1

yHkESdyfjcif;
tkyfa& (500)
Zefe0g&D / 2007 ckESpf

pDpOfxkwfa0ol
acwfydifpmaywkduf
Khitpyaing Publishing House
P.O. Box 115, Raminthra P.O.
Bangkhen, Bangkok
Thailand 10220
kp2004@ksc.th.com

uGeyf sLwmpmpD
acwfydif

rsufESmzHk;tjyiftqif
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2

ed'gef;
(u)
opfwyifaumif; iSufwaomif;em; qkdaom qkdkd;pum;
ukd jrefrmEkdifiH jynfolrsm; r]umc% ajymqkdoHk;E+ef;avh&Sd
]uygonf? tvGeftm;aumif;vSaom Oyrmpum; wck
vnf; jzpfygonf? trSefwu,fyif opfwyifaumif;v#if
iSufoaomif;ru ckdem;Ekdifavmufaom t&dyftm0go
toku
d t
f rHwu
Udk dk ay;tyfEidk pf rG ;f &Syd gonf? xko
d aUdk om t&dyf
tm0goaumif;vSonfh opfyif}uD;rsm; vlo
U rkid ;f wGif txif
t&Sm; &SdcJhzl;ygonf? zavm&ifhpf Ekdufwifa*;vf (Florance
Nightingale) / a'gufwmaemfrefAufoe
G ;f ESifh rmomx&DZmwkUd
rSm urBmausmfatmif vlom;tusKd; o,fy;dk aqmif&u
G Ef idk cf hJ
]uaom t&dyfaumif;aom opfyif}uD;rsm;yifjzpfygonf?
olwu
dkU JhokdU t&dyfaumif;aom tjcm;opfyif rsm;vnf;&SdcJhyg
onf?
(c)
a'gufwmpifoD,marmifonfvnf; t&dyfaumif;aom
opfyifwyifjzpfygonf?

(*)
jyif;xeftm;aumif;aom avrkew
f idk ;f }uD;rsm;yifv#if t&dyf
tm0goaumif;aom opfyif}uD;rsm;ukd vJydusoGm;atmif
wkdufcwf&ef cufcJvSygonf?
(C)
okdU&mwGif tvGefUtvGef tm;aumif;aom zsufqD;EkdifpGrf;
}uD;rm;aom avjyif;rkefwkdif;rsm;rSmrl xdkokdaU om t&dyftm
0goaumif;onfh opfyif}uD;rsm;ukdyif tykdif;ydkif; usKd;jywf
atmif jrpfvefydvJoGm;atmif wkdufcwfypfEdkifpGrf; &Sdwwf
]uygonf? opfuidk ;f }uD;i,frsm; wajzmif;ajzmif; usKd;jywf
_yD; aemufqHk; tjrpfu|wfxGufydvJoGm;onftxd pGrf;tm;
jyif;xefwwf]uygonf?
okdU&mwGif
(i)
a'gufwmpifoD,marmif[k trnfwGifaom xkdt&dyftm0g
oaumif;onfh opfwyifrSm awmifwef;}uD;rsm;/ awmtkyf
}uD;rsm;ESihf bk&m;ocif. arwWmw&m; tumtuG,fay;
r+atmufwGif xD;xD;rm;rm; &yfwnfaeqJjzpfygonf? rnf
okdUaom ta]umif;a]umihf vma&mufem;cdk]uonfjzpfap
em;cdkvmaom iSuftaygif;tm; em;ckdp&mt&dyftm0goESihf
tpm;tpmay;tyfaeqJyifjzpfygonf?
4

(p)
t&dyftm0goaumif;aom iSuftaxmiftaomif;em;cdkEkdif
aom opfyif}uD;rsm; TurBmajray:wGif umvt"GefU&Snf
wnfaeEkdifygapownf;
pkd;aevif;

a'gufwmpifo,
D marmif
okdUr[kwf

t&dyfaumif;aomopfwyif
pkd;aevif;

rxl;jcm;aom xl;jcm;onfh uav;. b0tp

olrukd tz ref;_idr;f armif trd erfv
h ]S unfwu
Udk 1959 ck ESpf
'DZifbm (6) &ufaeUrSm &efukefwkdif; tif;pdefrdYe,f tif;pdef
aq;krH mS arG;zGm;cJyh gw,f?

rdbwkt
d a=umif;
olr&JU rdbawGjzpfwJh ref;_idrf;armifeJU erfhvS]unfwkdU
ESpfa,mufpvHk;[m {&m0wDwkdif; ykodrfckdif usKHaysmfrdY
e,fZmwdjzpfygw,f? ref;_idrf;armif[m tdrfaxmifruscif
tcsdefu {&m0wDwkdif;twGif;rSm u&iftrsKd;om; tpnf;
tkH; (KNU) OD;aqmifr+eJU tpkd;&ukd qefUusifawmfvSefaewJh
(KNDO) tzJYG &UJ v+y&
f mS ;wku
d cf u
dk rf a+ wGrmS yg0if_yD; u&iftrsKd;
om;vGwfajrmufa&;wm0efukd xrf;aqmifcJholjzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh erfhvS]unfeJU tdrfaxmify_yD;wJhtcsdefrSmawmh
tpk;d &u zGiv
fh pS x
f m;wJh vufaxmufuse;f rma&;r;oifwef;
ukd wufa&mufcyhJ gw,f? ref;_idr;f armif oifwef;wufaewJh
tcsdefrSm eef;vS]unfu pifoD,marmifuav;ukd arG;zGm;
cJw
h mjzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh wu,fawmh ref;_idrf;armif[m v,f{ut
8

a'gufwmpifoD,marmif.rdbESpfyg;? ref;_idrf;armif/ erfhvS]unf

awmfrsm;rsm;ukd ykid q
f idk cf w
hJ hJ awmolawmifom; v,form;
rdbawGu arG;zGm;cJ_h yD; us,fajymwJh ajr,mpku
d cf if;ysKd;cif;
awG]um;rSm }uD;jyif;vmcJo
h jl zpfwt
hJ wGuf pku
d yf sKd;a&;buf
rSm tm;oefcJhygw,f? tvkyfukdvnf; wpkdufrwfrwfvkyf
udkifaewwf_yD; pum;enf;ol wa,mufvnf;jzpfygw,f?
erfhvS]unf[mvnf; olr&JU cifyGef;onfvkdyJ awmol
awmifom; v,form;rdbawGu arG;zGm;vmcJhwmygyJ?
olruawmh pkdufysKd;a&;xuf arG;jrLa&;udk ykd_yD;xufoef
pdwf0ifpm;cJhygw,f? olr&JUrdcifjzpfol[m olrukdarG;zGm;
t_yD;rSmyJ aoG;oGefuG,fvGefoGm;cJhwJhtwGuf rdcifarwWm
&dyfeJUuif;a0;}uD;jyif;vmcJh&&Smygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm jynf
wGif;ppfa]umihf wkdufyJGawGuvnf; tjyif;txefjzpfae/
zcifjzpfoluvnf; tem;rSmr&Sd jzpfcJh&awmh erfhvS]unf&JU
b0[m txD;wnf; oD;oD;oefUoefU aexkdif}uD;jyif;cJh&
ovkd wckckrsm;jzpfavrvm;qkdwJh ylyefr+rsKd;vnf; pdwfxJ
rSm &Sdaewwfygw,f? tJ'DpdwfcHpm;r+[m olr rdcif
wa,mufjzpfvmwJhtcsdeftxd tpOfwpkduf&SdaecJhygw,f?
aemuf 1962 ckESpf aemufykdif;up_yD; ppftm%m&Siftquf
qufatmufrSm aexdkifcJh&vkdU tJ'Dylyifa]umihfusr+rsKd;ukd
cHpm;aecJh&wmygyJ? wcg om;i,fjzpfwJh ausmfjrwf_idrf;u
wuokdvfpmay;pm,loifwef;wufae&if; olwkdU oli,f
csif;wpk uAsmpmtkyfav;wtkyf xkwfa0vdkufwJhudpPeJU
ywfouf_yD; zrf;qD;axmif'%ftjypfay;cHc&hJ _yD;csderf mS awmh
erfhvS]unfwa,mufrSm tcsdefa&muf_yDqkdwmeJU qkdifu,f
oH um;oH]um;wkdif; xdwfvefUpkd;&drfaewwfygawmhw,f?
10

tJ'w
D ckcrk sm;jzpfvmavrvm;qkw
d hJ pd;k &drx
f w
d v
f efpU w
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f m
olrukd 1987 ckEpS f uG,v
f eG cf sed t
f xd zdp;D ESyd pf ufomG ;cJw
h ,fvUdk
qk&d ygvdrrhf ,f?

nDtpfuadk rmifErS
a'gufwmpifoD,marmifwkdUrSm nDtpfudkarmifES r (7)
a,muf&Sdygw,f? t}uD;av;a,mufu rdef;uav;awG
jzpf]u_yD; ti,foHk;a,mufu a,musfm;av;awGjzpf]uyg
w,f? a'gufwmpifoD,marmifuawmh ref;_idrf;armifeJU
erfhvS]unfwkdU&JU wwd,orD;jzpfygw,f? trSefwu,f
uawmh ref;_idrf;armifeJU erfhvS]unfwkdUrSm om;orD;&Spf
a,muf arG;zGm;cJhwmyg? 'gayr,fh olw&dkU o
JU m;OD;a,musfm;
av;[m arG;_yD;prSmyJ csufud;jzwfwJh 0g;ESD;pu roefUpif

11

wJhtwGuf ykd;0if_yD;aoqHk;cJh&&Smygw,f? 'ga]umihfvnf;

pifoD,marmifwkdU armifESpfawGukd ta&twGuftm;jzihf
ckESpfa,mufvkdUajymcJh&wmjzpfygw,f? trnfemr tae
eJu
U awmh }uD;pOfi,fvu
dk af zmfjy&&if eefv
U m;&Sm/ eefzU ef;CS/D
pifo,
D marmif/ eef&U mS xl;a0:/ pvHrUk /H a'gufwm&S;D +/d pap;rH
wkdUygyJ? a'gufwmpifoD,marmifwkdU nDtpfukdarmifES r
awG[m wa,mufeJUwa,muf wESpf}uD;wESpfi,fawG
jzpf]uwJhtwGuf t}uD;u ti,fukdxdef;a]umif; ypkay;
&if; t&G,fa&mufvm]uwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga]umihfvnf;
armifES rwawG wa,mufew
JU a,muf tjyeftvSef &if;ESD;
cspfcifr+&Sd]uovkd av;pm;or+vnf;&SdcJh]uw,fvdkU qkd&rSm
ygyJ?

a'gufwmpifo,
D marmif. uav;b0
olrukd olr&JUzcifjzpfol ref;_idrf;armif vufaxmuf
usef;rma&;r;oifwef;wufaewJhtcsdefrSm rdcifjzpfol erfh
vS]unfu tif;pdefaq;kHrSm arG;zGm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? olr
arG;zGm;_yD; odyfr]umcifrSmyJ zcifjzpfol ref;_idrf;armif[m
vufaxmufusef;rma&;r;tjzpf olwm0efuswJh a&eH
acsmif;rdYukd ajymif;&wJhtwGuf olr[m rdbawGeJUtwl
a&eHacsmif;udk ygoGm;cJhygw,f? aemufw}udrf olr zcif
ajymif;a&$Ywm0efxrf;aqmifcw
hJ ahJ e&muawmh o&ufrdYyg?
'gayr,fh tJ'DtcsdefrSm olru odyfi,fao;awmh tmkHxJ
rSm pJGpJGxifxif bmrS rusefcJhygbl;? zcifref;_idrf;armif armf
vrdifukd ajymif;&wJhtcsdefa&mufrS tJ'DtcsdefrSm touf
oHk;av;ESpforD;t&G,f a&mufae_yDjzpfwJh olr[m b0
12

pwifcJhw,fvdkU ajym&ygvdrfhr,f? ausmif;ae&r,fht&G,f

a&mufvmwJhtcgrSm olr[m armfvrdif txu (4) rSm
oli,fwef; p_yD;wufcJhygw,f? zcifu aus;vufusef;rm
a&;r;qkdawmh oHk;av;v w}udrfavmuf olwm0efuswJh
aus;&GmawGudk qif;_yD; usef;rma&;apmifah &Smuf ukor+awG
vkyfay;&_yD; wcgc&D;xGuf&if wvavmuf]umwwfawmh
olrwkdU armifES rawGukd tdrfrSmyJ t_rJ&SdaewwfwJh rdcifu
]unhf a+ pmihaf &Smufygw,f? nDtpfuakd rmifESrrsm;wJh rdom;
pkjzpfwt
hJ wkid ;f }uD;wJo
h u
l ti,fawGudk ulnx
D ed ;f ausmif;
ay;&if;yJ }uD;jyif;vmcJh]uygw,f? tpydkif;rSmawmh olrwkdU
rdom;pk[m tdrfiSm;_yD; aexdkifcJh]u&_yD; tdrfiSm;wkdU&JU xHk;pH
twkdif; r]umr]umvnf; tdrfajymif;cJh]u&ygw,f? tJ'D
tcsed rf mS om;orD;awGvnf;rsm;/ t&G,v
f nf;a&mufvm]u
wJt
h wGuf ref;_idr;f armifeUJ erfv
h ]S unfw[
Udk m armfvrdirf mS yJ
tajccsaexkdifzkdU qHk;jzwfvkduf]uygw,f? olr ckESpfwef;
&Spfwef;avmufa&mufwJhtcsdefrSmawmh rqv tpkd;&u
jynfolykdifodrf;xm;wJh ausmif;eJU omoem ajrae&mtpm;
v,fajruGujf yefcsay;wJt
h wGuf ref;_ird ;f armif[m v,fajr
xJrSm tdrf,mwae&mpm&&SdcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtdrf,m tuGuf
uav;rSm ref;_idrf;armifu olUrdom;pktwGuf tdrfuav;
wvHk; aqmufay;cJhygw,f? opfwkdif/ ysOfcif;/ usLx&Hum
tifzufrkd; tdrfuav;ayr,fh tdyfcef;ESpfcef;/ {nhfcef;/
rD;zkcd ef;awGeUJ oyfoyf&yf&yfuav; aqmufxm;wJh tdraf v;
wvH;k yg? olrwdUk nDtpfrav;a,muftwGuf tdycf ef;wcef;
&ayr,fh rdom;pk pk&yfjzpfwhJ tdraf &S{> nfch ef;rSmyJ pum;ajym
13

]u pmzwf]u&if;eJU nDtpfrawG OD;wJo

h u
l ae&m,l tdyaf vh
&Sd]uw,f?
olr[m olr&Jt
U pfr nDrawGeJt
U wlwl ausmif;tm;&uf
awGrmS tazh&UJ pku
d cf if;ysKd;cif;av;awGrmS rdcif&UJ arG;jrLa&;
udpPawGrSm ulnDaqmif&Gufay;avh&SdcJhygw,f? wcgw&H
rSmawmh olr[m zcifusef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr+ay;wJh c&D;
rSm zcifeJUtwl vdkufyg_yD; olrwwfEkdifwJh tultnDawG
vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufay;cJhwmrsKd;vnf; &Sdygw,f? uav;o
bm0twkdif; aqmhupm;]uwJhtcg trsm;tm;jzihf Armu
av;awG upm;avh&SdwJh zefckef/ xkyfqD;wkd; pwJhupm;enf;
awGukdyJ upm;avh&SdcJhygw,f? tm;upm;wckckukd pl;pl;
pkdufpkduf upm;wmrsKd;awmh r&SdcJhygbl;? 'gayr,hf tm;u
pm;enf;awGxJrSm olru bwfpfuufabmupm;enf;ukd
ESpfoufoabmuscJhygw,f?
trsm;tm;jzifhawmh olrwkn
dU DtpfrawG[m tdrf&t
JU "du
tvkyfjzpfwJh a&cyfoGm;&if;yJ upm;cJh]uwmrsm;ygw,f?
ausmif;qif;vdkU tdrfa&mufwmeJU a&yHk;qJG_yD; tdrfuae 15
rdepf rdepf 20 avmuf av#muf&wJh a&wGif;}uD;qDukd oGm;
]u&ygw,f? wrdom;pkvHk; oHk;zkdUa&ukd cyf&wmjzpfwJh
twGuf a&cyfcsdef[m wem&D ESpfem&Davmuf]umwwf
ygw,f? olwv
Udk ydk J a&vmcyfwo
hJ al wGrsm;ae&ifvnf; uk,
d fh
a&qJzG Ukd tvSnu
fh dk apmih]f u&ao;wmrkUd apmih&f if;yJ upm;cJh
]uwmygyJ?
ylyifwwfwJh rdcif&JU ypkapmifha&Smufr+atmufrSm }uD;jyif;
vmcJh]uwJhtwkdif; a0;a0;vHvHoGm;wmrsKd; wjcm;vlpk&m
14

rSm oGm;upm;wmrsKd;awG r&SdcJh]uygbl;? kyf&SifoGm;]unfh

]uwJhtcgrsKd;rSmvnf; zcifjzpfol ref;_idrf;armifeyJU J oGm;]u
&ygw,f?

oli,fcsi;f taygif;toif;
tpOfwpkduf pJGpJG_rJ_rJwJG_yD; tcspfqHk;oli,fcsif;&,fvdkU
olrb0rSmr&Scd yhJ gbl;?twef;wwef;_y;D wwef;wufvm&if;
eD;pyfwJh tkyfpkeJU cifrifoGm;wmrsKd;&Sdayr,fh aemufwwef;
wufawmhvnf; aemufeD;pyfvmwJh tkyfpkeJU cifrifoGm;_yD;
wJGcJhwmygyJ? taeeD;pyfw,fqkdwmuawmh pkdufoabm
csif;wlvkdU eD;pyfaygif;oif;cJhrdwmukd ajymwmyg? txuf
wef;atmif_yD;wJhtcsdefrSm armfvrdifa'oaumvdyfrSm ESpf
ESpfwufcJh&_yD; &efukefaq;wuokdvfukd wufa&mufcJhwJh
tcgrSmvnf; &efukefxJuae_yD;wufwJh aeUausmif;om;

15

tkyfpkeJU e,fuvm_yD;wufwJh taqmifausmif;om;tkyfpk

&,fvkdU&SdaewJhtwGuf olUtkyfpkeJUol oD;oD;oefUoefUjzpfaecJh
ygw,f? aq;ausmif;om;ausmif;olawGtaeeJU uGif;qif;
&wJhtcsdefawGrSmawmh tkyfpkcsif;aygif;pnf;oGm;wmrsKd; &SdcJh
ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu taygif;toif;oli,fcsif;awGukd
wcgwavowd&wwfwmrsK;d &Sad yr,fh oil ,fcsi;f wa,muf
a,muftay:rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wrf;wvGrf;qGwfwmrsKd;/
awGYcsifwmrsKd;awmh olrrSmr&SdcJhygbl;?

aq;ausmif;olb0tawGtuHcHpm;r_
armfvrdif a'oaumvdyfrSm 'kwd,ESpfwuft_yD; tJ'D
tcsdefu pepft& q,fwef;&rSwfeJU a'oaumvdyfESpfESpf
&rSwf aygif;_yD; ysrf;r#trSwf owfrSwfcsuft& olr aq;
wuokdvf 0ifa&mufcGihf&&SdcJhygw,f? aq;wuodkvf ukd
pwifwufa&mufcJhwJhESpfuawmh 1980 ckESpfjzpf_yD; 2nd MB
u pwufcJh&ygw,f?tJ'Dtcsdefue,fuwuodkvfvm
wufwJh ausmif;om;ausmif;olawGukd taqmifaecGifhay;
aeao;wJhtcsdefjzpfvdkU olr oDwmaqmifrSm aecGihf&cJhyg
w,f? tJ'Dtaqmifaeausmif;olb0rSmvnf; taqmif
pnf;urf;t& wESpw
f cg tcef;ajymif;]u&wJt
h wGuf tcef;
azmftjzpf owfowfrw
S rf w
S f wJo
G mG ;cJrh w
d hJ oli,fcsi;f qkw
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rsKd;r&SdcJhygbl;? rSwfrSwf&& aecJh&wJhtcsdefrSm odyf_yD; ouf
awmiho
f ufom r&Scd w
hJ mygbJ? reufr;kd vif;wJt
h cg a&csK;d cef;
rSm a&r&wmrsK;d / ajrmufOuvmaq;ausmif;rSm oGm;wuf&
wJhtcsdefrSm naepmoifcsdeft_yD; taqmifjyefzkdU blwmkH
16

tcsed rf D tajy;tv$m;oGm;wmrsK;d / &xm;rrDvu

dk w
f mrsK;d awG
r]umc%qko
d vkd uHawGYc&hJ wJh twGuaf yghav? aemuf olr
aq;ausmif;wufwt
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ysupf ;D ,k,
d iG ;f pyaewJh tcsed jf zpfygw,f? twef;awG a&$Yay;
&wm/ zsufay;&wmrsKd;awG r]umc%jzpfaecJhyg_yD?
wuov
dk ef ,fajrtoD;oD;rSmvnf; tpk;d &&JY tusiyhf sujf ym;
jcpm;avmufukdufr+awG/ rw&m;r+awGta]umif; wD;wkd;
ajymqkrd a+ wG rsm;vmovkd tajymif;tvJwckcu
k dk awmifw
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taeeJU bmjzpfvkdU 'Dvkd jzpfae&wmvJ qkdwJh ar;cGef;ukd
ar;wwfvmcJyh gw,f?
pifoD,marmifuawmh EkdifiHa&;ukd odyfpdwf0ifwpm;
r&SdcJhwm trSefygyJ? olru rdef;uav;oli,fcsif;awGeJU
opfyif&dyfaumif;aumif;atmufrSm twif;ajym&wm/
tpk;d &&JU jcpm;avmufuu
dk rf a+ wG ajym&wmukd twef;wuf
wmxuf yk_d yD; pdw0f ifpm;cJyh gw,f? odyyf sif;vm&if ausmif;
uvpf_yD; kyf&Sif]unhfwmrsKd;awG vkyfwwfygw,f?
twef;wufjzpfwJhtcsdefawGrSmvnf; q&mawG a&Su
> oif
]um;ykdUcs&if; oifykef;ay:rSm a&;jyoGm;wmawGukd vkduful;
&iful; rul;wJhtcgrsKd;qkd&ifvnf; tdyfidkufaewwfcJhol
jzpfygw,f?
oif]um;ykdUcswJh q&m q&mrawGtaeeJUawmh olru
tm;vHk;avmufeD;yg;ukd oabmus ESpfoufcJhygw,f?
0g&ifhq&m/ q&mr}uD;awG&JU tawGYtuHeJU,SOfwJh oif
]um;ykdUcsr+awGukd ESpfoufcJhovkd i,f&G,fol q&m q&mr
17

awG&JU wdusaocsmwJh tcsuftvufftukd;tum;eJU oif

]um;r+awGay:rSmvnf; ESpfoufoabmuscJhwmygyJ?
aq;ausmif;olb0rSm ynmoifaepOfumvtwGif;
wywfwcg ESpfywfwcgqkdovkd &efukefrdYxJ oGm;_yD; vnf
ywfcJhwmrsKd; vkyfcJhayr,fh vnfywfoGm;vmzkdU odyfpdwfr
0ifpm;cJhygbl;? &uf&Snfausmif;ydwfwJhtcgrsKd;rSmawmh olr
wcgrS ra&mufcJhbl;wJh jrpf}uD;em;/ ysOf;rem; pwJh rdYrsKd;
awG/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:u ajrmif;jrvkd rdYrsKd;awGukd oli,fcsif;
awGeJU vkdufoGm;cJhwmrsKd;awG &SdcJhygw,f?
olr aemufqkH;ESpf aq;ausmif;ol jzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSm
awmh olrwkUd oli,fcsif;awG]um;rSm wa,mufew
UJ a,muf
cJGcGm&awmhr,fqkdwJhcHpm;r+eJU 0rf;enf;pdwfraumif;jzpf]u
ovkd tvkyfoifq&m0efumv _yD;oGm;]u&if bmvkyf]u
rvJ/ tpkd;&tvkyf0ifvkyfrvm;/ or0g,raq;cef;xkdif
rvm;? aq;yJa&mif;pm;]u&rvm; ponfjzifh ra&&mvSwhJ
tem*wfrSm bmvkyfr,fqkdwm a&a&&m&m rajymEkdifcJh]u
ygbl;? 'DvkdeyJU J trsm;enf;wl olr aemufqHk;ESpf pmar;yJGukd
ajzqkdatmifjrifcJhygw,f?

ausmif;t+yD; tvkyo
f ifq&m0efb0ESihf
q&m0efb0
aq;ausmif;_yD;vkdU olr tvkyfoifq&m0eftjzpf aq;kH
qif;&wJhtcsdefrSm armfvrdifaq;kH}uD;rSmyJ jyef_yD;qif;cGihf
&cJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd tvkyfoifq&m0efb0a&mufvmwJh
tcgrSmawmh olr[m q&m0efawG/ olemyawG/ aq;kH0ef
18

xrf;awGeUJ aq;kv
H m_yD;wufa&mufuo
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twGuf tjyifaq;cef;awGrSm 0ifaiG&atmif&SmzdkU vHk;yef;
ae]u&wJhtwGuf wcsKdUq&m0ef q&mrawG[m aq;kHrSm
awmif tjynfht0tcsdef ray;Ekdif]uwmawG olr awGYcJh&
ygw,f? vlemawG&JU a&m*gukoa&;udpP/ ypkapmifha&Smuf
a&;udpPxuf pD;yGm;a&; tqifajya&;ukdyJ vHk;yef;ae]u&
awmh ukoa&; ypkapmihfa&Smufa&;awGrSm wm0ef csKdU,Gif;
wmrsKd;awG olrawGYjrifcJh&ovdk aq;kHukd rv$Jra&Smifom
vm_yD; wufa&mufuo
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aq;kHay:a&mufwJhtcsdefrSm vdktyfwJh aq;0g;0,f,lzkdU
aiGa]u;tcuftcJ uHawGY]u&_yD; quf_yD;rukEkdifjzpf]u&
wmawGukdvnf; pdwfraumif;p&mtjzpf olr awGYuHcHpm;
cJh&ygw,f? wcsKdUvlemawG[m aq;kHukdvmzkdU aiGa]u;&Sm
azG pkaqmif;ae&wmeJUyJ ukor+cH,loifhwJh tcsdefxuf
trsm;}uD; aemufus_yD;rS aq;kHukd a&mufvm]u_yD; rao
qHk;oifhbJ aoqHk;]u&wmrsKd;awGukdvnf; olr odjrifcGifh&
cJhygw,f?
tvkyfoifq&m0efb0 _yD;qHk;vkdU q&m0efwa,mufjzpf
vmwJhtcsdefrSm olr[m tpkd;&0efxrf;vufaxmufq&m
0ef&mxl;ae&mukdrav#mufawmhbJolr&JU aqGrsKd;om;csif;
awG aexkdif&m ykodrfrdYukd oGm;a&mufcJhygw,f? ykodrfrdY
rSm olr&JUta':0rf;uJGwa,mufu ywWm; qkdwJh trnfeJU
yk*~vduom;zGm;aq;cef;wck axmifxm;ygw,f? tJ'Daq;
19

cef;rSm vkyfaewJh tpkd;&q&m0efwa,muf e,fajymif;&wJh

tcsdefrSm vpfvyfoGm;wJh q&m0efae&mrSm olrukd 0ifvkyf
ay;zkUd urf;vS r;f ajymqkv
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w,f?
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hJ wGuf ausmif;om;v+y&f mS ;r+awGwuov
dk f
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w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ armfvrdifrSmyJ aexkdifusef&pfcJhwJh
olr rdcif&JUusef;rma&;tajctae csKdU,Gif;vmwJhtwGuf
olru u&ifjynfe,f 'grS r[kwf rGefjynfe,fwae&m&m
rSmyJ aq;cef;zGifhzkdU qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? 1987 rSm olr armf
vrdifukd jyefa&mufcJh_yD; tonf;toefjzpfae_yDjzpfwJh olr
&JU rdcifjzpfo[
l m armfvrdif rdYrmS yJq;kH yg;oGm;cJyh gw,f? rdcif
uG,fvGef_yD;csdefrSmvnf; olr[m wjcm;wae&mukd roGm;
awmhbJ ausmif;aepOfu cifrif&if;ES;D cJw
h hJ oli,fcsif;wOD;&JU
tquftoG,feJY u&ifjynfe,f tdENKaus;&GmrSmyJ ukd,fykdif
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olr ukd,fykdifaq;cef;av;zGihfcJhwJh tdENKaus;&Gm[m
wu,fawmh &Gm}uD;w&Gmjzpfygw,f? vlOD;a& ESpfaomif;
ywf0ef;usifavmuf aexkdifwJh&Gmyg? tdENK&GmrSm u&iftkyf
pk/ rGeftkyfpk/ ytkdU0ftkyfpkqkd_yD; tkyfpkoHk;pk&Sd_yD; u&ifvlrsKd;
tkyfpku trsm;pk v,fvkyf]uygw,f? rGeftkyfpkuawmh
trsm;tm;jzihf xef;wuf/ xef;vsufcsuf/ aygufaygufqkyf
20

vkyf pwmawGvkyf]u_yD; ytkdU0ftkyfpku vlrsm;pku &uf

uef;&uf_yD; toufarG;r+y]uygw,f? 'gayr,hf tkyfpk
oHk;pkpvHk;&JU trsm;pkuawmh vufvkyfvufpm;awGyJjzpfyg
w,f?
vlOD;a&rsm;wJh &Gm}uD;w&GmjzpfwJhtwGuf aq;kHav;
wkHawmh &Sdygw,f? 'gayr,hf q&m0efr&Sdygbl;? olemy
q&mrwa,mufyJ&Sdygw,f?
q&m0efvnf;r&Sd aq;0g;vnf;r&SdwJhtwGuf usef;rm
a&;/ umuG,fa&;/ ukoa&;awGukd bmrS r,fr,f&& aq;
kHtaeeJU vkyfray;EkdifcJhygbl;? aus;&Gmvlxk[m tjyifaq;
cef;uav;awGudkyJ tm;ukd;cJh&wmjzpfygw,f? olrtaeeJU
vnf; aus;vufjynfolvlxk&JU usef;rma&;ukd olr zGifhvSpf
xm;wJhaq;cef;uav;uae wwfEkdifoavmuf apmihf
a&Smufay;cJhygw,f?

8888 vlxk 'Dru

dk a&pDta&;awmfyu
kH mv
a'gufwmpifoD,marmifwa,muf tdENKaus;&GmrSm
olr&JU ukd,fykdifaq;cef;zGifh_yD; b0ukd pwnfptcsdefrSmyJ
1350 jynfhESpf jynfolU'Drkdua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD; jzpfay:
vmcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm tdENKaus;&Gmu bm;tH/ armf
vrdif/ &efukef pwJh wuokdvfaumvdyf toD;oD;rSm oGm;
a&muf ynmoif,lae]uwJh ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG
vnf; &Gmukd jyefa&mufae]u_yDjzpfvUdk tdEKN aus;&GmrSmvnf;
'Drkdua&pDa&; awmif;qkdcsDwufqENjywmawG oydwfpcef;
zGifhwmawG &SdvmcJhygw,f?
21

wuodkvfausmif;olb0uae q&m0efjzpfvmwm
r]umvSao;wJh a'gufwmpifoD,marmif[m tJ'Dausmif;
om; ausmif;olawGeJU wJG_yD; oydwfpcef;zGihf 'Drkdua&pDa&;
twGuf wufwufuGuG yg0ifv+yf&Sm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh
vlxk'Drkdua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;ukd vufeufeJU &uf&uf
pufpuf ypfcwfESdrfeif;cJhwJh ppfwyfu 18/ 9/ 88 ckESpfrSm
wkid ;f jynftm%mukd odr;f ,lc_hJ yD; ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk wnf
axmifcJhwJhtwGuf 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGukd qufvufqifE$J_yD;
ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd acsr+ef;z,f&Sm;csif]uol ausmif;om;
ausmif;olawGeJU vli,fawG[m e,fpyfa'owkdif;&if;om;
vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&Sd&mukd tpkvkduf
tyHvkduf xGufcGmcJh]uygw,f? tJ'Dausmif;om;ausmif;ol
vli,fawGeJUtwl a'gufwmpifoD,marmifwa,muf
vnf; e,fpyfa'oukd xGufvmcJhygw,f?

awmfvSefa&;c&D;tp
wu,fawmh a'gufwmpifoD,marmif[m tJ'De,fpyf
a'oc&D; vrf;yef;tajctaeeJU e,fpyfa'ou wkdif;&if;
om; vufeufukdiftiftm;pkawG&JU tajctaeukd bmrS od
rxm;cJhygbl;? 'gayr,hf qHk;jzwfcsufcs_yD;wJhtwkdif; puf
wifbmv (22) &uf eHeuf (4) em&DrSm ajcvsifc&D;xGufzkdU
pDpOfxm;cJhygw,f? tdENK&GmxJu olreJUtwl vkdufygr,hf
vli,fwa,muftdrfrSm (21) &ufaeU n (9) em&Davmuf
uwnf;u oGm;tdyfcJhygw,f? tpDtpOftwkdif; aemuf
waeUeHeuf (4) em&DrSm tdENK&Gmuae_yD; ajcvsifc&D; pwif
22

xGufcGmvmcJh]uygw,f? olrtygt0if wuodkvfausmif;

om;ESpaf ,muf q,fwef;ausmif;om; ESpaf ,mufeUJ tzJYG 0if
(14) a,mufjzpfygw,f?
olrwkdU (14) a,muf[m trsm;tm;jzifh nbufawGrSm
om c&D;oGm;cJ]h u_yD; aeUbufawGrmS awmh wcgwav Z&yf/
wcgwav bkef;}uD;ausmif;/ 'grS r[kwf tdrfwtdrfrSm em;
aecJ]h uygw,f? nbuf c&D;prf;w0g;0g;oGm;cJ&h wJt
h wGuf
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cJh]uygbl;? tJ'DvkdeJU olrwdkUtzJGY[m autef,l wyfr[m
(2) e,fajrxJrmS &Sw
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]uwJt
h cgrSmawmh (14) a,mufxu
J trsm;pk[m bm;tHu
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od&wJh 0rfc pcef;ukd oGm;zdUk qH;k jzwfc]hJ uygw,f? autef
,lu olreJt
U zJYGuo
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d yf gykaUd qmifay;
cJyh gw,f?
olrwkdUtkyfpk 0rfca&mufwJhtcsdef[m ausmif;om;wyf
rawmf pwifwnfaxmif_yD;csdefjzpfwJhtwGuf wcsKdUu
ABSDF eJU yl;aygif;cJh_yD; wcsKdUu autef,leJU yl;aygif;cJh]u
ygw,f? a'gufwmpifoD,marmifuawmh pxGufvmcJhpOf
23

a'gufwmpifoD,marmif usKduf'Hka&ab;wGifulnDpOf? (1992)

24

25

uwnf;u qufoG,fjyifqifxm;wm r&SdcJhovkd ABSDF eJU

autef,w
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l ausmif;om;
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om;wm0efcHu olrukd q&m0efynmwwfwa,mufjzpf
wJhtwGuf ausmif;om;awGeJU ywfoufwJh ulnDaxmufyHh
r+awG EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udpPawGrSm tultnDay;zkdU
awmif;qkdvmwJhtwGuf olru tultnDay;zkdU oabmwl
nDcJhygw,f? tJ'DudpPawGrSm yg0ifulnDaqmif&Guf&if;yJ
aq;0g;bufykdif; enf;enf;yg;yg; ulnDaqmif&GufcJh&mu
vkyif ef;awGeUJ xdawGYqufpyfr&+ v
dS mcJyh gw,f? e,fpyfa'o
ausmif;om;pcef;awGtwGuf aq;0g;&&Szd Udk &dumQ axmufyzhH Udk
aqmif&GufwJhtcg olr[m NGO av;awG xdkif;rSm&SdwJh vlr+
toif;tzJYGav;awGeUJ qufpyfvmcJ&h ygw,f? trsm;tm;jzifh
awmh bmoma&;tzJGYawGeJU qufpyfaqmif&GufcJh&ygw,f?
aemufykdif;rSmawmh aq;0g;&duQm&&Sda&;twGufom r[kwf
awmhbJ ausmif;om;tkyfpkawGxJu emzsm;rusef;&SdvmwJh
tcg ausmif;om;vlemwcsKu
Ud dk rJaqmufaq;kyH &Udk r,hf tajc
taersKd;awG&v
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qufoG,faqmif&GufEkdifzkdU tcsKdU c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;
awG&JUtultnDukd &,lcJh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'DtcsdefrSm
wke;f u ppftpk;d & wyfeUJ wku
d yf }GJ uD;jzpfwmrsKd;r&Sad o;awmh
omrefxdawGYr+taeeJU xdckduf'%f&mtenf;tyg;&wJh
vlemrsKd;awGavmufukdyJ ukoay;cJh&wmrsm;ygw,f?
26

aemufykdif; ppftpkd;&wyfawGeJU autef,lwyfawG ausmif;

om;wyfawGeJU 0rfcwkdufyJGvkdrsKd; tjyif;txef wkdufcdkufr+
rsKd;awG jzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSmawmh '%f&m&vmwJholawGukd
ta&;ay:ukoay;zkdU/ odyf'%f&mjyif;xefwJholawGukd
rJaqmufaq;kyH aUdk y;zk/Ud ABSDF xJrmS yg0ifaeayr,fh touf
odyif ,fao;vkUd wku
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wmpifo,
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Ekdifa&;eJU ausmif;om;wyfawGxJrSm aq;wyfom;awG&SdzdkU
vkdtyfvmwJhtwGuf aq;oifwef;ay;zdkU pwmawGtwGuf
rJaqmufrSm rjzpfrae aq;cef;uav;wcktjzpf ajcukyf
,lcJh&ygw,f? aq;cef;pwifwnfaxmifcJhwmu 1989
azazmf0g&DvrSmjzpf_yD; vltiftm; ajcmufa,mufeJU pwif
cJh&wmjzpfygw,f? pwifwnffaxmifcJhpOfu aq;kHaq;
cef;}uD;wcktjzpf wjznf;jznf;wkd;csJ>oGm;zkdU olrrSm tpDt
pOfr&SdcJhygbl;? w&m;0if&xm;wJhae&mr[kwfwJhtwGuf
vnf; olru b,folUukdrS today;ta]umif;]um;cJhwm
r&SdbJ wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwfeJUyJ olr&JUaq;cef;ukd pwifwnf
axmifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? vltiftm;ajcmufa,mufeJU pcJh&
w,fqkdayr,fh 0kdif;0ef;yHhykd;]uwJh tultnDawGuawmh
trsm;}uD;&SdcJhygw,f? ABSDF xJrSm yg0ifvmcJhwJh q&m0ef
27

wcsKdu
U vnf; oGm;vm0ifxGuf&if; vlemukoay;wmawG/
aq;oifwef;ay;wmawG&Scd yhJ gw,f?aumhu&dw/f 'l;yvm/
bm;tH pwJh ckdiftvkduf&Sdae]uwJh ABSDF pcef;acgif;
aqmifawGtaeeJv
U nf; olwkdw
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cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh b,fvkdyJ wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwfvkyfcJhay
r,fh aq;cef;&Sdaew,fqkdwmukd wpxufwp odvm]uyg
w,f? txl;ojzihf xkdif;EkdifiHxJrSm tvkyfvmvkyfae]uwJh
tvkyform;awG odvm]uwJhtcsdefrSmawmh pufkH tvkyf
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ae&wJh vlemrsK;d awGuydk g ukoay;ay;Ekid af &;twGuf wywf
ESp&f uf eHeufyidk ;f wkid ;f rSmpwifuo
k ay;cJyh gw,f? aemufyidk ;f
trsKd;orD;tvkyform;awGyga&mufvmwJhtcsdefrSmawmh
ukd,f0efaqmifapmihfa&Smufr+/ om;zGm;r+eJU uav;usef;rm
a&;apmihfa&Smufukor+awGukdyg olrvkyf aqmifay;cJh&yg
w,f?
trsKd;rsKd;tpm;pm; a&mufvmwJh vlemawG rsm;jym;vm
wmeJUtr# aq;cef;&JU vdktyfr+[m rsm;vmcJh&ygw,f?
aq;cef;ukd wcef;uae ESpcf ef; aemufEpS af qmif oH;k aqmif
txd wkd;csJ>zGifhay;cJhygw,f? zsm;emaqmif/ cJGpdwfaqmif/
om;zGm;cef; pojzihf cJGjcm;zGihfay;cJh&ovkd "mwfcJGcef;eJU
aoG;vcef;vkd tcef;rsK;d vnf; wk;d csv
>J mcJ&h ygw,f? aq;cef;
[m wjznf;jznf;}uD;vmwmeJt
U r# aiGa]u;t&/ enf;ynm
t& axmufyHhulnDr+awG vdktyfvmcJh_yD; pDrHcefUcJGr+tykdif;
vnf; vkdtyfvmcJhygw,f? NGO awG/ a'oqkdif&m vlr+a&;
28

toif;tzJYGawG/ bmoma&;toif;tzJYGawG&UJ ulnyD yhH ;dk r+awG

udkvnf; olr &&SdcJhygw,f? wydifeufwnf;rSmyJ olr&JU
vkyfief;wm0efawGuvnf; rsm;jym;vmcJhygw,f? ABSDF
wyfzYGJawGeUJ e,fpyfawGrmS aq;cef; aq;kaH v;awGxm;Edik zf Ukd
ABSDF aq;r;rsm;/ a'oqkdif&m usef;rma&;tkyfcsKyfa&;
t}uD;tuJrsm;eJU qufoG,faqmif&GufcJh_yD; e,fvSnhf
use;f rma&;vkyif ef;awG vkyaf qmifEidk zf Udk use;f rma&;vkyo
f m;
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a'o wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkaus;&GmawGeUJ 'kuo
Q nfpcef;awG
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r,fawmfaq;cef;&JU usef;rma&;vkyfief;awGrSmyJ wpkduf
rwfrwf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;]uygw,f? 'DvkdeJyU J olr&JU
r,fawmfaq;cef;&JU tcef;u[m ta&;yg us,jf yefv
U mcJh
ygw,f? txl;ojzihf jrefrmEkdifiHppftpkd;&&JU zdpD;ESdyfpufr+
trsKd;rsKd;a]umifh jrefrmEkdifiHuae xGufajy;vmcJh]uwJh 'kuQ
onfawG/ jynfwiG ;f rSm vkyu
f idk pf m;aomufr+ tqifrajy]u
vdkU xkdif;EkdifiHe,fpyfa'oawGrSm vma&muftvkyfvkyfukdif
ae]uwJh tvkyform;awG[m olwkdU&JUusef;rma&;twGuf
r,fawmfaq;cef;ukdyJ t"dutm;ukd;tm;xm; yae]uyg
w,f? r,fawmfaq;cef;&JU tcrJh ukoapmihfa&Smuffr+eJU
apwemh0efxrf; 0efaqmifr+awGa]umihf jrefrmEkdifiHxJrSm
aexkdif]uayr,fh jrefrmEkdifiHaq;kHaq;cef;awGrSm aq;0g;
ukozkUd aiG a]u;rwwfEidk ]f uwJh r&Sq
d if;&Jom;awG[mvnf;
olw&Ukd aUJ 0'emawGudk ukozkUd r,fawmfaq;cef;&S&d mukd a&muf
29

&SdvmcJh]uygw,f? tckqkd&if a'gufwmpifoD,marmifeJU

r,fawmfaq;cef;&JU *k%fowif;[m tEdkifEkdifiHtxd ysH>ESHU
xif&mS ;vmcJ_h yjD zpfovdk apwem&Siaf wG/ NGO awGeUJ vlra+ &;
ulnaD xmufyahH &;toif;tzJYG / bmoma&;toif;tzJYG awG&UJ
tm;ay;ulnDyHhykd;r+awGukd &&SdvmcJhygw,f? EkdifiH&yfjcm;u
apwem0efxrf;q&m0efawG vma&mufaexkid f ukoay;wm
rsK;d &Sv
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eJU aq;cef;rSm a0'em&Siaf wGudk vma&mufuo
k ay;wmawG
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a&;apmifha&Smufr+omruawmhbJ uav;awG&JU ynmoif
]um;a&;twGufyg aqmif&Gufay;zkdU vkdtyfvmwJhtwGuf
1994 ckESpfrSm rludausmif;uav; pwifwnfaxmifay;cJh
_yD;tJ'aD usmif;uuav;awGtwef;}uD;vm]uwJt
h csderf mS
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jym;vmwJhausmif;om;OD;a&a]umihf ausmif;ukd ESpfausmif;
cJGvkduf_yD; wausmif;ukd rludausmif;tjzpf jyefxm;_yD; usef
wausmif;uawmh twef;}uD;vm]uwJhtwGuf ajcmuf
wef;txd oif]um;ay;wJhausmif;jzpfvmcJhyg_yD?
wu,fawmh tpydkif;rSm a'gufwmpifoD,marmif[m
ynma&;bufrSm pdwf0ifpm;r+odyfr&SdcJhygbl;? ukd,fwkdifu
ukoa&;ukd tajccHoif,lvmcJh&_yD; usef;rma&;apmihf
a&Smufr+/ ukor+ukdyJ vkyfvmcJh&wJhtwGuf ukoa&;buf
rSmyJ pdwf0ifpm; tm;oefcJholjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh vlxk&JU
30

usef;rma&; apmihfa&Smufr+twGuf vlxkukd usef;rma&;

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ay;wJhtcgrSm wufa&mufvmwJh ausmif;/ oif]um;vmcJh&
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awGYvmcJh&ygw,f? &&SdvmwJhynma&;tajccHrwlovkd
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tckawmh olru uav;awG&JU ynma&;twGuf &efyHkaiG
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tpnf;rsm; tm;aumif;vma&; pwmawGuydk g ud;pm;aqmif
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jrefrm'kuo
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f yk u
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31

olrESifh Ekifd if aH &;

i,fi,fuwnf;u p_yD; touftawmftwef&vmwJh
ausmif;olb0txd Ekid if aH &;eJyU wfouf_yD; acgif;xJrmS wcg
rS r&SdcJholjzpfygw,f? wkdif;jynfrSm EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;r+wckck
jzpfvdkU ta&;tcif;wckckjzpfvkdU ausmif;awGydwfvkduf&if
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oli,fcsif;wcsKdU ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;awGrSm yg0if
v+yf&Sm;rdvkdU ausmif;xkwfcH&wmrsKd; ]um;od&wJhtcsdefrSm
p_yD; EkdifiHa&;qkdwm tE&m,f&Sdygvm;qkdwJh todw&m;rsKd;
olr pwifcHpm;rdcJhygw,f?
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&m&m olr em;rvnfcJhygbl;? wuodkvfausmif;olb0rSm
awmh tqifrajyr+/ csKdU,Gif;tm;enf;r+awGudk awGY&zef
rsm;wJhtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;pepf&JU csKdU,Gif;tm;enf;
csuftjzpfodjrifvmcJh_yD; tajymif;tvJwckckukd wjcm;
ausmif;om; ausmif;olawGenf;wl awmifhwvmwmrsKd;
awmh &Scd yhJ gw,f? 'Dxufawmh rykcd yhJ gbl;?
tJ'Dtajymif;tvJwckckukd awmihfwvkdcsifvmwJhpdwf
qENeJUyJ olr[m 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk; jynfolU'Drkdua&pD
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;jzpfay:vmwJhtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;awG
OD;aqmifwJh oydwftzJGYeJU yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh ausmif;om;awG awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG
eJU aexdkifcJhwJh tawGYtuHeJU ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm r,fawmf

32

aq;cef;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHu twd'kuQa&mufvm]uwJh 'kuQ

onfawG/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;v+yf&Sm;aqmif&GufolawG/ a&$Y
ajymif;tvkyform;awGukd ukoapmihfa&Smufay;&if; &vm
wJt
h awGYtuHawGt& olrrSm &Sv
d mwJh Ekid if aH &;todw&m;
uawmh ppfwyf[m wkdif;jynfwck&JU tpkd;&jzpfvmwJhtcsdef
rSm wkdif;jynf&JU ,Hk]unfr+ysufjym;atmif vkyfaqmifukdif
wG,fwmrsKd;awG trsm;}uD;&SdvmwJhtwGuf jynfolvlxk&JU
,Hk]unftm;xm;r+ukd r&Ekdifbl;? aemuf ppfwyf[m wkdif;
jynf&JUtpkd;& rjzpfoifhbl;vkdU olr tckdiftrm ,Hk]unfvmcJh
ygw,f?

olrESihftm;upm;
i,fpOfuwnf;u jrefrmhkd;&mupm;enf;awGjzpfwJh
Z,fcHk/ xkyfqD;wkd;/ pdefajy;wrf; pwmrsKd;awGukdyJ upm;
cJhwmrsm;cJholjzpfygw,f? ausmif;rSmawmh abmfvDabm/
bwfpuufabm pwJhtm;upm;enf;awG upm;vkdU&ay
r,fh tcsdefay; oGm;upm;zkdU rdom;pkb0tajctaet&
rjzpfEikd cf w
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hJ wGuf ausmif;tm;&ufawGeUJ upm;vk&Ud Ekid w
f hJ
tajctaerSm wjcm;uav;trsm;pkupm;]uwJh ud;ckef/
om;a&uGif;ypf/ a*:vDkdufpwJh upm;enf;awGavmufyJ
upm;jzpfygw,f? tm;upm;enf;awGtaeeJUawmh olr
ukd,fwkdifu aoaocsmcsm upm;zl;cJhwmr[kwfawmh bm
ukd0goemygw,fvdkaU jymzkdaU wmif rvG,fcJhygbl;? 'gayr,fh
tm;upm;yJGawGukd oGm;]unhfcGifh&cJhwJhtcsdefrsKd;awGrSm
awmh bwfpuufabmukd ESpo
f ufoabmuscJyh gw,f?
33

olrESifhpmay
olrrSm pmzwf0goem&SdcJhayr,fh i,fi,fuawmh pm
odyf_yD; zwfvSw,fvkdUawmh ajymvkdUr&ygbl;? zwfwJhtcg
awmh r*~Zif;pmtkyrf sK;d pHek UJ wjcm;vH;k csi;f 0wK/ bmomjyefawG
eJU zcifpkaqmif;xm;wJ EkdifiHa&;taiGUtoufygwJh twK
ywWdawGeJU orkdif;pmtkyftcsKdu
U kd tzwfrsm;cJhygw,f? jrefrm
0wKawGxJrSmawmh uG,fvGefol q&mr rkd;rkd; (tif;vsm;)
&J0U wKawGukd txl;ESpfoufzwf+cJhygw,f? pmzwf0goem
olrxuf jyif;xeftm;aumif;wJh armifti,fwa,muf&JU
pmtkyfpifu EkdifiHa&;pdwfxufoefwJhpmtkyftcsKdU zwfcJhzl;
ayr,fh trsm;tm;jzihaf wmh Ekid if aH &;oufoufpmtkyaf wGudk
tzwfenf;cJyh gw,f?

olrESihf aw;*Dw
i,fi,fuwnf;u aw;oDcsif;awGukd ESpfoufcJhyg
w,f? 'ga]umihfvnf; bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;wufwkdif; oDcsif;
qkad vh&ydS gw,f? oDcsif;wyk'Ef pS yf 'k u
f adk wmh ESpo
f ufpv
GJ rf;
rdvkdUqkd_yD; pJGpJG_rJ_rJqkdrdwwfwmrsKd;awmh olrrSmr&SdcJhygbl;?
tqkdawmfxuf oDcsif;pmom;ay:rSm ESpfoufwwf_yD; pm
om;tm;aumif;wJh oDcsif;awGukd a&G;_yD;em;axmifavh&Sdyg
w,f? tqkdawmfa&m oDcsif;pmom;a&m ESpfoufrdwJhtcg
rsKd;awmh olru ESpfcg oHk;cgjyef_yD; em;axmifwwfygw,f?
'gayr,hf toHcsnf;yJ em;axmifwmrsKd;xuf tkyfa&m
toHyg ]unhf+em;axmif&wmrsKd;ukd ykd_yD;oabmusyg
34

w,f? olr ESpfoufpJGvrf;rdwJh wD;0kdif;eJU tqkdawmfuawmh

tkdif;&if;ca&mh (Iron Cross) aw;*DwtzJGYeJU av;jzLjzpfyg
w,f? txl;ojzihf av;jzLeJUtzJGY tkyfpkvkdufqkdoGm;wJh
oDcsif;awGudk olru ESpo
f ufcpH m;wwfygw,f?

olrESifhkyf&Sif
kyf&Sif odyfudufwJholvkdUawmh olrudk ajymvkdUr&ygbl;?
i,fpOfu zcifjzpfoleJU armifES rwpk rdYrSmjyaewJhum;
bmum;yJjzpfjzpf vkdufyg]unfh+jzpfcJhovkd aq;ausmif;ol
b0rSm oli,fcsif;awGeJU ausmif;ajy;_yD; kyf&Sif]unfhwmrsKd;
vnf;vkyfcJhygw,f? pmar;yJG_yD;wJhtcsdefrsKd;awGrSmvnf;
oli,fcsif;awGet
UJ wl bmum;yJjyaejyae oGm;]unhw
f wfchJ
ygw,f? okyfaqmifr+t& olroabmuswJhrif;om; rif;
orD;taeuawmh rif;om;ausmf[def;eJU rif;orD; e0&wfwkdU
jzpfygw,f? aemuf olr ESpfouf]unfh+cJhwJh kyf&Sifum;
awGuawmh rif;orD; cifoef;Ek yg0ifokyfaqmifwJhum;
awGjzpfygw,f?
tdrfaxmif&ufom;us_yD; tck touft&G,fa&mufvm
wJhtcsdefrSmawmh olrtaeeJU oD;jcm;kyf&SifoGm;]unhfwm
rsKd; r&SdawmhbJ tdrfu uav;awG iSm;vmwJh AD'D,kd kyf&Sif
um;awGukdyJ tm;wJhtcg ]unhfjzpfygw,f?

olreJ bmoma&;
olr[m rdbjzpfolawGvkdyJ ESpfjcif; c&pf,mefbmom
ukd ,Hk]unfukd;uG,fol wa,mufjzpfygw,f? i,fpOfb0
35

rdbawGeJU aexkdifcJhpOfwkef;u bk&m;ausmif;eD;wJhtwGuf

bk&m;&Sdckd;csdefawGrSm bk&m;ausmif;ukd t_rJoGm;a&mufcJhol
jzpfygw,f? c&pf,mefbmom0ifawG xH;k pHtwkid ;f we*FaEG
aeUrSm bmtvkyfrS rvkyfbJ tem;,lwmrsKd; bmoma&;xHk;
wrf;pOfvmt& aexkdifvkyfukdifwmrsKd;awG vkyfcJhygw,f?
touft&G,f&vmcsdefrSmawmh bmoma&; xHk;wrf;pOf
vmawGay:rSm odyfpl;pkdufwmrsKd;r&Sdawmhygbl;? 'gayr,fh
,Hk]unfjcif;/ ar#mfvifhjcif;eJU cspfjcif;arwWmawGay:rSmawmh
tav;teufxm;&Sq
d jJ zpfygw,f? txl;ojzifah wmh olru
cspfjcif;arwWmay:rSmawmh tav;teuf oabmxm;yg
w,f? b,fvkdyJ ,Hk]unfjcif;&Sd&Sd/ b,fvkdyJ ar#mfvifhjcif;
&Sd&Sd cspfjcif;arwWmr&Sd&ifawmh b,fvdkt&mrsKd;rSmrqkd _yD;
ajrmufatmifjrifr+ r&Ekdifbl;vdkU ,Hk]unfxm;ygw,f?

olrESit
hf cspf
i,fpOftv,fwef; txufwef;ausmif;ol b0rSma&m
aq;ausmif;olb0 wav#mufvHk;rSmyg olrrSm cspfolr&Sd
cJhzl;ygbl;? rdcifjzpfwJholuvnf; orD;awGtay:rSm tcspf
a&;a]umifh rSm;oGm;rSm ausmif;ynma&; r_yD;qHk;ao;cif
rSm tdrfaxmif&ufom;usoGm;rSmrsKd;awG jzpfrSm odyfpkd;&drf
pdwf}uD;cJhygw,f? roifhavsmfwJholrsKd;awGeJU tdrfaxmifus
oGm;rSmukdvnf; rjzpfapcsifwJhtwGuf olrwkdU nDtpfrawG
tay:rSm enf;enf; wif;wif;usyfusyfuav; apmihf]unfh
wmrsKd;awG vkyfcJhawmh olrtaeeJU cspfolxm;vkdpdwf r&SdcJh
ygbl;? aq;ausmif;olb0a&mufwJhtcsdefrSmvnf; tcspf
36

a&;bufukd rpOf;pm;tm;atmifukd ynma&;bufrSm

tvkyfrsm;aecJhawmh aemufqHk;ausmif;_yD;vkdU q&m0efjzpf
vmwJt
h csdex
f d olrrSm cspfo&l ,fvUdk r&Scd yhJ gbl;?
'gayr,fh vlom;wa,mufjzpfwJhtwGuf olrtaeeJU
tcspfukdawmh vHk;0ra&Smif&Sm;EkdifcJhygbl;? r,fawmfaq;
cef;&,fvkdU pwifzGihfvSpfcJh_yD;wJhtcsdefeJU r]umcifrSmbJ ppf
tpdk;&u e,fpyf autef,lpcef;awGeJU ausmif;om;pcef;
awGudk xk;d ppfqifwu
dk cf u
dk v
f mcJyh gw,f? 0rfcwku
d yf jGJ zpfwhJ
tcsdefrSmawmh 0rfcpcef;rSm&SdwJh ABSDF wyfzJGY0ifawGxJu
toufenf;enf;i,fao;vkdU wkdufckdufzdkU roifhao;wJh
ausmif;om;i,fawGeJU wkdufckdufa&;ukd tm;roefwJholawG

ukd olr&S&d m r,fawmfaq;cef;ukd apv$w_f yD; aq;oifwef;

wufzkdU oufqkdif&m wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfawGu pDpOfapv$wfay;
cJhygw,f? tJ'Dausmif;om;vli,fawGxJrSmawmh rGefwkwf
ujym; vli,fausmif;om; armifausmf[def;wa,muf yg
vmcJhygw,f? tpykdif;rSm tJ'Dausmif;om;i,fav;awG[m
37

aq;cef;rSm ulnDaqmif&Gufay;]u&ygw,f? wcgw&H

aq;oifwef;wufzaUdk &mufvmwJh ausmif;om;vli,fawGeUJ
olr aqG;aEG;yJGav;awG vkyf&ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ
armifausmf[def;eJU wa,mufeJU wa,muf oHa,mZOfjzpfrd
cspfcJhrd]uygw,f? 1992 ckESpfrSm "mwfcJGcef;r;oifwef;
pwifay;cJhygw,f? ukdausmf[def;vnf; "mwfcJGr;oifwef;
wufae&if;yJ jynfwGif;rSm usef;rma&;vkyfief;vkyfzkdU vkd
tyfwJh tquftpyfeJU a'oqkdif&m qufpyfr+vkyfief;awG
vkyfaqmif&mrSm ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJhygw,f? aemuf oif
wef;udpP/ e,fpyfoGm;vm qufoG,fa&;udpPawGeJU pDrHcefU
cJGa&;udpPawGrSm olu yg0ifulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhygw,f?
'DvkdeJU teD;uyf aexkdif]u&if; wpxufwp oHa,mZOf_id
wG,f cspfrdcJh]uwJhtwGuf 1992 ckESpfrSm olrwkEdU Spfa,muf
vufxyfcJh]uygw,f?

olreJt
rd af xmifa&;
cspfjcif;arwWmukd wefzkd;xm;_yD; wvifwr,m;pepf
tay: ,Hk]unfouf0ifcJhwJh olr[m tcktcsdeftxd olr&JU
cifyeG ;f onf ukad usmf[ed ;f / om;}uD; _idr;f csrf;armif (11) ESp/f
orD;i,f aroefZU ifarmif (10) ESpfwkdeU Jt
U wl r,fawmfaq;
cef;rSmyJ OruJo
G u
kd rf ysuf aexkid af e]uygw,f? olr[m olr
&JU om;orD;&if;awGtjyif tck av;ESpft&G,fa&mufae_yD
jzpfwhJ arpy,fausmfeUJ ig;vom;t&G,&f adS o;wJh a,musfm;
av;wa,muf olrwkdU&JUom;orD;rsm;tjzpf arG;pm;cJhyg
w,f? waeukef aq;cef;udpP/ oifwef;udpP/ ynma&;eJU
38

ulnDapmihfa&Smufa&;udpPawGeJU rtm;Ekdif&SmwJh olr[m

rdom;pktwGuf tcsdefay;Ekdifr+uawmh enf;yg;cJh&ygw,f?
nbuf tdy,
f mr0ifcif tcsdeaf v;ukyd J rdom;pktwGuf ay;
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39

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40

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41

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42

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43

AWARDS RECEIVED BY
DR. CYNTHIA MAUNG
June, 1999 - Jonathan Mann Award for Global Health
and Human Rights Award (Sponsored by Association
Francois-Xavier Bagnoud, Doctors of the World,
Global Health Council, Human Rights Watch)
December, 1999 - The John Humphrey Freedom
Award (The International Center, Canada)
- Shared with Min Ko Naing, a Burmese Student Leader.
1999 - The American Women Medical Association
Presidents Award
May, 2001 - Van Heuven Goedhart Award (Stichting
Vluchteling, the Netherlands Refugee Foundation)
December, 2001 - Asian Human Right Award (The
Foundation of Human Rights in Asia, Japan)
August, 2002 - The Ramon Magsaysay Award for
Community Leadership (Philippines)
2003 - Time Magazine's Asian Hero Award
2005 - Priceless Life with love Award, Chou Ta-Kuan
Cultural and Educational Foundation, Taiwan.
2005 - Unsung Hero of Compassion Award, USA.

44

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45

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46

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47

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57

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58

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59

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60

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61

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62

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63

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75

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