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SPT Korelasyonlar
SPT Korelasyonlar
=
c
u
*
/
N
(
k
P
a
)
Cu/Narazi
Cu/N4
Linear (cu/Nfield)
Linear (cu/N60)
ekil 2. AV deneyinden belirlenen c
u
kullanlarak c
u
*
/N ile I
P
arasndaki iliki
Tablo 8de f
1
in deiimi zerine yaplan almalarn karlatrlmas gsterilmitir. Tablo
8den de grld gibi, bu almada bulunan f
1
in I
P
nn artmasyla artt sylenebilir.
zkan v.d. [36] bulmu olduu f
1
ortalama deeri, bu almada bulunan deerle tutarl
c
u
*
/N
a
c
u
*
/N
60
Lineer (c
u
*
/N
a
)
Lineer (c
u
*
/N
60
)
Trkiyede SPT-N Deeri ile nce Daneli Zeminlerin Drenajsz Kayma
4242
gzkmektedir. Ayrca yisan ve Ansal [26]n bulmu olduu f
1
aral ile bu almada
elde edilen aralk olduka uyumlu olduu gzkmektedir. yisan ve Ansal [26] tarafndan
kullanlan c
u
verileri SB deneyi sonularndan bulunmutur.
Tablo 8. f
1
in deiimi zerine yaplan almalarn karlatrlmas
Yaplan
almalar
Zemin Grubu f
1
aral f
ortalama
Sowers (1954)
[35]
Yksek plastisiteli killer (CH) 7,1 16,5
Orta plastisiteli killer 4,7 9,5
ok d. plas. killer (CL) ve plastik
siltler
2,4 4,7
Stroud (1974)
[23]
35 < I
P
< 65 4-5
I
P
< 20 6
zkan v.d.
(1990) [36]
Ar kons. ODT kamps kili I
P
>35,
n=15
2,5 - 14 7,8
yisan ve Ansal
(1990) [26]
nce daneli zemin, n=106 2 - 16
Bu alma
nce daneli zeminler, n=190 2 17,5 6,09
CH, n=80 2,25 17,5 7,52
Killer (CH-CL), n=147 2,12 17,5 6,38
CL, n=67 2,12 - 13 4,98
ML, n=26 2,68 6,67 4,22
MH, n=14 2 6,88 3,80
5. SONULAR VE NERLER
SPT, kendisinden kaynaklanan eitli belirsizlikleri olmasna ramen, hl nemli bir
zemin inceleme teknii olarak mevcudiyetini korumaktadr. Deney prosedr titizlikle
uygulanrsa, N deerine bal daha salkl korelasyonlar elde edilir. Baka bir ifadeyle,
yaplan SPTlerinden kullanlabilir sonularn elde edilebilmesi, uygulamada standartlarn
tam yerine getirilmesi ile mmkn olacaktr. Bu alma sonucunda aadaki sonulara
varlmtr;
Literatrde mevcut birok korelasyon bantlarnda dzeltmelerin olup olmad,
varsa hangilerinde olduu konusunda net bir bilgiye sahip olunmadndan bu
formllerin kullanm karmaaya sebep olmaktadr. Bu alma ile, hangi zemin grubu
iin hangi korelasyon denkleminin kullanlmas ve hangi dzeltmelerin yaplmas
gerektii ortaya konmutur.
Osman SVRKAYA, Ergn TOROL
4243
nce daneli zeminler iin gelitirilen c
u
=aN ilikisindeki a katsaylarnn, gerek
deney tipi ve gerekse SPT dzeltmeleri bakmndan, Terzaghi ve Peck [2] (a=6.25) ve
Stroud [23] (a=47)in nerdikleri ile uyumlu olduu gzlenmitir. Dier
aratrmaclarn nerdikleri ise olduka yksek deerlerdir.
N ile c
u
arasnda bulunan korelasyonlar, daha nceden tavsiye edilen korelasyonlardan
olduka farkl kmasnn nedeni (Stroud [23] ve Terzaghi ve Peck [2] hari), SPT
sonularn ve dolaysyla da elde edilen korelasyonlarn farkl kmasna sebep olan,
lkeden lkeye farkllk arz eden SPT aletleri ve prosedrden kaynakland
dnlmektedir.
Her deney trnden elde edilen c
u
ile ham verilerden (N
a
) elde edilen korelasyon
sonularn tm zemin grubu iin hi bir zaman Terzaghi ve Peck [2]in nerdii
sonular amad gzlenmitir. Ayrca Terzaghi ve Peck [2]in nerdii korelasyon
kullanlrken, dzeltilmi N deerleri kullanlmaldr.
N deeri ieren korelasyon denklemleri kullanlmadan nce, korelasyon iin hangi
deney tipi sonular kullanld, SPT dzeltmeleri ierip iermedii, hangi zeminler
iin geerli olduu ve istatistiksel anlamllnn bilinmesi gerekir.
N deeri kullanlarak c
u
byk bir dorulukla belirlenebilmektedir. Ancak bu nerilen
bantlar, projelerin n tasarm aamasnda geoteknik mhendisine bir fikir verecei
dnlerek kullanlmaldr.
Teekkr
Yazarlar, analize tabi tutulan araziye ait sondaj loglar, laboratuar ve arazi deney verilerini
salayan Yksel, Toker ve STFA firmalar ile stanbul Teknik niversitesi ve Karayollar
Genel Mdrl yetkililerine teekkr ederler.
Semboller
SPT Standart penetrasyon deneyi
SB Serbest basn deneyi
KD eksenli konsolidasyonsuz-drenajsz kesme deneyi
AV Arazi veyn deneyi
SPT-N, N Zeminin penetrasyon direnci
SPT-N
arazi
, N
a
Arazide llen zemin penetrasyon direnci
SPT-N
60
, N
60
Dzeltilmi zemin penetrasyon direnci
N
1
,
60
Dzeltilmi zemin penetrasyon direnci
C
N
Jeolojik yk dzeltme faktr
C
E
Enerji dzeltme faktr
Trkiyede SPT-N Deeri ile nce Daneli Zeminlerin Drenajsz Kayma
4244
C
R
Tij uzunluu dzeltme faktr
C
B
Sondaj ap dzeltme faktr,
C
S
Numune alc klf dzeltme faktr
C
A
akma bal dzeltme faktr,
C
BF
Tokmak vuru skl dzeltme faktr
C
C
Tokmak yast dzeltme faktrdr
w
L
Likit limit
w
P
Plastik limit
q
u
Serbest basn mukavemeti
c
u
Drenajsz kayma mukavemeti
c
u
*
Arazi dzeltmesi yaplm drenajsz kayma mukavemeti
I
p
Plastisite indisi
a Regresyon katsays
r Korelasyon katsays
s Standart hata
n Veri says
Arazi dzeltme faktr
Kaynaklar
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Amsterdam, 1972.
[2] Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R.B., Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, John Wiley,
New York, 1967.
[3] Durgunolu, H.T., Torol, E., Penetration testing in Turkey: State-of-the-art report,
Proceedings of the European Symposium on Penetration Testing, Stockholm,
Sweden, p. 137, June 1974.
[4] Nixon, I.K., Standard penetration test: State-of-the-art report, Proceedings of the 2
nd
Europen Symposium on Penetration Testing, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 3-21, May
1982.
[5] Decourt, L, The Standard Penetration Test: State-of-the-Art-Report, Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute Publication, 179, Oslo, Norway, 1990.
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testing, ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, 2(2), 84-97, 1979.
Osman SVRKAYA, Ergn TOROL
4245
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th
International
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u
, 5
th
International
Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, p. 943-952, Istanbul, Turkey, 2002.
[22] Sivrikaya, O., Torol, E., nce daneli zeminlerde SPT sonularnn dzeltilmesi
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Trkiyede SPT-N Deeri ile nce Daneli Zeminlerin Drenajsz Kayma
4246
[24] Sowers, G.F., Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Geotechnical
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th
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th
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th
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