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File 621
File 621
A1 , A2 ,... An .
i lng
A1 A2 .... An
i 1
(1)
A
i 1
n n 1
(2)
A =
A
i
i 1
(4)
A
.100 0 0
A
(6)
d 4 8,77 mm d 4 0,02mm
d 8,75 0,01mm
Kt qu:
b) Cch xc nh sai s dng c
Mi dng c c mt chnh xc nht nh. Nu dng dng c ny o
mt i lng vt l no th ng nhin sai s nhn c khng th vt
Ch :
- Nhiu loi ng h hin s c chnh cc cao, do sai s php o
ch cn ch ti thnh phn sai s ngu nhin.
- Trng hp tng qut, sai s ca php o gm hai thnh phn: sai s
ngu nhin vi cch tnh nh trn v sai s h thng (do dng c o)
2.3. Phng php xc nh sai s gin tip
a) Phng php chung
Gi s i lng cn o A ph thuc vo cc i lng x, y, z theo
hm s A f ( x, y, z ) Trong x, y, z l cc i lng o trc tip v c gi
tr
x = x x
y = y y
z = z z
Gi tr trung bnh A c xc nh bng cch thay th cc gi tr x, y, z
vo hm trn, ngha l A = f ( x , y , z ).
b) Cch xc nh c th
Sai s A c tnh bng phng php vi phn theo mt trong hai
cch sau:
Cch 1
Cch ny s dng thun tin khi hm f ( x, y, z ) l mt tng hay mt
hiu (khng th ly logarit d dng). Cch ny gm cc bc sau:
a. Tnh vi phn ton phn ca hm A f ( x, y, x) , sau gp cc s hng c
cha vi phn ca cng mt bin s.
b. Ly gi tr tuyt i ca cc biu thc ng trc du vi phn d v thay
du vi phn d bng du . Ta thu c A .
c. Tnh sai s t i (nu cn).
V d: Mt vt nm xin gc c cao
Trong :
v0 39,2 0,2m / s
30 10
t 2,0 0,2 s
h v0 sin t
1 2
gt
2
g 9,8m / s 2
Ta c:
22
19,6m
2
v 0 .sin - gt
. t
v 0 .t.cos.
sin .t
. v0
2
sin 300.2 .0,2 1,38m
360
A
A
d. Tnh A = A .
V d: Gia tc trng trng c xc nh bng biu thc: g =
4 2 l
T2
y: l 500 1mm
T 1,45 0,05s
= 9,78 0,20m / s 2
Khi : ln g = ln ( 4 2 l ) ln( T 2 )
g
dg
g
g
g
dg
dT
d (4 2 l )
d (T 2 )
d (4 2 ) 4 2 dl
2
=
2
2
2
2
g
T
4 l
4 l
4 l
T
l
T
2
l
T
l 2T
T
l
Bi tp rn luyn
Hy tnh cng thc sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i ca cc i lng o
gin tip sau:
S v0t
at
2
v0 v0 v0
vi t t t
a a a
m m m
mv 2
E mgh
2
h h h
v v v
g constant
vi
0,07
.100% 2,464 2,464%
2,84
Ta c th vit
ngha th
m (2,84 2,5.2,84%) g .
Nu sai s ly n 1 ch s c
m (2,84 0, 07) g
Ch rng khi vit kt qu cui cng, sai s ton phn s bng tng sai s
ngu nhin v sai s h thng: TP NN HT
V d: Khi dng thc kp o ng knh mt si dy nh, gi s ta
o 5 ln, sai s ngu nhin tnh c l d 0,05mm . Thc kp c
chnh xc 0,02mm th sai s ton phn s l TP 0,05 0,02 0,07mm .
Nu sai s ngu nhin nh hn sai s h thng th ta b qua sai s ngu
nhin (v khng th o c kt qu chnh xc hn c cp chnh xc ca
dng c o). Trong trng hp php o ch thc hin mt ln th sai s ton
phn c ly chnh l sai s h thng (do dng c o).
2.5. X l s liu v biu din kt qu bng th
Trong nhiu trng hp kt qu th nghim c biu din bng th l
rt thun li, v th c th cho thy s ph thuc ca mt i lng y vo
i lng x no . Phng php th thun tin ly trung bnh cc kt
qu o.
Gi s bng cc php o trc tip, ta xc nh c cc cp gi tr ca x
v y nh sau:
x x2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xn xn
y y2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yn yn
x1 x1 2
y1 y1
2
2x1 ,2y1 ,...... 2xn ,2yn . Dng ng bao sai s cha cc hnh ch
nht hoc cc du ch thp.
c. ng biu din y f (x) l mt
y
ng cong trn trong ng bao sai s
+
+
c v sao cho n i qua hu ht cc y
+
+
hnh ch nht v cc im A1 , A2 ...... An
+
nm trn hoc phn b v hai pha ca
+
ng cong (hnh 1).
x
0
d. Nu c im no tch xa khi ng
x
cong th phi kim tra li gi tr bng
Hnh 1. Dng th
thc nghim. Nu vn nhn c gi tr c
th phi o thm cc im ln cn pht hin ra im k d
e. D on phng trnh ng cong c th l tun theo phng trnh no
:
- Phng trnh ng thng y = ax + b
- Phng trnh ng bc 2
- Phng trnh ca mt a thc
- Dng y = eax, y = abx
- Dng y = a/xn
- Dng y = lnx.
Vic thit lp phng trnh ng cong c thc hin bng cch xc
nh cc h s a, b, n. Cc h s ny s c tnh khi lm khp cc
phng trnh ny vi ng cong thc nghim
Cc phng trnh ny c th chuyn thnh phng trnh ng thng
bng cch i bin thch hp (tuyn tnh ha)
Ch : Ngoi h trc c t l xch chia u, ngi ta cn dng h trc c
mt trc chia u, mt trc khc c thang chia theo logarit biu
din cc hm m, hm logarit (y = lnx; y a x ).
gh
RT
vi
p 0 p 0 p 0
T T T
h h h
b,
V
p p1 1
V
g, , R
l cc hng s
vi
p1 p1 p1
V1 V1 V1
V V V
c,
l hng s
1
c1 m1 c 2 m2 . t1 c 2 c 2 t 2
m
vi
m m m t1 t1 t1
m1 m1 m1 t 2 t 2 t 2 ; c1 l
hng s
m2 m2 m2 ; c2 l hng s
2. X l s liu v tnh ton i lng o gin tip
t vn
xc nh lc hng tm, ngi ta b tr th nghim bng vic s
dng mt s dng c nh sau:
- 01 ng c in dng ngun in 220 V xoay chiu.
- 01 mng nm ngang nhn, c gn vung gc vi
m
trc thng ng (trc quay). Do trc quay c lin kt vi
F
ng c nn mng nm ngang c th quay trn xung quanh
r
trc thng ng.
- 01 xe ln trn mng, c khi lng m c ni vi
trc quay bng mt si dy mm, nh, khng dn. Khi
Hnh
mng quay xung quanh trc thng ng, xe ln s chuyn
1
ng ra lm cng si dy v cng vi mng quay quanh trc
- 01 cng quang hc o vn tc gc ca mng.
- 01 gi c gn lc k l xo, mt si dy mm v mt rng rc c
khi lng nh khng ng k.
- 01 hp gia trng gn ln xe
- 01 cn chnh cc xc nh khi lng xe v cc gia trng.
m (g)
(Khi lng xe
v gia trng)
f (vg/s)
(tn s o bng
s vng quay/s)
1
2
3
4
5
199
201
198
200
199
2600
2604
2597
2596
2603
r (cm)
(khong
cch t xe
ti trc)
35,5
36,0
35,8
36,4
35,9
F (N)
F m 2 r
Yu cu:
a. Hy tnh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca cc i lng o trc tip
m, r, trong 5 ln o
b. Hy thit lp cng thc tnh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca i
lng o gin tip F (t cng thc xc nh lc hng tm)
c. Hy tnh gi tr trung bnh trong 5 ln o v sai s trung bnh ca
lc hng tm. Yu cu dng quy tc lm trn s trong cc php tnh v kt
qu cui cng ca i lng F.
e. Hy tnh sai s tng i ca i lng F
Cu hi m rng
Dng lc k lin kt xe vi trc quay, ngi ta c th o kim
nghim c lc hng tm tc dng ln xe ln, khi mng quay u. Hy
tm hiu k tnh nng ca cc dng c trong bi a ra cch b tr lc k
cho php c c ln ca lc hng tm trn lc k, m sai s ca php
o nh nht. Hy v s b tr th nghim v gii thch
Gi : Trc khi lm bi ton ny, nn tm hiu k cc dng c
cho, c bit cng dng v cch s dng cng quang c nu trong bi th
nghim 1 v 7.
IV. Bo co thc hnh
THC HNH TNH SAI S V X L S LIU
H
v
tn:................................................Lp:..............Nhm:....................
Ngy
lm
thc
hnh:....................................................................................
Vit bo co theo cc ni dung sau:
1. Mc ch
........
........
2. Tm tt l thuyt
a. Gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca i lng o trc tip
......................................................................................................................
.......
b. Cc phng php tnh gi tr trung bnh v sai s ca i lng o gin
tip................................................................................................................
........
c. Quy tc lm trn s liu.
......................................................................................................................
........
d. Cch tnh sai s tng i
......................................................................................................................
........
3. Trnh by cc ni dung
3.1. Bi ton tnh sai s ca i lng o gin tip:
Tnh sai s ca ba i lng o gin tip
p p0 e
gh
RT
V
p p1 1
V
1
c1 m1 c2 m2 . t1 c2 c2 t 2
m
m (g)
(khi lng xe
v gia trng)
f (vg/s)
(tn s o bng
s vng quay/s)
1
2
3
4
5
199
201
198
200
199
2600
2604
2597
2596
2603
r (cm)
(khong
cch t xe
ti trc)
35,5
36,0
35,8
36,4
35,9
F (N)
F m 2 r
Sai s tng i
Vit kt qu F F F
(ch quy tc lm trn s)
Nhn xt kt
qu...............................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
..........
4. Tr li cu hi m rng
Dng lc k lin kt xe vi trc quay, ngi ta c th o kim nghim
c lc hng tm tc dng ln xe ln, khi mng quay
u............................................
.........................................................................................................................
..........
.........................................................................................................................
..........