Chapter 2 part1

2.1 2.2 2.3

Matrices
Linear Algebra
S 1
Ch2_2
2.1 Addition, Scalar Multiplication, and Multiplication of Matrices
Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
The numbers in the array are called the elements of the matrix.
letter. capital Denoted by: A,B,
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
m
m
n n nm
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
(
(
(
=
(
(

Ch2_3
2.1 Addition, Scalar Multiplication, and Multiplication of Matrices
a
ij
: the element of matrix A in row.. and column
we say it is in the ..
The size of a matrix = number of ... number of ... = .
If n=m the matrix is said to be a .. matrix with size = ... or .
A matrix that has one row is called a matrix.
A matrix that has one column is called a .. matrix.
For a square nn matrix A, the main diagonal is: .
We can denote the matrix by ..
Note:
Ch2_4
Definition
Two matrices are equal if:
1) ..
2) ..
Example 1
2 5
3 0
1) ................
2) ............... .
3) .............. .
A
A size is
A is a matrix
is the main diagonal
(
=
(

3 1 7 1
1 2 2 4
0 0 3 1
' .........
B
it s size is
(
(
=
(
(

Ch2_5
Addition of Matrices
Definition
If A and B be matrices of the .. then the
sum A + B=C will be of the .. size and

If
Let A be a matrix and k be a scalar. The scalar multiple of A by
k , denoted will be the same size as A.

The matrix (-1)A= -A called the of A.
Let A and B of the same size then: A - B= A +(-B)=C and:



.................. A size B size A B = +
Ch2_6
Example 2
.
7 2
4 5
and ,
8 1 3
6 5 2
,
3 2 0
7 4 1
Let
(

=
(

=
(

= C B A
Determine A + B , 3A , A + C , A-B
Solution
3
(3
(1)
(2)
)
(4)
A
A
A B
C
A B
+
=
=
+ =
=
Ch2_7
Definition
A . matrix all of its elements are zero. If the zero
matrix is of a square size nn it will be denoted by .


0
ij
0
n
Theorem2.2:
Let A,B,C be matrices, be scalars.
Assume that the size of the matrices are such that the operations
can be performed, let 0 be the zero matrix.
Properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication:




1 2
, k k
( )
1) ............
2) ...............
3) 0 0 ........
A B
A B C
A A
+ =
+ + =
+ = + =
( )
( )
( )
1
1 2
1 2
4) .............
5) .............
6) ................
k A B
k k C
k k A
+ =
+ =
=
Ch2_8
2 3 5 A B C +
Example 3
Compute the linear combination: for:
1 3 3 7 0 2
, ,
4 5 2 1 3 1
A B C

( ( (
= = =
( ( (


Solution
Ch2_9
Multiplication of Matrices
Definition
1) If the number of .. in A = the number of .. in B.
The product AB then exists.
Let A: .. matrix, B: . matrix,
The product matrix C=AB is a . matrix.

2) If the number of . in A the number of .. in B
then The product AB ..

=
Ch2_10
11 12 1 11 12 1
21 22 2 21 22 2
1 2 1 2
11 12 1 11 12 1
21 22 2 21 22 2
1 2 1 2
,
m k
m k
n n nm m m mk
m k
m k
n n nm m m mk
a a a b b b
a a a b b b
if A B
a a a b b b
a a a b b b
a a a b b b
AB
a a a b b b
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

=
Ch2_11
..............................................
ij
If AB C
then c
=
=
Note:
Example 4
Let C = AB,
Determine c
23
.
(

=
(

=
1 0 5
2 3 7
and
4 3
1 2
B A
Ch2_12
Example 5
3 1 2 7 2
Let , Determine , .
4 1 5 6 3
A B AB BA
( (
= =
( (

Solution
Note. In general,
Ch2_13
Definition
1) A .. matrix is a matrix in which all the elements are zeros.
2) A .. matrix is a square matrix in which all the
elements ...
3) An .. matrix is a diagonal matrix in which every
element in the main diagonal is .
matrix zero
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
(
(
(

mn
0
11
22
0 0
0 0
0 0
................. matrix A
nn
a
a
A
a
(
(
(
=
(
(

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
............... matrix
n
I
(
(
(
=
(
(

Special Matrices
Ch2_14
Theorem 2.1
Let A be m n matrix and O
mn
be the zero m n matrix. Let B be
an n n square matrix. O
n
and I
n
be the zero and identity n n
matrices. Then:
1) A + O
mn
= O
mn
+ A = .
2) BO
n
= O
n
B =

3) BI
n
= I
n
B =
Example 6
.
4 3
1 2
and
8 5 4
3 1 2
Let
(

=
(

= B A
23
............... A O + =
2
................. BO =
2
........... BI =
Ch2_15
Let A, B, and C be matrices and k be a scalar. Assume that the size of
the matrices are such that the operations can be performed.
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
1. A(BC) = . Associative property of multiplication
2. A(B + C) = Distributive property of multiplication
3. (A + B)C = Distributive property of multiplication
4. AI
n
= I
n
A = (where I
n
is the identity matrix)
5. k(AB) = =
Note: AB= BA in general. Multiplication of matrices is not
commutative.
Theorem 2.2 -2
2.2 Algebraic Properties of Matrix Operations
Ch2_16
Example 7
.
0
1
4
and ,
2 0 1
3 1 0
,
1 3
2 1
Let
(
(

=
(

=
(

= C B A
Compute ABC.
Solution
Ch2_17
In algebra we know that the following cancellation laws apply.
If ab = ac and a = 0 then ..
If pq = 0 then .. or .
However the corresponding results are not true for matrices.
AB = AC . that B = C.
PQ = O that P = O or Q = O.
Note:
Example 8
1 2 1 2 3 8
(1) Consider the matrices , , and .
2 4 2 1 3 2
Observe that .................................., but ................
A B C

( ( (
= = =
( ( (

1 0 0 0
(2) Consider the matrices , and .
0 0 0 1
Observe that ........................, but ........................
P Q
( (
= =
( (

Ch2_18
Powers of Matrices
Theorem 2.3
If A is an n n square matrix and r and s are nonnegative
integers, then
1. A
r
A
s
= .
2. (A
r
)
s
= .
3. A
0
= (by definition)
Definition
If A is a square matrix and k is a positive integer, then
...........................
k
A =
Ch2_19
Example 9
. compute ,
0 1
2 1
If
4
A A
(

=
Solution
Example 10 Simplify the following matrix expression.
AB B A B A B B A A 5 7 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 (
2 2
+ + +
Solution
Ch2_20
Idempotent and Nilpotent Matrices
Definition
A square matrix A is said to be:
. if ..
. if there is a positive integer p s.t .
The least integer p such that A
p
=0 is called the
. of the matrix.
3 6
(1)
1 2
A

(
=
(

Example 11
3 9
(2)
1 3
B

(
=
(

Ch2_21
2.3 Symmetric Matrices
Definition
The .. of a matrix A, denoted , is the matrix
whose .. are the . of the given matrix A.
Example 12
| |. 4 3 1 and ,
6 5 4
7 2 1
,
0 8
7 2
=
(

=
(

= C B A
i.e., : : ..............
t
A m n A
Determine the transpose of the following matrices:
Ch2_22
Theorem : Properties of Transpose
Let A and B be matrices and k be a scalar. Assume that the sizes
of the matrices are such that the operations can be performed.
1. (A + B)
t
= ... Transpose of a sum

2. (kA)
t
= ... Transpose of a scalar multiple
3. (AB)
t
= ... Transpose of a product

4. (A
t
)
t
= ...
Ch2_23
Symmetric Matrix
1 0 2 4
0 ....... 4
2 5 0 7 3 9
, 1 7 ....... ,
5 4 2 3 2 3
...... 8 3
4 9 3 6

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(


(

(



match
match
Definition
Let A be a square matrix:
1) If ... then A called ... matrix.


2) If ... then A called ... matrix.

Example 13 symmetric matrices
Ch2_24
Example 14
Proof
Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same size.
C = aA+bB, a,b are scalars. Prove that C is symmetric.
Ch2_25
Example 15
Proof
Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same size.
Prove that the product AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA.
Ch2_26
Example 16
Proof
Let A be a symmetric matrix. Prove that A
2
is symmetric.
Ch2_27
Definition
Let A be a square matrix. The of A denoted by .. is
the . of A.
Let A and B be matrices and k be a scalar. Assume that the sizes
of the matrices are such that the operations can be performed.
1. tr(A + B) = ..
2. tr(kA) = .
3. tr(AB) =
4. tr(A
t
) = ..
Theorem : Properties of Trace .