Operating system Concepts

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operatingsystem13@gmail.com

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.3.1 31 .....................................................................
.3.3 31 ..................................................................
.3.1 31 .................................................................
.3.1 31 .................................................................
.3.1 13 ...................................................................
.1.6.1 32.............................................................................
1.6.3 (32......................................................)multiprogramming
.1.6.2 (32........................................................ )Time-sharing

.3.1 11 ...............................................................
.3.1 11 ................................................................
.1.8.1 32............................................ Mainframe Systems
.1.8.3 32...............................................................................
.1.8.2 (38.......................................... )Multiprocessor
.1.8.2 32...................................................................................
.1.8.1 (32..............................................)Clustered Systems
.1.8.6 (23................................................ )Real-time
.1.8.2 (21................................................................. )hand held
.1.8.8 (23............................................... )Emedded Systems
.1.8.2 (23.................................... )Smart card Systems

.3.1 33 .................................................................................
.3.31 31 ......................................................................
.3.33 31 .................................................................

()5


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.1.1 11 ........................................................................
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.1.1 11 ....................................................................... timer
.1.1 11 .........................................................................
.1.1 11 ..............................................................
.3.2.1 16....................................................................
.3.2.3 12........................................................................................

.1.1 11 ....................................................................
.3.8.1 (12...............................................................................)Booting
.3.8.3 12.........................................................................

.1.1 13 .................................................................................
.1.31 11 ......................................................................
.1.33 13 .................................................................

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.3.3 11 ..................................................................................
.3.1 (11 .......................................... )Process Concept
.3.3 (11 ............................................. )process states
.3 .1 11 .........................................................................
.3.1 11 ..........................................................................
.3.1 11 ..........................................................................
.3.1 )11 ................... Process Control Blocks (PCB

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.3.1 11 ..................................................................
.1.31 11 .................................................................
3.33 13 ................................................................
.3.31 11 ......................................................................
.3.33 11 .................................................................

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.1.3 (11 ............................... )CPU I/O Burst Cycle
.1.1 11 ........................................................................
.1.1 (11 .................................... )Scheduling Criteria
.1.1 13 ..........................................................................
.1.1 (13 ........................ )Scheduling Algorithms
.2.1.1 (22................................. )First-Come, First served
.2.1.3 )21....................................Shortest-Job-First (SJF
.2.1.2 (133............................................................................ )Priority
.2.1.2 ()133................................................. )Round Robin (RR

.1.1 311 ...............................................

.1.1 311 ...............................................................................

: 331...............................................................
.1.3 331 .................................................................................
.1.1 331 ........................................................................
.1.3 331 ........................................................................
.1.2.1 (118............................................................ )user thread
.1.2.3 112.........................................................................................

.1.1 311 ...........................................................................

.1.2.1 133.......................................................................................

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.1.2.3 131.................................................................................

.1.1 311 .........................................................................

.1.1 313 ..................................... Context Switch
.1.1 311 ...................................................................
.1.2.1 132.................................................................................
.1.2.3 131.......................................................................................

.1.1 311 .............................................................. Pthreads

.1.8.1 136.........................................................................................
.1.8.3 132............................................................................. pthread1.c
1.8.2 132...........................................................................................

.1.1 331 ......................................................................

.1.31 333 ................................................................

: 331.....................................................................
.1.3 331 ................................................................................
.1.1 331 ............................................... Concurrency
.1.3 331 ......................................................................
.1.1 (331 ........................................................ )competition
.1.1 331 .........................................................
.6.1.1 (123..................... )reading and writing problem
.6.1.3 (123.................................. )producer-consumer
.6.1.2 (128...................... )Dining philosophers problem
.6.1.2 (111.......................)Cigarette smokers problem
.6.1.1 112.......................................................................... Rendezvous
.6.1.6 (112............................................... )sleeping barber

.1.1 311 .................................................................

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.1.3 (311 .................................................... )resource
.1.1 311 .....................................................................
.1.3 311 ........................................................................
.1.1 313 ....................................................................
.1.1 311 .................................................................
.1.1 313 .................................................................
.1.1 (311 .................. )Banker's algorithms

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.1.3 313 ...............................................................
.1.1 311 .................................................................
.1.3 311 .........................................................
.1.1 311 .......................................................................
.1.1 311 ...................................................................
.1.1 111 ........................................................
.1.1 111 .........................................................
.1.1 111 .......................................................................
.1.1 111 ..................................................................
.1.31 133 ................................................................
.1.33 (131 ............................... )Logical addresses
.1.31 (111 .................................................. )Paging
.1.33 (111 ................................................ )segementation
.1.31 131 .............................................................................
.1.31 133 ....................................................................

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.1.31 131 ...............................................................

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.1.3 113 ..........................................................................
.1.1 113 ............................................................
.1.3 111 ............................................................. Swapping
.1.1 111 ....................................................................
.1.1 113 .....................................................
.1.1 111 .....................................................
.1.1 ( ) 111 ..............................................
.1.1 111 ......................................................................
.1.1 113 .................................................................

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.31.3 111 ..............................................................................
.31.1 111 .............................................................
.31.3 (111 ........................................................ )controller
.31.1 ()111 .... )Direct Memory Access (DMA
.31.1 111 ..............................................................
.31.1 113 ..................................................
.31.1 111 ..............................................................
.31.1 (111 ............ )I/O software layers
.31.1 111 ....................................................................
.31.31 111 ...................................................................
.31.33 111 ............................................................

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.31.31 111 ..................................................................
.31.33 111 .............................................................

: 111........................................................
.33.3 111 ..............................................................
.33.1 111 ......................................................................
.33.3 (111 ........................................... )File Attributes
.33.1 111 .............................................................
.33.1 311 ......................................................................
.33.1 311 ........................................... access method
.33.1 311 ....................................... Directory structures
.33.1 313 .............................................................................
.33.1 311 ......................................................................

: 331........................................................
.31.3 331 ..............................................................................
.31.1 331 ....................................................
.31.3 331 ...............................................................
.31.1 (333 ..................................... )DSM
.31.1 )331 .... Network Operating System (NOS
.31.1 331 .............................................. middleware
.31.1 311 .............................................................................

311.......................................................................................
311 ....................................................................................
311 ................................................................................

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()Porcesses
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(.)CPU scheduling
(.)Process synchronization
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()75



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Imports System
Imports System.Diagnostics
Module Module1
)(Sub Main
Dim thisProcess As Process
thisProcess = Process.GetCurrentProcess
Dim pname As String = thisProcess.ProcessName
Dim started As DateTime = thisProcess.StartTime
Dim pID As Integer = thisProcess.Id
Dim mem As Integer = thisProcess.VirtualMemorySize64
Dim phymem As Integer = thisProcess.WorkingSet64

()78


Dim primem As Integer = thisProcess.PrivateMemorySize64
Dim priority As Integer = thisProcess.BasePriority
Dim priClass As ProcessPriorityClass =
thisProcess.PriorityClass
Dim cpuTime As TimeSpan =
thisProcess.TotalProcessorTime
Console.WriteLine("Process : {0}, ID: {1}", pname,pID)
Console.WriteLine("
started: {0}", started.ToString)
Console.WriteLine(" CPU time: {0}", cpuTime.ToString)
Console.WriteLine(" priority class: {0}, priorty:
{1}", priClass, priority)
Console.WriteLine(" virtual memory: {0}", mem)
Console.WriteLine(" private memory: {0}", primem)
Console.WriteLine(" physical memory: {0}", phymem)
Console.WriteLine(" try to change priority ..")
thisProcess.PriorityClass = ProcessPriorityClass.High
priClass = thisProcess.PriorityClass
Console.WriteLine(" new priority class: {0}",
priClass)
Console.Read()
End Sub
End Module

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allProc = Process.GetProcesses()
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Foreach thisProc as Process in allProc

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long-term scheduler (or job
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short-term scheduler (or CPU
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:

()92


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:
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: .
: .
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24

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()94


P1 P2 P3

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.0 = (07 = 2/)37+34+1 .
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= :
01 = 1 - )01 + 1( = P1
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= ( 04.5 =4/)01 +36 +5 +07 .

()4

.

()98

P1

P2

P3

P4

1 = 1 - 1 = P1
6 = 3 - 9 = P2
2 = 4 - 7 = P3
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= ( 01.75 =4/)06+03+9+7 .

()5
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P2

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P4

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3 = 1 ))3-00(+1( = P1
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1 = 4 4 = P3
3 = 5 7 = P4
= ( 2 = 4/)3+1+0+3 .
= ( 3.75 =4/)00+5+7+06 .

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5
7 5 7 .
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P2

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31 .

P1

53

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17

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68

P4

24

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90 = )37-030(+)31-77(+1 = P1
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C# VB.NET
C,C++,JAVA
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.

( )console application
basic.NET :

()015

visual


Dim x, y As Integer
Console.Write("Enter number of processes: ")
x = Console.ReadLine()
Dim z(x - 1) As Integer
For y = 0 To x - 1
Console.WriteLine(" Enter burst time for process " & y)
z(y) = Console.ReadLine()
Next

) (
:) FCFS(
wt(0) = 0
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wt(i) = z(i - 1) + wt(i - 1)
Next

wt(0)=0
w(1) = z(0) + wt(0)
.
)wt(
:)awt(
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim x, y As Integer
Console.Write("Enter number of processes: ")
x = Console.ReadLine()
Dim z(x - 1), z2(x - 1), wt(x - 1) As Integer
For y = 0 To x - 1
Console.WriteLine(" Enter burst time for process " & y)
z(y) = Console.ReadLine()
Next
Dim twt As Double = 0.0
For i = 0 To x - 1
z2(i) = z(i)
Console.WriteLine("Burst time for p" & i & " = " & z2(i))
Next
wt(0) = 0
For i = 1 To x - 1
wt(i) = z(i - 1) + wt(i - 1)
Next
For i = 0 To x 1
Console.WriteLine("waiting time for p" & i & " = " & wt(i))
twt = twt + wt(i)

)016(


Next
Dim Awt As Double = Twt / x
Console.WriteLine("Total
Weighting Time=" & twt)
Console.WriteLine("Average Weighting Time= " & Awt)
Console.Read()
End Module

)017(

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pthread1.c

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.
:
C compiler: cc -lpthread pthread1.c

C++ compiler: g++ -lpthread pthread1.c

:
./a.out
:

()027


Thread 1
Thread 2
Thread 1 returns: 0
Thread 2 returns: 0
)2-5(
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
void *p_message( void *ptr );

main(){
pthread_t thread1, thread2;
char *m1 = "Thread 1";
char *m2 = "Thread 2";
int r1, r2;
/* * /
/* * /
r1 = pthread_create( &thread1, NULL, p_message, (void*) m1);
/* * /
r2 = pthread_create( &thread2, NULL, p_message, (void*) m2);
/* * /
pthread_join( thread1, NULL);
pthread_join( thread2, NULL);
printf("Thread 1 returns: %d\n",r1);
printf("Thread 2 returns: %d\n",r2);
exit(0);
}

)028(


*/ */
) void *print_message_function( void *ptr
;{ char *message
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;)printf("%s \n", message
}

5.8.2
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pthread :
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Enter number of Fibonacci numbers to generate ? 5
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Enter number to generate primes less than or equal to ? 5
2,3,5

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item . :
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( ) .
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int count
{ )(procedure producer

()043


while (true) {
item = produceItem()
if (count == BUFFER_SIZE) {
sleep()
}
putItemIntoBuffer(item)
count = count + 1
if (count == 1) {
wakeup(consumer)
}
}
}
procedure consumer() {
while (true) {
if (count == 0) {
sleep()
}
item = removeItemFromBuffer()
count = count - 1
if (count == BUFFER_SIZE - 1) {

)044(


)wakeup(producer
}
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}
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fillCount

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semaphore emptyCount = BUFFER_SIZE
{ )(procedure producer
{ )while (true
)(item = produceItem
)down(emptyCount
)putItemIntoBuffer(item
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}
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choose smokers i and j nondeterministically
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make a cigarette
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smoke the cigarette
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Semaphore Customers = 0
Semaphore Barber = 0
Semaphore accessSeats (mutex) = 1
int NumberOfFreeSeats = N //

:
while(true) { //
P(Customers) //
P(accessSeats) //

NumberOfFreeSeats++ //
V(Barber) //
V(accessSeats) //
//

()054

:
while(true) { //
P(accessSeats) //
if ( NumberOfFreeSeats > 0 ) { //
NumberOfFreeSeats-- //

V(Customers) //
V(accessSeats) //
P(Barber) //

//
} else { //
V(accessSeats) //
//
}
}

()055

.6.6
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1

Pmax

Pcurr
A=(3,1,1) :
Pmax Pcurr
:
Dim Pmax(2, 2), Pcurr(2, 2), avl(2) As Integer
Pmax(0, 0) = 3
Pmax(0, 1) = 3
Pmax(0, 2) = 2
Pmax(1, 0) = 1
Pmax(1, 1) = 2
Pmax(1, 2) = 3
Pmax(2, 0) = 1

()081


Pmax(2, 1) = 1
Pmax(2, 2) = 5
Pcurr(0, 0) = 1
Pcurr(0, 1) = 2
Pcurr(0, 2) = 2
Pcurr(1, 0) = 1
Pcurr(1, 1) = 0
Pcurr(1, 2) = 3
Pcurr(2, 0) = 1
Pcurr(2, 1) = 1
Pcurr(2, 2) = 1

:
avl(0) = 3
avl(1) = 1
avl(2) = 1

: j
For i = 0 To 2
Console.Write(Pmax(j, i) - Pcurr(j, i) & "
Next

")

: j ) avl(
For i = 0 To 2
If ((Pmax(j, i) - Pcurr(j, i)) <= avl(i)) Then
Console.Write(avl(i) - (Pmax(j, i) - Pcurr(j, i)))
Else
Console.Write("not enough")
' stop
End If
Next

)080(

.7.8
.0
.3
.2 ( )
( )
.4
.0
.3
.2
.4
.5 ( )safe

.6
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()082


.2
.4
.9
:


.3

E C
R .

() A ()2 1 0 0
()

()083



A C A
A ( )
A A (1 1

)1 1

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C R:

new A R
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C R:

() A ()
( ).
.01

()084

( )R :
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C R:

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C R:

()085

( )3 0 1 2 .

.00
.0
.3 ( )Kill

.03
A,B,C Has
Max (
).

( )

()086

()

( )

()087

.7.9
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()
(
) :

D A B C D
2 2 6 2 1
0
6
2
6

C
1
5
5
5
5

B
2
7
3
6
6

A
2
1
2
0
0

D
2
0
3
2
3

C
1
0
4
4
3

B
0
2
3
6
2

A
1
1
1
0
0

P0
P1
P2
P3
P4

P0 0 A 3
0 .A 3 D 3
.D
:
( )
( )safe state
P0 0 1 1 0
P1 0 3 3 0
.3

( ) ( )
( )

()088

()089

()091

()090

Main Memory Management
( )ram
2MB Ram
2 2097152 = 2* 1024 * 1024
.

. .
( ()one CPU clock
) ( ) .
() .

.
.

. ( ).

( ) .

.
:
.
.

()092


.
.
() .
(.)swap
.

.8.0

()

. .
1 ( )MB :
0149576 = 0134 * 0134 * 0


(.)1-8

0
1
2
3

...
1048576

()093


( :)0-9 .

.8.3
:
.
.
: .
: .
: .
:
.
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.

()094

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0391

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.

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( )
(
) .


.
.

()095


( L1 )L2
( .)3-8
( .)consistent
.

.8.3

:


.
( )non volatile .

. .
()
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.
. .
( ) .

.8.4
:

()096


.
.
.
2 ( ).
4
.
2
7
:

.

(
).



.
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.

()097

( :)2-9 .

4
(
).
2


.

( ) .
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( )rom

.

()098

.8.5
( )2-9
()


.
.
( ) .
(
)
.
:
( ).
( ).
(.)fixed partitions
.
.
.
.

()099

.8.6
()single program



( )single task ( single
)program (.)2-8

( :)4-9 .

.8.6.0

:
:
o
(.)1-8
o
( ).
o .

()211


:


.

( :)5-9 .

.8.6.3


(
.)not enough memory


( )Protection register


.

()210




.
.DOS

.8.7

( )multitasking
( .)multiprogramming .

( )media player .
.
( )DOS
( .).
:
.
( )single processor
.
( )dual core ()multiprocessor
.
.9.7.0

.
.9.7.0.0 ( )

()212


( )2.9
( ) :
.
.

( ).
.

().
.
.

() .


(
) . () ()
.
.9.7.0.3

()213



.
.9.7.0.2 ( )


.
.

.
( )multi-core (.)multiprocessor

.8.8

.

.

()214

( :)6-9 (.)0 -9

.9.9.0

.

1
2
3
4

10
20
50
200

244

( :)0-9 .

( )0-9 ( .)6-9 :
( 4 4 ).
2 ( ).
311 ( .)4

()215


( )0-9 (.)7-9

( :)7-9 (.)0 -9

.9.9.3

:
( :)best-fit

() .
( :)first-fit


.
( :)worst-fit

()216


(
).
()0-9
P3=200 P2=50 P1=10
( )0-9

( :)best-fit P1 0 P2 4
P3 ( ) (.)9-9
( :)first-best P1 0 P2 4
P3 ( ) (.)9-9
( :)worst-fit P1 4 P2
P3 )031=01-311( 4 .

( :)9-9 (.)0-9

( )3-9

()217

.0 .
.3 :
P1=5, p2=100, p3=40, p4=500, p5=200 :
ff
bf
wf
()2-9
():
100k, 500k, 200k, 300k, 600k

()218


( )ff ( )bf
( )wf :
P1=212k, p2=417k, p3=112k, p4=426k

:
( ).

()

(:)ff

212 417 500 112 600

( 288 426 )500-212=288.
( )

(:)bf

212 417 300 112 500 426 200

600
( )

(:)wf

212 417 600 112 500 426 388.

( )bf .

.8.9

( )
(.)3-9

()219

( )0( :)3-9 ( )3 51
( )2 311.

.9.3.0 ()fragmentations
External Fragmentation
( )3-9
(.)01-9
:Internal Fragmentation

4 (.)9-9
compaction
.
:
.
.

()201


.
.
.
()4-8
936 .
334 231 399 64
(( )01-9) :
=
64 = )399+334+231( 936.
039
.64 > 039
.
.
( )fragmentation (( )01-9) .

(( )01-9).
()0-9
250k (h )01-9
:
96+96+64=256K

()200

( :)01-9.

()3-9
250k ()00-9
.

()202

( :)00-9 .

.9.3.3 ( )defrag ()compaction

( )


.
( )h( )01-9
.96+96+64=256K

.8.01

( )
.
.9.01.0 Relocation

( )swap
.

()203



.
530
611 611
(.)03-9

0
521
...
75

600

( :)03-9 .

630 (-9
.)02 611 611
.

0
...
75
...

600
621

...
700
...
( :)02-9

()204


711 711
011 .011+711
.
.9.01.3 Protection

. ( )malicious program
(
( )jump ) .
.
.9.01.2

( )base (.)limit

(.)12-8

()205


( :)04-9 .

( 3 )
( )
.
( )Load 345 :
245 ()limit ()
( trap: address
.)error

:
)Load (123+16000
(.)05-9

.

( :)05-9 .

()206

.8.00 ()Logical addresses

( ( physical
))addresses .
( ( .))virtual addresses
(073
) (.)06-9

...
75
...

111
110
113
112
114
...
076
077
079
073

...

111
611
630
633
632
634
635
...
737
739
733
911

( :)06-9 .

: ( Memory
).)Management Unit (MMU
.9.00.0 ( )MMU

()207


()

( MMU
)246 MMU (
)04246 (-9
.)05
.9.00.3

( )base register MMU
( ) .
( )06-9 630
.073 MMU
.
:
0-
: + 0-

.
( )06-9
630 .
MMU .
()1-8
( )11-8 :

()208


2
122
333

( )11-8 ( )631
( .)122 MMU

:
631 = 631 + 2
228 = 631 + 122
.
()6-8
:
631
228
1333

:
2 = 631 631
122 = 631 228

()209


( 322 = 631 1333 ).

.8.02 ()Paging
:
.
.

()


.
(
) (
)
.
.9.03.0

( )pages (
) ( .)frames
(.)3-3

.
Internal fragmentation .
4kb 110kb
:

()221


110/4 = 27 2 27
2kb (
2kb )2kb
28 2kb .
.9.03.3
:
( ).
( .)offset

( :)07-9 .

p=7 d=20 ( 30
) .
:
.
().
( )hardware
.
.

()220

( :)09-9 .

( )09-9
()

.


(.)03-9

()222

( :)03-9 .

()7-9
( (:))5-3

( ) :

()9-9

()223



.
a

a ( )
(=)

( )4 :
5 x 4 + 0 = 20
31 .a
p 3 3 3 2
( ) p :
2 x 4 + 3 =11
11 p.

()224

( :)31-9 .

()3-9
4
.

()225

( :)30-9 .

( :)33-9 .

.9.03.2

()226



( )bit
. v ( )valid
i ( )in-valid
. (.)32-9

( :)32-9 .

( )32-9 0,1,2,3,4,5
v 5,7
i .
.9.03.4 Shared Pages

()227


.
.
.9.03.4.0 Shared code
.
logical
address space ( )34-9 ed
(.)246
.9.04.4.3 Private code and data
.

logical address space ( )34-9
(.)p1=1, p3=2, p2=7

()228


( :)34-9 .

.8.03 ()segementation


.

( )stack.
(-9
.)35

( :)35-9 .

.9.02.0
: (segment-
.) offsetnumber

()229




( .)limit
( )segemet table
.

(.)36-9

( :)36-9 .

()3-9
( )37-9 5
.

()231

( :)37-9 .

0 .20

20 .1400
( 20 )1000
.

()230


+
1420 =20+1400
()01-9
:

1400
1000

( ).
.

.8.04

.


.
.
.
.

.

()232

.8.05
.1 ( )segment table:

/ ()limit

()base
0

300

600

7000

20

300

1000

6000

900

100

:
0, 500
1, 10
2, 500
3, 2400
4, 99

:

()233

2,500 500 (
.)300

.8.06
.1

()234


.3
.2
.2

.1
.6

.2 / (
)
.2.1 :




.2.3 :
633 233 333 133 133
:
P1=5, p2=100, p3=300, p4=500, p5=200, P6=600
:
P6 ff

()235


P6 bf
P6 wf
.2.2 :
CPU
MPU
MMU
MNU
.2.2 2 100K
90K 110K 300K
.300K
.
.
.
.
.7.5

100 K 3 K
:
22 o
24 o
22 o
24 o

()236

.8 ( )
.
.

.
.2 ( )38-8 .

( :)39-9.

233323
133233 .
:
1111 131 132216

()237


:
233323 233322 233323
.01
.00
v
i

()238

()239

()241

()Virtual Memory

.9.0


() .
.
.
.
:
.
.

( )virtual memory

.

.9.2

. (
)
.

.

()240



( )
(.)swap

.9.3

Swapping

( )
. ( )0-3:
( ) (.)swap out
( ) (.)swap in

( :)0-3.

.9.4

:
o .
o .
o .
:

()242


o .
o .

.9.5

.
. ( )3-3 9
06 . 9
( )X ( ).

( :)3-3.

()243


:
.

o
o


( )
( )

.
.3.5.0 ()page fault
( )
page fault
.
:
.abort
:
o .
o .
o
.

()244


o v .
.page fault

( )swap (
) .
(
) .

(
.)page faults
.3.5.3 Page Replacement

()245



.
:
.0
.3 .
.2 victim
.frame
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .

()246

.9.6
Page Replacement Algorithms
:
( )first come first out
)(fifo
( )optimal
LRU
LRU approxmination
.
.

page-fault

page faults
.

:
1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
0 3 2.
.3.6.0 ()FIFO

()247


( ) .

.
.
()6-3
:
1,2,3,2,1,5,2,1,6,2,5,6,3,1,3,6,1,2,4,3
( )page fault 2 .

0
( )
( 3 )
( 2
) . 2 .
3 ( 0 (
)) . 5

0
5 .4 3
0 (
)6 3 0 .
14
..

()248

.3.6.3
.
()7-3
:
1,2,3,2,1,5,2,1,6,2,5,6,3,1,3,6,1,2,4,3
( )page fault 3 .

3 2 1
3 . 1 2
. 5
.
( )3 21 :
1 5
2 5.
3 6 5
.5 21

()249


2 1
6 1 .
:

9 .
.3.6.2 ())least recently used (LRU

.
( ).
()9-3
:
1,2,3,2,1,5,2,1,6,2,5,6,3,1,3,6,1,2,4,3
( )page fault 3 .

3 2 1
3 . 1 2
. 5
.
( )3 21 :
1 .

()251


2 .1
3 2
5
.5 21
2 1
6 5
. :

11 .
.3.6.4 ()counting-based

.
.:
.3.6.4.0 ())least frequently used (LFU
( )

.

.
.
.3.6.4.3 ())most frequently use (MFU

()250




( ).
.
.3.6.5 ()Second chance
( )FIFO

.
.

:

( )clear
( )set .
( )clearit
.
.3.6.6 ()Clock

()252


.



.
C
D
.

.3.6.7
( C/C++ )


.:
Choose page replacement algorithm:
1. FIFO
2. Optimal
3. LRU

1
Enter number of pages in logical memory:

4
Enter number of frames in physical memory:

()253


Enter reference string:

0 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1
frame 0
frame 1
page 0 at frame 0
page 1 at frame 1
page 2 at frame 0
page 3 at frame 1
page 1 at frame 0
page 2 at frame 1

Solution:
0: PAGE FAULT -- added at
1: PAGE FAULT -- added at
2: PAGE FAULT -- replaces
1: found at frame 1
3: PAGE FAULT -- replaces
1: PAGE FAULT -- replaces
3: found at frame 1
2: PAGE FAULT -- replaces
1: found at frame 0
3: PAGE FAULT -- replaces
1: PAGE FAULT -- replaces
Number of page fault= 8

( 8 ):
0 1 2 3 4 8 9 10 11 12 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 8 9 10 11 0 1 2
5 6 5 6 5 6 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

.9.7 ( )


.


.
.
:XP
My Computer .Properties

()254

Advanced Settings Performance

Advanced Change

()255

Initial size Set

()256

()257

.9.8
.0 (:)page refrence string

( )page faults

:
* FIFO
* LRU

LRU

20

18

15

()258


10

8 .

7 .

7
:FIFO

20 .

18 .

()259

16 .

14 .

10 .

10 .

7 .

()261

.9.9
.3
.2
.4 ( )swapping
.5
.6
.7 :
1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
( )page fault FIFO
:
o .
o .
o .
o .
o .
o .
o .

()260


.9 :
7,0,1,2,0,3,0,4,2,3,0,3,2,1,2,0,1,7,0,1
:
o FIFO
o ( )optimal
o LRU
o ( )
.3 ( )
:
1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 6, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6
( )
:FIFO
o
o
o
o
o

3
03
04
31
____________

()262


:
SWAP IN o
SWAP OUT o
SWAPPING o
STORING o
:
1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 6, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6
( ) FIFO:
o
o
o
o
o

3
03
04
31
____________

:
o .
o .
o .
o .
o .
o .v
o page fault

()263

()264

()265

()266

()Devices Manager

.01.0

( ) .

( ) .
.
.
.
.

.

.01.2

.
.

.
( peripheral
)devices
.

()267


( )device
.
:
(.)block
(.)character

.

.

(.)interrupts

.

( )device drivers
.

.
( )device driver ( new
)device
.

.01.3 ()controller
:

()268


.0 ( )controller (.)adapter
.3 .

( :)0-01 .

.
.

( )
.

:
.
(.)On or off
.
()buffer
.
()0-01

()269


( )video ram

.

.01.4
))(DMA

( Direct Memory Access

DMA
.
( )controllers DMA
. DMA .
DMA
.
.
.
DMA
. :
DMA (
( )).
( ).
DMA .
DMA ( )interrupt
.

()271

( :)3-01 .DMA

.01.4.0 DMA XP
DMA ( device
)manager IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers
.
channel ( )properties
Advanced settings Transfer Mode
( .)-2-01 DMA
(
) .

()270

( :)2-01 DMA .

.01.5
.01.5.0

.
0
2 .
.
DMA .
.01.5.3

.

.

()272




.
.01.5.2


.
.01.5.4

.
.01.5.5


.

.01.6
Principles of I/O Software

:
( )device independence
.

.

()273


( :)uniform naming
. .
( :)error handling .

( )device driver
.
( Synchronous vs. asynchronous
:)transfers
DMA
. .
( )device driver ()block
( )unblock .
( :)buffering

.
( )shared devices ( :)dedicated


.
( .)tape
.

.01.7
:
o .
o .

()274


o .DMA
.01.7.0 ()Programmed I/O
:
.0
.3 / /
.2 .
.4 / .0
OSMAN :
.


.
.

.
.
.01.7.3 ()Interrupt-Driven I/O

.

()275




.
.01.7.2 )I/O Using DMA ( DMA

.
. DMA DMA

.

.01.8 ()I/O software layers

.
( )4-01 .

( :)4-01 .

.01.9.0

( )driver
. .
.01.9.3 ()device drivers

()276


.
.
.
. .
(.)5-01

( :)5-01 .

.01.9.2
:
o .
o .buffer
o .
o .
o .

()277


.01.9.2.0


.

( )b( :)6-01 .
( )a .

(.)6-01
.01.9.2.3

( ) (
) .
.

. .
.01.9.2.2

()278



().

.

.01.9.2.4 ( )

.
01.9.2.5

.
.
.01.9.4

.
.

.01.9


.
:
(
) .

()279


( )7-01
.

( :)7-01 .
.
.01.3.0




(.)9-01
.01.3.3

()281



5 01 .

( :)9-01 .

5 01 .

5 231 .
.
.01.3.2
()
.
()
.

()280

( :)3-01 .

.01.3.4 ( )tracks ()sector

503
(.)3-01
.01.3.5 ()



. .
( )01-01 .

.

()282

( :)01-01 .

()0-01

202 :
= 203
= 10
= 10
= 203
()3-01
( )0-01 40000 :
() .
.
.

()283


800000.
.

=
203 x 40000 = 8120000
= = 400000
=
203 x 400000 = 81200000
:
800000 / 40000 = 20
20/10 =10 :

.01.01

.

:
(.)seek time

(.)rotational latency
(.)transfer rate

()284



( )
.

( .)requests pending queue
(
).

. :
(.)First come first served
( .)shortest seek time first
( )elevator .Scan
LOOK
( .)C-Scan
C-LOOK
.

()2-01
( )
:
98, 183, 122, 37, 14, 124, 65, 67

()285


.53
.

FCFS (
) ( ):
53, 98, 183, 122, 37, 14, 124, 65, 67

SSTF
( )
.
:
53, 65, 67, 37, 14, 98, 122, 124, 183

()286


SCAN
( )
(
)
:
53, 37, 14, 0, 65, 67, 98, 122, 124, 183, 199

LOOK
( )
( )

( ) . :
53, 37, 14, 65, 67, 98, 122, 124, 183
C-SCAN
( )
(
)
.
( ) . .
:

()287


53, 65, 67, 98, 122, 124, 183, 14, 37

C-LOOK C-SCAN
( )
( )
( )
( )
. :
53, 65, 67, 98, 122, 124, 183, 14, 37

()288

.01.00
.

. FCFS :
Dim req(10), Current_Track, distance As Integer
req(0) = 86
req(1) = 1470
req(2) = 913
req(3) = 1774
req(4) = 948
req(5) = 1509
req(6) = 1022
req(7) = 1750
req(8) = 130
distance = 0
Current_Track = 143
For i = 0 To 8
))distance = distance + Math.Abs(Current_Track - req(i
)Current_Track = req(i
Next
)Console.WriteLine("Distance using FCFS = " & distance
)(Console.Read

req
Current_Track for
.distance .

()289

.01.02
.0 5000 0 .4999
143 .125
:
86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130
( )143
:

FCFS
SSTF
SCAN
LOOK
C-SCAN
C-LOOK

() :FCFS :
143, 86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130
7081
() :SSTF :
143, 130, 86, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774
1745
() SCAN :
143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 130, 86
9769

()291


() LOOK :
143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 130, 86
3319
() :C-SCAN :
143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 0, 86, 130
9813
() :C-LOOK :
143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 86, 130
3363
.3 DMA
.
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* 23, 89, 132, 42, 187 :
* 200 : 0 199
* : 100

:

FCFS
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SCAN
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()290

() :FCFS 276 :

() :SSTF 273 :

() : SCAN 101 :

() LOOK 241 :

()292


() :C-SCAN 366 :

() :C-LOOK 296 :

()293

.01.03
.0
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()294

()295

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()316


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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 288 2005-11-13 19:24 /etc/hosts
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()320

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{ Monitor mn
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public:

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()328


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;x++
};)Signal(unblocked

else
{)(void decr
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;Blocked_process++
;)Wait(unblocked
;Blocked_process--
}
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f1 m1 m2 .f2
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()337

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middleware

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(.)single coherent system

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()339


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( :)00-03

()341


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()340


()



( ).
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()objects
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( )method
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. .URL

http://www.sustech.edu

:
.
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.
.

()342


.
.

( ).
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:
( ) :
.
(.)RPC
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( :)naming
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.
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.

. .

()343


( )interface .
.

.


( )portability .

()344

.02.7

()345

()346

()347

()348


) (

Tanenbaum, A.S., (2009), Modern operating system, 3rd

edition, Pearson Education (Prentice Hall)

Galvin, S. (2009), OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS,

8th Edition, Addison Wesley

Que Corporation (1990), USING UNIX, Que

Flynn, I.M., McHoes, A.M. (2001), Understanding

operating systems (3rd ed.), Brooks/Cole Publishing
Co. Pacific Grove, CA, USA

Crowley, C. (1997), Operating Systems A DesignOriented Approach, IRWIN.

)349(


()

Process

Thread

Scheduling

Deadlock

Memory

Virtual memory

Performance

Efficiency

Cluster

Multiprocessor

Multitasking

Cache memory

Main memory

Registers

Processor

Resource

Page Fault

()351

Page Replacement

Swap

Main memory

Cache memory

Device drivers

()350


) (

0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001

yoctosecond [ ys ]

0,000 000 000 000 000 000 001

zeptosecond [ zs ]

0,000 000 000 000 000 001

attosecond [ as ]

0,000 000 000 000 001

femtosecond [ fs ]

0,000 000 000 001 [ trillionth ]

picosecond [ ps ]

0,000 000 001 [ billionth ]

nanosecond [ ns ]

0,000 001 [ millionth ]

microsecond [ s ]

0,001 [ thousandth ]

millisecond [ ms ]

0.01 [ hundredth ]

centisecond [ cs ]

1.0

second [ s ]

60 seconds

= 1 minute [ mean solar

]

59.83617 seconds

= 1 minute [ sidereal ]

60 minutes

= 1 hour

)352(


24 hours

= 1 day

3,600 seconds

= 1 hour

86,400 seconds

= 1 day [ mean solar ]

86,164.09 seconds

= 1 day [ sidereal ]

7 days

= 1 week

168 hours

= 1 week

14 days

= 1 fortnight

28, 29, 30 or 31 days

= 1 month

365 days

= 1 year

366 days

= 1 leap year

12 months

= 1 year

31,536,000 seconds

= 1 year [ calendar ]

31,558,150 seconds

= 1 year [ sidereal ]

31,556,930 seconds

= 1 year [ tropical ]

9,460,550,000,000,000 metres

= 1 light year

299,792,458 metres per second ( m/s )

= speed of light

Parsec

= approx. 3.25 light

years

)353(

http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_time.htm :

)354(


()

( )

.C
:
C
( ):

( gedit ).
.
creatProcess.c
:
o cc -o creatProcess creatProcess.c
:
o ./ creatProcess
()1
>#include <stdio.h
>#include <sys/types.h
#define MAX_COUNT 200
void ChildProcess(void); /* child process prototype */
void ParentProcess(void); /* parent process prototype */
{ )void main(void
;pid_t pid

()355


pid = fork();
if (pid == 0)
ChildProcess();
else ParentProcess();
}
void ChildProcess(void) {
int i=5;
printf(" This line is from child, value = %d\n", i);
printf(" *** Child process is done ***\n");
}
void ParentProcess(void) {
int i=9;
printf("This line is from parent, value = %d\n", i);
printf("*** Parent is done ***\n");
}

)2(

)356(



fork() C++
.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
// Required by for routine
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
using namespace std;
int globalVariable = 2;
main()
{
string sIdentifier;
int
iStackVariable = 20;
pid_t pID = fork();
if (pID == 0)
// child
{
// Code only executed by child process
sIdentifier = "Child Process: ";
globalVariable++;
iStackVariable++;
}
else if (pID < 0)
// failed to fork
{
cerr << "Failed to fork" << endl;
exit(1);
// Throw exception
}
else
// parent
{
// Code only executed by parent process
sIdentifier = "Parent Process:";
}
// Code executed by both parent and child.
cout << sIdentifier;
cout << " Global variable: " << globalVariable;

)357(


cout << " Stack variable: "

<< iStackVariable << endl;

)3(
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
pid_t pid; /* * /
char *message;
int n;
printf("fork program starting");
()
pid = fork();
switch(pid) {
case -1: exit(1);
case 0: message = "this is the child process"; n = 3;
break;
default: message = "this is the parent process"; n = 6;
break;
}
for(; n > 0; n-) {
puts(message);
sleep(1);
}
exit(0);

)358(


}

fork
:
;)(pid = fork
pid (
( ))unique
.pid
.-1
:
kill -9 [PID] $
PID 0227
:
$ $kill -9 1337
C:
;) kill( 1337, SIGKILL
()4
)( fork
execlp exec . )(.exit
wait .
)(int main
{

()359


pid_t pid;
/* fork another process */
pid = fork();
if (pid < 0) { /* error occurred */
fprintf(stderr, "Fork Failed");
exit(-1);
}
else if (pid == 0) { /* child process */
execlp("/bin/ls", "ls", NULL);
}
else { /* parent process */
/* parent will wait for the child to complete */
wait (NULL);
printf ("Child Complete");
exit(0);
}
}
)5(

)361(

()360


Hello 2 12 Hello 1 8 . fork
)( funct .for
. .

()6
C child1
)( .fork .child2
. 3
child1 4 child2
.5
. .
;)(int pid = fork
{)if (pid==0
;)(pid=fork
{ )if (pid==0
;)printf(child 2 %d \n", 3*3
)(exit

()362


}
printf("child2 %d\n", 4*4);
exit();
}
Printf("parent %d\n", 5*5);
Wait(NULL);}
. :Wait()
)6(
:
int pid=fork()
if (pid==0){
while(1)
printf("child");
} else {
while(1)
printf("Parent ");}

)363(

()
8.01 9.14
:

)Demo and full Installation ( :

( )full installation
(.)live CD
)Install inside windows( :
.
)Learn more( : (
).

()364


( )
Demo and full Installation
:

Reboot now .Finish

.
. :
( Try Ubuntu without any change to your computer
)
( Install Ubuntu )

()365


()live CD
( : )Try Ubuntu
( )live CD .

( )Install Ubuntu
.

( )partition (
- ( )computer management
C.

.
( C) (
C ).

()366


( )new partition
Acronis PartitionExpert
.Partition magic
C D C (
.

Install Ubuntu (
) :
.0 ( )English.

.3 ( ) ().

()367

.2 (
) Arabic -> Arabic-qwert/digits

.4 :

()368

.a manual

.b :

()369

.c ( )E D c
E Delete
.partition

.d ( )free space

()371


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2000 )4111 ()swap
.

.f
( )
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.

.g :

()370

.5 .

.6 windows XP
( ).

()372

.7 .

.9 .

.3 .

()373


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.
:
:
:swap

.
:/

.

()374


( )

( )01GB

Install inside windows :

( )language
( ) ( )installation drive
( )installation size ( )user name
( )password . .install
:

()375

()376

Reboot now Finish .

( ) :
Windows XP operating System
Ubuntu

Ubuntu .Enter .

()377