EF

130

130

EF

???EF?
K

130

EF

K
K

K
K

K
K

W
K K1
K K2

K K3

WW

WW

WW
K

130

EF

WW

WW
K

WW

WW

WW

KEKKKF

WW

WW
K

KWW

EF

130

EF

W
W
K K1

K K2

K K3
K K4

W
K4

130

EF

W
W1

W{
K K1

K K2
K K3

K K4

K K5

K K6
K K7

K K8
K K9

K10

WK2
W

W K1

K
{

-2-

130

EF

K2
{
K

K3
K

K4
K

K5
K

K K6
W3
K K1

K K2

K3

K4
K

W4
K K1

K K2
K K3

W5

{
-3-

130

EF

K6
{

{{
{
K
W 1 6

W
W 1 1 6

{EF

{
{

W 2 1 6

K
-4-

130

EF

W26

{
K

WThe bench7

{E1F

Epoxy

K
W
K K1

K K2
K K3

WE1F
-5-

130

EF

W8

EFEF

W9
W
{ K1
K{

K K2

: 1 9

K

W 2 9

K{
W 3 9

K
-6-

130

EF

W10
W
K K1

K K2
K K3
K K4

K K5
K K6
K K7

K

W1 10

K

W210

-7-

130

EF

W 3 10

{
K
W 4 10

K
W 5 10

{
K

W610

-8-

130

EF

W 7 10

W
W1

{
-9-

130

EF

W2
WThe bench 1 2

W{

{{

{{{E F
K{E220110F

W22

K
W32

F
KE2

- 10 -

130

EF

WE2F

W4 2

KE3F

- 11 -

130

EF

WE3F

W3

EF

WE4F

- 12 -

130

EF

- 13 -

130

EF

- 14 -

130

EF

- 15 -

130

EF

- 16 -

130

EF

Allihn

Liebig

Vigreux

Davis

Wire sponge

Stedman

- 17 -

Thorpe

Graham

Bubble cap

130

EF

- 18 -

130

EF

pH

- 19 -

130

EF

Fletcher

Meker

Tirrill

Fisher

- 20 -

Bunsen

Fisher

130

EF

- 21 -

130

EF

- 22 -

130

EF

- 23 -

130

EF

- 24 -

130

EF

- 25 -

130

EF

WE2F

W

K K1
K K2

KMaterial Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) K3

K K4

K K5
W4

K{{

- 26 -

130

EF

W1 4

EF {
E220-110F

K{

W 2 4

K

W 3 4

{
- 27 -

130

EF

EF

K

W 4 4

E1FK

E2F

EFE3F

W5

W
K K1

K K2

K3
K

K K4

K K5
K K6

K K7

K K8
- 28 -

130

EF

K K9
W6

- 29 -

130

EF

KK1

WK2

()

EF

EF

()

- 30 -

EF

()

EF

130

EF

WK1
K K1

K K2
K K3

K K4

K K5

K K6
K K7

K K8
K K9

K10

EFEFEFEFEFK2

.EFEF

- 31 -

EF

130

EF

K

W
W
K .1

K .2

K .3

K .4

K .5

W
K4

- 32 -

130

EF

W1
K

KEF

KK

K
K

{W

K

W2
WEF12

K K1

K K2

K3

KEF
KEF

K40E10F
- 33 -

130

EF

W22

K K1
K

K K2
K K3
W32

30EF
K

W42

JW

K J J J

W52

J J

K1.1 J

KK K1
K K2
K K3

F K4
KE1

K K5
- 34 -

130

EF

WE1F

W62

KE2F K1
K K2

F K3

KE

WE2F
- 35 -

130

EF

W3
{

KE3F

E4FChemical label
W

K K1
K K2
K K3

KE5F K4
KE1F(R&S) K5
K K6
K K7

KEF K8

K K9
K

K10

K12

KE1F

- 36 -

K11

K13
K14

130

EF

WE3F

- 37 -

130

EF

2K1WWE4F
6KE1FER&SF5K4K3K
9KEF8K7K
13K12K11K10K
K14K

WE5F
- 38 -

130

EF

W4
K K1
K K2
K K3

K K4

W5
K K1
K K2

K K3

K K4

K5
K

K K6
K K7

K K8
K K9

EF

K10

W6
W16

K1
K
- 39 -

130

EF

K2
K

K K3
W26

W
K K1

K2
K

K3
K

W36

K K1

K2
K

W7
W

KEFWEF K1
- 40 -

130

EF

KWEF K2
KWEF K3
KWEF K4

KWEF K5

KWEF K6

W17

W117

KEF K1

K K2

K K3

K K4

CO2 K5
K

K K6

K7
K

K K8

K9
K20

W217

K K1
K K2

K K3

K K4

- 41 -

130

EF

K5
K

W317

W417

- 42 -

130

EF

.1

.2

.3
.4

E3F

E2F

E1F

E6F

E5F

E4F

E9F

E8F

E7F

- 43 -

130

EF

WK1

K K1

K K2

K3

KEF

KEF
K140E10F

WK2

K K1
K K2

F K3

KE

WK3

K K1
K K2

K K3

K K4

E5FE4FE3FE2FE1F K4

KE9FE8FE7FE6F

- 44 -

EF

130

EF

W
K

W
W

W
K4

- 45 -

130

EF

W1

K
K

W2
W

WW

W1

- 46 -

1
2
3
4
5
6

130

EF

W2
L

10
11

1
2
3
4

5
6
7

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

- 47 -

130

EF

3
L

- 48 -

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8

9
10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

130

EF

WW

- 49 -

1
2
3
4
5

6







EF

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

16
17

18
19
20
21
22
23
24

130

EF

K1

- 50 -

130

EF

WK1

WK1

KEF

KEF

KEF

KK2

- 51 -

EF

130

EF

W
K

WW
K .1

K .2

K .3

K .4

K12W

- 52 -

130

EF

WE1F

W1
W11

W111

.1
K

K .2

.3
K

KE1F .4

WE1F

W211

.1
K

> .2

.3
KE2F

- 53 -

130

EF

WE2F

W311
W1311

W2311

W
K .1

KHNO3HCl3W .2
K

WEF .3
1201201W
KEKOH105FNaOH

92W .4

KH2SO4800458Na2Cr2O7

KH2SO4

W411

W
- 54 -

130

EF

K K1

K K2

K3
K

KE1F K4

WE1F
EF
5
10
25
50
100
250
500
1000

0.03
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.30

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.08
-

0.03
0.05
0.10
-

W21

W121

K K1

K K2
K K3

K K4

K K5

K6
K

K K7

- 55 -

130

EF

WHygroscopic solids221

KE43FWeighing bottle K1

K K2

K K3
K

K K4

K K5

WE3F

WE4F

W2
KHNO310 K1

K K2
- 56 -

130

EF

K K3

K K4
K K5

K125 K6

K K7

W3
W13

KEFW

W23

K K1

KKKKK K2
K K3

K K4
KE10F

W33

K K1
K

KE0.0001FE125F K2
K W1

KV110 K3

KW2 K4

V2(W2 W1) K5
KE2F

- 57 -

130

EF

VK(V2 V1)V K6
KV1

KVE61F K7
K20V1 K8

1.000WE2F
T
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

T
1.0024
1.0026
1.0028
1.0030
1.0033
1.0035
1.0037
1.0040
1.0043
1.0045
1.0048
1.0051
1.0054

- 58 -

20oC
1.0025
1.0026
1.0028
1.0030
1.0032
1.0034
1.0036
1.0037
1.0041
1.0043
1.0046
1.0048
1.0052

130

EF

WE2F

WpH-meterW
W1
K

KpH-meter and glass electrode

K
FAgCl

ECalomel
KElectrode Combined Glass

W11

K K1

K K2
K K3

W21

KpH
KpH

KpH = 4 K1

KpH = 7 K2

KpH = 9 K3

10W
K

- 59 -

130

EF

W2
KEFpH-meter K1
K K2

K K3

K K4

KpH = 4, pH = 9 K5
KpH K6
KpH K7

W3
W13

K K1
KpH-meter K2

K K3

K K4

KEF K5
K K6

W23
K K1

K K2

K K3

K K4
K K5

K K6
K K7

- 60 -

130

EF

Conductivity meterW

W1
W11

KE1

KS(Ohm)S

W2
K K1

K0.01M KCl 0.01 K2

K K3

K K4

W3
0.01KCl K1
KS141325

K K2

KK K3

- 61 -

130

EF

WE3F

W1
W11

K1
K

K2
K

K3
K

K4
K

W21

bubblesuperheating

Boiling

Silica99.6

K boiling chipsstones

- 62 -

130

EF

W31

K K1

K2
K

K3
K

K K4

W41

Organic liquids

KBoiling point

W
KSand bath K1

KWater bath K2

KTest-tube water bath K3

KHot plate K4
KOil bath K5

KHeating mantle K6

W51

KKKK

- 63 -

130

EF

WDesiccator 61

KKKKKDesiccant

CaCl2Silica gelW

KCaSO4

21W

W71

K1200
K K1

K K2

K K3

W2
K K1
K K2

K K3

K K4
K K5

K K6

K K7
K K8

K K9

- 64 -

130
EF

W3
W
K K1

K K2

KEF K3

- 65 -

130

EF

K1

KK2

K3
KK4
K3K5

K6

- 66 -

130
EF

K .1

FH .2

KHE

W .3
K K1

K K2

K K3

W .4

K
W .5

K K1

K K2

K K3

K .6

- 67 -

EF

130

EF

KW

W

K .1
K .2

K .3
K .4

K .5

W
K

- 68 -

130

EF

W1
W K1

WW K2
KE1F

WVolatile solvents K3
K

KW K4
K5
K

K K6

W2
WSolid and dry substances12

ShovelBrush

WAcid solution22

NaHCO3NaOH
- 69 -

130

EF

WE1F

WAlkali solutions32

KBucketMop K1

KW> K2
K

WVolatile Solvents42

K Explosive mixture with air

W K1
K

- 70 -

130

EF

KW K2
K

WOily substances52

K1
K

K K2
K K3

WMercury62

WK

W162

K K1

KE2F K2

WE2F

W262

Sulfur

- 71 -

130

EF

W3

- 72 -

130

EF

KK1

KK2

KK3

- 73 -

130

EF

WK1

E2FE1FW

SulfurW

KK2

KNaHCO3NaOH
WK3

W K1

WW K2
K

WVolatile solvents K3

K
K

KW K4

K5
K

K K6

- 74 -

EF

130

EF

W
K

W
W

K .1

K .2
K .3

K .4

W
K16

- 75 -

130

EF

W1
solution solute

W
KPercent K1

Kg/LL K2

KMolarity K3

KNormality K4

Kppm (parts per million) K5

W11

Primary Standard Solution W

KSecondary Standard Solution

W111

WK
K100 K1

K K2
K3

K K4
K K5

K .6

- 76 -

130

EF

BoraxW

W211

KStandardization{

HClW

HClK

KNaOH HClW

K1
K

K K2

K K3

- 77 -

130

EF

WE1F

W
W1
EF

W11

Weight Molarity MW

V (ml)
1000

(1)

KWVWMWWMolarityWWeight

K1000.1W

39.10E1F
K35.45

L74.55=35.45+39.10=KCl

WE1F

Weight 0.1 74.55

- 78 -

100
0.7455 g
1000

130

EF

W22

WSpecific gravityDensity122

Wd

mass (g)
volume (cm3 )

(1)

KWmass

KE1=31F3Wvolume
WSG
SG

d
dw

(2)

KEFWSG
KE3LFWd

KE4oC3L1.000=FE3LFWdw

18E2FE1FK0.50

WE2FK
0.5

d
d

d w 1 g / cm3

d(g / cm3 ) 0.5 1 g / cm3 0.5 g / cm3

- 79 -

130

EF

W18E2FK

mass (g)
volume (cm3 )

volume (cm3 )

mass 18

36 cm 3
d
0.5

W122

E2F

KE3F
Molarity

% d 10
MW

(2)

WMW

KWMW

KWd

KW%
C1 V1 C2 V2

(3)

KWC1

KWC2

KWV1

KWV2

12HClW

K373L1.19
- 80 -

130

EF

KH = 1Cl=35.45WE1F

KL36.45=1+ 35.45=HCl

WME2F

1.19 37 10
12.1 M
36.45

WE3F
V1

C 2 V2 2 1000

165.29 ml
C1
12.1

W2
K K1

KSodium Carbonate K2

KConcentrated sulfuric acid K3

K K4

K K5

K K6

K K7

KE250F K8

KE100F K9

K K10

K K11
- 81 -

130

EF

W3
K1000.05W
W

K K1

K K2

K K3

K K4
KK K5

W4
KH2SO41001

K>>

K>

KW>
K K1
K K2

K K3

KEF K4

K K5

KEF K6
K K7

K K8

- 82 -

130

EF

W
W1
EF

no. of equivalent weights NNormality

no. of equivalent weights

Volume (L)

(1)

W11

MW

Kno. of reacting units

no. equivalents=

MW

no. of reacting units

(2)

Wreacting units21

W121

H+

- 83 -

130

EF

W221

W31
W131

CH3COOH CH3COO + H
-

W1

K1CH3COOH

H2SO4 SO42- + 2H+

W2

KE98=F49E2F

W231

H+
NaOH + H+ H2O + Na+

KNaOH
Na2CO3 + 2H+ 2Na+ + H2CO3

F 53 Na2CO3 E2F
KE106


- 84 -

130

EF

W41

no. equivalents

MW
equivalent weights

(3)

Wno. of equivalentsE1F

no. of equivalents(eq) N(eq / L) Volume (L)

(4)

WE4FE2F
Weight (g) N equivalent weight

V (mL)
1000

(5)

0.1N 100 NaOH

KHClNaOH

11623E1F

K40NaOHK

K140
WE5FNaOH

Weight 0.1 40
- 85 -

100
0.4 g
1000

130

EF

W51

W
N

% d 10
equivalent weight

C1 V1 C2 V2

(6)

(7)

W61

N M no. of reacting units

W2
KNa2CO3 K1
K K2

Conc. H2SO4 K3

K K4

K K5
K K6

KE250F K7

KE100F K8

K K9

W3

100 0.05N Na2CO3

KH2SO4

- 86 -

130

EF

W4
K1001N

K>>
K>

KW>
K K1

K K2

K K3

- 87 -

130

EF

WE2F

W1
parts per million

KE1F

ppt ppmWE1F
Vol/Vol
L/L
nL/mL
nL/L
pL/mL

Wt/Vol
mg/L
g/mL
g/L
ng/mL

Wt/Wt

mg/kg

ppm

g/g

g/kg
ng/g

ppb

KEFweightWWt

KEFvolumeWVol

1X10-6=microW

1X10-9=nanoWn

1X10-12=picoWp

ppm500NaClW

W1

KppmW
500 ppm = 500 mg (Na)
500 mg = 0.5 g (Na)

WNa0.5NaClW
- 88 -

130

EF

58.4 g NaCl 23 g Na

x NaCl 0.5 g Na
x =

58.4
0.5 1.269 g NaCl
23

Wppm

wt

ppm
MW
V(ml)

1000 at. wt. no. of atoms 1000

(1)

W

1000 ppmNa2CO3
K1

Na106E1F
K2

wt

1000 106 1000

2.30 g
1000 23 2 1000

W2
KNaCl K1
K K2
K K3

K K4
K K5

KE250F K6
- 89 -

130

EF

K1 K7

KE6F100 K8

K K9

K K10

K K11

W3
W
Kppm252015105

11000 ppmNa K1
K

F100100 ppmNa K2
KKE1000 ppm

KE100 ppmF K3
K

- 90 -

130

EF

WE3F

W1
W

100volume of soluteW(% v/v) K1

%(v / v)

volume of solute (ml)

100
volume of solution (ml)

100W (% w/v) K2
.

%(w / v)

weight of solute (g)

100
volume of solution (ml)

W(% m/m)(% w/w) K3

K100

%(w / w)

weight of solute (g)

100
mass of total solution (g)

W1

K1 (v/v)10



- 91 -

130

EF

% (v / v) volume of solution (ml)

100

10 1000
volume of solute (ml)
100 ml
100

volume of solute (ml)

W2

La 1 LaCl3

K1%(w/v)

K100 mL1g1%(w/v)

E10=FLa10 g1L

WE245.4=LaCl3F

245.4 (LaCl3) 138.9 (La)

x

10 g
=
17.667 g
x (LaCl3)

W3

K%(w/w)K100NaCl25

KE3F

%(w / w)

25 g
100 20%
100 25 g

W2
KHCl K1

KKCl K2
K K3

- 92 -

130

EF

K K4

K K5

KE100F K6
K K7

K K8
K K9

K K10

K K11

W3
W(% v/v)13
K5%(v/v)HCl100

K K1

K K2

K K3
K K4

K K5
KK K6

W23

1%(w/v)100Potassium
KKCl

KKCl K1
- 93 -

130

EF

KKCl K2

K K3

K K4

KKK K5

- 94 -

130

EF

WE4F

W1

K
E1F

pH-meter

K
K

WE1F

2.67.6

3.75.6

3.86.0

4.15.9

6.89.6

8.010.2

W11

KpHpKa K1

K K2

K K1
- 95 -

130

EF

K2
K

W21

WHenderson-HasselbalchpH

WW
pH log K a log

[proton acceptor]
[proton donor]

(1)

KKWKa

K*Wproton donor

K*Wproton acceptor

LowryBrnsted*

Acid H + Base

WW
pH (14 pK b ) log

[proton acceptor]
[proton donor]

(2)

KpKb = -log Kb

0.1CH3COOH10

pHW

KE1.75 X 10-5=KaF0.1CH3COONa20

- 96 -

130

EF

KEFW
K1=10C0.1=

K2=20C0.1=(CH3COO-)

1
0.033M
30
2

0.067M
30

M CH COOH
3

M CH COONa
3

WpHW
pH = -log10 (1.75 10-5 ) + log10

0.067 mmol
0.033mmol

pH = 4.76 + log10 2
pH = 5.06

W2
KE0.1F .1

KE0.1F .2

KpH=12 .3

K .4

KpH .5

K .6

W3

pH=10100

Kb = 1.75 K0.200EF

KX 10-5

- 97 -

130

EF

W13

W23

K K1

KpHpH meter K2

K K3

KpH meter K4

K K5

- 98 -

130

EF

K
KK1

K10.1K2
K3L2.5100K3

WK4

Vol/Vol

Wt/Vol

Wt/Wt

KK25010K5

KCaSO4.7H2O1K6

WK7

KNH3EF

KENaOHFH2C2O4EF

KE2H7HFKMnO4EF

0.125pHK8

KKa = 1.75 X 10-5K0.2030

- 99 -

130

EF

WK1
K .1

KL .2

K .3

K .4

K .5

K10.6K2
K250K3

Vol/Vol
L/L
nL/mL
nL/L

Wt/Vol
mg/L
g/mL
g/L

pL/mL

ng/mL

Wt/Wt
mg/kg
g/g
g/kg
ng/g

ppm

ppb

K4

K4% (v/v)K5

KL262.25K6

K31.608EF45.02EF17.03EFK7

K4.61=pHK8

- 100 -

EF

130
EF

W
K

W
W
K .1

K .2

K .3

K4W

- 101 -

130

EF

W1
Chemical Quantitative Analysis

K
K

Acid-base W

Oxidation-,Precipitation Titrations{Titrations

Complex-formation Reduction Titrations

.Titrations

EF

KIndicator

{
K

W11

K0.1HCl 15NaOH10W

KNaOH

W
WNaOHHCl

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

W1:1

- 102 -

130

EF

no. of millimoles of HCl 1

no. of millimoles of NaOH 1

(1)

WC=E1F

M HCl VHCl
1

M NaOH VNaOH 1

W
M
VHCl = MNaOH VNaOH
HCl

MolarityM VolumeV
M NaOH

M HCl VHCl
VNaOH

M NaOH

0.1 15
0.15M
10

WNaOH

W21

KE1F

WE2F

KE2FK K1

KE2F K2
KE2F K3
KE2F K4
KE2F K5

KE2F K6
- 103 -

130
EF

WE1F

WE2F
- 104 -

130

EF

W31

KE3F

W41

KE4F

WE4F
- 105 -

130

EF

W2
KPhenolphtalein indicator K1

KEFAscorbic Acid K2
KEF K3
K K4

K K5

K K6

K K7

KE100F K8

K K9

KE500250F K10

K K11

K K12

W3
0.4EF K1
K100

K K2

K3
K

EF20 K4
K

K K5

K6
K

K7
K

- 106 -

130

EF

K K8

KE81F K9

- 107 -

K10

130
EF

K
K1

1510 K2
KK0.1

K K3

- 108 -

130
EF

K K1

K0.075 K2

K K3

- 109 -

EF

130

EF

W
K

W
W
K .1

K .2

K .3
K .4

K .5

W
K4

- 110 -

130

EF

W1
W

WGravity filtration11

Filter paperKE1F

KE22FConical funnel

K K1

K K2

KGelatinous K3

WE1F

- 111 -

130

EF

EFWE2F

EFWE2F

WE2F


- 112 -

130

EF

WVacuum filtration21

EF

E3FKK

WE3F

W31

KW

WQualitative-grade papers131

EF

K


- 113 -

130

EF

WLow ash and Ashless grade papersEF231

0.06

Ashless paper0.05Low ash paper

K11

E2FE1FK

Qualitative-grade papersWE1F

RA

S&S

202

604

271

595

201

602

E0.1FWE2F

RA

S&S

589 blue ribbon

41

589 white ribbon

40

589 black ribbon

42

W: Whatman ; S&S: Schleicher & Shll ; RA: Reeve Angel G

W41

WBchner FunnelGlass funnel141

KW

K
KE4F

- 114 -

130

EF

WE4F

W241

Bchner Funnel

K .1
K .2

KE5FK

EFEFKWE5F

- 115 -

130

EF

W341

WGlass-sintered crucibles

E6FSintered glass

K
K500

WPorcelain crucibles

WE7F

K .1

K .2

WE6F

WE7F
- 116 -

130

EF

W2

KE10F K1

K K2

K K3
K K4

KE500F K5
K K6

K K7
K K8

K K9

K10

W3
:EF

PhosphoproteinProtein

CaseinpH = 6.6
KpH = 4.6Acetic Acid 10%E10F

K K1

K250100 K2

FpH = 4.6E10F K3
KEpH

K K4
K

K K5
- 117 -

130

EF

K6
K24

K(0.0001 g) K7

K3L1.03 K8
LE100CF=

- 118 -

130

EF

K
K K1

K K2
K K3

K4

K K5

- 119 -

130

EF

K K1

WEFEFW K2

KEF
W K3

K K1
K K2

KGelatinous K3

W K4

K K1

K K2

KW K5

- 120 -

EF

130

EF

W
K

W
W
K .1

K .2
K .3

K .4

W
K12

- 121 -

130

EF

W1
{{FW

KE{FE
K

W11

KEF

KE1F K

Fractional {Simple Distillation W

KSteam DistillationAzeotropic distillation{Distillation

WE1F

- 122 -

130

EF

W21

KE2F

Allihn Liebig Davis Thorpe Graham

WE2F

W31

KE3F

- 123 -

(e)

Vigreux (d)

130

EF

Wire sponge (c)

Stedman (b)

Bubble cap (a)

Stedman screen packing (b)Bubble capW(a)WWE3F

KClaisenVigreuxW(d)WStainless steel wire sponge (c)

- 124 -

130

EF

WE1F

W1

W2
K K1
K K2

K K3
K K4
K K5

K K6

W3

K K1

KE1F K2
KEF

33030W K3
K

K K4
K5
K

- 125 -

130

EF

K K6
K

K K7

KK K8
K K9

WE1F

- 126 -

K10

130

EF

WE2F

W1
K

F
KE

W2
K K1
K K2

K K3

K K4
K K5

W3

KE1F K1

K3030W K2

K K3

K K4

K K5
K

- 127 -

130

EF

K K6

KK K7
K K8

K K9

WE1F

- 128 -

130

EF

WE3F

W1
Recrystallization

KEBAF

BA

etherCholesterol

E1F

Phthalic acidSodium chloride

KDibromobenzenebenzoic acid

WE1F

- 129 -

130

EF

W2
KEthanol K1

KE3F K2

3Copper Sulphate2WEF K3
KSalicylic acid

K K4

K K5

KE250F K6
K K7

K K8
K K9

K K10

K K11
K K12

W3
K250 K1

K4 K2

100E3F1 K3
K

80 70 K4
K

K5
K

WF K6
KE

KE110105F30 K7
- 130 -

130

EF

K K8

3 K9
K25

K25 K10

K K11
K

F K12
KE110105F30E

K13

- 131 -

130

EF

K
K K1

K K2

- 132 -

130

EF

KEF .1

K K

Fractional {Simple Distillation W

Steam

Azeotropic

distillation{Distillation

KDistillation

.2

- 133 -

EF

10

- 75 -

130

EF

W
K

W
W
K K1
K K2

K K3

K K4

K K5

W
K

- 134 -

130

EF

W1
WE1F
K K1
K K2

K K3
K K4

K K5
K K6

K K7
K K8

K K9

K
K

K10

K11

K12

K13

K15

K14

K16

K17

K19

- 135 -

K18

130

EF

WE1F




- 136 -

130

EF

KE1F

WE1F

Acetylene
Air
Argon
Helium
Hydrogen
Butane
Methane
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Propane

W2
K K1

K K2

W3
W
.
.
.
.
.

- 137 -

130

EF

K
KK1
WK2

Acetylene
Air

Argon
Helium
Hydrogen
Butane
Methane
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Propane

- 138 -

130

EF

WK1
K K1
K K2

K K3
K K4

K K5
K K6

K K7
K K8

K K9

K
K

K10

K11

K12

K13

K15

K14

K16

K17

K19

K18

- 139 -

130

EF

K2

Acetylene
Air

Argon
Helium
Hydrogen
Butane
Methane
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Propane

- 140 -

EF

11

- 90 -

- 90 -

130

EF

W
K

W

K

W
K

- 141 -

130

EF

W1
W11

EFWKExothermic
KEFEF

KE1FFFire triangle

W21

KE1F

WE1F

ABC

KKK

KKK

*D

KKKK*
- 142 -

130

EF

WE1F

W21

KE2F

B

C

WE2F

- 143 -

130

EF

W31

WE3FF
K K1

K K2
K K3

WE3F

W41

KE4F

WE4F
- 144 -

130

EF

W2
KEF

W3
K

- 145 -

130

EF

K
WK1

ABC

KKK
B

KKK

KK2

K3

- 146 -

130

EF

ABC

K1

KKK
B

KKK

K2

EFEFWK3

KEF

- 147 -

130

EF

WE1F

KR1

KR2

KR3
KR4
KR5
KR6
KR7

KR8
KR9
KEFR10

KEF R11

KR12

KR13
KR14

K R15
KR16
KR17

KR18
KR19
KR20
KR21

KR22

KR23

KR24
KR25

- 148 -

130

EF

KR26

KR27
KR28

KR29

KR30
KR31

KR32
KR33
KR34

KR35
KR36

KR37
KR38

KR39
KR40
KR41

K R42

KR43

K R44
KR45

KR46

KR47

KR48
KR49
KR50
KR51

KR52
- 149 -

130

EF

K R53
KR54

KR55

KR56
KR57

K R58
KR59

KEFR60
KR61
KR62
KR63

KR64

KR65

KR66
KR67

- 150 -

130

EF

WE1F
KS1

KS2
KS3

KS4

KS5a

KS5b

KS6a
KS6b

KS6c
KS7
KS8

KS9

KEFS12
KS13
KS14

KS14a
KS14b

KS14c

KS14d

KS14e

KS14f

KS14g

KS14h

KS14i
KS14j

- 151 -

130

EF

KS15

K S16

KS17
KS18

KS20
KS21
KS22

KS23a

KS23b

KS23c
KS23d

KS23e
KS24
KS25

KS26
KS27

KS28a

KS28b

400S28c
K

300S28d

K400 S28e

K400S28f
KS29

KS30

KS33
- 152 -

130

EF

K S34

KS35
KS36
KS37

KS38
KS39

KS40
KS41
KS42

KS43a

KS43b

KS43c

KS43d

KS43e
KS43f

KS43g

KD43h
KS44

KS45
KS46
KEFS47
KS48

KS49

KS50a

KS50b

KS50c
KS51

- 153 -

130

EF

KS52

KS53

KS54
KS55

KS56
KS57
KS58

KS59
KS60

KS61

KS62
KWS63

KEFWS64

- 154 -

130

EF

EFWE2F

Ac

Actinium

Ge

Germanium

Po

Polonium

Ag

Silver

Hydrogen

Pr

Praseodymium

Al

Aluminum

Ha

Hahnium

pt

Platinum

Am

Americium

He

Helium

Pu

Plutonium

Ar

Argon

Hf

Hafnium

Ra

Radium

As

Arsenic

Hg

Mercury

Rb

Rubidium

At

Astatine

Ho

Holmium

Re

Rhenium

Au

Gold

Iodine

Ri

Rutherfordium

Boron

In

Indium

Rh

Rhodium

Ba

Barium

Ir

Iridium

Rn

Radon

Be

Beryllium

Potassium

Ru

Ruthenium

Bi

Bismuth

Kr

Krypton

Sulfur

Fm

Fermium

La

Lanthanum

Sb

Antimony

Bk

Berkelium

Li

Lithium

Sc

Scandium

Br

Bromine

Lu

Lutetium

Se

Selenium

Carbon

Lr

Lawrencium

Si

Silicon

Ca

Calcium

Md

Mendelevium

Sm

Samarium

Ca

Cadmium

Mn

Magnesium

Sn

Tin

Ce

Cerium

Mg

Manganese

Sr

Strontium

Cf

Californium

Mn

Molybdenum

Ta

Tantalum

Cl

Chlorine

Nitrogen

Tb

Terbium

Cm

Curium

Na

Sodium

Tc

Technetium

- 155 -

Be

9.01
12

Li

6.94
11

Zr

Na
22.99

Chemical symbol

Atomic weight

11

Non-metals

Pa

Th

231.04

91

90

232.04

Pr

140.91

Ce

59

262.11

140.12

58

261.11

180.95
105

Ta

92.91
73

Tc

61

262.12

186.21
107

Re

98.91
75

Co
58.93
45

62

190.20

Os

101.07
76

63

192.22

Ir

102.91
77

Ru Rh

55.85
44

Fe

26

VIII
27

64

195.08

Pt

106.42
78

Pd

58.69
46

Ni

28

238.03

92

144.24

237.05

Np

93

144.91

244.06

243.06

95

151.97

247.07

96

157.25

247.07

97

158.93

Tb

65

196.97

Au

107.87
79

Ag

63.55
47

Cu

IB
29

Pu Am Cm Bk

94

150.36

Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd

60

162.12

183.85
106

95.94
74

54.94
43

Mn

VIIB
25

Unq Unp Unh Uns

178.49
104

52.00
42

Cr

VIB
24

Nb Mo

50.94
41

VB
23

242.06

Cf

98

162.5

Dy

66

200.59

Hg

112.41
80

Cd

65.39
48

Zn

IIB
30

28.09
32

Si

12.01
14

IVA
6

252.08

257.10

100

167.26

Er

68

207.20

Pb

118.71
82

Sn

72.61
50

70

208.98

Po

127.60
84

Te

78.96
52

Se

32.07
34

16.00
16

VIA
8

259.10

102

173.04

260.11

Lr

103

174.97

Lu

71

La

in
ct

es

e
id

d
ni
ha
nt

Rn
222.02

At
209.99

Xe
131.29
86

I
126.90
85

Kr
83.80
54

Br

39.95
36

Ar

20.18
18

Ne

4.00
10

He

79.90
53

35.45
35

Cl

19.00
17

VIIA
9

0
2

Non-metals : - Metalloids or semimetals : - Metals :

- Alkaline metals :

258.10

101

168.93

Tm Yb

69

208.98

Bi

121.75
83

Sb

74.92
51

As

30.97
33

14.01
15

VA
7

Es Fm Md No

99

164.93

Ho

67

204.38

Tl

114.82
81

In

69.72
49

Ga Ge

26.98
31

Al

10.81
13

IIIA
5

Halogens : - Noble gases : - Transition metals : - Alkaline earth metals :

**

**Ac

227.03

Ra

226.03

223.02

Fr

138.91
89

Hf

Ba *La

137.33
88

Cs

132.91
87

91.22
72

88.91
57

Sr

87.62
56

Rb

85.47
55

Ti

47.88
40

Sc

44.96
39

Ca

40.08
38

IVB
22

IIIB
21

39.10
37

Alkaliine Metals (Except H

Semimetals

---------------------------------Transition metals --------------------------------

24.31
20

Alkaline Earth Metals

Atomic number

Metals

22.99
19

Na Mg

IIA
4

1.01
3

IA
1

THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Halogens

- 156 -

Noble Gases

130

EF

WE3F

130

EF

WK1

K1408

W K2

WK3

EF
K1422

G.J Shugar, R. A. Shugar, L. Bauman and R. S. Bauman, Chemical Technician's Ready

Reference Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2nd edition, international edition,
1981.

- 157 -

130

EF

3 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J2 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
J2 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1
J2 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WK2

J3 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3
J3 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W4

J3 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W5
J4 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K6

J4 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W16
J4 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W116
J4 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W216

J5 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W26

J5 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WThe bench7
J6 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W8
J6 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W9
J6 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W19
J6 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W29
J6 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W39

J7 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W10

J7 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W110
J7 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W210
J8 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W310
J8 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W410
J8 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W510
J8 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W610
J9 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W710

130

EF

J9 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
J9 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1
J10 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J10 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WThe bench12

J10 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W22
J10 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W32
J11 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K W42

J12 J K K K K K K K K K K W3

J26 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W4

J27 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W14
J27 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W24
J27 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W34
J28 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W44

J28 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W5

J29 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W6

J30 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J33 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J33 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WEF12
J34 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW22
J34 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W32
J34 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W42
J34 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W52
J35 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W62

J36 J K K K K K K K K K W3

J39 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W4

J39 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W5

J39 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W6

130

EF

J39 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W16
J40 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W26
J40 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W36

J40 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W7

J41 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W17
J41 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W117
J41 J K K K K K K K K K K K W217
J42 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W317
J42 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W417

J43 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J46 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J46 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J46 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW
J46 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1
J47 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J49 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW

J50 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J51 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J52 J K K K K K WW
J52 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K12W

J53 J K K K K K K K K K K K WE1F
J53 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J53 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11
J53 J K K K K K K K K K K W111
J53 J K K K K K K K K K K K K W211
J54 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W311
J54 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1311

130

EF

J54 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2311
J54 J K K K K K K K K K K K K W411
J55 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W21
J55 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W121
J56 J K K K K K K K WHygroscopic solids221

J56 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J57 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J57 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W13
J57 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W23
J57 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W33

J59 J K K K K K K K K K WE2F
J59 J K K K K K K K K K K K K WpH-meterW
J59 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J59 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11
J59 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W21

J60 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J60 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J60 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W13
J60 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W23

J61 J K K K K K K K K K K K Conductivity meterW

J61 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J61 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11

J61 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J61 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J62 J K K K K K K K K K K K WE3F
J62 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J62 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11

130

EF

J62 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K W21
J63 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W31
J63 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W41
J63 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W51
J64 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WDesiccator 61
J64 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W71

J64 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J65 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J66 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J69 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J69 J K K W2

J69 J K K K K K K K K K WSolid and dry substances12

J69 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WAcid solution22
J70 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WAlkali solutions32
J70 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K WVolatile Solvents42
J71 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WMercury62
J71 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W162
J71 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W262

J72 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J76 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J76 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11
J76 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW111
J77 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W211

J77 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
J78 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
J78 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J78 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11

130

EF

J79 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K W22
J79 J K K K K K K K WSpecific gravityDensity122
J80 J K K K K K K K K K W122

J81 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J82 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J82 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
J82 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K W4

J82 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
J83 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
J83 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J83 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11

J83 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K Wreacting units21

J83 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W121
J84 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W221
J84 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W31
J84 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W131
J84 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W231
J85 J K K K K K K K W41
J86 J K K K K K W51
J86 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W61

J86 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J86 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J87 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W4

J87 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W

J88 J K K K K K K K K K WE2F
J88 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J89 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

130

EF

J90 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J91 J K K K K K K K K K K WE3F
J91 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J91 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1
J92 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J93 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J93 J K K K K K K K K W(% v/v)13

J93 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
J93 J K K K K K K K K K W23

J93 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
J95 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WE4F
J95 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J95 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11
J96 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W21

J97 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J97 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J98 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W13
J98 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K W23

J99 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J102 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J102 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11
J103 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W21
J105 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W31
J105 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W41

J106 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW3

J108 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J111 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K WGravity filtration11

130

EF

J113 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K WVacuum filtration21

J113 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W31
J113 J K K K K K K K K WQualitative-grade papers131
J114 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W41
J114 J K K K K WBchner FunnelGlass funnel141
J116 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W341

J116 J K K K K K K K K K K K WGlass-sintered crucibles

J116 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K WPorcelain crucibles

J117 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J117 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J117 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W

J119 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J122 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W11
J123 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W31

J125 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WE1F
J125 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J125 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J127 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WE2F
J127 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J127 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J129 J K K K K K K K K K K WE3F
J129 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

J130 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J130 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW3
J137 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J137 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J142 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W1

130

EF

J143 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W21
J144 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W31
J144 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W41

J145 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W2

J145 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W3

J146 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J148 J K K K K K K K K K K K WE1F

J151 J K K K K K K K K K K WE1F

J155 J K K K K K K K K K K K K EFWE2F

J156 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K WE3F
J157 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K