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10143228 501 1007 DWDM.PO.FOP.TM.AE
Understanding DWDM and ROADM Networks
Crosstalk (XT)
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
Crosstalk occurs in devices that filter and separate wavelengths. A pro-
portion of optical power intended for a specific channel is found in an
adjacent or different channel.
Effects: generation of additional
noise affecting optical signal to
noise ratios (OSNR), leading to
bit errors.
Solutions: use appropriate
optical channel spacing, for
example 0.4 nm 10 Gb/s.
This interference phenomenon produces unwanted signals from three
frequencies (fxyz = fx+fy-fz) known as ghost channels. As three channels
automatically induce a fourth, the term four wave mixing is used. FWM
is problematic in systems using dispersion shifted fibers (DSF). Wave-
lengths traveling at the same speed at a constant phase over long
periods increase the effect of FWM.
Effects: power transfer to new
signal frequencies (harmonics),
channel crosstalk and bit errors.
Solutions: use of fibers with
CD, irregular channel spacing.
Chromatic Dispersion (CD)
CD the phenomenon of the different wavelengths of an optical pulse
traveling at different velocities along a fiber and arriving at different
times in the receiver.
Effects: decrease of peak power,
pulse broadening and bit errors.
Solutions: use of fibers or
modules with reverse CD
values (DCF/DCM).
Positive chromatic dispersion
X
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
PMD the effect of the different polarization modes (fast axis and slow
axis) of a signal statistically traveling at different velocities due to fiber
imperfections. Time difference is called Differential Group Delay (DGD).
Effects: decrease of peak power
distortion of pulse shape and
bit errors.
Solutions: careful fiber
laying (no stress), use of new
fiber with low PMD values,
exact fiber geometry.
DWDMsignal
Crosstalk
1-3
1
2
3
D
E
M
U
X

Original channels
Interference products
f1
1
3
f1
3
2
f2
2
3
f2
3
1
f3
1
2
f2
2
1
f2
2
3
f1
1
2
f3
2
1
f3
3
1
f2
3
1
f3
3
2
f
DGD
Slow
Fast
Optical Bands
40GModulation Techniques
SSMF Standard single mode fiber AWF All wave fiber
O Original band C Conventional band
E Extended band L Long band
S Short band U Ultra long band
CWDM ITU-T G.694.2: n = 1271 nm+n
max. 18 channels
DWDM ITU-T G.694.1: fn = frn
fr = 193.10 THz = 1552.12 nm
C-band 196.0 - 191.5 THz (1529.54 - 1565.48 nm)
L-band 191.5 - 184.5 THz (1565.48 - 1624.88 nm)
A
tte
n
u
a
tio
n
(d
B
/km
)
AWF
SSMF
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavelength (nm)
1260
1360
1460
1530
1565
1625
1675
O E S L U C
C-band 22 45 90 180 360
L-band 35 70 140 280 560
MaximumNumber of Channels
Channel spacing [GHz] 200 100 50 25 12.5
nm 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1
MaximumNumber of Channels (at 1550 nm)
GHz 200 100 50 25 12.5
= {c/
2
}
NRZ Eye pattern
O
p
tical sp
ectru
m
High CD Low CD
High PMD Low PMD
CD
PMD
C
o
m
p
le
x
ity
/c
o
st
D
ista
n
c
e
NRZ-DPSK RZ-DPSK
NRZ-DQPSK RZ-DQPSK
NRZ-DB
NRZ
NRZ
New modulation techniques are used in high
speed 40G networks to shift dispersion limitations.
NRZ formats are used to overcome large CD.
RZ formats are used to handle high PMD.
A modulation of the phase is used to increase
transmission distance affecting complexity and cost of the system.
The modulation techniques have direct impact on the optical spectrum and
the eye pattern.
NRZ Non Return to Zero
RZ Return to Zero
DB Duo Binary

DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying
DQPSK Differential Quadrature
Phase Shift Keying
Understanding DWDM and ROADM Networks
Optical Transport Networks
Span Loss and
Dispersion Management of a Link
Tx
Power
DGD
OSNR
0
OAM OAM OAM Raman
Amplifier
Rx
Chromatic dispersion management is used to reduce
FWMcrosstalk in high speed long distance networks.
Optical amplifiers with integrated dispersion
compensators (OAM) are distributed along the link to
recover the optical power and to overcome the positive
dispersion of the fiber. Each amplifier will reduce the
optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) due to the ASE
noise (amplified spontaneous emission noise).
OSNR =
Optical signal power
Optical noise power
Glossary
ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission of an optical amplifier
CD Chromatic Dispersion
CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
DCF Dispersion Compensation Fiber
DCM Dispersion Compensation Module
Demux Optical Demultiplexer
DFB Distributed Feedback laser
DGD Differential Group Delay
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
FBG Fiber Bragg Grating
FWM Four Wave Mixing
MUX Optical Multiplexer
OAM Optical Amplifier Module (incl. dispersion compensation)
OSNR Optical Signal to Noise Ratio
PLC Planar Lightwave Circuit
PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion
ROADM Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexer
WB Wavelength Blocker
WSS Wavelength Selective Switch
WXC Wavelength Cross Connect
XT Crosstalk
ROADM Types

Wavelength Blocker (WB) Small Switch Array (PLC) Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS) Wavelength Cross Connect (WXC)
Block Diagram
Ports
Network Function
Application
In Out Wavelength
Blocker
Combiner Splitter
In Out
Drop Add
D
E
M
U
X
M
U
X
Add/Drop
In Out
D
E
M
U
X
M
U
X
1 n
In/
Add
Out/
Drop
2 DWDMports
(1 In, 1 Out)
Dynamic channel equalizer
+ wavelength blocking
Long-haul, ultra long-haul
Point to point
2 degree ROADM
Metro/Edge
Lowest cost
2 degree ROADM
Metro/Edge
Ring structure
2 degree ROADM
Not colorless
Dynamic Thru & Add channel balancing
Colorless
switches s from In to Out/Drop and Add to Out
Colorless
switches s from In or Add to Out or Drop
Ring interconnection
Mesh cross connect
3 degree ROADM
2 DWDMports + N single ports
(1 In + 1 Out + N Add + N Drop)
N+1 DWDMports
(1 In + 1 Out + N-1 Add/Drop)
2N DWDMports
(N-1 In + N-1 Out + 1 Add + 1 Drop)
WSS
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
1
2
3
n
M
U
X
EDFA
ROADM
WXC
Power spectrumof DFB-Tx
ROADM
ROADM ROADM
WSS
WSS
OAMModule
ROADM
FBG EDFA
Effect of ch Add/Drop with ROADM
needs in-band OSNR testing
Raman Amplifier
D
E
M
U
X
1
2
3
n
Rx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Pump
Drop Add
PLC
Effect of CD comp. with FBGfilters
Power spectrumof 27 ch system