T NH TRNG NGHI NG, LN CA CC CNG TR NHDN DNG

TI H NI V MT S KI N NGH V BI N PHP PHNG NGA

TS. PHM QUYT THNG, TS. NGUYN GIANG NAM
ThS. NGUYN NGC THUYT, TS. TRNH VIT CNG
Vin KHCN Xy dng


Tm tt: Bi bo ny trnh by khi qut hin tng cng trnh nh th b ln v ln lch dn n cc s c
nt kt cu, nghing v sp trong nhng nm gn y. ng thi, bi bo phn tch nguyn nhn ca s
c v a ra mt s bin php phng chng.
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cc th, c bit l cc thnh ph ln, vic
u t xy dng cc cng trnh dn dng pht trin kh nhanh. Tuy nhin, nhiu s c xy ra do nh b
ln, ln lch dn n cng trnh b nghing hoc sp lm nh hng ln n an ton cng trnh v cc
cng trnh ln cn, gy thit hi v ti sn v gy bc xc trong x hi. Cc cng trnh ny bao gm c nh
xy mi, hin hu v ci to. c ci nhn r hn v nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s c v c bin php
khc phc nhm gim thiu nguy him i vi cng ng, nhm tc gi thuc Vin KHCN Xy dng da
trn nhng s liu quan trc, ti liu hin c, cc ti c nghin cu trong nhiu nm, tng kt c
rt ra cc kinh nghim v s c v nhng du hiu nhn bit mc nguy him.
1. Gii thiu chung v tnh trng nghing, ln ca cc cng trnh dn dng ti H Ni
S c cng trnh c nguyn nhn ln xy ra thng xuyn mt s thnh ph ln nh H Ni, TP. H Ch
Minh v nhiu tnh thnh khc trong c nc. Cc s liu thng k ti H Ni, a phng c cc nghin cu,
tng kt y v h thng nht v s c nn mng, t trc ti nay cho thy:
- Hng trm nh vi quy m t 2 n 6 tng c tng ln vt qu cho php t 2-5 ln, tng ng
ln t 15-40 cm [2]; c bit c mt s cng trnh c ln hng mt nh B2 Ngc Khnh, E6 v E7 Qunh
Mai, B7, C1 Thnh Cng;
- Cc cng trnh b nghing ln u s dng mng nng t trn nn thin nhin hoc trn nn t gia c
bng cc tre, m ct, cc ct hoc cc nm vi su gia c hn ch trong khong 2 - 4m. Pha di y
mng hoc di su gia c vn cn nhng lp t yu;
- Khong trn 50 nh chung c b h hng nghim trng do ln, cn thit u t cu cha v trn thc t
vi kinh ph hn hp. Thnh ph H Ni thc hin cu cha bng cch gia cng mng hoc gia cng kt
cu khong 15 nh chung c c (theo ngun vn ngn sch) ti cc thi im khc nhau. Mt s nh phi
d b sau khi gia cng v hiu qu gia cng khng theo mun nh B7 Thnh Cng, A2 Ging V. Mt
s nh d b xy mi cng trnh vi quy m ln hn nh A6 Ging V.
Tnh trng h hng ca mt s cng trnh tiu biu trn a bn H Ni th hin bng 1.

Bng 1. Mt s nh h hng do nghing ln in hnh trn a bn H Ni
STT Tn cng trnh c im Hin t rng
Khu vc Thnh Cng
1 C1 Thnh Cng
Xy dng nm 1976, nh 5
tng, mng cc thp
Ln 1/2 tng trt, khong 140-160 cm
2 H2 Thnh Cng Nh 5 tng, mng bng Tc ln 1,85 - 2,19 mm/thng
3 B6 Thnh Cng Nh 5 tng, mng b Tc ln 2,10 - 2,58 mm/thng
4 B7 Thnh Cng
Xy dng 1978, nh 5 tng,
mng b
Tng ln ti 100 cm, ln nghing
nhiu, gia cng n nguyn ln
nhiu nht. Do n nguyn cn li ln
mnh nn d b ton b xy mi.
5 E7 Thnh cng
Xy dng 1978, nh 5 tng,
mng b
Tng ln ti 80 cm, ln nghing 1,6%
theo chiu dc, tc ln ti 2,8
mm/thng, gia cng mng
6 E3 Thnh Cng Xy dng 1979, nh 5 tng, Tng ln ti 60 - 80 cm, tc ln ti


mng b 3 mm/thng, gia c mng
7 Nh G6A Thnh Cng Nh 5 tng
Ln v nghing, khe ln tch ra ti nh
khong 90cm
8 K7 Thnh Cng
Xy dng 1978, nh 5 tng,
mng bng
Tng ln ti 60 - 80 cm, tc ln ti
2,6 mm/thng, gia c mng
Khu vc Gi ng V
9 A6 Ging V
Xy dng 1975, nh 5 tng,
mng b
Tc ln 2,0 mm/thng, nghing
mnh, khe ln tch ra n 1m ti v tr
nh nh, nghing ln nht n 6,6%;
d b, xy mi
10 C8 Ging V Nh 5 tng, mng b Tc ln 1,15-1,78 mm/thng
11 A1 Ging V
Xy dng 1975, nh 5 tng,
mng b
Ln lch, nghing 2%; d b
Khu vc Ngc Khnh
12 B2 Ngc Khnh
D kin 5 tng, mng nng trn
nn gia c cc ct
Ln hn 100 cm khi thi cng ti tng 4,
phi d b tng ny
13 A2 Ngc Khnh
Xy dng 1985, nh 5 tng,
khung BTCT tng 1, trn xy
gch, mng b m ct
Tng ln trn 80 cm, tc ln ln
nht 3,8 mm/thng, gia cng mng
14 A Ngc Khnh Nh 5 tng, mng bng Tc ln 1,24 - 2,08 mm/thng
15 B8 Ngc Khnh Nh 5 tng, mng bng Tc ln 1,75 - 2,38 mm/thng
Cc khu vc khc H Ni
16
Bnh vin nhi Trung
ng
Xy dng 1978, nh 1-3 tng,
mng nng trn m ct
ln ln nht ti 70 cm
17 E6 Qunh Mai
Xy dng 1978, nh 5 tng,
mng cc thp
Tng ln 110 cm, tc ln 2-2,5
mm/thng, gia cng mng
18 E7 Qunh Mai
Xy dng 1976, nh 5 tng,
mng cc thp
Tng ln 130 cm, tc ln 2-2,5
mm/thng
19 E8 Qunh Mai Nh 5 tng, mng b Tc ln 2,16-2,32 mm/thng
20
Nh A khch sn La
Thnh
Xy dng 1935, nh 3 tng, 1
tng hm, mng b
Tng ln 10-80 cm, lch dc nh,
gia cng mng
21 78 Nguyn Du
Xy dng khong 1930, bit th
3 tng, mng bng
ln tuyt i n 70 cm, ln lch 50
cm
22 Nh 31 Trn Ph
Bit th, xy dng khong 1940
Bit th 3 tng, mng bng
Tc ln nm 2003 l 1,5mm/thng,
nghing ln hn 3%, chng ln v
cn bng li nh nm 2004 (IBST)
23
Nh 3 tng khu
Bch Mai
Nh 3 tng c b rng 2,2m, c
ban cng ua ra 1,2m, mng b
nm 2003
24
Nh s 14 ng 91,
Nguyn Ch Thanh,
H Ni
Nh 5 tng, mng b, cc tre
Nghing khong 20 cm (1%) theo
phng ngang nh (nh nh ra pha
ng), ln khong 16cm

2. Cc nguyn nhn dn n s c thng gp
Nghin cu v s c cng trnh do nguyn nhn nn mng cho thy cc nguyn nhn chnh dn n
cc s c do nn mng cng trnh thng nm cc khu:
- Kho st xy dng khng y hoc khng kho st;
- Thit k khng hp l;
- Thi cng khng ng vi thit k;
- Tc ng khc t bn ngoi nh tc ng ca cng trnh, h o hoc cht ti khu vc ln cn, sp
hang ng ngm, h mc nc ngm, ln do ti trng ca t san lp to mt bng,
2.1. Sai st trong kho st xy dng
Kho st a k thut c coi l cng vic ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi thit k v thi cng nn
mng. Cc tiu chun v kho st v thit k nn mng c nhng ch dn c th v ni dung kho st tng
ng vi cc giai on thit k c s, thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng. Tuy vy, cc nghin cu
cho thy nhng bt cp trong kho st a k thut l yu t dn n s c ti mt s cng trnh xy dng, th
hin cc kha cnh sau:


- Khng kho st a k thut: Hu ht cc cng trnh xy dng nh dn vi quy m nh c thit k
mng trn c s iu kin t nn gi nh nn thit k c th qu thin v an ton v trong rt nhiu trng
hp dn n s c do iu kin t nn bt li hn so vi gi nh ca thit k;
- Cng tc kho st khng pht hin c hoc pht hin khng chnh xc quy lut phn b khng gian
(theo chiu rng v chiu su) ca cu to a tng, c bit l cc lp t yu nm trong vng nh hng ca
ti trng cng trnh: iu ny thng xy ra nhng ni c iu kin a cht bin ng mnh trong khi mt
kho st khng cao;
- nh gi khng chnh xc cc c trng tnh cht xy dng ca cc lp t hoc khng cung cp c
cc s liu cn thit cho thit k: Trong nhiu trng hp tay ngh ca th nghim vin v cc trang thit b ca
c s kho st khng p ng yu cu trong khi cng tc gim st v kim tra cht lng khng cht ch. Mt
iu khc cng thng gp l cc kt qu kho st va tha va thiu, v d kt qu th nghim xuyn tiu
chun (SPT) trong cc lp st yu khng c ngha trong khi mt s ch tiu v cng v bin dng ca t
li khng c xc nh cho ph hp vi c im v ti trng, gii php nn mng v tin thi cng cng
trnh;
- Khng iu tra, kho st cng trnh ln cn v d bo cc tc ng i vi khu vc xung quanh do thi
cng cng trnh mi.
2.2. Sai st trong thit k xy dng
Kt qu nghin cu v nguyn nhn ca cc s c cng trnh do nn mng cho thy phn ln cc s c
l do sai st trong khu thit k. Nhng sai st thng gp trong thit k l:
- Sai st khi chn gii php mng hoc tnh ton sai dn n nn, mng khng kh nng chu ti hoc b
ln qu mc;
- B qua tnh ton ln hoc sai s qu ln trong tnh ton ln cng trnh;
- Gii php mng khng hp l, v d s dng mng nng v mng su cho cng mt kt cu t trn nn t
yu, khng gia c nn t yu, thiu khe ln,;
- Ti trng khng u (lch tm ca ti trng bn trn v ca mng): do xu hng mun tn dng khng gian
nn nh c ua ra pha khng gian cng cng dn n s lch tm ca ti trng cng trnh;
- Khng nh gi ng tc ng do cht ti nng (vt liu xy dng, i trng p cc hoc nn
tnh,...) gip cng trnh hin hu;
- Khng d bo ng ln ca cng trnh hin hu do nh hng ca vic o h mng cho cng trnh mi;
- Khng k n ti trng t p ln cn hoc cc tc ng bn ngoi khc;
- Khng k n hin tng ma st m khi thit k cc trong trng hp c th xut hin ma st m;
- Khng nh gi ng mc nh hng ca s thay i mnh chiu dy tng t yu theo chiu su v
trn din trong khu vc iu kin a cht cng trnh phc tp;
- Sp nn tng trt do ln b mt t trong c khu vc. Hin tng ny xy ra khi kt cu c t trn cc
cn nn tng trt t trc tip trn t khng gia c c ln ln (do h mc nc ngm hoc do ti trng t
san lp to ra l rng di nn nh. Trong iu kin ny nn s dng bn b tng ct thp lin kt vi mng
cho nn tng trt).
2.3. Sai st trong thi cng xy dng
S c xy ra do nhng sai st trong thi cng l:
- Khng kim tra cht lng trc khi thi cng loi b nhng vt liu khng t yu cu;
- Khng thc hin ng quy trnh thi cng;
- Thit b thi cng khng ph hp;
- Thi cng sai thit k.
2.4. Cc tc ng khc

- Ln nn trn khu vc ln do h mc nc ngm: Cc quan trc trong nhiu nm khu vc H Ni cho
thy tc ln nn t ti 6,60 mm/thng gn nh my nc Php Vn, 5.23 mm/thng gn nh my nc
Lng Yn v mc 1,0-2,5 mm/thng nhiu khu vc khc. Do mc ln ph thuc vo b dy tng t
yu nn cc cng trnh nm trn khu vc c b dy t yu bin ng mnh c th b h hi do ln lch;
- Sp hang karst, nh xy ra ti mt s cng trnh H Ni v Hi Phng;
- Ln nh hng hoc mt n nh ca t xung quanh h o cng trnh ln cn nh xy ra nhiu
cng trnh ti TP. H Ch Minh, H Ni, Nng, H Long,....;
- Ti trng ph thm do cht ti khu vc ln cn.
3. Ki n ngh bi n php phng nga s c cng trnh do nguyn nhn nn mng
Nh hin nay c ngun gc v s hu a dng, trong nh do dn t xy chim t trng cao nht. Loi
nh ny thng c din tch nh, cao 1 - 6 tng, vic qun l cht lng kho st a cht cng trnh, kho st
hin trng cng trnh ln cn, thit k v thi cng khng cht ch v nhiu thit k nn mng ca nh dn da
trn gi thit v iu kin t nn do khng thc hin kho st a cht cng trnh. Vic qun l cht lng
kho st, thit k v thi cng cc chung c cao tng c thc hin cht ch hn v cng trnh cao tng thng
thng s dng mng cc nn t gp s c.
Cc bin php phng nga cn tin hnh i vi cc cng trnh nh nh sau:
3.1. i vi cc cng trnh xy mi
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n s c cng trnh l la chn gii php thit k mng khng
hp l. Cn qun l v ph bin bn a cht th hoc cc thng tin khc v iu kin a cht cng trnh
cho ngi dn, nn cnh bo khu vc c nn t yu v xut s b vic s dng loi mng cho cc loi ti
trng cng trnh.
Cc cng trnh thi cng h o tng hm u phi lp bin php cho chng thnh h o trnh nh
hng n cc cng trnh ln cn.
i vi cc cng trnh xy chen, phi c bin php thi cng nn mng v h o ph hp nhm hn ch
nh hng n cng trnh ln cn. Trng hp nh dn thp tng thi cng mng nng c chiu su o h
mng su hn mng cng trnh ln cn cng phi c bin php chng h mng.
Khi thit k cn ch n qu trnh cht ti khi thi cng ti khu vc gn cng trnh hin hu.
3.2. i vi cng trnh hi n hu
a. Kim tra hin trng cc cng trnh xy dng trn a bn pht hin nhng cng trnh c du hiu mt
an ton nh sau:
- Cng trnh c ct nn h thp hn so vi nn cc cng trnh xung quanh trn 8 cm, c ng ng, cng
cp thot nc u ni vi cng trnh b nt gy do ln. Hin tng gy cc ng ng c u ni vo nh
cng l du hiu rt r v hin tng chnh ln ln ca nh so vi khu vc xung quanh;
- Nn b ln khng u, ln vt qu gii hn cho php theo tiu chun hin hnh, c bit cc cng
trnh nghing ln qu 1%, tng b nt do ln c b rng ln hn 10 mm, v nghing ca nh ln hn
1/150 (tham kho tiu chun TCXD 205:1998 v TCXDVN 373:2006). Cc biu hin ln lch thng nhn thy
khe ln hoc ch tip gip vi nh ln cn m rng v pha trn mi;
- Mt s du hiu nguy him khc c ly theo TCXDVN 373:2006 ;
- Nn khng n nh, chuyn v ngang ln hn 10 mm v vn c xu hng tip tc tng;
- Kt cu khi xy chu lc b nt do ln rng hn 10 mm v vt nt ang pht trin, tng hoc tr b cong,
gch hoc va xy b mn...;
- Cng trnh khung b tng ct thp chu lc c vt nt trn dm rng hn 1 mm, ct c vt nt dc theo
ct hoc c cc vt nt ngang mt bn ct vi chiu rng ln hn 1 mm;
- Cc cng trnh tng i mi, mc d nghing, ln, b rng vt nt v cc du hiu khc cha t
gi tr nu trn nhng cc du hiu nu trn ang tip tc pht trin.


b. Khi pht hin cng trnh c nhng du hiu trn, c quan chc nng cn cnh bo cho ngi hoc t chc s
dng cng trnh v cc cng trnh ln cn trong phm vi 1 ln chiu cao nh theo di v c bin php
phng nguy him. Trng hp cc du hiu h hng c biu hin pht trin nhanh (c th nhn bit bng trc
quan) th phi pht lnh bo ng, c lp khu vc v di dn trong phm vi t nht l 2 ln chiu cao nh. Phm vi
nh hng trc tip khi nh l 1 ln chiu cao nh, phm v nh hng gin tip l 2 ln chiu cao nh.
3.3. i vi cc cng trnh ci to
Cc cng trnh sa cha, gia c, ci to, chng nghing ln, nt lm thay i kt cu chu lc cn phi xin php
khi ci to.
Cc cng trnh trn khi thi cng phi c phng n gia c, ci to do t chc c chc nng hoc c nhn
c nng lc hnh ngh lp v kim tra theo di .
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Bo co v bin php phng nga v x l cng trnh nghing ln nh hng n cng ng v cng trnh ln cn,
Vin KHCN Xy dng, 2011.
2. Bo co iu tra, nh gi v nghin cu s c cng trnh c nguyn nhn nn mng, Vin KHCN Xy dng v Vin k
thut xy dng H Ni, 2004.
3. Cc bo co v kt qu quan trc ln mc chun khu vc Tng Mai, Thnh Cng, Ngc H, Ng S Lin, Mai Dch,
Lng Yn, H nh, Gia Lm, ng Anh, Php Vn, Vin KHCN Xy dng, 1994 2010.
4. Bo co Kt qu quan trc ln cc cng trnh A2, A, B1, B8 Khu tp th Ngc Khnh, A1, A6, B6, C6, C7, C8 Khu tp
th Ging V, I1, I12 Khu tp th Thnh Cng, H Ni, Vin KHCN xy dng, 1999.
5. Bo co kt qu quan trc ln cc cng trnh D1, D2, D3, E3, E4, E6, E7, B6, B7, K2, K7 Khu tp th Thnh Cng, E2
Khu tp th Vnh H, H Ni, Vin KHCN Xy dng, 1999.
6. Bo co s b kt qu quan trc ln khu Ngc Khnh - Ging V - Thnh Cng - Vnh H, 7-9/1998.
7. Thit k phng n sa cha chng ln cc cng trnh A2 Ngc Khnh, K2, E6, F6 v K7 Thnh Cng, A9 Ging V,
E7 Qunh Mai, Ngn hng Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn H Nam, Vin Hn Nm, Vin Nhi Thy in,... do Vin
KHCN xy dng thc hin.