SALES AND DISTRIBUTION (MBA MK 03)

UNIT 1

LEC.1
INTRODUCTION TO SALES MANAGEMENT- SELLING AS A PART OF MARKETING
Sales management originally reffered exclusively to the direction of the sales force personnel.
Sales management meant management of all marketing activities , including advertising , sales
promotion , marketing research , physical distribution, pricing and product merchandising.
According to the committee of the American Marketing Association, the sales management
meant , the planning, direction and control of personal selling , including recruiting, selecting,
equipping, assigning, routing, supervising, paying and motivating as these tasks apply to the
personal salesforce. Sales Management is a respectable function today, and its professional
status is high as any other business function.
Sales management provide critical inputs for the key marketing decisions like budgeting ,
quotas and territory management.

From the company viewpoint , there are three general objectives of sales
management :
Sales volume
Contribution to profit
Continuing growth
Top management delegates to marketing management, which then delegates to sales
management , sufficient authority to achieve the three general objectives.

Purpose of sales force in any organization

To facilitate the development
Coordination and balance
Interdepartmental conflicts

SALES MANAGEMENT PROCESS
A motivated sales team always achieve profitable goal for their organization. In todays
globalized world the success of the organization depend on the success of its
employees. Whole management of sales can be improve by the process and different
steps of sales management, which is as follows:

A. Planning and Control:
It reduces hesitancy and false steps-Henry fayol
Planning is looking ahead on the basis of the present and the immediate
past. And Control operates on everything things, people, actions.

B. Reports:
i)daily report
ii)weekly report
iii)tour programme

C. Monthly Performance Review:
Each sales rep to report personally to the branch office once in a month.

D. Sales Training:
i) Presentation techniques
ii) Techniques to prompt and handle participation
iii) The methodology of role-playing, which can be valuable assistance in
developing sales skills.
iv) The use of training films.

E. Presentational techniques:
This section is designed to highlight key factors which can be used to make
your presentation more effective.

F. Ensuring that learning takes place:





ROLE OF SALES MANAGER

A successful sales manager must posses administrative , conceptual , technical , and
human relation skill which a salesman may not possess. Of course, selling experience is
an asset because a sales meneger manages the sales force that performs the selling
job. But both these are two different aspects. A successful salesman may not always
make a successful sales manager.

A sales manager jobs has two dimensions ----- planning & operating

Planning function includes the following:
1. Design a sales programme.
2. Establish and manage a sales organisation.
3. Control the sales performance.
4. Set the sales goals, formulate the sales policies, and design the sales strategies.
5. Prepare a sales plan to implement the sales objective.

The operating functions include:
1. Manage the sales force.
2. Interact with other departments.
3. Interact with the trade and customers.
4. Interact with the marketing department and report to the marketing manager.

Characteristics of Sales managers

1. A sales manager must visualize.
2. A sales manager must do the right selection.
3. He should do the proper time management.
4. He should be an effective leader.

LEC. 3
CONCEPT OF PERSONAL SELLING
Personal selling is a part of the total promotional activity of the firm, which along with product,
price, and place management, goes a long way in meeting the overall marketing objectives of
the organization. The ultimate objective of the marketing function is to increase the sales of
want-satisfying products and services, thus leading to a healthy bottom line. Of the several
tools available to stimulate sales, one more important tool is personal selling.
WHAT IS PERSONAL SELLING
It is a method of communication----- a sales person communicates on an individual basis with a
prospect. Personal selling is person to person communication. It is also possible to get
immediate feedback in personal selling by observing the reaction of the prospect, and thus
communication can be modified on the spot. Advertising may be receive by those who are not
our target audience . Personal selling is focused directly on our target audience.
Situations in personal selling:-
1. Establish product & ongoing relationship with the sales executive.
2. Established product & new relationship.
3. New product & ongoing relationship.
4. New product & new relationship.

SALES MANAGEMENT AND SALESMANSHIP
Sales management , is the direction of the personal selling effort . Mostly, this is accomplished
through salesmanship . A salespersons job has many activities , including salesmanship. A sales
manager has to understand these.
A sales person faces many problems, some of which are related to salesmanship. A
salesmanager must understand these and provide the right solutions.
Salesmanship is defined by Shapiro as the art of persuation which motivation the customers to
buy products which provide them suitable benefits. Salesmanship is initiated by the seller and
provides information to the prospective buyers about the products and their benefits so as to
persuade and motivate them to opt for them.

LEC. 4
PROCESS OF PERSONAL SELLING

There are six stages in Selling process , which are as follows:
Prospecting & Qualifying

Pre- approach & Approach

Sales Presentation & Demo

Handling Objections

Closing

Follow Up & Maintenance

LEC. 5
QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL SALESMAN
There are different qualities of a successman salesman :
1. Personality
2. Mental qualities
3. Sociability
4. Vocational skills
5. Communication ability
6. Patience
7. Determination
8. Dependability
LEC. 6
GOALS IN SALES MANAGEMENT: GOAL SETTING PROCESS IN SALES MANAGEMENT
There are three main goals in sales management. They are:
(i) Adequate sales volume to be achieved
(ii) Maximum contribution to profits
(iii) Continuing growth

To fulfill these goals and objectives the top management delegates power to
marketing management which further pass it to sales management which finally
set the future operations.

GOAL SETTING PROCESS:

The duty of a sales manager is to look after and managing the companys personal
selling for achieving this goal he has to adopt sales management goal setting
process which is as follows:

1. Analysis :
(a)to analyse the sales records
(b)reports of sales people
(c) knowing market trends
(d) other environmental factors

2. Planning :
(a) formulating goals for the companys sales efforts
(b)developing sales strategies and policies for achieving those goals

3. Organization :
(a)formation of sales force
(b)delegation of authority for achieving companys goal

4. Direction :
(a)to supervise and implement the plans properly and in the direct direction
(b)for this proper communication motivation and right leadership is required

5. Control :
(a)to find out the difference between actual and targeted results
(b)to find out the cause of deviation , if any
(c) ultimately taking corrective action to solve them


LEC. 7
ANALYZING MARKET DEMAND AND SALES POTENTIAL
According to Philip Kotler, Market demand for a product is the total volume that would be
bought by a defined customer group in a defined geographical area in a defined time period
in a defined marketing environment under a defined marketing program.
MARKET DEMAND : In it the firm need to assess :
(i) Current market demand (ii) future market demand

(a) Current market demand : it consist of two types of assessment which are:
1. Total market demand : this can be calculated by sales forecasting.
2. Area market demand :
(i)It refers to the demand within a particular area which can be either a district,
state or country.
(ii)It has two methods
(a) Market build up method: It identifies :
(i)the quantity of potential buyers in each market and
(ii)to estimate the quantity of their potential buying
(b)Market factor index method : It identifies :
(i)those market factors which have coordination with market potential and
(ii)then these factors unite them with a weighted index


(b) Future market demand includes the following:
(i)forecasting total demand and
(ii)forecasting area demand which depends upon the forecasting total demand.



SALES POTENTIAL:
According to Still and Cundiff, A sales potential is an estimate of the maximum possible sales
opportunities present in a particular market segment open to a company selling a good or
service during a stated future period.
A sales potential represents sales opportunities available to a particular manufacturer while
a market potential indicates sales opportunities available to an entire industry.
The sales potential is larger than the sales forecast as:
(i) Some firms lack sufficient production capacity to achieve the full sales potential.
(ii) Other firms lack distributive networks to reach every potential customer .
(iii) Others do not consider their total sales potential due to lack of their financial
resources
(iv) Still others are more profit oriented rather sales oriented.

Thus the estimate for sales potential shows how much a firm can sell if it had all
necessary requirements and ready to use them.


Lec. 8
Techniques of Sales Forecasting
The following methods and techniques are used for forecasting sales of a company:
1. Jury method/executive opinion method
Most common and prevalent method. The base of this method is judgement hence
also called executive opinion method. In this method all the participants give their
judgement and opinions. The final forecast is determined by averaging these
opinions.
2. The Delphi method
It is also a kind of expert opinion which is used for broad based future estimates. It
this method a sequence of questionnaires are put on a panel of experts in this field. All
members provide their individual information to others in the panel. Then panel is
asked to check the questions which are important to the forecast. Their answers and
reactions are analysed and if there is any sharp differences in opinions, it is again
discussed and final forecast is formulated.

3. Sales force composite method
The sales forecasting is done by sales force and is also a judgement based method.
In it each salesman predict the forecast for his territory. All such forecasts are
then consolidated at regional level and the sum of all these forecasts develops into
the firms forecast . It is thus called a grass root method as the judgement of the
are nearest to the market place forms the basis of the forecast.

4. User Expectation method/survey of consumers opinion method
The sales forecasting is done after surveying the buyers intentions. A list is
demand forecast is consolidated.
Thus, the survey of buyer will provide-
(i) The total likely consumption of the product.
(ii) The consumers buying plan.
(iii) The market share for the enterprise.

5. Market share method
The company first chalk out the industry forecast and then applies the market share
factor of the company forecast. The market share factor is prepared from companys
past trends, present position, plans for future and brand preference etc. It requires
great expertise to correctly assess through marketing intelligence, its competitors
plans, policies and activities.

6. Analytical and statistical methods/Trend analysis
Under this method of sales forecasting , the past data of sales of the enterprise are
analysed and the trend is established. Forecasting for the future are made on the basis
of this trend.
7. Market survey method
This method is most suitable for the sales forecasting of the new product. Under this
method , some certain segments are selected and the product is introduced in these
segments only. The result of sales in these segments are collected and analysed and on
the basis of these results, the sales forecasts are made for the whole market.



Sales Budget:


Sales budget is an important part of sales forecasting. A sales budget is a forecasting of
a new product or of an enterprise for a certain period of time. Sales budget is prepared
after preparing sales forecast. Sales budget is considered to be a most impotent budget
of an enterprise budget because all other budgets, such as production budget, Raw
Materials budget, labour budget, plant budget, overheads budget etc. A sales budget is
prepared by sales manager or marketing manager with the help of marketing research
manager, regional sales manager, branch manager and salesman.
Factors to be considered while preparing a sales budget:

There are many factors which must be considered while preparing a sales budget. It can
be divided into following two parts-

1. Internal factors:
Important internal factors which affecting the sales budget are as under-

(i) Volume of sales of the enterprise
(ii) Trend of the sales of the enterprise
(iii) Long term trend of the sales of the enterprise
(iv) Profitability of different products of the enterprise
(v) Production capacity of the enterprise
(vi) Expansion programme of the plant of the enterprise
(vii) Plan of new products
(viii) Product diversification
(ix) Plan or product development
(x) Seasonal fluctuations
(xi) Selling and distribution channels
(xii) Possibilities of marketing research
(xiii) Price policy
(xiv) Advertisement and sales promotion policy
(xv) Ability and efficiency of salesman,etc.

2. External Factors:
External Factors affecting the preparation of a sales budget, These are as under:
(i) General economic condition of the country
(ii) General atmosphere of the industrial development of the country
(iii) Condition of a particular industry
(iv) Changes in population
(v) National production and per capita national income
(vi) Distribution of wealth in country
(vii) Situation of competition in the market
(viii) Changes in the needs , habits and tastes of consumers
(ix) Industrial and taxation policy of the government
(x) Purchasing power of general public
(xi) Trade conditions in the country etc.
LEC. 9
Formulating selling strategies
Objectives are achieved through strategies. Policies provide the guidelines.
Selling strategies have two types of dimensionswhat type of salesforce is
needed and how many of sales people are needed. The different strategies of
sales are as follows:
Types of sales persons:
It is a key question in selling strategy. The consideration are the expectations of
the organization from the salesforce and the measurement of performance. Each
organization has its individual requirements. Each organization has its own
strengths and weaknesses in terms of product it sells.
Product market analysis:
Selling task varies from customer to customer, and market to market. To take
an extreme example, a salesman may sell a single product to several different
types of customers. Another extreme is to sell a diversity of products to a
single types of customer . sales persons can be product specialists or market
specialists or product market specialists.
Role in securing orders:
A sales persons role in securing orders also affect the type of sales persons
required. In different selling environments, the order securing process operates
differently, e.g., some have to solicit orders aggressively such as computer
salesman whereas some just accept orders which come their way such as a
salesman of government textbooks prescribed for primary and secondary
schools.
Basic selling styles:
The four basic selling styles: trade selling , technical selling, missionary selling
and new-business selling.
Trade selling tries to establish long-term relationship with the customers. This is
a routine job. In wholesale trade, this style is used extensively.
Technical selling aims at improving sales volume of established products by
offering sound technical advice and other assistance.
Missionary selling assists the customers in their selling efforts. The idea is to
increase the sales volume. If orders flow in, they are just incidental. A medical
representative is a typical missionary.
New-business selling tries to identify new customers and secure orders from
them. He converts the prospects into customers. Selling for him is a creative job.
He should have good selling skills.
Size of the sales force
The second dimensions of selling strategy is the size of the salesforce. An
organization first decides what type of sales people it requires and then how
many of them are necessary so as to meet the sales and profit objectives. Too
few sales people mean loss of opportunities and too many of them, unnecessary
expenditure. The exact number of sales people a company must have is difficult
to pin point.
Customer, Tailored Selling Strategies
Strategy of selling ultimately is tested against interactions of the salespeople
with the customers; which lead to the realization of the selling objectives. The type of sales
persons required and their number are the first two key decisions taken by a company.
Later the focus is on developing an individual selling style, which is mutually beneficial. All
said and done, a salesman achieves success by his interactions with the customers. His
behaviour may vary from customer to customer. The extent of this variation is a matter
of selling skills. This calls for pre-planning and the actual performance during the call.

LEC. 10
Designing sales territories and sales Quota
Sales territory
A geographical grouping of customers and prospects is called a sales territory .
operationally it is a group of customers assigned to a sales person. In it customers are
important rather than the areas in which a salesman work.
Designing sales territories
It means dividing the market into similar customers making homogeneous market area.
Market data is more useful when collected and applied at the territory level. To
implement planning and control the market area should be broken up into a number of
well designated sales territories.

Definition
According to Still & Cundiff, A sales territory is a grouping of customers and prospects
assigned to an individual sales person.
Criteria for Territory design
Sales territory design should be-
(i) For easy administration and right approach
(ii) Feasible having equal work load and equal potential.
(iii) Divided into marketing regions and district etc, to cover total marketing area.



SALES QUOTAS
Quotas are quantitative objectives which are assigned to individual sales personnel or a
sales unit (a district or region or territory) for a particular period of time by the sales
department. These appraise the selling effectiveness of the company.
sales quota is a goal in terms quantity given to a sales representative, or a group of sales
representatives over a period of time. Sales quota may be assigned to a region , territory,
branch office. It may be assigned to a distributor too. Sales quotas are the tools of planning
and control.
Sales quotas are based on sales forecasts and sales potentials of different markets. The
more accurate the data used in formulating the sales quotas, the more effectives quotas
become. Sales efforts is controlled by using quotas. It helps in appraisal. It helps in
controlling expenses. Quotas provide a quantitative performance standards. Quotas are used
as performance criteria in sales contests.
Sales forecast is the first step in setting up quotas. It leads to the sales budget. In the budget,
there is a provision for setting quotas as performance standards.

UNIT 2
Lec. 11
Sales force Management
The success of any sales organization depends upon the ability, skill and willingness of the
sales force in achieving the desired sales objectives. The willingness to do the work will
enhance his performance level. The willingness depends upon the motivation he gets. Thus,
motivation provides willingness which is quite different from his ability or capacity in doing
his job. Therefore, there are two factors in determining the performance of the salesforce
which are his-
1. Ability and skill
2. Motivation

Ability and skill can be developed through education and training
Willingness and interest to perfect well can be achieved through proper
motivation. Thus, motivation can enhance greater selling efficiency in the form of
higher sales volumes.
A motive is an emotion within an individual which incites and encourage him to
perform well.
Motivation can be aroused by some external stimuli or incentive.

Lec. 12
Organizing the sales force:
The following Common approaches are used in organizing the sales force:
1. Customer based organisation : The cretria for thease approch
2. Product based organization
3. Territory based organization
4. National account based organization
5. Inside/outside sales based organization



Lec. 13
Sales force structure:
(i) It requires when the company sells different variety of products to different types of
customers over a large geographical area.
(ii) It combines many types of sales force structures.
(iii) Sales people are trained for territorial or product or market structure knowledge.
(iv) Then, these sales people have to report to one or more line and staff managers.

The sales force is very important in marketing mix. Hence, companies need to carefully
consider when and how to use sales representatives. For this, companies are substituting
inside mail and phone based selling units to reduce field sales expenses and they are trying to
increase the productivity of the remaining sales force through better selection, training,
motivation and compensation. Sales personnel serve as the companys personal link to the
customer.

Lec. 14
Size of sales force:
(i) It is the most important asset and major component of companys promotion mix.
(ii) It decides the companys fate as revenues are provided through sales.
(iii) Its effectiveness determines overall marketing objectives of the firm.
(iv) Sales force is required for various kinds of services.

Sales force size:
(i) A company after formulating its sales force strategy and structure start
considering its sales force size.
(ii) It is usually fixed at the optimum level.
(iii) It includes expected level of sales together with the number of sales persons
required for such sales.
(iv) Increasing the number of their sales representatives will increase both sales and
costs.
(v) Thus, the sales force size can be established on the number of customers they
want to tackle.
Note: It is called work load approach by Philip Kotler which is as follows :
(i) The buyers are categorized according to their yearly sales volume.
(ii) Then, the call frequencies per year is established for each category.
(iii) The number of accounts for each category is multiplied by the call frequencies to
find out the complete work load in sales call per year.
(iv) Through it, the number of calls a sales person can utilize per year is find out.
(v) By dividing the total year calls needed with the average year calls done by the
sales person can determine the number of sales persons required by the company.
(vi) The size of sales force depends upon its structure and productivity and some other
factors.
(vii) The size is also changeable according to the companys market conditions.
(viii) The company determines the sales force size upon its affordability and its
requirements for the job.


Lec. 15
Recruitment of the sales force:
The main responsibility of any companys sales executives is to recruit and select the
executive should implement personal selling strategy in considering both the kind and
quantity of sales personnel.
Individual are recruited by their varying abilities, skills, education, training,
experience. The scope of recruitment depends upon
(i) Number of recruits required.
(ii) Size of sales company.
(iii) Rate of turn over and
(iv) Forecasted sales volume and distribution channels.
Importance of recruitment:
(i) It is essential to carry out the selling activities of the company to recruit the
right type of sales person having all the desired qualities.
(ii) For this, a sound recruitment policy is required for the success of any organization.
(iii) The management should choose the right man for the right job or else they will
become burden on them.
(iv) A stable and efficient work force can only achieve organizational goals and
objectives in a systematic planned manner.
(v) Only a right type of sales force once recruited can increase sales and profit to
an organization.
(vi) Thus, recruitment of salesman in an endless job for any company.

Need for continuous recruitment:
1. Vacancy created
2. Expansion programmes

Sources of recruitment :
1. Internal sources
2. External sources
(i) Advertisement
(ii) Employment agencies
(iii) Existing employees
(iv) Older people
(v) Salesman of non-competing companies
(vi) Salesman of competing companies
(vii) Direct application
(viii) Wholesellers and retailer

Lec. 16
Selection of sales force
After determining the type and number of sales persons the sales department requires, the
applications for the job have been received, the company is prepared to deal with the final
stage of the selection system i.e., selection process. It involves to select the individuals out
of the so many applicants which best fit the needs of the company.
The main purpose of selection is to find out the right person for the right job in an enterprise.
Selection of sales personnel can be done in two ways-
(i) Either through simple system by applying an informal personal interview
(ii) Or through complex system by using diverse mechanism to gather information
about applicants for sales jobs.
A complex selection system is a set of successive screening such as

Applications

Preliminary interview

Qualifications

References

Testing

Physical conditions

Employment offer


Lec. 17
Leading and motivating the sales force
Motivation is behaviour towards reaching the desired goal. The need within individual leads a
person to act so as to achieve it. Thus, motivation for sales personnel is amount of effort
required for his sales job i.e.,
(i) Calling on potential customers
(ii) Planning sales deals and
(iii) Preparing reports etc.

Need for motivation
There is a need for motivation for sales personnel in order-
1. To improve efficiency
2. To remove tension
3. Keep them satisfied
4. Provide human treatment
5. Motivation tools

Motivation and leadership
(i) Effective sales executives act as leaders of sales personnel and get voluntary
cooperation from them to reach the sales departments goal.
(ii) They very well know the motives, desires and ambitions of the sales persons and
use this knowledge to guide them in their activities.
(iii) The leadership requires to keep good relationship with the sales personnel which
requires skills, experience, maturity and common sense.
(iv) They should treat them fairly in assigning jobs, promotions and remunerations etc.

Lec. 18
Training and compensating the sales force
The increasing demand of demand of present world of marketing requires competent and
well trained salesman as a companys success and progress depend greatly on the efficiency
of its sales force. now-a-days only proper trained sales person can improve the maximum
potentiality of any organization hence, well trained sales force can be a valuable asset for it to
face the modern marketing.