CC VN CN THO LUN

CA NI DUNG N THI TT NGHIP

MN TON CAO CP (NGNH GD TIU HC!

Cc ti liu tham kho:
[1] Hng dn n thi tt nghip i h!c "ph#n ton cao c$p% & 'gu()n
*ia +,nh - cc tc gi& ./ung t0m +. t1 2a +H Hu3&
[4].on cao c$p 1"+i 5%& 'gu()n *ia +,nh&./ung t0m +. t1 2a +H
Hu3&

"# VN ": Cch ch6ng minh m7t 8uan h hai ngi t/9n m7t t:p h;p l
8uan h t<ng <ng - 2c ,nh t:p th<ng&
+= c> th= gii 8u(3t -$n ? n(@ An c#n nBm -Cng khi nim 8uan h hai
ngi@ cc tDnh ch$t cEa 8uan h hai ngi@ ,nh nghFa 8uan h t<ng <ng@
lp t<ng <ng - t:p th<ng& Gn c> th= !c ph#n 1&1@ 1&4@ ch<ng H@ [1]&
Iau > An hJ( tK gii cc Ai t:p 5au:
Gi t:p 1: Cho t:p L M NO@ 1@ 4@ P@ Q@ R@ S@ TU - 8uan h hai ngi V 2c
,nh t/9n L nh 5au: @ @ 4 x y X xRy x y + M &
a% .:p V c> nhCng ph#n tW noX
A% Yuan h hai ngi V c> nhCng tDnh ch$t gZX
c% V c> phi l 8uan h t<ng <ng t/9n LX '3u phi thZ hJ( tZm lp
t<ng <ng cEa cc ph#n tW 1@ 4& .:p th<ng L[V c> nhCng ph#n
tW noX
Gi t:p 4: ./9n t:p cc 5 ngu(9n \@ 2]t 8uan h ^ng d modulo R:
@ @ m R m n Z Rn m n M&
a% Ch6ng minh V l 8uan h t<ng <ng t/9n \&
A% Lc ,nh t:p th<ng \
R
".:p cc lp ^ng d modulo R%&
+_` _' ab' +c 1&
Gi t:p 1:
a% .:p V g^m cc ph#n tW "2@(% cEa t:p X X 5ao cho 2 V (@ nghFa l
2d( l 5 chen& .1 > 5u( /a:
N"O@ 4%f "4@ O%f "O@ Q%f "Qf O%f "O@ S%f "S@ O%f "4@ Q%f "Q@ S%f "Q@ 4%f "S@ Q%f "1@ P%f
"P@1%f "1@ R%f "R@1%f "1@ T%f "T@1%f "P@ R%f "R@ P%f "P@ T%f "T@ P%f "R@ T%f "T@ R%U
R =
A% Yuan h V t/9n L c> cc tDnh ch$t phn 2@ i 26ng - ABc c#u&
"i% += ki=m t/a tDnh phn 2@ ta ch6ng minh:
@ 4 4 & x X x x x xRx + = M
"ii% @ @ 4 4 : x y X xRy x y y x xRy + + M M .Dnh i 26ng&
"iii%
@ @ @ " 4% " 4%
4 4 4
x y z X xRy yRz x y y z
x y z x z xRz
+ +
+ + +
M M
M M
: .Dnh ABc c#u&
c% Yuan h V t/9n t:p L c> cc tDnh ch$t phn 2@ i 26ng@ ABc c#u n9n
> l 8uan h t<ng <ng&
gp t<ng <ng cEa a X l t:p t$t c cc ph#n tW cEa L c> 8uan h
V -i a&
1 N1@P@R@TU = f 4 NO@4@Q@SU = &
.:p th<ng L[V { } NO@ 4@ Q@ SUfN1@P@R@TU =
& Yuan h V chia t:p L thnh 4
lp t<ng t<ng <ng&
Gi t:p 4:
a% .a ch6ng minh 8uan h V t/9n \ c> cc tDnh ch$t phn 2@ i 26ng@
ABc c#u&
"i% @ O R m Z m m mRm = M : .Dnh phn 2&
"ii% @ @ m R R : m n Z Rn m n n m nRm M M .Dnh i 26ng&
"iii%
@ @ @ m " R% " R%
" % " % R R
m n p Z Rn nRp m n n p
m n n p m p mRp

+
M M
M M
: .Dnh ABc c#u&
A% Cc lp t<ng <ng:
{ } { } O [ O R R [ m Z m m k k Z = = = M
{ } { } 1 [ 1 R R 1[ m Z m m k k Z = = = + M
{ } { } 4 [ 4 R R 4 [ m Z m m k k Z = = = + M
{ } { } P [ P R R P[ m Z m m k k Z = = = + M
{ } { } Q [ Q R R Q [ m Z m m k k Z = = = + M
.:p th<ng \[V M \
R
M { }
O@1@ 4@ P@ Q
@ ;c g!i l t:p cc lp ^ng d
modulo R&
Gn hJ( gii Ai t:p n( i -i 8uan h ^ng d modulo p&
$# VN $:
Cc khi nim <n nh@ ton nh - 5ong nh&
Gn hJ( !c ph#n 4&1@ 4&4@ ch<ng 4@ [1]f - gii cc Ai t:p 5au:
Gi t:p 1: Cho nh 2 h t1 V -o V 2c ,nh Aii h"2% M 2
4
jP2d1& h c> phi l
<n nhX .on nhX Iong nhX "V l t:p h;p 5 thKc%&
Gi t:p 4 : Cho nh 2 h t1 V -o V@ 2c ,nh Aii h"2% MT2
P
jR& Ch6ng minh
h l 5ong nh&
Gi t:p P: Cho nh 2 h t1
[4f % +
-o V 2c ,nh Aii h"2% M 4 x & h c>
phi l <n nhX .on nhX Iong nhX
+_` _' ab' +c 4&
Gi t:p 4 :
P
: @ " % T R& f R R f x x =
+= ch6ng minh h l 5ong nh@ ta ch6ng minh h l <n nh - l ton
nh&
.h:t -:(:
"i%

P P
P P
@ k @ " % " k% T R T k R
k k&
x x R f x f x x x
x x x x
= =
= =
h l <n nh&
"ii% .a c>:
P
P
R
" % T R
T
y
y f x x x
+
= = = &
Iu( /a:
P
R
@ : " %&
T
y
y R x R y f x
+
= =
h l ton nh&
a:( h l 5ong nh&

Gi t:p 1 :

4
: @ " % P 1& f R R f x x x = +
"i% .a c>:

4 4
4 4
@ k @ " % " k% P 1 k P k 1
k
k P" k% O " k%" k P% O &
P k
x x R f x f x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x
x x
= + = +
=

= + =

=

Chlng hn: 2MO@ 2mMP: k x x @ nhng h"2% M h"2m% M 1&

h khng l <n nh&
"ii% nh:n 2]t /nng:
4 4
P R R
" % P 1 " % @ &
4 Q Q
y f x x x x x R = = + =
ai
R
@
Q
y R y <
@ chlng hn
4 y =
@ thZ khng t^n ti
@ " %& x R y f x =
h khng l ton nh&
Iu( /a h khng l 5ong nh&
Gi t:p P : :[4f % @ " % 4& f R f x x + =
"i% oi=m t/a tDnh <n nh:

@ k [4f %@ " % " k% 4 k 4 k& x x f x f x x x x x + = = =
h l <n nh&
"ii% .a c>: [4f %@ " % 4 O& x y f x x + = =
h khng l ton nh&
h khng l 5ong nh&
ppp Gn hJ( tK tZm m7t -D dq -? m7t 5ong nhf m7t <n nh nhng
khng ton nhf m7t ton nh nhng khng <n nhf m7t nh 2 khng <n
nh crng khng ton nh&