
R

Dng 2: Cho R bin i
Hi R P
max
, tnh P
max
, h s cng sut cos lc ?
p : R = Z
L
- Z
C
,
2
Max
U 2
P = , cos =
2R 2

Dng 3: Cho R bin i ni tip cun dy c r
Hi R cng sut trn R cc i
p : R
2
= r
2
+ (Z
L
- Z
C
)
2

Dng 4: Cho R bin i , nu vi 2 gi tr R
1
, R
2
m P
1
= P
2

Hi R P
Max

p R = Z
L
- Z
C
=
1 2
R R
Dng 5: Cho C
1
, C
2
m I
1
= I
2
(P
1
= P
2
)
Hi C P
Max
(cng hng in)
p
C1 C2
c L
Z + Z
Z = Z =
2

Dng 6: Cho L
1
, L
2
m I
1
= I
2
(P
1
= P
2
)
Hi L P
Max
(cng hng in)
p
L1 L2
L C
Z + Z
Z = Z =
2

Dng 7: Hi vi gi tr no ca C th in p hiu dng trn t in U
Cmax

p Z
C
=
2 2
L
L
R + Z
Z
, Khi
R
C
L
M N
B
A
31

2 2
ax
L
CM
U R Z
U
R
+
=
v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
CM R L CM L CM
U U U U U U U U = + + =
Dng 8: Hi vi gi tr no ca L th in p hiu dng trn t in U
Lmax

p Z
L
=
2 2
C
C
R + Z
Z
, Khi

2 2
ax
C
LM
U R Z
U
R
+
=
v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0 = + + =
LM R C LM C LM
U U U U U U U U

Dng 9: Hi iu kin
1
,
2
lch pha nhau
2
(vung pha nhau)
p p dng cng thc tan
1
.tan
2
= -1
Dng 10: Hi khi cho dng in khng i trong mch RLC th tc dng
ca R, Z
L
, Z
C
?
p : I = U/R Z
L
= 0 Z
C
=
Dng 11: Hi Vi e = e
1
hoc e = e
2
th I hoc P hoc U
R
c cng
mt gi tr th I
Max
hoc P
Max
hoc U
RMax

p khi :
1 2
e ee = tn s
1 2
f f f =
Dng 12: Gi tr = ? th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
p : khi
1
LC
e = (cng hng)
Dng 13: Hi: Hai gi tr ca e :
1 2
P P
e e
=
p
2
1 2 0
ee e =
Dng 14: Hi Hai gi tr ca L :
1 2
L L
P P =
p
1 2
2
0
2
e
+ = L L
C

Dng 15: Hi Hai gi tr ca C :
1 2
C C
P P =
p
2
1 2 0
1 1 2
e
+ =
C C L

Dng 16: Hi Hai gi tr ca R :
1 2
R R
P P =
p R
1
R
2
=
2
( )
L C
Z Z v R
1
+ R
2
=
2
U
P

Dng 17: Hi khi iu chinh L U
RC
khng ph thuc vo R th
p: Khi Z
L
= 2 Z
C
32

5. Cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu. H s cng sut.
- Cng thc tnh cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu bt k:
cos UI P = ; cos l h s cng sut.
- Ring vi mch ni tip RLC:
2
2 R
R
U
P I R U I
R
.
- H s cng sut ca on mch ni tip RLC:
Z
R
U
U
R
= = cos

- i vi ng c in:
2
cos
co
P UI P I R ;
trong R l in tr thun ca ng c, cos l h s cng sut
ca ng c, I l cng dng in chy qua ng c, U l in p
t vo hai u ng c v
ci
P l cng sut c ch ca ng c.
- Hiu sut ca ng c in:
os
ci
P
H
UIc

Ch : + tm cng sut hoc h s cng sut ca mt on mch no
th cc i l- ng trong biu thc tnh phi c trong on mch .
+ Trong mch in xoay chiu cng sut ch c tiu th trn
in tr thun.

III. MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU

1. My pht in xoay chiu mt pha
- Tn s dng in xoay chiu do my pht pht xoay chiu mt pha pht ra:
f np =
trong : p s cp cc t, n s vng quay ca roto trong mt giy.

2. My pht in xoay chiu ba pha
a. Ngun mc theo kiu:
+ hnh sao:
0
0
3
d p
d p
I I
I
U U
+ hnh tam gic:

3
d p
d p
I I
U U

b. Phi hp mc ngun v ti
Ngun v ti u mc hnh sao:
p dng cho ngun A:
33

=
=
3
p d
d p
U U
I I

p dng cho ti B:

=
=
3
'
'
p d
d p
U U
I I

Ngun v ti u mc tam gic:
p dng cho ngun A:

=
=
p d
p d
U U
I I 3

p dng cho ti B:

=
=
'
'
3
p d
p d
U U
I I

Ngun mc hnh sao v ti mc tam gic:
p dng cho ngun A:

=
=
3
p d
d p
U U
I I

p dng cho ti B:

=
=
'
'
3
p d
p d
U U
I I

Ngun mc tam gic v
ti mc hnh sao:
p dng cho ngun A:

=
=
p d
p d
U U
I I 3

p dng cho ti B:

=
=
3
'
'
p d
p d
U U
I I

34

IV. MY BIN P V TRUYN TI IN NNG

1. My bin p
a. Gi
1
N v
2
N l s vng dy ca cun s cp v th
cp;
1 2
, i i v
1 2
, e e l c- ng v sut in ngtc thi
ca mch s cp v th cp;
1 2
, r r v
1 2
, u u lin tr ca
cun dy s cp v th cp v hiu inth tc thi hai u mch s cp v
th cp. Ta c cc lin h:

k
N
N
e
e
= =
2
1
2
1

(k gi l h s ca MBA)
cun s cp:
1 1 1 1
u e i r = +
cun th cp:
2 2 2 2
u e i r =
b. Nu in tr cc cun dy khng ng k:
Gi
1
U v
2
U l in p hiu dng xut hin hai u ca cun s
cp v th cp;
1
I v
2
I l c- ng hiu dng dng in ca mch s
cp v th cp khi mch kn. H l hiu sut ca MBA.
Ta c cc lin h:
1 1
2 2
U N
U N
=

+
2 1
N N > th
2 1
U U > , ta gi MBA l my tng th.
+
2 1
N N < th
2 1
U U < , ta gi MBA l my h th.
- Hiu sut ca my bin p :
1 1 1
2 2 2
cos
cos
I U
I U
H =

vi
1
cos v
2
cos l h s cng sut ca mch s cp v th cp.
- Nu mch s cp v th cp c u v i cng pha th:

2 2
1 1
U I
H
U I
=
hay
H I
I
U
U
.
1
2
2
1
= ;
Khi % 100 = H th
2 2 1
1 1 2
U N I
U N I
= =

c. Nu in tr cun s cp v th cp ln lt l r
1
v r
2
, v mch
in hai u cun th cp c in tr R:
35

Quy c:
1
2
N
= k
N

- in p hai u cun th cp U
2
=
1
2
2 1
k.R
U
k (R + r ) + r

- Hiu sut my bin p: H =
2
2
2 1
k .R
k (R + r ) + r

2. Truyn ti in nng
U P, : l cng sut v in p
ni truyn i, ' , ' U P : l cng
sut v in p nhn c ni
tiu th; I: l cng dng
in trn dy, R: l in tr
tng cng ca dy dn truyn
ti.
+ gim th trn dy dn: IR U U U = = A '
+ Cng sut hao ph trn -ng dy:

R
U
P
R I P P P .
cos
'
2 2
2
2
= = = A

+ Hiu sut ti in:
P
P P
P
P
H
A
= =
'
'
,
Ch :
+ Ch phn bit hiu sut ca MBA ( ) H v hiu sut ti in ( ) ' H .
+ Khi cn truyn ti in khong cch l th ta phi cn si dy dn
c chiu di l 2 .

CHNG IV: DAO NG
SNG IN T

i, I
0
: cng tc thi v cng cc i trong mch; q, Q
0
: in tch
tc thi v in tch cc i trn t in; u, U
0
: in p tc thi v in
pcc i trn t in.
36

1. i cng : Chu k, tn s ca mch dao ng
- Tn s gc:
LC
1
= e ;
0
0
Q
I
= e
- Chu k dao ng ring:
0
0
2 2
2
I
Q
LC T t t
e
t
= = =
- Tn s ring:
LC
f
t
t
e
2
1
2
= =
Ch : Nu mch dao ng c t 2 t tr ln th ta coi b t l mt t c
in dung C t- ng - ng - c tnh nh- sau:
+ Ghp ni tip:
=
= + + + =
n
i
i n
C C C C C
1
2 1
1 1
...
1 1 1
( )
n
C C C C ,..., ,
2 1
<
+ Ghp song song:
=
= + + + =
n
i
i n
C C C C C
1
2 1
... ( )
n
C C C C ,..., ,
2 1
>
- Gi T
1
v T
2
l chu k dao ng in t khi mc cun thun cm L ln
lt vi t C
1
v C
2
th:
+ Khi mc L vi C
1
ni tip C
2
:

+ =
+ =
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1 1 1
T T T
f f f

+ Khi mc L vi C
1
song song C
2
:

+ =
+ =
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1 1 1
f f f
T T T

2. Nng lng ca mch dao ng
Nng l-ng in tr-ng:

2
2
2 2
0
1 1
cos
2 2 2
tt
Q
q
W Cu t
C C
e = = = = ( )
2 2
0
2
1
i I L
Nng l-ng t tr-ng:

2 2 2
0
1 1
sin
2 2
dt
W Li LI t e = = = ( )
2 2
0
2
1
u U C
37

Nng l-ng in t:

2 2
0 0
1 1
2 2
= + = =
dt tt
W W W CU LI
2
2 2
0
1 1 1
2 2 2
Q
Li Cu
C
= + =

- Lin h gia in tch cc i v in p cc i:
0 0
CU Q =
- Lin h gia in tch cc i v dng in cc i:
0 0
Q I e =
- Biu thc c lp thi gian gia in tch v dng in:
2
2
2 2
0
e
i
q Q + =

3. Qu trnh bin i nng lng mch dao ng

Nu mch dao ng c chu k T v tn s f th Nng lng in trng
v v nng lng t trng (
t d
W W , ) dao ng vi tn s f= 2f, chu k
T=
2
T

u
-U
0

0
U
2
0

0
U
2

0
U 2
2

0
U 3
2
+U
0
T/4 T/12 T/6

T/8 T/8

T/6 T/12
Ghi ch:
- Hai ln lin tip W
t
= W
tt
l T/4
- Khi q cc i th u cc i cn khi i cc tiu (bng 0) v ngc li.

4. Thu v pht sng in t
- Khung dao ng c th pht v thu cc sng in t c b- c sng:

LC c T c t 2 . = =
;
c l tc truyn sng in t trong chn khng ( s m c / 10 . 3
8
= )
W
tt
= 3 W
t
W
tmax

W
= 0
W
t
= 3 W
tt
W
t
= W
tt
W
tmin
= 0
W
max

38

- Nu mch dao ng c L thay i t
2 1
L L ( )
2 1
L L < th mch chn
sng c th chn c sng c bc sng:
C L c C L c
2 1
2 2 t t s s
- Nu mch dao ng c C thay i t
2 1
C C ( )
2 1
C C < th mch chn
sng c th chn c sng c bc sng:
2 1
2 2 LC c LC c t t s s
2 1
L L ( )
2 1
L L < v c C thay
i t
2 1
C C ( )
2 1
C C < th mch chn sng c th chn c sng c
bc sng:
2 2 1 1
2 2 C L c C L c t t s s
Gi
1
v
2
l bc sng mch dao ng hot ng
khi dng cun thun cm L mc vi C
1
v C
2
th bc sng
mch dao ng hot ng khi mc L vi:
+ C
1
// C
2
:
+ =
+ =
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1 1 1
f f f

+ C
1
ni tip C
2
:
+ =
+ =
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1 1 1

f f f

- Nu mch dao ng c C thay i t
2 1
C C
( )
2 1
C C < th mch hot ng vi bc sng trong khong
2 1
( )
2 1
< th:

1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
4 4 C c
L
C c t
t

s s
2 1
L L ( )
2 1
L L < th mch hot
ng vi bc sng trong khong
2 1
( )
2 1
< th:

1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
4 4 L c
C
L c t
t

s s
Ch : Hai cng thc cui vn p c cho trng hp L v C l hng s
cn bc sng bin thin
2 1
.
39

5. Mch dao ng tt dn
- Khung dy c in tr hot ng nn c s

2 2 2 2
2
0 0
2 2
C U U RC
I R R
L
e
= = =
cng l cng sut to nhit ca in tr.
- Nng l-ng cn cung cp trong khong thi gian t: Rt I Q A
2
= =

6. Di sng in t

Ni
dung
SNG
DI
SNG
TRUNG
SNG NGN
SNG CC
NGN
Bc
sng
> 1000 m
1.000 m
100 m
100 m 10 m 10 m 0,01m
c
im
- C nng
lng nh,
- khng
truyn c
i xa trn
mt t.
- t b nc
hp th
- C nng
lng kh ln,
- Truyn i
c trn mt
t.
- B tng in
ly hp th vo
ban ngy v
phn x vo
ban m
- C nng lng
ln,
- Truyn i c
mi a im trn
mt t
- C kh nng
phn x nhiu ln
gia tng in ly
v mt t
- C nng lng rt
ln ln
- Truyn c i
c trn mt t
- Khng b tng
in ly hp th hoc
phn x v c kh
nng truyn i rt xa
theo mt ng
thng
ng
dng
Dng
thng tin
di nc
Dng thng
tin vo ban
m
Dng thng
tin trn mt t
Dng thng tin
trong v tr.

CHNG V: SNG NH SNG

1. Tn sc nh sng
a. i vi lng knh
- Cng thc lng knh:
+ =
= +
=
=
A i i D
A r r
r n i
r n i
'
'
' sin ' sin
sin sin

40

vi i, i l gc ti v gc l; A l gc chit quang; D l gc lch to bi
tia ti v tia l.
- Tr-ng hp gc nh: D = (n - 1)A
- Gc lch cc tiu.
+ Khi c gc lch cc tiu, - ng i ca tia sng i xng qua mt phn
gic ca gc chit quang.
+ K hiu gc lch cc tiu l
m
D , gc ti ng vi gc lch cc tiu l
m
i , ta c:
=
+
=
= =
2
sin
2
sin
2
2
'
A
n
A D
A i D
A
r r
m
m m

- Gc lch gia 2 tia sng n sc qua lng knh (chit sut i vi lng
knh ln lt l n
1
v n
2 ( )
2 1
n n >
): ( )A n n D
2 1
= A
- B rng quang ph lin tc trn mn chn t pha sau lng knh cch
lng knh mt khong l:
( )lA n n l
t
= A
(vi n
t
v n
l chit sut ca nh sng tm v nh sng i vi lng

knh v A tnh bng radian)

b. Tn sc t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc

* Nu dng nh sng n sc th:
+ Mu n sc khng thay i (v f khng i)
+ Bc sng n sc thay i
Vn tc v bc sng ca nh sng trong mi trng c chit sut n:
n
c
v = ;
n
= ' ;
trong c v l vn tc v bc sng ca nh sng trong chn khng.
+ Dng nh lut khc x tm gc khc x
21
1
2
sin
sin
n
n
n
r
i
= =
+ Nu nh sng t mi trng chit quang ln sang mi trng chit
quang nh phi xc nh
gh
i :
1
2
sin
n
n
i
gh
=
* Nu dng nh sng trng th:
+ C hin tng tn sc v xut hin chum quang ph lin tc.
41

+ Cc tia n sc u b lch
- Tia lch t so vi tia ti;
- Tia tm lch nhiu so vi tia ti.
c. Thang sng in t

10
-11
m 10
-8
m 0,001m (m)
f (Hz)

2. Giao thoa nh sng

Gi khong cch gia hai khe S
1
S
2
l
a, khong cch t mt phng cha 2
khe v mn chn l D, l b- c
sng ca nh sng.
1. Cc cng thc c bn
- Hiu ng i ca mt im c
ta x trn mn:

D
ax
d d =
1 2

- V tr vn sng: ki
a
D
k x = =

Vn sng bc n ng vi n k =
- V tr vn ti: ( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 2
i
k
a
D
k x + = + =

hoc
( ) 1
2
sk s k
tk
x x
x

+
=
0 > k vn ti bc n ng vi 1 = n k ;
0 < k vn ti th n ng vi n k = ;
v d: vn ti th 5 ng vi 5 = k hoc k=4.
- Khong vn:
D
i
a
=
- Bc sng ca nh sng:
D
ia
=
Sng
v
tuyn
Tia
hng
ngoi
nh
sng
trng
Tia t
ngoi
Tia
X
Tia
gama
0,4
m
0,75
m
42

- Tn s ca bc x:
c
f =
- Khong cch gia n vn sng lin tip l d th:
1
=
n
d
i
- Khong cch gia 2 vn sng bc k bng: ki 2

2. S vn sng, ti trn mn

Tnh s vn sng ti trn on AB c ta x
A
v x
B
bt k x
A
< x
B
+ S vn sng trn on AB l s nghim k (nguyn) tha mn h thc:
A B
x ki x s s
+ S vn ti trn on AB l s nghim k nguyn tha mn h thc:

A B
1
x (k )i x
2
s + s ( ) Z k e

Lu : Ta x
A
x
B
c th > 0 hoc m ty v tr A v B trn trc ta

3. Dch chuyn ca h vn
Gi: D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn
D
1
l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe

+ Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
th h
vn di chuyn ngc chiu, khong vn i vn khng i v di ca h
vn l:

0
1
D
x d
D
, d l dch
chuyn ca ngun sng.

+ Khi ngun S dng yn v
hai khe dch chuyn theo phng
song song vi mn th h vn dch chuyn cng chiu, khong vn i vn
khng i v di ca h vn l:
d
D
D
x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
0
1 , d l dch chuyn ca hai khe S
1
v S
2
.

43

4. Bc x trng nhau (s dng 2,3,4 bc x)

a. Vn sng trng mu vn sng trung tm

trung tm x
1
= x
2

1 2
1 2
D D
k k
a a

=

1 2
2 1
k
p
k n
= =

v k
1 2

2,3,
Ghi ch:
* V tr hai vn sng ca hai bc x trng nhau
x
= x
1
= pn hoc x
= x
2
= qn
* Nu s dng ba n sc cn lp ba t l
+
1 2
2 1
k
k
;
3 1
3 1
k
k
v
3 2
3 2
k
k

+ Lp bng gi tr k
1
; k
2
; k
3
v tm nhng v tr trng nhau ba bc x
b. Cc vn ti ca hai bc x trng nhau
x
2
2
1
1
k
T
k
T
x

=
a
D
k
a
D
k
2
). 1 2 (
2
). 1 2 (
2
2
1
1

+ = +

1 2
2 1
2k 1
p
2k 1 q
+
= =
+

+ = +
+ = +
) 1 2 ( 1 2
) 1 2 ( 1 2
2
1
n q k
n p k
;
V tr trng: x
a
D
n p x
k
T
2
). 1 2 (
1 1
1
+ = =

c. Vn sng ca bc x trng vn ti ca bc x kia
Gi s: x
1 2
1 2
k k 1
2
S T 1 1 2
i
x k i (2k 1).
2

+
= +

1 2 2
2 1 1
k i
p
2k 1 2i 2 q
= = =
+

+ =
+ = +
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 ( 1 2
1
2
n p k
n q k

V tr trng: x
1
1
k
1
x p(2n 1).i

= = +
5. Giao thoa vi nh sng trng

i vi nh sng trng ( )
0, 38 0, 76 m m = .
- B rng vn sng (quang ph) bc k:
( ) ( )
t t k
i i k
a
kD
x = = A .
44

- nh sng n sc c vn sng ti im ang xt:

. k D xa
x
a kD
= = ,
k - c xc nh t bt phng trnh: 0, 38 0, 76
xa
m m
kD
s s
- nh sng n sc c vn ti ti im ang xt:

( )
( )
2
2 1
2 2 1
D xa
x k
a k D
= + =
+
,
k - c xc nh t bt phng trnh
( )
2
0, 38 0, 76
2 1
xa
m m
k D
s s
+

Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau
ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc bc x thnh phn c trong ngun sng.

CHNG VI: LNG T NH SNG

0
: gii hn quang in,
0
f : tn s gii hn quang in, : bc sng
nh sng, f : tn s ca nh sng, A: Cng thot,
max 0
v : vn tc ban u
cc i,
bh
I : cng dng quang in bo ha,
h
U : in p(hiu in th)
hm, h : hng s Flng ( Js h
34
10 . 625 , 6

= ) , c : vn tc nh sng trong
chn khng ( s m c / 10 . 3
8
= ), e : in tch ca electron ( C e
19
10 . 6 , 1

= )

1. Cc cng thc v hin tng quang in

+ Nng lng ca photon:
2
c m
hc
hf
ph
= = =
c
+ ng lng ca photon:
c
h
c m p
ph
c
= = = ,
m
ph
l khi lng tng i tnh ca photon.
+ Gii hn quang in:
0
hc
A
=
+ Ph-ng trnh Anhxtanh:
2
0
1
2
max
hf A mv = + ,
45

khi lng ca electron
31
9,1.10 m kg
= .
+ Bc x n sc (bc sng ) c pht ra v nng lng ca mi
xung l E th s photon pht ra trong mi giy bng:
hc
E
hf
E E
n

c
= = =
+ Vn tc ban u cc i:
m
hc
v
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
max 0
1 1
2

+ Vt dn c chiu sng:
max
2
max 0
2
1
V e mv =
(
max
V l in th cc i ca vt dn khi b chiu sng)
+ Nu in trng cn l u c cng E v electron bay dc theo
ng sc in th:

max
2
max 0
2
1
Ed e mv =
(
max
d l qung ng ti a m electron c th ri xa c Catot).
Ch :
+ Nu chiu vo Catt ng thi 2 bc x
1
,
2
th hin tng
quang in xy ra i vi bc x c bc sng b hn
0
( )
0
f f > . Nu c
2 bc x cng gy ra hin tng quang in th ta tnh ton vi bc x c
bc sng b hn.
+ Ban nng cao
- in p hm trit tiu dng quang in

2
1
2
omax h
mv eU =
- Cng dng quang in bo ha:
I = ne (n: s electron v anot trong 1 s)
- Tc electron khi v n anod
Dng nh l ng nng W
A
- W
omax
= eU
AK

2. Chuyn ng ca electron trong trng in t

a. Chuyn ng ca electron trong in trng

46

+ in p U tng tc cho electron:
2
2
1
v m eU
e
=
2
0
2
1
v m
e

(
0
v v v ln lt l vn tc u v vn tc sau khi tng tc ca e).
+ Trong in trng u:
d
F e E =
ln: E e F
=
C 3 trng hp:
- Nu
0
v E: chuyn ng chm dn u vi gia tc
eE
a
m
=
- Nu
0
v E: chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc
eE
a
m
=
- Nu
0
v E : chuyn ng cong qu o Parabol
+ Theo phng xx: thng u: x = v
0
t
+ Theo phng yy nhanh dn u vi gia tc
eE
a
m
=
b. Chuyn ng ca electron trong t trng
+ Trong t trng u: B qua trng lc ta ch xt lc Lorenx:
o sin vB e f = = ma =
2
v
m
R
( ) B v

, = o
+ Nu vn tc ban u vung gc vi cm ng t: lectron chuyn ng
trn u vi bn knh

. mv
R
e B
=
; bn knh cc i:
B e
mv
R
max 0
max
=

+ Nu vn tc ban u xin gc o vi cm ng t: lectron chuyn
ng theo vng xon c vi bn knh ng vng c:
o sin
max 0
B e
mv
R =

3. Cng sut ca ngun sng - dng quang in
- hiu sut lng t

a. Cng sut ca ngun sng.
. P n
c = IS =
e H
I
hc
P P
n
bh
= = =

c

47

n
l s photon ca ngun sng pht ra trong mi giy; c l l- ng t

nng l- ng (photon); ( I l cng ca chm sng, H l hiu sut
lng t)

b. C-ng dng in.

e
q
I n e Hn e
t

= = =
t
N
e
I
n
bh
e
= =
N l s electron n c Ant trong thi gian t giy,
e
n l s
lectron n Ant trong mi giy.
e l in tch nguyn t
19
1, 6.10 e C
=
c. Hiu sut l-ng t.
'
bh
I n
H
n P e
c
= =
' n l s lectron bt ra khi Katt kim loi trong mi giy.
n
l s photon p vo Katt trong mi giy.

Ch : Khi dng quang in bo ho th n = n
e

4. Chu k, tn s, bc sng tia X ng Rn Ghen pht ra

- Gi nng l- ng ca 1 electron trong chm tia Catot c c khi n i
m cc l
W , khi chm ny p vo i m cc n s chia lm 2 phn:

+ Nhit l- ng ta ra (Q
i
) lm nng i m cc v
+ phn cn li - c gii phng d- i dng nng l- ng photon ca tia X
(bc x Rn-ghen).
c + =
i
Q W
Trong :
c
c
h hf = = (l nng lng photon ca tia Rnghen)

2 2
2
0
2
mv
U e
mv
W
+ = =
l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m cc)
U l hiu in th gia ant v catt
v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt
v
0
l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v
0
= 0)
m = 9,1.10
-31
kg l khi lng electron
48

- Cng dng in qua ng Rn-ghen: e n I = ,
(n l s e p vo i Catot trong 1s).
Trng hp b qua nhit lng ta ra trn i m cc:
Ta c: c >
W ngha l
W
c
h s

Hay
W
hc
>

- ng Rn Ghen s pht bc x c b- c sng nh nht nu ton b nng
l- ng ca chm tia Katot chuyn hon ton thnh nng l- ng ca bc x
Rn Ghen. Bc sng nh nht c tnh bng biu thc trn khi du = xy
ra :

W
hc
=
min

Trng hp ton b nng lng ca electron bin thnh nhit
lng:
- Nhit lng ta ra trn i Catot trong thi gian t:
W = Q

RI
2
t = mct
t: tng nhit ca i m cc (anot)
c: nhit dung ring ca kim loi anot.
m: khi lng anot
Trng hp tng qut:
- Hiu sut ca ng Rnghen:
W
Q W
W
H

= =
c

5. Mu nguyn t Bo

+ Khi nguyn t ang mc nng l- ng cao chuyn xung mc nng
l- ng thp th pht ra photon, ng- c li chuyn t mc nng l- ng thp
chuyn ln mc nng l- ng cao nguyn t s hp thu photon
hf E E
thp cao
=
+ Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir:

0
2
r n r
n
=
Vi m r
11
0
10 . 3 , 5

= : l bn knh Bo ( qu o K)
49

+ Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph
ca nguyn t hir:
Th d
31
=
32
+
21

21 32 31
1 1 1

+ =
v
21 32 31
f f f + =

+ Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir:
2
13, 6
( )
n
E eV
n
Vi n e N
*
: lng t s.
+ Nng lng ion ha hydro (t trng thi c bn)
W
cung cp
= E
- E
1

Ch : Khi nguyn t trng thi kch thch n (trng thi th n)
c th pht ra s bc x in t ti a cho bi cng thc:
( )
2
1
2

= =
n n
C N
n
; trong
2
n
C l t hp chp 2 ca n.

+ Cc dy quang ph (ban nng cao)
.
1 2
1; 2, 3, 4, ... n n = = dy Laiman (t ngoi)

1 2
2; 3, 4, 5, ... n n = = dy Banme (nhn thy)

1 2
3; 4, 5, 6,... n n = = dy Pasen (hng ngoi).

Lymann
K
M
N
O
L
P
Balmer
Paschen
H
o
H
|
H

H
o
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
n = 6
50

CHNG VII: HT NHN NGUYN T

I - I CNG V HT NHN NGUYN T

1. Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t
- Ht nhn nguyn t l phn cn li ca nguyn t sau khi loi b electron,
ht nhn nguyn t X k hiu l:
A
Z
X , XA, X
A
.
Trong : Z l nguyn t s hay s proton trong ht nhn.
N : S ntron A Z N = + : S khi.
- Kch thc (bn knh) ca ht nhn:
3
1
15
. 10 . 2 , 1 A R

= m; vi A l s khi
ca ht nhn.
2. n v khi lng nguyn t
- n v khi lng nguyn t l n v Cacbon (k hiu l u)
kg u
27
10 . 66055 , 1 1

=
- Ngoi ra theo h thc gia nng lng v khi lng ca Anhxtanh, khi
lng cn c th o bng n v
2
c
eV
hoc
2
c
MeV
;

2
/ 5 , 931 1 c MeV u =

3. Nng lng lin kt nng lng lin kt ring
Ht nhn
A
Z
X c khi lng m c cu to bi Z proton v N
notron. Cc php o chnh xc cho thy khi lng m ca ht nhn
A
Z
X bao
gi cng b hn tng khi lng ca cc nuclon to thnh ht nhn
A
Z
X :
p m
m Zm Nm m A = +
. m A c gi l ht khi ca ht nhn.
- Nng lng lin kt v nng lng lin kt ring:
= =
A =
A
lk
lkr
2
lk
W
W
m.c W
c

Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng.
- Nng lng ngh:
2
mc E = , vi m l khi lng ngh ca ht nhn

4. Cng thc Einstein gia nng lng v khi lng

51

Nng lng ht = Nng lng ngh + ng nng ca ht
E = E
0
+ W

= mc
2
+ mv
2

5. Mt vi bi ton mi v ht nhn

+ Mt khi lng (khi lng ring)ht nhn

X
m
D
V
=
Vi
X
m
v V: khi lng v th tch ht nhn
+ Mt in tch ht nhn

Q
q
V
=
Vi Q l in tch (ch gm cc prtn
V =
3
4
R
3
t l th tch ht nhn
II - PHNG X

1. Mt s cng thc c bn
- S ht nhn cn li:
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
N N N e

= =
- Khi lng cn li:
t
T
t
e m m m

= =
0 0
2

Vi T l chu k phng x, l hng s phng x
T
2 ln
=
- S ht nhn b phn r: ( )
t
e N N

= A 1
0
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

T
t
N 2 1
0

khi T t << : t N N
0
= A
- Phn trm s nguyn t b phn r:
t
T
t
e
N
N

= =
A
1 2 1
0

- Khi lng b phn r: ( )
t
T
t
e m m m

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= A 1 2 1
0 0

- Phn trm khi lng b phn r:
t
T
t
e
m
m

= =
A
1 2 1
0

- S ht sinh ra bng s ht phng x mt i
52

- Tnh tui ca mu cht phng x:
H
H
N
N
t
0 0
ln
1
ln
1

= =
- Khi c cn bng phng x:
2 2 1 1
N N =
- Khi lng: A
N
N
m
A
. =

2. Cc dng c bit

+ Cho 1 lng ng v phng x X c chu k phng x l T, phng
x ban u l H
0
vo th tch V ca cht lng, sau thi gian
0
t ly ra th
tch v cht lng th phng x l H. Th tch cht lng bng:
T
t t
H
v H
He
v H
V
0 0
2 .
0 0
= =

+Phng x ti hai thi im: Gi N A l s xung phng x pht ra trong
thi gian
1
t , ' N A l s xung phng x pht ra trong thi gian
2
t k t thi
im sau thi im ban u mt khong thi gian
0
t , th:
2
1
0
1
1
.
'
t
t
t
e
e
e
N
N
=
A
A

+ Nu
2 1
t t = :
0
'
t
e
N
N

=
A
A

+ Nu T t t <<
2 1
, :
2
1
.
'
0
t
t
e
N
N
t
=
A
A

Ch : Tui ca ming g c xc nh t thi im cht (cht) n
thi im ta xt.
Nu khong thi gian kho st rt nh so vi chu k bn r
( T t << ) th ta vn dng h thc gn ng x e
x
+ ~1 (khi 1 << x ). y
ta c: t e
t
1 v T t << nn
( )
t
e N N

= A 1
0
t N
0
=
Phn ring ban nng cao
+ phng x thi im t (n v Becren Bq):
0
.
t
H N N e

= =
t
T
t
e H H

= =
0 0
2
0 0
N H =
53

+ Lin h gia khi lng v phng x:
A
N
AH
m
=
+ Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
th chu k phng x T tnh bng n
v giy(s).

III - PHN NG HT NHN

Phng trnh phn ng:
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
A B C D + +
1. Cc nh lut bo ton.
+ nh lut bo ton s khi:
4 3 2 1
A A A A + = + .
+ Bo ton in tch:
4 3 2 1
Z Z Z Z + = +
+ nh lut bo ton ng lng:
A B C D
P P P P + = +
+ nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn: Nng lng tng cng
trong phn ng ht nhn l khng i.

Ch : Trong phn ng ht nhn khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng .

2. Xc nh nng lng, to hay thu bao nhiu?
Trong phn ng ht nhn
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
A B C D + +
Cc ht nhn A, B, C, D c:
Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l c
1
, c
2
, c
3
, c
4
.
Nng lng lin kt tng ng l AE
1
, AE
2
, AE
3
, AE
4

ht khi tng ng l Am
1
, Am
2
, Am
3
, Am
4

a. ht khi phn ng: Am=Am
C
+ Am
D
- Am
A
- Am
B

b. Cng thc tnh nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn:

Bit cc khi lng W = (M
trc
M
sau
) c
2
Nu Bit nng lng lin kt W = AE
sau
- AE
trc

Bit ht khi cc ht W = (Am
sau
- Am
trc
)c
2
Bit ng nng cc ht W = W
sau
- W
trc

Ch : p, n v electron c ht khi bng 0.
54

c. bit phn ng ta hay thu nng lng:
Gi tng khi lng ca cc ht nhn v phi l m
0
, v to thnh l m.
Nu:
0
m m > Phn ng to nng lng
Nng lng ta ra ca 1 phn ng: ( )
2
0
' c m m W =
Nng lng ta ra thng dng ng nng cc ht.
Cc ht sinh ra khi bn hon cc ht ban u

0
m m < Phn ng thu nng lng
+ Nng lng cn cung cp ti thiu phn ng xy ra
(chnh l nng lng thu vo ca phn ng): ( )
2
0 min
c m m W =
Nng lng thu vo thng di dng
ng nng cc ht
hoc bc x
Cc ht sinh ra khi khng bn hon cc ht ban u
+ Nu ng nng ca cc ht ban u l
min
W W > th:
( ) '
2
0
W c m m W + =
( ' W l ng nng ca cc ht sinh ra)

3. Tnh ng nng v vn tc cc ht ca phn ht nhn, s dng
cc cch sau:
Dng nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn:
( ) '
2
0
W W c m m =
(S dng ht khi ca cc ht nhn: ( )
2
0
c m m )
Kt hp vi nh lut bo ton ng lng:

A B C D
P P P P + = +
( ) ( )
2 2
A B C D
P P P P + = +

Dng phng php gii ton vecto v hnh hoc
T suy ra i lng cn tm v d gc hp bi chiu chuyn ng ca
cc ht so vi mt phng no

Cc trng hp c bit khi so snh ng nng cc ht sinh ra:
- Nu cc ht nhn ban u ng yn th:
'
'
'
'
X
Y
Y
X
m
m
W
W
=
- Nu cc ht sinh ra c cng vn tc th:
'
'
'
'
Y
X
Y
X
m
m
W
W
=
55

Ch : Cng thc gia ng lng v ng nng: p
2
= 2m W

Nhit ta ra khi t m kg cht t c nng sut ta nhit l L bng:
Lm Q= , L: nng sut to nhit (J/kg).
J KWh 000 . 600 . 3 1 =

* Cc trng hp c bit thng gp
+ Trc ht ta c nh lut bo ton nng lng
A + B C + D
W
C
+ W
D
= (m
trc
- m
sau
)c
2
+ W
A
(gi s ht B ng yn) (1)

+ Hai ht sinh ra c vn tc vung gc nhau

2 2 2
C D A C D
p p p p p = +
m
C
W
C
+m
D
W
D
=m
A
W
A
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta gii v tm c W
C
v W
D

+ Mt trong hai ht sinh ra vung gc vi ht A

2 2 2
C A D A C
p p p p p = +
m
D
W
D
- m
C
W
C
= m
A
W
A
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta gii v tm c W
C
v W
D

+ Hai ht sinh ra ging ht nhau v vec t p cc ht i xng v hp
A
p vi cc gc bng nhau
Ta c cos
2
A
C
p
p
=
2
cos
2
A A
C C
m W
m W
=
Nh ta tm W
C
v W
D
.

+ Phng x sinh ra hai ht chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau
0
C D C D
p p p p + = =
ln p
C
=p
D
m
C
W
C
= m
D
W
D
- Cho phng trnh phng x: Z Y X
A
Z
A
Z
+
'
'

C
p

A
p
D
p
A
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
A
p
D
p

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

gp trong nhiu bi ton l:

= ; Th nng: ( ) o cos 1 = mgl W

. Khong cch gia 2 nt hoc 2 bng

+ hnh tam gic:

l chit sut ca nh sng tm v nh sng i vi lng

l s photon ca ngun sng pht ra trong mi giy; c l l- ng t

l s photon p vo Katt trong mi giy.

W , khi chm ny p vo i m cc n s chia lm 2 phn:

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