International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.

IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963

371 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380

STEADY-STATE MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF THREE
PHASE SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR WITH
SERIES COMPENSATION
S. Singaravelu and S. Sasikumar

Department of Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India





ABSTRACT
This paper presents a generalized mathematical model for the analysis of three-phase self-excited induction
generators (SEIG) with series compensation. Two methods of series compensation namely short-shunt and
long-shunt compensation are analyzed to improve the voltage regulation of the SEIG. The proposed
mathematical model is formed directly from the equivalent circuit of SEIG based on nodal admittance method
by inspection. The proposed model completely eliminates the tedious work of separating real and imaginary
parts of complex admittance. Also, any equivalent circuit elements can be easily included or eliminated from the
model. Genetic algorithm is used to determine the performance of SEIG.
KEYWORDS: Induction Generator, Self-excitation, Voltage Variation, Genetic Algorithm & Series
Compensation
I. INTRODUCTION
If an appropriate three-phase capacitor bank is connected across an externally driven induction
machine, an EMF is induced in the machine windings due to the excitation provided by the capacitor.
This phenomenon is termed as capacitor self-excitation, which can be used to operate the induction
machine as a generator. The induced voltages and currents would continue to rise, but for magnetic
saturation in the machine which results in an equilibrium state being reached. A capacitor self-excited
induction generators (SEIG) offers certain advantages over a conventional synchronous generator as a
source of isolated power supply. Reduced unit cost, brushless rotor, absence of a separate DC source
and ease of maintenance are among the advantages [1-4]. But poor voltage regulation of SEIG even
at regulated speed has been major bottleneck in its application. Steady increase in capacitor VAR with
load has to be achieved to maintain good voltage regulation. Several voltage regulating schemes like
switched capacitor or variable inductor or saturated core reactor based close loop schemes using
relay/contractors or semiconductor switches can be incorporated to improve voltage regulation. But
complex system configuration, complicated control circuit design and operational problems like
harmonics and switching transients, associated with voltage regulators make ineffective the very
advantages of recommending induction machine to autonomous power generation.
Inclusion of additional series capacitance to provide additional VAR with load is one of the attractive
options to improve voltage regulation of SEIG. Chan proposed long-shunt compensation to examine
parameter k, which is defined as the ratio of the capacitive reactance to shunt capacitive reactance, on
the performance of an induction generator under different loading conditions [5]. The results shown
in [5] clearly demonstrate that the long-shunt compensation can be employed to maintain load voltage
under various load currents. Sridhar, et al. [6] also presented both steady-state and transient
performances of both short-shunt and simple shunt compensations of an induction generator. Li
Wang, et al. [7] analyzed and compared the effects of both short-shunt connections as shown in
Figure 1 and long-shunt connections as shown in Figure 2 on load voltage variation of the SEIG.
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
372 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380

Load
generator
Induction
capacitance
Series
capacitance
Shunt
C C
C
Csh
Csh
Csh

Figure 1. Block diagram of short-shunt SEIG system

Induction
generator
Shunt
capacitance
Series
capacitance
Load
C C
Clo
Clo
Clo
C

Figure 2. Block diagram of long-shunt SEIG system
Most of the methods available in literature [5-13] on steady-state performance evaluation of SEIG
need separation of real and imaginary component of complex impedance. Moreover the model
becomes complicated if the core loss of the machine is also accounted for. It is also observed that the
mathematical model is different for each type of loads and also capacitor connections configuration at
the machine terminals. Subsequently, the coefficients of mathematical model are also bound to
change with change in load, capacitance configuration at the machine terminals. The author made an
attempt for the first time to overcome the complication of three-phase and single-phase SEIG models
[14-15] by introducing the concept of graph theory which avoids the lengthy and tedious
mathematical derivations of nonlinear equations.
In the present paper, the author has developed a further simplified mathematical model of three-phase
SEIG in matrix form using nodal admittance method based on inspection. In the proposed model, the
nodal admittance matrix can be formed directly from the equivalent circuit of three-phase SEIG by
inspection rather than deriving it from the concept of graph theory [14-15]. The proposed model
completely eliminates the long and tedious manual work involved in segregating the real and
imaginary parts of complex impedance or admittance. Moreover, this model is also flexible such that
any equivalent circuit elements can be easily included or eliminated. Genetic algorithm (GA) is
proposed to determine the steady-state performance of three-phase SEIG.
II. PROPOSED METHOD
In the analysis presented in this section, the following assumptions are made:
Only the magnetizing reactance is assumed to be affected by magnetic saturation, and all other
parameters of the equivalent circuit are assumed to be constant. Self-excitation results in the
saturation of the main flux. As the value of the magnetizing reactance X
M
reflects the magnitude
of the main flux, it is essential to incorporate in the analysis the variation of X
M
with the
saturation level of the main flux. Passage of the leakage fluxes occurs primarily in the air and
thus these fluxes are not affected to any large extent by the saturation of the main flux.
Leakage reactance of stator and rotor, in per unit, are taken to be equal. This assumption is
normally valid in induction-machine analysis.
MMF space harmonics and time harmonics in the induced voltage and current waveforms are
ignored. This assumption is valid in well-designed machines. Further, the experimental
waveforms of generated voltages exhibited negligible time harmonics.
Core loss in the machine is neglected.
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
373 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380

- j X
L
F
R
L
I
j X
(F - )
- j X
F
2
F
2
2
F
F
F
V
F
2
1
V
t
F
C L
V
g
I
S
I
r
c s h
- j X
c l o RS
j X
l s
j X
l r
R
r
M

j X
L

Figure 3. Equivalent circuit of the induction generator with short-shunt and long-shunt configuration
Figure 3 shows the steady-state equivalent circuit of the self excited induction generator. The
equivalent circuit is valid for any per unit speed . The parameters of equivalent circuit are as
follows:
Y
L
= 1 / {R
L
/F + iX
L
- j X
csh
/F
2
}
Y
C
= 1 / {- j X
C
/F
2
}

Y
S
= 1 / {R
s
/F + j X
ls
- j X
clo
/F
2
}
Y
M
= 1 / {j X
M
}
Y
R
= 1 / {R
r
/ (F-) + j X
lr
}

The matrix equation based on nodal admittance method for the equivalent circuit can be expressed as
[Y] [V] = [I
S
] (1)
Where [Y] is the nodal admittance matrix,
[V] is the node voltage matrix, and [I
S
] is the source current matrix.
The [Y] matrix can be formulated directly from the equivalent circuit (Figure 3) using nodal
admittance method based on inspection [16] as
Y
S
+ Y
M
+ Y
R
- Y
S

- Y
S
Y
S
+ Y
C
+ Y
L


where
Y
ii
= Admittance of the branches connected to i
th
node
Y
ij
= - Admittance of the branches connected between i
th
node and j
th
node
Since, the equivalent circuit does not contain any current sources, [I
S
] = [0] and hence Eq. (1)
is reduced as
[Y] [V] = 0 (3)
For successful voltage build up, [V] 0 and therefore from Eq. (3), [Y] should be a singular matrix
i.e., det [Y] = 0. It implies that both the real and the imaginary components of det [Y] should be
independently zero. Therefore to obtain required parameter which results det [Y] = 0, genetic
algorithm based approach is implemented.
III. GENETIC ALGORITHM
Application of genetic algorithm [17] to obtain det[Y] = 0, which provides solution for unknown
quantities, is illustrated in Figure 4. The objective function whose value is to be minimized is given
by Eq. (4).
g (F,X
M
or X
C
) = abs{real(det[Y ])} + abs{imag(det[Y ])} (4)
[Y] =
(2)
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
374 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380

START
read all required
parameters for
matrix Y
read population
size (PS) and ranges
for F and X or X
C M
generation (GEN) = 1
generate the initial population
population count (POP) = 1
evaluate objective function
g(F, X ) or g(F, X )
C M
is
g(F, X ) or g(F, X )
C M
reaches desired
tolerance
POP = POP + 1
is
POP < PS
GEN = GEN + 1
generate new set of chromosomes
using Genetic Algorithm process
compute performance
and print results
STOP
YES
NO
YES
NO

Figure 4. Flow chart for minimization of the objective function using genetic algorithm (GA).
In many optimization problems to obtain initial estimates suitably, certain trials may be required.
However, in the present problem of the SPSEIG, it is easy to give the range for the unknown variables
F and X
M
or X
C
because in well-designed self-excited induction generators, it is known that the slip
{(F )/F} is small and operation of the machine is only in the saturated region of the magnetization
characteristics. So, the ranges for F can be given as 0.8 to 0.999 times the value of and for X
M
as
25% to 100% of critical magnetizing reactance X
MO
. Similarly for X
C
, the same range 25% to 100%
of C
MAX
can be used, where C
MAX
is the maximum capacitance required under any conditions. Thus,
starting from such initial estimates, the final value of F and X
M
or X
C
is obtained through GA. The air
gap voltage V
g
can be determined from the magnetization characteristics corresponding to X
M
, as
described in Section 4. Once the air gap voltage V
g
is calculated, the equivalent circuit can be
completely solved to determine the steady-state performance of SEIG.
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
375 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Output power (p.u)
V
t
,

V
L
,

I
S

a
n
d

I
L

(
p
.
u
)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
V
o
l
t

A
m
p
e
r
e

R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

(
V
A
r
)
Vt
VL
IS
C=31.5F, Csh=105F,
= 1p.u, pf=1
IL
VAr
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND MACHINE PARAMETERS
The parameters of the equivalent circuit (Figure 3) are obtained from experimental measurements on a
laboratory model, 3.7 KW, 230 V (line voltage), 12.5 A (line current), 50 Hz, 4 poles, delta connected
induction generator.
The base values are:
V
b
(base voltage) = 230 V,
I
b
(base current) = 12.5 / 3 = 7.22 A,
Z
b
(base impendence) = 31.86 ,
N
b
(base rotor speed) = 1500 rpm, and
F
b
(base frequency) = 50 Hz.
The per-unit parameters of this machine are: R
S
= 0.0678, R
r
= 0.0769, X
ls
= X
lr
=0.1204. The
magnetizing reactance X
M
(p.u) versus air gap voltage V
g
/F (p.u) expressed by a set of piecewise
linear approximations as follows:
1.7315 - 0.2492 X
M
, X
M
3. 26
1.9854 - 0.3262 X
M
, 3.26 < X
M
3.74
4.2633 - 0.9328 X
M
, 3.74 < X
M
4.1
0, 4.1 < X
M
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Steady-State Performance Analysis of Short-shunt SEIG
The selected unknown variables are magnetizing reactance X
M
and frequency F for obtaining
performance characteristics of the machine. To find the steady-state performance of short-shunt
SEIG, the long-shunt component X
clo
in the term Y
S
can be assigned as zero in Eq. (2). For obtaining
steady-state performance characteristics of short-shunt connections, solve the determinant of the
matrix shown in Eq. (2) and find the unknown variables X
M
and F using genetic algorithm (Figure 4).








Figure 5. Typical characteristics of the short-shunt SEIG (UPF)
The Characteristics of the short-shunt SEIG feeding pure resistive load are shown in Figure 5.
Capacitance C is selected to be 31.5F as it results in a no-load terminal voltage of 1.0pu (base
voltage is 230V). It is observed from Figure 5 that the variation of the load voltage with output power
is marginal. Further the inclusion of series capacitance (C
sh
=105F) results in higher overload
capability of the system.
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
376 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380


Figure 6(a) Figure 6(b)

Figure 6(c)
Figure 6. Effect of series capacitance on the characteristics of the short-shunt SEIG
Figure 6 shows the effect of series capacitance on the characteristics of the short-shunt SEIG under
the same self excitation capacitance of C = 31.5 F and rotor speed of 1pu. Three series capacitance
values, 90F, 105F and 120F for short-shunt connections were employed to study the steady-state
performance of the short-shunt SEIG. Figure 6(a) shows the terminal voltage versus output real power
for short-shunt connections. The terminal voltage decreases under lower output real powers and
increases under higher output real powers. It is also observed that, under higher output real powers,
the lower the series capacitance values, the higher are the terminal voltages. Figure 6(b) shows the
load voltage versus output real power for short-shunt connections. Load voltage variations are less
from no load to rated load conditions. When the output real power is below 1.8p.u, the smaller the
short-shunt capacitance value, the larger the load voltage is. When the output real power is greater
than 1.8p.u, the smaller the short-shunt capacitance value, the lower the load voltage is. Figure 6(c)
shows the characteristics of stator current versus output real power for short-shunt connections. The
stator winding current are well below the rated value at rated output real power.
Figure 7 shows the predicted characteristics of the short-shunt SEIG with an inductive load power
factor of 0.9. The system observes voltage sag at light load as shown in Figure 7 nevertheless, the
system displays self-regulation when loaded to higher load.
Figure 8 shows the steady-state characteristics of maximum voltage variation versus short-shunt
capacitance at unity and 0.9 lagging power factor loads at rated speed. The short-shunt connection has
the voltage variation of zero percent as observed at rated output power and speed with self excitation
capacitance C=27F (V
NL
=1pu), series capacitance C
sh
=83.44F at unity power factor load. For 0.9
lagging power factor load, the short-shunt connection has the voltage variation of zero percent as
observed at rated output power and speed with self excitation capacitance C=27F (V
NL
=1pu), series
capacitance C
sh
=117.25F.
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
377 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380











5.2. Performance Analysis of Long-shunt SEIG
The same matrix as shown in Eq. (2) can be used to find the unknown variables X
M
and F for long-
shunt connections. Since short-shunt connections is not considered, the X
csh
value in the term Y
L
can
be assigned as zero in Eq. (2). For obtaining steady-state performance characteristics of long-shunt
connection, solve the determinant of the matrix shown in Eq. (2) and find the unknown variables X
M

and F using genetic algorithm (Figure 4).
The predicted characteristics of the long-shunt SEIG feeding pure resistive load are shown in Figure
9. Shunt capacitance C and long-shunt capacitance C
lo
are selected as 50F and 300F as it results in
a no-load terminal voltage of 1.06pu (base voltage is 230V). It is observed from Figure 9 that the
variation of the load voltage with output power is marginal. Further the inclusion of series
capacitance results in higher overload capability of the system.

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Output power (p.u)
V
t
,
V
L
,
I
S

a
n
d

I
L

(
p
.
u
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
V
o
l
t

A
m
p
e
r
e

R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

(
V
A
r
)
V
t
V
L
I
S
C=35F, C
sh
=75F,
= 1p.u, pf=0.9lag
I
L
VAr

Figure 7. Typical characteristics of the short-shunt SEIG (0.9PF lag)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Short Shunt Capacitance - C
sh
(F)
M
a
x
.

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n

(
%
)

f

C=27 F, VNL=1 pu, Speed=1500 rpm
upf
pf=0.9 lag

Figure 8. Maximum voltage variation of short-shunt connection
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
378 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380

Figure 10 shows the predicted characteristics of long-shunt connections under the same shunt
capacitance C of 50F and rotor speed of 1pu. Three capacitance values, 260F, 300F and 340F
for long-shunt connections were employed to study the steady-state performance of the long-shunt
SEIG.
Figure 10(a) shows the terminal voltage versus output real power for long-shunt connections. When
the output real power is below 1.4p.u, the smaller the long-shunt capacitance value, the lower the
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Output power (p.u)
T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

V

t

(
p
.
u
)
Clo=260F
Clo=300F
Clo=340F
C=50F, =1p.u, pf=1

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Output power (p.u)
L
o
a
d

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

V
L

(
p
.
u
)
Clo=260F
Clo=300F
Clo=340F
C=50F, =1p.u, pf=1

Figure 10(a) Figure 10(b)
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Out put power (p.u)
S
t
a
t
o
r

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

I
S

(
p
.
u
)
Clo=260F
Clo=300F
Clo=340F
C=50F, = 1p.u, pf=1

Figure 10(c)
Figure 10. Effect of series capacitance on the characteristics of the long-shunt SEIG (UPF)

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Output power (p.u)
V
t
,

V
L
,

I
S

a
n
d

I
L

(
p
.
u
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
V
o
l
t

A
m
p
e
r
e

R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

(
V
a
r
)







Vt
VL
IS
IL
C=50F, Clo=300F,
= 1p.u, pf=1
VAr

Figure 9. Typical characteristics of the long-shunt SEIG (UPF)
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
379 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380

terminal voltage is. When the output real power is greater than 1.4p.u, the smaller the long-shunt
capacitance value, the higher is the terminal voltage.
Figure 10(b) shows the load voltage versus output real power for long-shunt connections. It is
observed that the voltage variations are low for different values of series capacitance at rated load
conditions. Figure 10(c) shows the characteristics of stator current versus output real power for short-
shunt connections. The stator winding current is well below the rated value at rated output real power.
Figure 11 shows the steady-state characteristics of maximum voltage variations versus long-shunt
capacitance at unity and 0.9 lagging power factor loads. The long-shunt connections has the voltage
variation of zero per cent is observed at rated output power and speed with shunt capacitance
C=54F, series capacitance C
lo
=270 F, no-load load voltage V
NL
=1pu at unity power factor load. For
0.9 lagging power factor load the long-shunt connections has the voltage variation of zero percent is
observed at rated output power and speed with shunt capacitance C=90F, series capacitance
C
lo
=270F, no-load load voltage V
NL
=1pu.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Genetic Algorithm is proposed to determine the steady-state performance of a self-excited induction
generator with series compensation. The possibility of improving voltage regulation of the SEIG by
using an additional capacitance in series with the load (short-shunt) or generator terminals (long-
shunt) has been investigated. Higher values of capacitances are required for long-shunt connection
when compared to short-shunt connection. It is also observed that it is possible to obtain almost flat
load voltage characteristics of the SEIG with short-shunt connection. Therefore, short-shunt
connection can be used to improve the voltage regulation of the three-phase self-excited induction
generator.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledges the support and facilities provided by the authorities of the
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India to carry out this work.
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-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 50 100 150 200 250
Shunt Capacitance - C (F)
M
a
x
.

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n

(
%
)

f
C
lo
=270 F, V
NL
=1 pu, Speed=1500 rpm
upf
0.9 lag

Figure 11. Maximum voltage variation of long-shunt connection

International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963
380 Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 371-380

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Authors

S. Singaravelu received Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in 1990, Master of Engineering in Power System Engineering in
1992 and Ph.D in 2007 from Annamalai University, Annamalainagar,
Tamilnadu, India. He is Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering at Annamalai University. His research interests are in power
electronics, power systems, electrical machines, wind/solar energy applications
and high voltage DC transmission.

S. Sasikumar received Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in 1999, Master of Engineering in Power System Engineering in
2001 from Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India. He is
currently pursing Ph.D degree in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Annamalai University. He is Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineering
department at Annamalai University. His research interests are in electrical
machines, power systems, control system and wind energy applications.