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H PHNG TRNH

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S HC

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5,047

PHNG PHP GEN TRONG GII PHNG TRNH NGHIM NGUYN

PHNG PHP GEN TRONG GII PHNG TRNH NGHIM NGUYN

CHUYN MC

Bt ng thc

Trong Sinh hc ta nh ngha gen hay di t l mt on DNA mang mt chc nng nht nh trong qu trnh
truyn thng tin di truyn. Tng t nh vy, trong Ton hc, phng php gen trong gii phng trnh nghim
nguyn ch yu l cho ta cu trc nghim ca n. Nu t mt nghim ca phng trnh cho, ta xy dng quy tc
nghim ca n. Phng trnh Pell v phng trnh Markov chnh l hai v d in hnh cho phng php ny.

Dy s-Gii hn
Hnh hc phng
H phng trnh
Phng trnh hm
S hc

I. Phng trnh Pell:

1. Phng trnh Pell loi I:
Phng trnh Pell loi I l phng trnh nghim nguyn c dng:

Ton hc v cuc sng

Ton ri rc

TM KIM BLOG NY
x

dy

= 1, d Z

(1)

Tm kim

Tnh cht:
1. Nu d l s chnh phng th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
2. Nu d l s nguyn m th phng trnh (1) khng c nghim nguyn dng.
3. Phng trnh Pell loi I c nghim nguyn dng khi v ch khi d l s nguyn dng v khng chnh
phng.
Cng thc nghim ca phng trnh Pell loi I:
Ta xt trong trng hp phng trnh Pell loi I nhn cc nghim nguyn dng (tc l x, y Z ). Gi
(a, b) l hai cp nghim b nht ca phng trnh Pell loi I. Khi cng thc nghim ca phng trnh ny c
xc nh bi cng thc tng qut ca dy (x ), (y ) :
+

(a + bd )

x
n =

yn =

(a + bd )

+ (a bd )

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LU TR BLOG

(a bd )

2d

hay theo cng thc truy hi:

DANH SCH BLOG CA TI

H math

- Tr Gip

Ton Hc.

x 0 = 1, y 0 = 0

x 1 = a, y 1 = b

x n+2 = 2ax n+1 x n

y n+2 = 2ay n+1 y n

Mi ngy mt tnh cht hnh

Oxy.

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G quay kiu Schrdinger

Din n AoPS

2. Phng trnh Pell loi II:

Phng trnh Pell loi II l phng trnh nghim nguyn c dng:
x

dy

= 1, d Z

Din n MathScope
Chng minh bt ng thc
(2)

Tnh cht:
1. Nu d l s chnh phng th (2) v nghim.
2. Nu d c c nguyn t dng 4k + 3 th (2) v nghim.
3. Nu d l s nguyn t th (2) c nghim khi v ch khi d 4k + 3
4. (iu kin c nghim ca Phng trnh Pell loi II) Gi (a, b) l nghim nh nht ca (2) . Khi , (2) c
nghim khi v ch khi h:

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Geometry blog
The extension of FermatSteiner problem on simplex

HOI UNG DUNG TOAN

HOC VIET NAM
{

a =

+ d

a = x

+ dy

Hi Ton hc H Ni

b = 2xy

khoabangthinhloc
Bt ng thc

c nghim nguyn dng.

Cng thc nghim ca phng trnh Pell loi II:
Xt phng trnh Pell loi I lin kt vi phng trnh (2) : x
nht phng trnh ny. Xt h:
{

a = x

+ dy

dy

= 1, d Z

. Gi (a, b) l nghim nh

b = 2xy

Let's demonstrate your

love with Inequalities
Book: "Rn luyn k nng s
dng bt ng thc Cauchy
- Schwarz thng qua cc bi
ton" (by V. Q. B. Can) will
appear soon

Mathematics

Gi s h ny c nghim duy nht v ta gi (u, v) l nghim duy nht ca n. Khi dy s (x

sch ht nghim ca phng trnh Pell loi II:

n ),

(y n )

sau s vt

My facebook
Thch Hc Ton
ng d

x 0 = u, y 0 = v

3
2
3
2
x 1 = u + duv , y 1 = dv + 3u v

x n+2 = 2ax n+1 y n

y n+2 = 2ay n+1 y n

Ton Hc Vit Nam | Ton

Trung Hc | Ton i Hc
Bi tp phng trnh lng
gic c p s - L Vn
on

Ton hc v tui tr

3. Phng trnh Pell vi tham s n:

Phng trnh Pell tham s n c dng:
x

Ton i hc - Ton Ph
thng - Ton THCS - Ton
Tiu hc
2

dy

= n, d, n Z

Chuyn Kho st hm s
2015 y word gn nh
nht

(3)

Tnh cht:
1. Phng trnh (3) hoc v nghim hoc v s nghim.
2. Gi s (3) c nghim v gi x , y ) l nghim nguyn dng nh nht ca n. Gi (a, b) l nghim
nguyn dng nh nht ca phng trnh Pell loi I tng ng: x dy = 1, d Z . Khi , ta c:
0

1,

2
0

na

2
i

Li gii thi i hc khi A

v A1 nm 2013

n Luyn Ton - Luyn

Thi i Hc Mn Ton
Min Ph

tha mn:

na

n thi phn Phng php

ta trong mt phng
(Hnh Oxy - cu 7)

max {nb ,

}
d

Xt m dy sau:
x 0,i = i , y 0,i = i

x n+1,i = ax n,i + day n,i

y n+1,i = bx n,i + ay n,i

Vi (a, b) l nghim b nht ca phng trnh Pell loi I tng ng x dy = 1. ng thi khi cc dy
(x
), (y
) s vt ht tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh Pell tham s n .
Phng trnh Pell l mt cng c rt mnh trong vic gii quyt cc phng trnh nghim nguyn cng nh s
hc ni chung. Ta tm hiu cc v d sau:
II. Bi tp v d:
Bi ton 1: Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng x > 2 sao cho tam gic c di ba cnh l x 1, x, x + 1 th
din tch ca n cng l mt s nguyn.
Li gii:
2

n,i

Gi s x l gi tr tha mn bi ton. Ta c na chu vi tam gic l:

x + 1 + x + x 1

3
=

din tch tam gic . p dng cng thc Heron, ta c:

3
3
3
3
1
2
x(
x x 1) (
x x) (
x x + 1) =
x 3(x 4)
2
2
2
2
4

y =

16y

Do 16 2 x

(x

4) 2 x 2

4)

= 3, 4k (4k

= 3k (k

3(k

= 3x (x

. t x = 2k, k N . Theo :
6y

Ch rng: k, y Z

1) Z

4)

1) y = k 3(k

1)

. Do tn ti l Z sao cho:
+

3(

1) =

Buc nt nh sng khng

phi ch cho vui

V Quc B Cn's blog

}
d

Tng Hi Tun

max {nb ;

1 ); (2 , 2 ); . . . ; (m , m )

n,i

Ti liu Gp g Ton hc
2014

3. Gi s (3) c nghim l (

Trang nht - Din n

Ton hc

x
2

. Gi y l

3(k

R rng l

3 l = 3m, m Z

1) = l

. Khi phng trnh tr thnh

k

3m

= 1

y chnh l phng trnh Pell loi I v cng thc nghim ca n c xc nh bi:

k 0 = 1, m 0 = 0

k 1 = 2, m 1 = 1

k
= 6k n+1 k n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
n+2

m n+2 = 6m n+1 m n , n = 0, 1, 2, . .

Suy ra:
x 0 = 2, y 0 = 1

x 1 = 4, y 1 = 2

x n+2 = 4x n+1 x n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

y n+2 = 4y n+1 y n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Vy tt c gi tr ca x tha mn bi ton c xc nh bi dy:

{

x 0 = 2, x 1 = 4
x n+2 = 4x n+1 x n . n = 0, 1, 2...

.
Bi ton 2: Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n sao cho trung bnh cng ca n s chnh phng u tin l mt s
chnh phng.
Li gii:
Bng qui np ta chng minh c rng: Vi mi S nguyn dng n , ta lun c:
1

+ 2

+ 3 +. . . +n

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
6

Suy ra:
1

+ 2

+ 3 +. . . +n

(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=

Theo , ta cn tm n, y Z

sao cho:
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= y

6
n

+ 3n + 1 = 6y

16n

+ 24n + 4 = 48y

(4n + 3)

48y

= 1

t x = 4n + 3 , th th ta thu c:
x

48y

= 1

y chnh l phng trnh Pell loi I. Bng php th tun t, ta tm c (7, 1) l nghim nh nht ca n. Theo
, cng thc nghim ca phng trnh Pell ny l:
x 0 = 1, y 0 = 0

x 1 = 7, y 1 = 1

x k+2 = 14x k+1 x k , k = 0, 1, 2, . . .

y k+2 = 14y k+1 y k , k = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Bng qui np, ta chng minh c rng:

{

x 2k 1 (mod 4)
x 2k+1 3 (mod 4)

Ngoi ra:
x 2k+3 = 14x 2k+2 x 2k+1 = 14(14x 2k+1 x 2k ) x 2k+1
= 196x 2k+1 14x 2k x 2k+1
= 195x 2k+1 + x 2k+1 14x 2k x 2k+1
= 194x 2k+1 x 2k1

x 3
n =

x 3

ng thi, v x = 4n + 3 nn n =

, theo :

4
nk =

x 2k+1 3
4

n 0 = 1, n 1 = 337, n k+1 = 194n k n k1 + 144

. Vy, tt c gi tr n tha mn bi ton l:

n 0 = 1, n 1 = 337
n k+1 = 194n k n k1 + 144, k = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Bi ton 3: Tm cp s nguyn t p, q tha mn: p

Li gii:
Xt phng trnh Pell loi I:
x

2q

2y

= 1

= 1

Bng php th tun t, ta nhn thy (3, 2) l nghim nh nht ca phng trnh ny ng thi y cng l cp s
nh nht tha mn bi ton. Theo , cng thc nghim ca phng trnh Pell ny c xc nh bi:
(3 + 22 )

x
n =

(3 + 22 )

yn =

+ (3 22 )

(3 22 )

22

Suy ra:
(3 + 22 )

xn + y n =

+ (3 22 )

(3 + 22 )

(3 22 )

+
2
(2 + 1)

2n+1

22
+ (2 1)

2n+1

=
22

p dng cng thc khai trin Newton, ta c:

(2 + 1)

2n+1

xn + y n =

+ (2 1)

2n+1

22

2n+1
i=0

i
2n+1

(2 )

2n+1
i=0

i
2n+1

(2 ) (1)

2n+1i

22
22

n
j=0

2j+1
2n+1

= C

22

2j+1
2n+1

= C

1
2n+1

j=0
n

+ C

2j+1
2n+1

= 1 + C

j=1

2j+1
2n+1

(mod 2)

j=1

iu ny ch xy ra khi p, q khc tnh chn l hay ni cch khc phng trnh cho v nghim nu
. Vy, (3, 2) l nghim duy nht ca bi ton.

min{p, q} > 2

Bi ton 4: Tm tt c cc s t nhin n sao cho 2n + 1 v 3n + 1 u l cc s chnh phng.

Li gii:
t d = gcd(2n + 1, 3n + 1) , khi :
{

d | 2n + 1
d | 3n + 1

d | 6n + 3

d | 1 d = 1

d | 6n + 2

iu ny cho thy 2n + 1, 3n + 1 ng thi l cc s chnh phng khi v ch khi tn ti y Z sao cho:

+

(2n + 1)(3n + 1) = y
6n

+ 5n + 1 = y

144n

+ 120n + 24 = 24y

(12n + 5)

24y

= 1

t x = 12n + 5 , phng trnh tr thnh:

x

24y

= 1

y chnh l phng trnh Pell loi I, v 24 khng phi l s chnh phng nn phng trnh ny chc chn c
nghim v cng thc nghim ca n c cho bi:

x 0 = 1, y 0 = 0

x 1 = 5, y 1 = 1

x k+2 = 10x k+1 x k , k = 0, 1, 2, . . .

y k+2 = 10y k+1 y k , k = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Bng qui np ta chng minh c x

2k+1

5 (mod 12)

, do :

x 2k+1 5

nk =

12

Ngoi ra:
x 2k+3 = 10x 2k+2 x 2k+1
= 10(10x 2k+1 x 2k ) x 2k+1
= 99x 2k+1 10x 2k
= 98x 2k+1 + (10x 2k x 2k1 ) 10x 2k
= 98x 2k+1 x 2k1

Suy ra: n

k+1

= 98n k n k1 + 40

. V theo tt c gi tr n tha mn bi ton l:

n 0 = 0, n 1 = 40
n k+ = 98n k n k1 + 40, k = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Nhn xt: Vi cch lm tng t nh bi ton 4, ta c th gii quyt c bi ton sau:

Bi ton (Vit Nam TST 2013):
1. Chng minh rng tn ti v hn s nguyn dng t sao cho 2012t + 1 v 2013t + 1 u l cc s chnh
phng.
2. Xt m, n l cc s nguyn dng sao cho mn + 1 v (m + 1)n + 1 u l cc s chnh phng. Chng
minh rng n chia ht cho 8(2m + 1)
Bi ton 5: Chng minh rng tn ti v hn s nguyn dng x, y, z sao cho:
x

+ y

= z

Li gii:
B : Tn ti v hn s nguyn dng n, k sao cho:
n(n + 1)
= k

Chng minh b :
Bin i phng trnh (1) v dng tng ng:
(2n + 1)

t m = 2n + 1, phng trnh (1) tr thnh m

nghim ca n c cho bi:

8k

8k

= 1

= 1

. y chnh l phng trnh Pell loi I v cng thc

m 0 = 1, k 0 = 0

m 1 = 3, k 1 = 2

m l+2 = 6m l+1 m l

k l+2 = 6k l+1 k l

Ngoi ra, ta thy m

1 (mod 2)

nn gi tr n tha mn b c cho bi:

{

n 0 = 0, n 1 = 1
n l+2 = 6n l+1 n l + 2, l = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Dy s ny chng t khng nh ca b l ng. B c chng minh.

Tr li bi ton, Bng qui np ta d dng kim tra c rng vi mi n nguyn dng, ta lun c:

2
3

+. . . +

+ 2

+ 3 +. . . +n

n(n + 1)
= [

]
2
2

[1

+ 2

+ 3 +. . . +(n 1) ] + n

n(n + 1)

= [

]
2

(n 1)n
[

+ n

n(n + 1)

= [

T y, p dng b trn, ta chn

n(n + 1)

x =

2
y = n

n(n + 1)
2
z

=
2

R rng y chnh l ba b s tha mn bi ton. T suy ra pcm.

Bi ton 6: Chng minh rng tn ti v hn s nguyn dng x, y sao cho:
x + 1

y + 3
+

= 6
x

Li gii:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
x

+ (1 6y)x + y(y + 3) = 0

Xem y nh mt phng trnh bc hai n x tham s y , ta c:

= (1 6y)

4y(y + 3) = 32y

24y + 1

By gi ta nhn thy rng phng trnh cho c v hn nghim nguyn dng khi v ch khi tn ti v hn s
nguyn dng y, k tha mn:
32y

64y

24y + 1 = k
2

48y + 2 = 2k

(8y 3)

2k

= 7

t m = 8y 3, phng trnh tr thnh:

m

2k

= 7

()

Xt phng trnh Pell loi I: m 2k = 1 , d thy phng trnh Pell ny nhn nghim nh nht l (3, 2) , bng
php th tun t ta tm c (3, 1) l nghim c s ca () . Theo , ta xt dy (x ), (y ) :
2

x 0 = 3, y 0 = 2
x n+1 = 3x n + 4y n , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

y n+1 = 2x n + 3y n , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

ng thi:
x

2
n+1

2y

2
n+1

= (3x n + 4y n )

iu ny chng t phng trnh m 2k

x
3 (mod 8) , tht vy ch rng:
2

2(2x n + 3y n )

= 7

= x n 2y n =. . . = x

2
1

2y

x n+1 = 3x n + 4y n
= 9x n1 + 12y n1 + 4y n
= 9x n1 + 8y n1 + 4(y n + y n1 )
= 9x n1 + 8y n1 + 8(x n1 + 2x n1 ) x n1

(mod 8)

Nh vy,
x 2k x 2k2 . . . x 2 x 0 3
+

= 7

c v hn nghim nguyn dng. Ngoi ra ta cn nhn thy

2k

iu ny cho thy tn ti v hn y, k Z

2
1

sao cho:

(8y 3

= 7

(mod 8)

(8y 3)

2k

= 7

T d dng suy ra pcm.

Ti liu tham kho:
[1] Phng trnh nghim nguyn - Phan Huy Khi.
[2] Phng trnh Diophant - Trn Nam Dng
[3] Li gii v bnh lun TST 2013.
c ng bi nh trung Phan vo lc 07:38
Nhn: Dy s-Gii hn, H phng trnh, S hc

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