Chng mt

Khi lun v Internet - Web v thng mi in t

I. Khi lun v Internet - Web
1. Mng my tnh
Mng my tnh, hiu theo cch chung nht, l tp hp cc my
tnh c lp (autonomous) c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc ng truyn vt l v tun theo cc quy c truyn thng no .
Khi nim my tnh c lp c hiu l cc my tnh ring l
hoc my tnh trong mt mng m , n khng c kh nng
khi ng hoc nh ch cc my tnh khc. Cc ng truyn
vt l l cc mi trng truyn tn hiu vt l (c th l hu
tuyn hoc v tuyn). Cc quy c truyn thng chnh l c s
cc my tnh c th giao tip hay ni chuyn c vi
nhau v n l mt yu t quan trng hng u ca cng ngh
mng my tnh.
Mt s mng my tnh bao gm: mt my tnh trung tm v
mt nhm cc trm t xa c th bo co v my tnh trung tm.
Th d: mng my tnh bn v ca mt hng hng khng gm
mt my tnh trung tm cung cp dch v t ch cng rt
nhiu trm lm vic ti cc sn bay v cc i l bn v my bay
ca hng. Nhng mng my tnh khc, k c Internet, th bnh
ng hn v cho php mi my tnh trn mng u c th
lin lc vi nhau.
Vic ni cc my tnh thnh mng t lu tr thnh mt
nhu cu khch quan v nhiu l do, trong c hai l do rt c
bn l:
- C rt nhiu cng vic v bn cht l phn tn (hoc v
thng tin, hoc v x l, hoc c hai) i hi phi c s
kt hp truyn thng vi x l hay s dng cc phng tin
truy cp t xa;
- Nhu cu lin lc, trao i thng tin nh phng tin my
tnh.

Cc k thut c s dng thit lp cc mng my tnh l

mt ch rt th v, tuy vy, n khng thuc phm vi nghin
cu ca cun sch ny.
Mt khi nim v mng my tnh m ngi c s gp nhiu
trong cun sch ny l giao thc mng my tnh. Giao thc mng
my tnh bao gm cc quy tc c thit lp cc my tnh
(h thng) c th hiu c nhau trong qu trnh thng tin lin
lc. Cc quy tc ny qun l chnh xc cc thng tin c trao
i gia cc h thng, chng i din cho cc mc ch
truyn pht v hot ng truyn thng c qun l ra sao.
Mi mng my tnh c nhiu lp giao thc hot ng hon
ton c lp vi nhau. V nguyn tc, mi lp giao thc gii
quyt mt khu trong ton b qu trnh truyn thng ca cc
lp ni trn, ng thi cung cp cc dch v truyn thng cho cc
lp cao hn trn c s s dng cc dch v c bn m cc lp di
cung cp. Cc lp tiu biu ca mt mng my tnh (theo th t t
thp n cao) bao gm:
- Lp kt ni hay lp mng cp di: Giao thc h tr cho vic
dch chuyn ca nhng chui d liu di dng cc bit(*), gi
l cc gi, gia hai b phn ca mt thit b c ni trc
tip vi nhau, s dng mt k thut mng cp di ring bit.
- Lp mng: Giao thc h tr cho vic phn phi mt gi tin
gia cc h thng c ni vi nhau bng mt con ng, con
ng ny c th i qua nhiu mng cp di (cc mng ny
c th khc nhau v mt k thut) c ni vi nhau. Th d,
hai h thng hai v tr khc nhau, mi h thng nm trong
mt mng cc b (LAN - Local Area Network); hai mng cc
b ny c ni vi nhau qua mt mng din rng (WAN Wide Area Network). c th giao tip vi nhau, cc mng
cp di s dng mt thit b c tn l b nh tuyn
(router) lm nhim v phn phi ng a ch cc gi tin
gia hai h thng (xem s 1).
(

n v c bn ca thng tin theo h thng s nh phn (BInary digiT - BIT). Cc mch

in t trong my tnh s pht hin s khc nhau gia hai trng thi (dng in mc
cao v dng in mc thp) v biu din cc trng thi d i dng mt trong hai s
nh phn 1 hoc 0. Cc n v c bn cao/thp, ng/sai, c/khng, ng/m, th
ny/th kia c gi l cc bit.
*)

- Lp chuyn ti: Giao thc m bo vic truyn cc gi d

liu t im A ti im B khng b mt mt hay sai lch
v trt t cc gi.
- Lp ng dng: Cc phn mm ng dng ti cc im cui
ca h thng s s dng giao thc ny din gii v hiu
ni dung ca cc dng d liu c phn phi bi lp chuyn
ti. Lp ng dng l lp cao nht ca mt ngn cha trnh
giao thc hon chnh.

S 1: S ng truyn ca mng.
V cc lp giao thc hon ton c lp vi nhau, nhiu giao
thc lp cao c th s dng mt giao thc lp thp hn, hoc mt
giao thc lp cao c th s dng ln lt nhiu lp giao thc lp thp
hn. Th d, cc giao thc ng dng khc nhau c th hot ng
trn cng mt lp chuyn ti. xy dng lp giao thc ng dng,
ngi thit k cn phi hiu r cc chc nng c bn m mt lp
chuyn ti cung cp, song h khng cn hiu chi tit v hot
ng ca lp chuyn ti ny v v hot ng cng nh s tn ti
ca cc lp giao thc thp hn.
2. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca Internet

Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, t my

tnh ang s dng, ngi ta c th tm kim thng tin, c th
lin lc vi bt c ai, khai thc ti nguyn thng tin bt c u
trn th gii... bng cch khai thc mng Internet.
Internet l mng li my tnh rng ln gm nhiu mng my
tnh nm tri rng khp ton cu; t cc mng ln v chnh
thng nh mng ca cc trng i hc, cc vin nghin cu, cc
cng ty nh Microsoft, AT&T, Digital Equipment,... n cc mng
nh v khng chnh thng khc (ca cc nhm hoc ca mt c
nhn no ). Ngy cng c nhiu mng my tnh mi ni
trn th gii c kt ni vi Internet.
Internet bt ngun t mt d n do C quan qun l cc d
n nghin cu cao cp (ARPA - Advanced Research Projects
Agency) thuc B Quc phng M khi xng nm 1969, vi mc
tiu to ra mt mng my tnh tin cy kt ni gia B Quc phng
M vi cc nh thu nghin cu khoa hc v qun s (bao gm
mt s ln cc trng i hc, ni tin hnh cc hot ng nghin
cu qun s).
Mc tiu hnh thnh mng my tnh tin cy ny bao gm
vic thit lp h thng ng dn nng ng, m bo rng
trong trng hp nu mt lin kt mng no b ph hu do cc
cuc tn cng th lu thng trn mng c th t ng chuyn
sang nhng lin kt khc. Cho n nay, Internet him khi b tn
cng, nhng nhng s c do cp b ct t li thng xy ra. Do
, i vi Internet, vic quan trng l cn phng cp b
t.
u thp k 70 ca th k XX, d n trn thnh cng v mng
ARPANET - tin thn ca mng Internet - ra i. Thnh cng ca
mng ARPANET khin cho nhiu trng i hc ca M mun gia
nhp mng ny. Nm 1974, do nhiu mng ca cc trng i hc
v cc c quan nghin cu c kt ni vi ARPANET nn ngi ta
gi n l "Internet" (lin mng). D vy, n vn c gi l ARPANET
cho n nm 1980, do s lng cc a im trng i hc trn
mng qu ln v ngy cng tng ln khin cho n tr nn kh qun
l, B Quc phng M quyt nh tch thnh hai mng: MILNET
cho qun s v mt mng ARPANET mi, nh hn dnh cho cc

a im phi qun s. Tuy nhin, hai mng ny vn c lin kt

vi nhau nh mt chng trnh k thut gi l giao thc Internet
(IP - Internet Protocol) cho php lu thng c dn t mng ny
sang mng kia khi cn thit. Tuy lc ch c hai mng nhng k
thut IP c thit k cho php khong 10.000 mng hot ng.
Cc mng c kt ni da trn k thut IP u c th s dng n
giao tip, nn cc mng ny u c th trao i cc thng
ip vi nhau.
u thp k 80 ca th k XX, phc v hot ng nghin
cu trong c nc, Qu Khoa hc quc gia M (NSF - National
Science Foundation) quyt nh thnh lp nm trung tm siu
my tnh cc nh nghin cu trn khp t nc c th gi
chng trnh ca h ti tnh ton ri gi kt qu tr li thng
qua ARPANET. Song, k hoch s dng ARPANET cho mc ch
ny khng thc hin c v mt s l do k thut v chnh tr.
V vy, NSF thit lp mt mng ring, NSFNET, kt ni vi
cc trung tm siu tnh ton. Sau , NSF dn xp, thit lp
mt chui cc mng khu vc nhm lin kt nhng ngi s dng
trong tng khu vc vi NSFNET v vi cc khu vc khc. Ngay lp
tc, NSFNET pht huy tc dng. Trn thc t, cho n nm
1990, rt nhiu doanh nghip chuyn t ARPANET sang
NSFNET. ARPANET ngy cng tr nn khng cn hu ch na v
b loi b sau gn 20 nm hot ng.
Cng thi gian ny, cc mng s dng k thut IP cng xut
hin ti nhiu nc, c bit l s ra i ca mng EUnet kt ni
trc tip gia H Lan, an Mch, Thu in, Anh.
Nm 1985, mng NSFNET c kt ni vi h thng my tnh
cao tc xuyn quc gia dn ti s bng n s dng Internet. Nm
1989, mng EUnet (chu u) v mng AUSSIBnet (c) cng c
kt ni vi Internet. V ti nm 1995, vi 3,2 triu my tnh; 42
triu ngi t 42.000 mng my tnh ca 84 nc trn th gii c
kt ni vi Internet, Internet chnh thc c cng nhn l mng
my tnh ton cu (mng ca cc mng).
3. Mt s khi nim c bn trn Internet
3.1. a ch Internet

Theo quan im ca Internet, bt k my tnh no, t nh

nht n ln nht, nu c gn trc tip vi Internet u gi l
my ch. Mt s my ch l nhng my tnh ln (mainframe)
hoc siu my tnh cung cp dch v cho hng ngn ngi s
dng, mt s khc l nhng trm lm vic nh hay cc my tnh
c nhn c mt ngi s dng, v mt s l nhng my tnh
chuyn bit nh cc my to ng dn ni mt mng vi mng khc,
hoc vi nhng my ch u cui (terminal server) cc thit
b u cui n (dump terminal) gi n v ni vi cc my
ch khc.
cc my ch c th giao tip vi nhau (di bt k hnh
thc no) trn mng Internet, Internet quy nh mi my ch
u phi c nh danh v c a ch r rng, gi l a ch
Internet. Tn my ch l "cha kho" dng xc nh tn ca
cc my tnh m bn mun tm. Th d, vcu.edu.vn l tn my
ch ca trng i hc Thng mi (Vit Nam); a ch l c s
cc my c th lin lc v giao tip vi nhau. Mt a ch
bng s c vai tr tng t s in thoi. Giao thc Internet (IP Internet Protocol) s dng thng tin a ch Internet phn
phi th in t v cc loi d liu t my tnh ny n my
tnh khc. Trn Internet, a ch Internet c 1.
lm cho nhng s ny d nh hn, ngi ta chia n thnh 4
nhm 8 bit v chuyn cc nhm ny thnh s thp phn tng
ng, do vy a ch my nu trn tr thnh 140.186.81.1. Tuy
nhin, a ch kiu ny vn rt kh khn, nu khng mun ni
l khng c kh nng ghi nh cho bt k ai khi h mun tip xc,
trao i vi ngi khc. V vy, h thng tn min (DNS - Domain
Name System) do Microsoft Sun pht trin ra i vo u
nhng nm 80 ca th k XX nh l mt cch thc d dng hn
theo di v ghi nh cc a ch.
H thng tn min cho mi my tnh trn mng, mi a ch
Internet, gi chung l tn min, bao gm mt chui cc ch ci
c phn cch bng nhng du chm. Nu nh a ch Internet
lun gm 4 phn th tn min khng nht thit c 4 phn.
Chng c th ch c hai hoc ba phn, chng hn nh
Yahoo.com; AOL.com; vcu.edu.vn

i vi mt tn min trn Internet phi gii m t phi sang

tri. Phn ngoi cng bn phi ca mt tn min c gi l khu
vc (zone). Cc khu vc tn c chia lm hai loi chnh: loi 3 k
t v loi 2 k t. Cc khu vc 3 k t c thit lp theo loi t
chc (xem bng 1).
Bng 1. Cc tn khu vc 3 k t.
Khu vc

ngha

com

Thng mi

edu

Cc t chc gio dc

gov

Cc b v c quan chnh quyn

int

Cc t chc quc t (hin ch yu gm NATO)

mil

Cc a im qun s

net

Cc t chc mng

org

Cc loi khc (v d nh cc t chc chuyn mn)

Cc tn khu vc 2 k t c phn loi theo khu vc a l.

Mi khu vc a l tng ng vi mt quc gia hoc mt thc th
chnh tr c cng nhn. C mt danh sch tiu chun quc t
chnh thc gm cc m quc gia 2 k t c s dng (nhng khng
phi hon ton khng thay i) lm danh sch cc khu vc 2 k
t ca a ch Internet. Th d: m quc gia ca Canada l CA,
do mt a im ti York University Canada c gi l
nexus.yorku.ca; m quc gia ca Vit Nam l VN, do mt tn
min
ti
trng
i
hc
Thng
mi
c
gi
l
TranhoaiNam.vcu.edu.vn (xem bng 2).

Bng 2. Tn mt s khu vc a l (quc gia) trn th gii

Khu vc

Quc gia

AF

Afghanistan (Cng ho dn ch)

AO

Angola (Cng ho Nhn dn)

AR

Argentina (Cng ho)

AU

Australia

BD

Bangladesh (Cng ho Nhn dn)

BO

Bolivia (Cng ho)

BR

Brazil (Cng ho Lin bang)

BN

Brunei Darussalam

BG

Bulgaria (Cng ho)

KH

Cambodia

CA

Canada

CN

China (Cng ho Nhn dn)

CZ

Czech Republic

FR

France (Cng ho Php)

DE

Germany (Cng ho Lin bang)

HK

Hong Kong (Hisiangkang, Xianggang)

IN

India (Cng ho)

ID

Indonesia (Cng ho)

IT

Italy (Cng ho)

JP

Japan

KP

Korea (Cng ho Dn ch Nhn dn)

KR

Korea (Cng ho)

LA

Cng ho Dn ch Nhn dn Lo

MY

Malaysia

MM

Myanmar (Lin hip)

PK

Pakistan (Cng ho Hi gio)

PH

Philippines (Cng ho)

RU

Lin bang Nga

SG

Singapore (Cng ho)

ZA

South Africa (Cng ho)

CH

Switzerland (Lin bang Thy S)

TW

Taiwan

TH

Thailand (Vng quc)

US

United States (Hp chng quc Hoa K)

VN

Vietnam (Cng ho x hi ch ngha)

Ti M hu ht cc a ch Internet u c tn m phn
khu vc ng vi mt trong cc khu vc nu trong bng 1. Tuy

nhin, nhng ni khc, vic s dng tn theo khu vc a l l

ph bin hn.
3.2. Cch thc truyn thng tin trn Internet
Mi ngi s dng Internet u mun c m bo rng
thng tin mnh gi i lun lun n c ng a ch d
nh. Tuy nhin, qu trnh gi thng tin ny din ra kh phc tp
di s iu khin ca giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP Transmission Control Protocol). Khi ngi s dng gi thng tin qua
Internet, trc tin, giao thc iu khin truyn dn chia ct
thng tin thnh nhng gi tin. My tnh ca ngi s dng s
gi cc gi tin ny n mng cc b, hoc n nh cung cp
dch v Internet hay dch v trc tuyn ca ngi s dng. T
y, cc gi tin s i qua nhiu lp khc nhau ca mng my
tnh, cc my tnh v cc ng thng tin trc khi chng n c
ch cui cng. ng i ca chng c th i qua cc thnh ph,
qua nhiu quc gia hoc vng quanh th gii. Hng lot cc phn
thit b s tham gia vo qu trnh x l cc gi tin v nh
tuyn chng c th n c ch cui cng nh trc.
Cc thit b ny c thit k sao cho vic truyn dn d liu
gia cc mng c kt ni vi nhau trn Internet. Nm trong s cc
thit b quan trng nht tham gia vo qu trnh ny l cc
b trung tm (hub), cc cu ni (bridge), cc cng ni
(gateway), cc b lp (repeater) v cc b nh tuyn (router).
Trong qu trnh truyn dn d liu, cc b trung tm (hub)
ng vai tr quan trng v chng lin kt cc nhm my tnh vi
nhau, v cho php my tnh ny c lin lc vi my tnh khc.
Cc cu ni (bridge) ng vai tr kt ni cc mng cc b
(LANs) vi nhau. Chng cho php gi d liu t mng my tnh
ny ti mng my tnh khc, ng thi vn cho php gi li d
liu cc b bn trong mng gi d liu i.
Cng ni (gateway) cng tng t nh cc cu ni nhng chng
cn ng vai tr chuyn i li d liu t dng ny sang dng
khc mng nhn d liu (cn gi l mng ch) c th hiu
c ni dung nhng d liu gi ti.

Khi truyn qua mng Internet, d liu thng c truyn qua

nhng khong cch rt ln, vn t ra l tn hiu gi d
liu i s yu dn theo khong cch. gii quyt vn ny,
cc b lp (repeater) c nhim v khuch i tn hiu ny
nhng khong cch nht nh sao cho n khng b suy yu
trong qu trnh truyn dn.
Cc b nh tuyn (router) ng vai tr then cht trong vic
qun l lu thng trn Internet. Nhim v ca chng l m bo
cc gi tin lun lun n c ng ch cn n. Nu d liu
c truyn i gia cc my tnh trn cng mt mng LAN th
khng cn thit phi c cc b nh tuyn v mng LAN c kh
nng t iu khin c lu thng ca mnh. Cc b nh tuyn
c vai tr c bit quan trng khi d liu c gi i gia cc
mng my tnh khc nhau. Cc b nh tuyn s kim tra cc gi
tin xc nh ch n ca cc gi tin ny. Sau , chng
tnh ton hot ng lu thng trn mng Internet v s quyt
nh gi cc gi tin n mt b nh tuyn khc gn vi ch
cui cng hn; c nh vy, gi tin s c chuyn ti ni cn n.
3.3. B giao thc TCP/IP
Trong cc hot ng ca mng Internet, c nhng tp hp hot
ng tng chng rt n gin nhng c ngha v cng quan
trng gip cho nhiu my tnh v mng my tnh trn ton cu
c th chia s c cc thng tin v tin bo trn mng Internet: chia
mi on thng tin v tin bo thnh cc mu tin gi l cc gi tin,
phn pht cc gi tin n cc im ch thch hp v sau
rp ni cc gi tin thnh dng ban u sau khi chng n
c im ch cc my tnh nhn tin c th xem v s
dng cc on thng tin . Tp hp cc hot ng ny l cng
vic ca hai giao thc truyn thng quan trng nht trn mng
Internet giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP) v giao thc
Internet (IP), c gi chung l b giao thc TCP/IP. Trong b giao
thc ny, giao thc TCP s m nhim vic chia thng tin thnh
cc gi tin v sau thc hin rp ni cc gi tin li; giao thc
IP c trch nhim m bo cc gi tin c gi n ng
im ch cn n.

10

 cc my tnh c nhn (PC Personal Computer) khai thc

c cc ti nguyn ca Internet, cc my tnh ny cn thit phi
s dng phn mm c bit c th hiu v dch c cc giao
thc TCP/IP ca Internet c gi l mt socket hay mt TCP/IP
stack. i vi cc my PC, phn mm ny gi l Winsock (Windows
sockets). (i vi cc my tnh h Macintosh, phn mm ny c
gi l MacTCP). y c th coi l cu trung gian gia Internet v
cc my tnh c nhn (PC). Mt my tnh c nhn c th tn
dng nhng u im tin li ca nhng phn Internet c bn v
n gin nht m khng cn dng Winsock hay MacTCP, tuy
nhin truy cp y vo Internet, truy cp cc trang tin
ton cu nh World Wide Web, th cn thit phi c TCP/IP stack.
4. Cc ng dng trn Internet
Ngay t khi cn l mt d n thuc s qun l ca B Quc
phng M, Internet chng t tnh u vit ca mnh vi hng
lot cc ng dng khc nhau m n cung cp cho ngi s dng. K
t , cc ng dng trn Internet lin tc c ci tin v pht
trin, ngy cng a dng v phong ph hn. Cho ti nay, cc ng
dng chnh ca Internet bao gm:
- Thng ip in t (Electronic messaging): thng ip
in t lin quan n vic lu v chuyn tip mt thng
ip t mt h thng ngun ti mt hoc nhiu h thng
ch bng phng tin in t. ng dng ny h tr cho
vic s dng dch v th tn in t c nhn cng nh cc
nhu cu truyn thng ca cc ng dng khc gi chung l
cc ng dng c s dng th tn.
- Mng tin tc (Network news): l mt ng dng di dng bng
thng bo in t, c bit h tr cho cc nhm tho
lun v nhiu ch khc nhau, nh cc nhm tin Usenet(*).
(

Mt h thng bng phn phi thng tin c ghp ni vo Internet cng nh vo cc

mng my tnh khc. Trong Usenet l cc nhm tho lun v mi vn m cc thnh
vin cng quan tm. Mi nhm tp trung tho lun v mt vn c th, nh cc loi xe
t th thao, cc loi v kh, lch s nc M, m hnh tu v tr, cc vn chnh tr
hoc v nhc Jazz, v.v.. Khi tr thnh thnh vin ca mt nhm tin Usenet, bn c th
c cc thng bo tin tc ca thnh vin khc v mt ch chung, nh kin v mt
b phim m thnh vin xem. Bn c th tr li theo hai cch: trc tip cho ng i
(reply), hoc cho ton nhm (follow-on post). Nu bn mun xem cc thng bo khc v
*)

11

ng dng ny cho php mt ngi s dng c th lin lc vi

mt hoc nhiu nhm tho lun (newsgroups), theo di v
c cc mc tin mi m nhm thng bo, cng nh c th
gi thng bo ca mnh ti ton nhm.
- Truyn/nhn tp tin (File transfer): l mt ng dng s dng
giao thc truyn tp tin (FTP File Transfer Protocol) cho
php ngi s dng truy nhp vo mt h thng t xa
sao chp cc tp tin t hoc ti cc h thng ny.
- Truy nhp t xa (Remote login): l mt ng dng h tr cc
thit b u cui n cho php ngi s dng ti mt v
tr no c th to lp kt ni, truy nhp vo mt my
ch xa. Giao thc c s dng ng dng ny c gi l
Telnet.
- Trnh duyt thng tin (tm thng tin theo ch ): l mt
ng dng cho php ngi s dng xc nh v tr v nh
gi cc thng tin gc (nguyn bn) c lu tr trn mt my
tnh xa. Vi dch v ny, ngi s dng c th xc nh
v tr ca cc my tnh lu tr thng tin m mnh quan
tm, cho php hin th hoc ly cc thng tin t cc my
ny v cho php t mt my tnh tham chiu ti cc thng
tin lin quan c lu tr trn mt my tnh khc. Chng
trnh thng dng cho php s dng loi dch v ny c tn
l Gopher.
- Mng thng tin ton cu (WWW - World Wide Web, thng c gi n gin l Web): l mt ng dng trnh duyt
thng tin tng t nh Gopher, nhng n bao gm nhiu c
tnh phc tp v a dng. c bit, dch v thng tin
in t ny cho php cung cp cc trang thng tin bao
gm vn bn, hnh nh, ho v c cc on bng
video... y l mt trong nhng dch v ph bin nht
hin nay ca Internet. S pht trin mnh m ca Internet

cng ch , bn s pht mt lnh chuyn sang thng bo k tip (thread),

cha kin tr li ca mt ngi no i vi thng bo tin tc m bn va c c.
Hu ht cc nhm tho lun ca Usenet u mang tnh t nguyn v t do (khng c
iu tit), ngha l mi ngi u c th pht biu v mi vn .

12

hin nay cng nh trong tng lai chnh do dch v ny

mang li.
- Dch v tm kim thng tin din rng (WAIS): l mt dch
v tm kim t ng cho php xem xt v ly cc t liu
t mt my tnh xa c s dng cng c tm kim trn c
s c cha on vn bn cn tm.
Trong cc dch v trn, c hai dch v hin ang ng vai
tr v cng quan trng, c s dng ch yu cho s pht trin ca
Internet ni chung v cho s pht trin ca thng mi in t,
chnh l thng ip in t v mng thng tin ton cu.
4.1. Thng ip in t (Electronic Messaging)
Thng ip in t cho php ngi s dng (ngi to ra
thng ip hay ngi gi thng ip) t mt h thng gi thng
ip cho mt hoc nhiu ngi s dng khc (nhng ngi nhn
thng ip) trn cc h thng khc. nhn thng ip, ngi
nhn khng nht thit phi s dng my tnh ca mnh trong
khong thi gian thng ip c gi v thc cht thng ip c gi ti hp th (mailbox) ca ngi nhn v d liu c lu gi trn
my ch th tn (mail server). Phn mm th tn in t ca ngi
nhn hot ng nh mt my khch trn mng, nh k s tin
hnh lin lc vi my ch th tn kim tra hp th ca mnh v
ly tt c cc thng ip mi c gi n.
Trn ng i t ni gi ti ni nhn, thng ip c th i
qua mt vi my ch th tn, v th hnh thnh thut ng lu v
chuyn tip thng ip.
Mt c tnh quan trng ca thng ip in t l cc h
thng thng ip in t ca cc cng ngh khc nhau c th
c ni lin vi nhau qua cng ni th tn. Cng ni ny lm
nhim v chuyn tip cc thng ip gia cc mi trng khc
nhau. Do , thng ip in t nhanh chng tr thnh mt
ng dng thng dng nht, ph bin nht trong cc ng dng
vin thng hin nay. Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca thng
ip in t, bt c thng gia no cng u c th c a
ch th tn in t v chng ta s d dng lin h vi h qua cng
ngh thng ip in t. Chnh v vy, ng dng ny l mt

13

yu t cng ngh quan trng lm ny sinh lnh vc thng mi

da trn c s cng ngh thng tin - l thng mi in t.
4.2. Mng thng tin ton cu (World Wide Web)
Mng thng tin ton cu (World Wide Web hay Web) l mt
ng dng trnh duyt thng tin phc tp. Ngay sau khi ra i, n
nhanh chng c cng nhn l mt trong nhng ng dng
ph bin nht ca Internet.
World Wide Web c pht trin ti Phng th nghim ht
nguyn t chu u (European Particle Physics Lab) nh mt cng
c trao i thng tin v vt l nng lng cao gia cc nh
vt l lm vic trong mi trng phn tn ri rc trn th gii.
thc hin mc tiu trn, nhm nghin cu do Tim Berners-Lee lnh
o cho rng, nu ch theo ui nhng chun v phn cng
v phn mm s ch tn cng. Thay vo , h tp trung pht
trin cc chun th hin v truyn d liu. Chun th hin d
liu c tn gi ngn ng nh du siu vn bn (HTML
-HyperText Markup Language); Chun truyn cc siu vn bn ny
gi l giao thc truyn siu vn bn (HTTP - HyperText Transport
Protocol).
Trong ng dng World Wide Web, cc ti liu siu vn bn c
gi l cc trang (pages) hin th a phng tin (vn bn,
ho, hnh nh, m thanh v video) cc thng tin. Cc trang ti
liu siu vn bn c th c gn cc tham chiu (gi l cc siu
lin kt - hyper-link) ti cc ti liu siu vn bn khc c lu tr
trn cng h thng my ch hoc trn mt h thng no v
c th truy cp qua Web. Nh vy, mun s dng HTML, ngi s
dng ch cn gn nhn thch hp vi mt t hoc cm t
bin n thnh mi lin kt vi cc trang khc. Mi lin kt ny c
th dn ti mt ti liu khc lin quan bng cch khai thc h
thng a ch ton cu. Vi h thng a ch ny, hu nh bt
c ti liu Web no, d l m thanh, ho, hnh nh v thm
ch video, c th c truy cp v xem mt cch d dng m
khng cn nhp li a ch, ch cn bit a ch Web ca mt
my tnh bt k (ri t lin kt ti cc trang thng tin khc).

14

Tp hp tt c cc trang v cc siu lin kt trn Internet c gi l

World Wide Web (hoc Web, WWW hay W3).
World Wide Web thc cht l mt h thng thng tin phn
tn c quy m ton cu. Trong h thng thng tin ny, ch nhn
ca mt trang Web khng th bit c bao nhiu trang Web khc
c cc siu lin kt tr ti trang Web ca mnh (h ch c th
bit c c bao nhiu ngi truy nhp vo trang Web m thi),
v cho ti nay cha c bin php no c th bit hoc gim st c c nhng thng tin no tn ti trn Web. Trong khi nhiu thng
tin lin tc xut hin, cng c nhng thng tin lng l bin mt.
Tt c din ra khng cn n bt k s qun l tp trung no.
Cc trang ti liu siu vn bn do mt c nhn hay t chc
to ra v duy tr thng c gi l v tr web (website), trong
trang c m ra u tin khi bt u truy nhp website c gi
l trang ch (home page).
c th kt ni vi cc website, ly cc thng tin t cc my
ch Web v hin th chng trn mn hnh, ngi s dng cc
dch v Web phi dng mt phn mm c gi l trnh duyt
Web (Web browser). Trnh duyt Web u tin c kh duyt
xem ho l cng c trnh duyt c tn Mosaic do Marc
Andreessen, sinh vin ca trng i hc Illinois, M cng b vo
thng 2 - 1993. Ngy nay, vi s chun ho cc thng tin trn
Internet, cng vi s ra i ca hng lot cc trnh duyt Web
khc nhau nh Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, World Wide
Web tr thnh mt cng c ngy cng quan trng i vi tt c
mi ngi (d ngi c am hiu v k thut hay khng), gip h
d dng tm kim cc thng tin lin quan n lnh vc m
mnh quan tm khi h truy nhp vo Internet.
c bit trong lnh vc thng mi in t, World Wide Web
l mt ng dng quan trng to ra nhng cch thc mi gip ngi
mua d dng tip cn vi cc thng tin lin quan n sn phm,
gi c t nhng nh cung cp. Vi s h tr ca cc trnh duyt,
cc cng c tm kim, khch hng c c hi duyt qua cc
th trng, la chn cc nh cung ng ph hp, tip thc hin
cc giao dch mua bn v cng nhanh chng v thun tin.
Nhng c hi v cch thc thng mi mi - thng mi in t

15

trn Internet - chnh l vn ch yu m chng ti mun

trnh by trong cun sch ny.
II. Khi lun v thng mi in t
1. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca thng mi in t
S hnh thnh v pht trin ca thng mi in t gn lin
vi s ra i v pht trin ca Internet. Tuy nhin, vo nhng nm
60 ca th k XX, vic trao i d liu in t (xem phn EDI,
Chng ba - Thanh ton trong thng mi in t) v th tn in
t (e-mail) c nhiu doanh nghip trn th gii thc hin trn
cc mng ni b (intranet) ca mnh. Cng trong khong thi
gian ny, vic t ng ho trong ngnh cng nghip dch v ti
chnh bt u hnh thnh v pht trin, chng hn nh qu
trnh x l sc ra i vo nhng nm 60 ca th k XX, tip
theo l qu trnh x l th tn dng v chuyn tin in t. Tip
l s ra i ca cc trm giao dch t ng cho php khch
hng c th thc hin giao dch v truy cp trc tip ti cc
thng tin v ti khon ca mnh. Vo nhng nm 80 ca th k
XX, nhiu h thng giao dch t ng c a vo hot ng vi
vic s dng cc thit b giao dch t ng (ATMs - Automatic
Teller Machines) v cc thit b bn hng t ng (Point-of-Sale
machines). Khi nim chuyn tin s ho hay chuyn tin in
t (xem phn Chuyn tin in t, Chng ba - Thanh ton trong
thng mi in t) gia cc ngn hng v cc t chc ti chnh
ra i v pht trin cho n ngy nay.
Sang nhng nm u thp k 90 ca th k XX, khi my
tnh c nhn c s dng rng ri khng nhng cng s m c
gia nh, nhiu t chc ti chnh m rng cc cng ngh
v mang n cho khch hng ngy cng nhiu dch v trn c
s s dng my tnh c nhn c cng s v gia nh.
tng ngun thu nhp, cc t chc ti chnh lun nghin cu v p
dng nhiu phng tin giao dch thun li, ng thi h thp chi
ph dch v, rt ngn thi gian giao dch ca khch hng. Chnh
s cnh tranh trong vic pht trin cng ngh thng mi in t
v cc cng ngh trong dch v i vi khch hng l ng lc
thc y hot ng thng mi in t ngy cng pht trin.

16

S 2. Cc mc pht trin ch yu ca thng mi in

t v
s lng my ch Internet tng ng
2. Khi nim thng mi in t
T khi cc ng dng ca Internet c khai thc nhm phc v
cho mc ch thng mi, nhiu thut ng khc nhau xut
hin ch cc hot ng kinh doanh in t trn Internet nh:
thng mi in t (electronic commerce hay e-commerce); "thng mi trc tuyn" (online trade); "thng mi iu khin hc"
(cyber trade); "thng mi khng giy t" (paperless commerce
hoc paperless trade); thng mi Internet (Internet commerce)
hay thng mi s ho (digital commerce). Trong cun sch ny,
chng ti s s dng thng nht mt thut ng thng mi
in t (electronic commerce), thut ng c dng ph bin
trong ti liu ca cc t chc trong v ngoi nc cng nh trong
cc ti liu nghin cu khc.
Theo o lut mu v thng mi in t do U ban Lin hp quc
v Lut thng mi quc t ( c Lin hp quc thng qua):
"Thut ng "thng mi" [commerce] cn c din gii theo ngha
rng bao qut cc vn ny sinh ra t mi mi quan h

17

mang tnh cht thng mi, d c hay khng c hp ng. Cc mi

quan h mang tnh thng mi [commercial] bao gm, nhng khng
phi ch bao gm, cc giao dch sau y: bt c giao dch thng
mi no v cung cp hoc trao i hng ho hoc dch v; tho
thun phn phi; i din hoc i l thng mi; u thc hoa
hng (factoring), cho thu di hn (leasing); xy dng cc cng
trnh; t vn; k thut cng trnh (engineering); u t; cp vn;
ngn hng; bo him; tho thun khai thc hoc t nhng; lin
doanh v cc hnh thc khc v hp tc cng nghip hoc kinh
doanh; chuyn ch hng ho hay hnh khch bng ng bin, ng khng, ng st hoc ng b".1

Tuy thng nht v thut ng, song, nu ch dng mt

nh ngha ngn gn s rt kh c th nu y bn cht
ca thng mi in t. Do vy, nh ngha v thng mi in
t cho ti nay vn cha hon ton thng nht. cao hot
ng thng mi gia cc quc gia i vi cc hng ho hu
hnh, T chc Thng mi th gii (WTO) nh ngha thng mi
in t l: ... hot ng sn xut, qung co, tiu th v phn
phi cc sn phm thng qua cc mng vin thng. cao
vai tr ca cc hot ng dch v, theo t chc ti chnh Merrill
Lynch, thng mi in t c hiu nh l cc giao dch in t
ca vic trao i thng tin: ... Cc giao dch ny c th bao
gm hot ng bun bn in t cc hng ho hoc dch v
gia cc doanh nghip; cc hot ng thanh ton ti chnh; cc
hot ng s dng th tn dng, th ghi n, my rt tin t ng
v chuyn tin in t; vic pht hnh v x l cc loi th ti
chnh; cc ho n thanh ton v ngh thanh ton; cung cp
dch v du lch cng cc dch v thng tin khc 1.
Bn cnh nhng nh ngha trn, c nhiu quan im cho
rng, thng mi in t c th hiu theo nhiu ngha tu thuc
vo gc nghin cu. Th d, theo R. Kalakota v A. Winston,
thng mi in t c th hiu theo cc cch c m t bng
32.
1
1

Xem: B Thng mi: Thng mi in t, Nxb. Thng k, H Ni, 1999.

Xem: PriceWaterhouse Coopers: E-Business technology forecast, PriceWaterhouse
Coopers Technology Centre, California, 1999.

18

Bng 1.3. Khi nim thng mi in t t cc gc

Gc

M t

Cng ngh thng

Thng mi in t l vic cung cp, phn phi thng tin,

tin

cc sn phm/dch v, cc phng tin thanh ton qua ng dy in thoi, cc mng truyn thng hoc qua cc
phng tin in t khc.

Kinh doanh

Thng mi in t l vic ng dng cng ngh (ch yu

l cng ngh thng tin) t ng ho cc giao dch
kinh doanh v cc knh thng tin kinh doanh.

Dch v

Thng mi in t l cng c cc doanh nghip, ngi

tiu dng, cc nh qun l ct gim cc chi ph dch v,
ng thi nng cao cht lng hng ho, dch v v tng
tc cung cp dch v cho khch hng.

Trc tuyn

Thng mi in t cung cp kh nng tin hnh cc hot

ng mua, bn hng ho, trao i thng tin trc tip trn
Internet cng nhiu dch v trc tuyn khc.

c mt cch hiu thng nht, c th nh ngha: Thng

mi in t l vic ng dng cc cng ngh thng tin tin
hnh cc giao dch mua - bn cc sn phm, dch v v thng tin
thng qua cc mng my tnh c s dng cc tiu chun truyn
thng chung.
C nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v thng mi in t, song
v bn cht, cc hot ng thng mi in t u c nhng
c im chung sau:
- Giao dch thng mi in t c thc hin trn c s cc
giao dch thng mi truyn thng, v vy nhiu cng vic
v qu trnh giao dch thng mi in t c lin quan n
thng mi truyn thng. Khc vi cc giao dch thng mi
truyn thng c tin hnh trn giy, qua in thoi,
nhng ngi a tin, bng xe ti, my bay v cc phng tin

Xem: Ravi Kalakota, Andrew B. Whinston: Electronic commerce: A manager's guide,

Addison Wesley Publisher, 1999.

19

khc, cc giao dch thng mi in t v c bn c tin

hnh trn cc mng in t;
- tin hnh cc giao dch thng mi in t, cn c mt
chng trnh my tnh c ci t ti t nht mt im
cui ca giao dch hoc quan h thng mi. Ti im cui
khc c th l mt chng trnh my tnh, mt ngi s dng
mt chng trnh my tnh hay s dng mt k thut truy
nhp mng my tnh no .
- Thng mi in t l mt h thng bao gm nhiu giao
dch thng mi. Cc giao dch ny khng ch tp trung vo
vic mua - bn hng ho v dch v trc tip to ra thu
nhp cho doanh nghip, m bao gm nhiu giao dch h tr
to ra li nhun nh kch thch, gi m nhu cu i vi cc
hng ho v dch v, h tr vic cho bn, cung cp cc dch
v khch hng hoc to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh
thng tin, lin lc gia cc i tc kinh doanh... (hnh 1).

Hnh 1. Chu trnh thng mi in t

20

- Giao dch thng mi in t c xy dng trn c s

nhng u im v cu trc ca thng mi truyn thng cng
vi s linh hot, mm do ca cc mng in t, cho php
loi b nhng tr ngi, nhng cn tr vt l khi thc hin cc
giao dch. Th d, cc h thng my tnh trn Internet c
th c thit lp cung cp dch v h tr khch hng 24
gi mi ngy v 7 ngy mi tun; cc n t hng i vi
cc sn phm, dch v ca doanh nghip cng c th c
chp nhn bt c ni no v bt k lc no.

Hnh 2. Cc hp phn ca thng mi in t

- Hot ng thng mi in t c thc hin trn c s cc
ngun thng tin di dng s ho ca cc mng in t. N
cho php hnh thnh nhng dng thc kinh doanh mi v
nhng cch thc mi tin hnh hot ng kinh doanh.
Chng hn, Cng ty thng mi Amazon.com kinh doanh rt
nhiu sn phm nh in t, bng a nhc... v ch
yu l cc loi sch. Cng ty c tr s t ti Seattle,
Washington (M) nhng khng c bt c mt ca hng vt l
(ca hng thc) no. Vic bn sch ca cng ty c thc
hin trc tip qua mng Internet, hot ng cung ng c
thc hin trn c s phi hp trc tip gia cng ty vi cc
nh xut bn, v vy h khng cn duy tr bt c hnh
thc kim k no. y l v d cho mt m hnh kinh

21

doanh mi c xy dng hon ton trn c s cc ng dng

Internet.
- Thng mi in t ph thuc nhiu vo s pht trin ca
cng ngh thng tin, nh ngha v thng mi in t
chc chn khng th l duy nht bi cc cng ngh mi thng xuyn ra i. V ngay i vi nhng cng ngh hin
ti, chng ta cng cha chc khai thc v ng dng ht
nhng kh nng m n mang li. i vi thng mi in t, tng lai lun pha trc.
3. Phm vi ca thng mi in t
Thng mi in t bao trm nhiu lnh vc rng ln khc
nhau. Mt s lnh vc c bn lin quan trc tip n thng mi
in t, bao gm:
- Lnh vc cng ngh. C s thc hin thng mi in
t l cc mng thng tin ton cu, ni din ra cc hot ng
nghin cu th trng, cc hot ng giao dch lin t chc
v cc qu trnh kinh doanh. Trong s cc mng ny, Internet
ng vai tr quan trng nht. Ngoi ra, c nhiu mng
thng tin khc nh mng gi tr gia tng, mng trao i d
liu in t,... cng ng vai tr quan trng.
- Lnh vc marketing v to ra khch hng mi. Thng mi
in t to ra nhng knh lin kt mi vi khch hng, to ra
c hi mi xc tin, qung b cc sn phm thng qua
cc phng tin mi. Thng mi in t m rng bin gii ca
cc doanh nghip, gip doanh nghip tip cn trc tip vi
khch hng ca mnh.
- Lnh vc kinh t. Thng mi in t l yu t c bn ca
nn kinh t mi, mt nn kinh t da trn c s thng tin,
hnh thnh t cc c quan v cc t chc kinh t mi. Thng mi in t to ra cc th trng v cc hot ng mi
c m t bng nhng dng thng tin trc tip, s xut
hin ca nhng trung gian mi, s thay i ca cc quy lut
kinh t v cc chc nng th trng. Nhng thay i trn s
dn ti thay i nhng gi tr ch yu ca nn kinh t,

22

i hi cc quc gia, cc doanh nghip phi c nhng chin

lc v nhng m hnh kinh doanh ph hp.
- S lin kt in t. Thng mi in t cung cp cc mi
lin kt mi nhm to ra hiu qu cao hn cho cc hot ng
kinh t, bao gm: a) Giao din gia cc doanh nghip v
khch hng; b) S lin kt gia doanh nghip vi cc knh
kinh doanh ca n; c) S phi hp gia cc b phn khc
nhau trong ni b doanh nghip.
- Gi tr gia tng ca thng tin. Thng mi in t thc y
s tch ri cc chui gi tr trn c s thng tin khi cc
chui gi tr gia tng vt l. Cc chui gi tr trn c s
thng tin (cn gi l cc chui gi tr o) to ra nhng phng thc mi thu thp, tng hp, ng gi, phn phi
thng tin v th trng cng nh i vi cc sn phm, dch
v ca doanh nghip.
- Pht trin th trng. Mng thng tin ton cu gip thng mi
in t c c hi hnh thnh cc th trng in t ph hp
vi ngi mua v ngi bn. c trng c bn ca nhng th trng mi ny l trao i thng tin thi gian thc (real-time),
tng tc truyn thng, phm vi hot ng v lin kt rng,
ni dung phong ph. Cc c im ny lm tng tnh hiu
qu ca th trng trong vic trao i hng ho, phn phi
cc ngun lc v cc hot ng mua bn.
- C s h tng dch v. Thng mi in t i hi nhng
dch v khc nhau h tr cc chc nng tim tng, cc
hot ng, cc yu cu v cc ng dng ca n. thc
hin cc dch v ny, i hi phi xy dng c s h tng
ph hp nh h tng v m kha cng cng, v thanh ton v
ngn hng, v dch v thng tin cho cc t chc, v cng
c tm kim, truy lc d liu, t chc thng tin, tng hp
thng tin, h tng cho vic x l giao dch gia cc doanh
nghip (B2B - Business-to-Business), chia s thng tin t
danh mc hng ho ca nh cung ng v phi hp cc chui
cung ng...

23

Hnh 3. Phm vi ca thng mi in t.

- Lut php, tnh ring t v cc chnh sch cng cng. Ton b

nhng thay i v cu trc, t chc, qu trnh v cng
ngh do thng mi in t a li i hi phi c mt
khun kh mi, c th ho cc nhu cu v lut php, tnh
ring t v chnh sch cng cng. y l mt nhim v rt
kh khn bi s lng v tnh phc tp ca cc lnh vc c lin
quan; nhng n cng l mt kha cnh cn c quan tm
u tin khi p dng thng mi in t bo v quyn
li ca nhng ngi tham gia. Vic c th ho cc vn lin
quan cng i hi phi c s cn nhc khi tip cn
va m bo quyn li, va trnh nhng xung t tim
tng gia cc bn tham gia thng mi in t.
Phm vi ca thng mi in t c m t trong hnh 3, bao
gm: lin kt vi cc nh cung ng (EC5), lin kt vi cc nh
phn phi (EC4), giao din vi khch hng (EC3), cc vn
qun tr ni b doanh nghip (EC1) v cc vn h tng c s
(EC2) nh cc h thng thanh ton, an ton mng thng tin, giao
din ngi - my v h tng thng tin.

24

4. Tc ng ca thng mi in t i vi cc mt kinh t
- x hi
4.1. Thng mi in t lm thay i th trng
Thng mi in t lm thay i cch thc tin hnh kinh
doanh: chc nng trung gian truyn thng s c thay th; cc
sn phm v th trng mi s c pht trin; cc mi quan h mi
gia doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng gn cng nh xa s c to
lp v ngy cng mt thit hn. T chc cng vic s thay i:
nhng knh ph bin kin thc mi v hot ng tng tc ca
con ngi nhng ni lm vic s c m ra, i hi phi c kh
nng thch ng v s linh hot trong cng vic, chc nng v k
nng ca ngi lao ng (cng nhn) cn phi c nh ngha
li.
4.2. Thng mi in t ng vai tr l cht xc tc
Thng mi in t gp phn thc y v ph bin ngy
cng rng ri nhng thay i ang c tin hnh ca nn kinh
t, nh vic ci cch cc quy nh; thit lp nhng lin kt in
t gia cc doanh nghip, ton cu ho cc hot ng kinh t,
v lm xut hin nhu cu mi v lao ng c tay ngh cao. Cng
nh vy, nh c thng mi in t, nhiu xu hng thuc cc lnh
vc cng ang c tin hnh nh ngn hng in t, t ch
du lch trc tip, marketing trc tip ti tng khch hng
(marketing mt ti mt (one-to-one marketing))...
4.3. Thng mi in t tc ng ti cc hot ng tng
tc
Thng mi in t trn Internet lm tng mnh m cc hot
ng tng tc trong nn kinh t. Nhng lin kt ny hin ang
c m rng ti c cc doanh nghip c quy m nh, cc h gia
nh v tri rng trn khp th gii. Vic truy cp cng s c
nhng bc chuyn ln t vic s dng nhng my tnh c nhn
vi chi ph cao ti nhng loi thit b chi ph thp hn v d s
dng nh tivi, in thoi cng nh nhiu loi thit b khc s c
pht minh trong tng lai. Vi s h tr ca k thut, con ngi c
th thng tin lin lc v thc hin cc giao dch kinh doanh mi

25

lc v mi ni. Chnh iu ny l mt nh hng su rng lm

xi mn ranh gii gia cc khu vc kinh t cng nh gii hn a l
gia cc quc gia.
4.4. Thng mi in t l hot ng mang tnh m
Tnh m l mt nguyn l bao gm c c s k thut v c
s trit hc ca vic m rng thng mi in t. Internet c
chp nhn rng ri lm nn tng cho cc hot ng kinh
doanh chnh bi tnh khng c quyn cc tiu chun, bi tnh
cht m cng nh c s h tr ca mt ngnh cng nghip ln
ang pht trin. Sc mnh kinh t ca ngnh cng nghip ny
c bt ngun t vic kt ni mt mng my tnh ln, v m
bo rng nhng tiu chun mi ra i vn duy tr c tnh m
ca n. Quan trng hn l tnh m ny ni ln nh mt chin lc,
cng s thnh cng ca nhiu d n thng mi in t cho php
cc i tc kinh doanh v ngi tiu dng thc hin nhng truy
cp cha tng c ti cc cng vic ni b, ti c s d liu ca cc
t chc, doanh nghip v ca tng c nhn. iu ny lm dch
chuyn vai tr ca ngi tiu dng, lm tng tnh lin quan (gn
kt h cht ch hn) nh l i tc ca doanh nghip trong qu
trnh thit k v hnh thnh nn nhng sn phm mi. Tuy
nhin, ng v pha ngi tiu dng - nhng cng dn - s k
vng v tnh m cng to ra nhng s bin i hoc tt (tng
s r rng, minh bch, tng tnh cnh tranh) hoc xu (kh nng
xm phm n quyn li c nhn) trong nn kinh t v trong x
hi.
4.5. Thng mi in t lm gim chi ph
Thng mi in t nh hng ti bn loi chi ph ln ca
doanh nghip trong qu trnh sn xut v tin hnh cc giao
dch thng mi, bao gm:
- Chi ph tiu th:
Tc ng ln nht v chi ph khi p dng thng mi in t
l cho php doanh nghip c th thay th hng lot cc ca hng
vt l (ca hng thc), bng nhng ca hng o trn c s cc
website. V cc website hot ng 24/24 gi 1 ngy, 7 ngy/1

26

tun v c gi tr vi th trng ton cu bt k thi im no.

Do vy, doanh nghip c th phc v mt tp khch hng ln hn
m khng cn phi xy dng, t chc hay phn loi cc c s
vt l ca mnh. So vi vic qun l nhiu ca hng, vic qun l
mt ca hng o cho php doanh nghip ct gim c nhiu chi
ph trong khu qun l, c bit l chi ph kim k hng ho.
Vic truy cp 24/24 gi ti cc ca hng o em li s tin li ln
i vi khch hng, chnh s tin li ny l mt c tnh u vit,
c gi tr v ngy cng tng ca cc hot ng kinh doanh o.
Vi vic cung cp cc sn phm hoc cc thng tin dch v
trc tuyn, khch hng c th hnh thnh k nng v kin thc
t nh gi gi c ca hng ho cng nh c im ca qu
trnh thc hin hng ho. Trong tng lai, mt mi trng kinh
doanh in t nh vy s cho php khch hng thng xuyn truy
cp website, nm c ngy cng nhiu thng tin v sn phm
cng nh cc thuc tnh v gi c. T , vic giao tip gia
khch hng vi cc nhn vin bn hng chuyn nghip hoc vi
nhng nhn vin h tr s c thc hin trnh cao hn.
Mt tc ng khc ca thng mi in t ti chi ph tiu th
l lm tng tnh hiu qu trong cu trc cc n t hng.
in hnh l trng hp ca hai cng ty ln trn th gii, General
Electric (GE) v Cisco Systems. Trc khi p dng hnh thc t
hng qua website, c hai cng ty ny u c ti gn 1/4 cc n
t hng ca h phi sa li v cc li, c th i vi GE, s lng
ny l trn 1.000.000 n hng. T khi cho php khch hng
t hng trc tip qua website, t l cc n t hng li ca
c hai cng ty u gim xung ng k, nh ca Cisco, t l ny
ch cn khong 2%1.
Tit kim chi ph thng qua vic p dng cc hnh thc
thanh ton trc tip qua Web cng l con s ng k i vi cc
doanh nghip kinh doanh in t. Mc d khon ph dch v
ngn hng cho vic thanh ton bng sc giy gia cc ngn
hng v ngi bn l kh nh, trung bnh khong 1,20 USD cho
mt giao dch thanh ton, thanh ton bng th tn dng v th ghi
1

Xem: PriceWaterhouse Coopers: E-Business technology forecast, PriceWaterhouse

Coopers Technology Centre, California, 1999.

27

n trung bnh ch khong 0,40 USD n 0,60 USD, song, chi ph

cho qu trnh thanh ton in t qua Internet c th gim
xung cn khong 0,01 USD hoc thp hn.
R rng, thng mi in t ang lm thay i v c bn
qu trnh bn hng ca cc doanh nghip. N buc cc doanh
nghip ang hot ng trn th trng phi xem xt li cch thc
giao tip vi khch hng. Ngay c cc doanh nghip mi bt u
hot ng kinh doanh trn th trng cng cn nghin cu p
dng thng mi in t, khai thc cc c hi m thng mi in
t em li nhm tip cn nhng tp khch hng mi, nhng i
tng m trc y doanh nghip cho l kh c th tip cn.
- Chi ph lin quan n vic mua sm (procurement) ca
doanh nghip
Lnh vc chi ph th hai m thng mi in t tc ng ti
l chi ph mua sm. Trn c s Web, hot ng mua sm ca
cc doanh nghip ch yu bao gm vic mua cc sn phm lin
quan ti cc lnh vc bo tr, sa cha, v vn hnh (MRO Maintenance, Repair, Operation). ( y khng cp n cc
chi ph lin quan n mua hng ho, sn phm kinh doanh v
nhng chi ph mua nguyn liu, vt liu th s dng sn
xut trc tip ra cc sn phm v cung cp cc dch v). i vi
thng mi bn bun, cc sn phm MRO thng c gi tr thp v
vic cung ng thng khng lin tc.
Trong thng mi truyn thng, khi cn cung ng MRO, nhn
vin mua hng ca mt t chc s phi vit giy yu cu. Sau
, nhn vin ny s nghin cu cc t catalog (catalog trn giy)
khc nhau tm ra loi sn phm ph hp vi mc gi hp l. Qu
trnh ny bao gm nhiu cng on phc tp nn chi ph qun l
cho vic mua gin tip cc yu t u vo ny thng vt qu gi
tr ca chnh bn thn cc yu t . Theo T chc pht trin
v hp tc kinh t (OECD), trung bnh mt cng ty c doanh thu
ln hn 500 triu USD, chi ph cho mi n t hng cung cp
sn phm MRO n l vo khong t 75 USD - 150 USD 1. V vy,
mc tiu ca nhiu ng dng mua sm trong thng mi in t
1

Xem: OECD: The economic and social impact of electronic commerce, OECD
Publications, Paris, 1999,

28

l kt ni trc tip cc t chc vi catalog ca cc nh cung cp

ngay t trc khi n c chp nhn v ton b qu trnh mua hng
u c thc hin trn Web. Vic kt ni vi cc catalog in t
lm gim ng k nhu cu kim tra tnh kp thi v chnh
xc ca cc thng tin m nhng ngi bn hng cung cp, t
lm gim chi ph cung ng u vo cho cc doanh nghip.
Trc y, cc cng ty ln, vic cung ng MRO c thc hin
thng qua cc ng dng trao i d liu in t (EDI) c
quyn trn cc mng gi tr gia tng (VAN - Value-added network)
ring. Gi y, chi ph cho vic trao i d liu in t EDI
trn Web ch vo khong 1/10 chi ph cho hot ng ny khi
thc hin trn VAN. V vy, nhiu ngi s dng EDI trong cc t
chc ln hin nay ang chuyn vic mua sm MRO trn VAN
sang s dng Web.
- Chi ph lin quan n vic qun l chui cung ng:
Trong thng mi in t, kh nng ti t chc chui cung
ng ng vai tr rt quan trng. Thc t cho thy, cc doanh
nghip kinh doanh in t i khi ch ti vic to ra cc chui
cung ng ca doanh nghip mnh, ca khch hng cng nh s
p ng ca cc nh cung cp hn c vic tng u t cho sn
xut hay nghin cu nhu cu thc t ca khch hng.
Tnh minh bch ca ton b chui cung ng l rt cn thit
gip doanh nghip c th phn tch s nh hng ca cc tc
ng, hay ca cc bn lin quan nh vic mua nguyn vt liu,
thit b lp rp t cc nh cung cp khc nhau, vic thay i
sn xut gia cc c s hoc cc i tc kinh doanh, s chuyn
dch ca hng ho ti ngi tiu dng cui cng... Hiu c mi
quan h ca tt c cc bn lin quan trong tng chui gi tr ring
bit cho php mt doanh nghip kinh doanh in t c th
iu chnh cc hot ng ca mnh, ng x kp thi trong trng hp c nhng t bin xy ra.
Cc h thng c kh nng nh gi chnh xc chui cung ng
s gip cc doanh nghip theo di v pht hin dng chuyn dch
ca hng ho trn sut chui cung ng bng cc phng tin, th
d nh thng ip (t h thng thng tin lin lc) cnh bo v s

29

vi phm thi hn cho php c tho thun trc (chng hn

vic vn chuyn hng ho chm qu 8 gi ng h). Nhng
thng ip nh vy c tp hp v phn tch qua cc c s d
liu v cng c phn tch gip cc hng xc nh c nguyn
nhn ca s nh tr, trch nhim thc t ca cc hng vn ti,
cc nh cung cp; ng thi hiu r hn bn cht ca chi ph
phn phi hng ho. V pha khch hng, cc h thng ny c
th gip h theo di c tnh trng ca n t hng ti mi
thi im thng qua trnh duyt Web ca mnh.
Vic qun l chui cung ng gn lin vi h thng k hoch
ho ngun lc doanh nghip (ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning).
cc doanh nghip kinh doanh in t, h thng qun l ngun
lc doanh nghip ang bt u c kt hp cht ch vi cc h
thng chm sc khch hng v d bo nhu cu khch hng, gip
gii quyt mt cch r rng cc vn pht sinh bn ngoi
doanh nghip, cng nh tng tnh tnh minh bch trong cng tc
qun l. Nhng ngi bn, ngi tng hp v cc nh phn tch m
t qu trnh kt hp ny l vic lp k hoch v thc hin k
hoch v ngun lc ca doanh nghip trn c s Web. Mc tiu
cui cng ca qu trnh ny l phi hp cc d liu thu thp c
t khch hng, t cc nhn vin, t ngi cung cp, thm ch t
cc i th cnh tranh vi cc d liu ni b, d liu nh gi
thc hin nhim v (mission-critical) ca t chc nhm nng
cao hiu qu hot ng qun l ca doanh nghip.
Cho ti nay, cc nh phn tch vn cha xc nh chnh xc
thi im bt u ca vic chp nhn p dng h thng ERP
trong thng mi in t. Nhng chc chn rng, ngi i tin
phong trong vic chp nhn ERP l cc doanh nghip kinh doanh
in t thuc cc lnh vc sn xut, bn l v kinh doanh hng
tiu dng c quy m ln, nhng ngi quen p dng h thng
ERP truyn thng trong qun l hot ng chui cung ng ca
doanh nghip mnh. Khi p dng thng mi in t, cc doanh
nghip c gng tn dng th mnh thng tin thi gian thc
(real-time) ca Internet thay i cch qun l chui cung
ng: s dng trao i d liu in t (EDI), cc mng ngoi b
v cc kt ni an ton vi Internet cho php cc i tc kinh

30

doanh truy cp v chia s cc thng tin thi gian thc, bao gm

cc thng tin lin quan n li ch v gi tr ca sn phm, tnh
trng n t hng, hot ng sn xut v cung cp cc sn
phm, dch v ca doanh nghip. Ngoi ra, khi truy cp h thng
k hoch ho ca doanh nghip, cc i tc cn c th kim tra
tnh chnh xc ca kt qu d bo v nhu cu, nh gi v kh
nng cung ng thc t v cc cam kt t hng.
Chnh v vy, mt kha cnh quan trng ca thng mi in
t l s chuyn dch nh hng cnh tranh gia cc doanh
nghip. Trong kinh doanh in t, cc doanh nghip khng cnh
tranh trc tip vi nhau m dch chuyn theo chiu hng cnh
tranh v s tp trung ca chui cung ng vo cc doanh nghip.
S khc nhau v chui cung ng gia cc doanh nghip th hin
qua vic qun l cc thng tin tri ni, vic nm bt cc
thng tin mt ni no , thy c cc ch li ca n v
bin n thnh hnh ng mt ni khc. Nu ton b qu trnh
thc hin tt hn ca i th, doanh nghip s ginh thng
li trong cnh tranh. Chnh v vy, d ch l qu trnh n gin
so vi cc hot ng kinh doanh khc nhng cc doanh nghip kinh
doanh in t lun c gng cu trc v cu trc li ton b
chui cung ng ngy cng tng tc ca n, ng thi
gim cc chi ph lin quan ca doanh nghip.
- Chi ph lin quan n cc hot ng hu cn:
C th ni, thng mi in t lm thay i cc hot
ng thuc lnh vc hu cn ca doanh nghip nh ng gi,
chuyn dch hng ho... v bin n thnh lnh vc kinh doanh
thng tin. Tc ng ca thng mi in t ti chi ph ca hot
ng hu cn doanh nghip c ngha to ln, c bit i vi
cc doanh nghip chuyn hot ng trong lnh vc ny nh
Federal Express (FedEx) hay DHL.
FedEx l mt th d in hnh. FedEx bt u nhn cc
n t hng trc tuyn vn chuyn cc gi bu kin v theo
di chng qua mng ring ca mnh t nm 1983, phi mt gn
12 nm s lng khch hng ca hng mi t ti con s 50.000. Nhng ch sau ba nm (1995-1998), sau khi FedEx p dng dch v tng t nhng thng qua Web, s lng khch hng ca hng ln

31

ti con s 1 triu. Hin nay, theo c tnh ca hng, c ti hn 70%

trong s 3 triu gi bu kin mi ngy ca hng c bt u t
vic giao tip trn Internet1.
Nhng thay i trong lnh vc kinh doanh hu cn ca cc
hng ng u lnh vc ny trn th gii nh FedEx v DHL bt
u bng nhng mi quan h mt thit vi cc hng vn ti hng
ho v vi khch hng thng qua cc yu cu vn ti in t, s
xc nhn kim k in t, theo di phn phi in t. Gi
y, cc hng kinh doanh trong lnh vc hu cn bt u
cho php cc hng vn ti v khch hng c th truy cp trc
tip vo h thng thng tin ca mnh thng qua cc ng dng
ERP.
Vi vic ng dng Internet, ngy cng c nhiu doanh nghip
hng cc m hnh, cch thc kinh doanh ca mnh theo cc n
t hng, v p dng cc phng php c mc chi ph kim k
thp; do gi tr ca cc hot ng ny ngy cng tng vi vic
thc hin nhanh chng, chnh xc cc hot ng hu cn t nc
ngoi hoc ra nc ngoi. Vi kh nng p ng nhanh cc n
t hng c tnh phc tp cao cng nh kh nng theo di, gim
st cc n t hng, ngy cng c nhiu doanh nghip kinh
doanh trn c s Web, chng hn nh DHL, FedEx, United Parcel
Service (UPS) thc hin kinh doanh cc dch v hu cn nh vn
chuyn, phn phi (bao gi, bc xp) cc gi bu kin v cc
dch v h tr khch hng khc trn c s Web.
Hin nay, cc doanh nghip khng cn phi lo lng v vic
theo di cc kin hng ca mnh gi i, d c phi chuyn n ti
bt c u trn th gii. Vi nhng li ch m Web mang li, hot
ng gim st vn chuyn, kim tra giao nhn hng ho ca
doanh nghip s tr nn rt n gin, to iu kin cho qu
trnh thanh ton c thc hin nhanh hn. Ngoi ra, n cn gip
cc doanh nghip c c s linh hot, mm do trong vic ra cc
quyt nh v k hoch sn xut, ng thi gim c chi ph
khng cn thit trong qu trnh vn ti v bc xp hng ho.

Xem: PriceWaterhouse Coopers: E-Business technology forecast, PriceWaterhouse

Coopers Technology Centre, California, 1999.

32

Tm li, bng vic thay i cu trc, ct gim chi ph bn

hng, mua hng, qun l chui cung ng, chi ph trong lnh vc
hu cn ca doanh nghip, thng mi in t ang lm xut
hin nhng nhn t thnh cng mi. Trong qu kh, nu nhng
nhn t nh quy m v c s h tng l nhng tr ngi ln nht
cho vic xm nhp m rng th trng, th gi y nhng cng
ngh, nguyn l t chc v hot ng ca thng mi in t
ang lm thay i ton b quan im ny.
5. Cc mc ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot
ng kinh doanh
Tu theo quy m v kh nng, cc doanh nghip c th p
dng cc thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin, thc hin kt ni v
ng dng Internet theo nm mc t thp n cao, c th nh
sau:
5.1. Truyn thng (Th tn in t v truy cp Internet)
i vi nhng doanh nghip cha tng thc hin vic kt ni
Internet hoc nhng cch thc thng tin khc cao hn th, c
th thy, vic kt ni ny ging nh mt tr chi th v. Tuy
nhin, n s mang li cho doanh nghip nhng li ch rt ln.
Vic kt ni Internet cho php doanh nghip c c nhng
thng tin y v cp nht v nhng vn m doanh
nghip quan tm. ng thi cc nhn vin ca doanh nghip
cng c iu kin tho lun, trao i trc tip vi khch
hng, vi cc nh cung ng v bt c i tc no v mi vn
cng quan tm thng qua dch v th tn in t v cc dch v
vin thng khc vi thi gian v chi ph thp nht.
Cng trong qu trnh giao tip, doanh nghip c th ngay
lp tc hnh thnh h s v khch hng v cc i tc kinh
doanh ca mnh, phc v cho hot ng kinh doanh lu di ca
doanh nghip.
5.2. Xc tin (To website ring ca doanh nghip)
Mt trong nhng li ch ln nht ca Internet l cung cp
ngun thng tin in t v tn thng qua Mng thng tin ton

33

cu World Wide Web. Cng vi s pht trin rm r ca cng ngh

thng tin nh hin nay, World Wide Web c th coi l "Nhng
trang vng" ca th k XXI vi s lng cc website, s lng ngi
truy nhp tng nhanh, gi tr cc giao dch thng mi trn
Internet ngy cng ln.
i vi mi doanh nghip, vic lp website ring cho php
doanh nghip thc hin vic qung co trc tuyn v cc sn
phm v bn thn doanh nghip. Cc thng tin chnh xc, y
lin quan n gi c, cht lng, cc iu khon, iu kin
mua bn hng ho... cng nh cc thng tin khc v doanh nghip
c trn website gip khch hng d dng la chn v a ra cc
quyt nh mua sm. Cc website m doanh nghip to lp
cng cho php qun l cc mi quan h vi khch hng cng nh
cc i tc kinh doanh khc; cho php hnh thnh nhng cch
thc kinh doanh mi nhanh chng v hiu qu hn nhiu so vi
cch thc kinh doanh truyn thng m doanh nghip ang thc
hin.
5.3. Lin kt ni b (Cch thc i mi h thng thng tin
ca doanh nghip)
y thc s l mt bc nhy vt trong vic t chc h thng
thng tin trong ni b doanh nghip. Vi cch ny, cc nhn vin
trong doanh nghip c th d dng trao i vi nhau nhng tng ca mnh hn l nhng cuc hp t nht hoc ko di bt
tn.
Vic s dng mng ni b gip ci tin cc hot ng tc
nghip ni b ca doanh nghip nh vic qun tr d n, tnh lng, qun tr nhn s, x l n t hng, cng tc kim k...
Nh vic chia s thng tin trong doanh nghip, pht huy c
tim lc v kh nng ca cc thnh vin trong doanh nghip.
Dng h thng trao i d liu in t (EDI) (mt ng dng
trn mng) lm tng kh nng tip cn, gii quyt cc vn ,
tip cn khch hng v gim chi ph.
Tng kh nng phc v, ci thin dch v khch hng (khch
hng khng cn phi chy khp doanh nghip khiu ni cc

34

vn lin quan n sn phm hoc dch v do doanh nghip

cung cp).
Cng vi vic kt ni vi khch hng thng qua Internet, vic
lin kt ni b gip gim t 1/3 n 1/2 chi ph so vi vic s
dng in thoi gii quyt cc vn pht sinh trong qu
trnh kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.
5.4. Lin kt ngoi b (a n cho doanh nghip nhng nh
cung ng v khch hng mi)
Li ch m cc doanh nghip thu c khi s dng mng lin
kt ngoi b (extranet) s rt ln, c bit i vi cc doanh
nghip va v nh. y l cch h m rng phm vi hot
ng, thc hin kinh doanh trn phm vi ton th gii v tng cng kh nng cnh tranh ca mnh.
i vi cc doanh nghip khc, mng ngoi b l cch thc y
mnh tiu th hng ho vi chi ph thp nht; l cch thc cung
ng em li li nhun cao nht khi thc hin kt ni vi cc nh
cung ng. Bn thn cc nh cung ng cng s c li khi doanh
nghip thc hin hnh thc kt ni ny.
Qua mng ngoi b, doanh nghip c th gii thiu vi ngi
cung ng v khch hng cc h thng ni b ca doanh nghip m
h c th s dng, nh c th gim thiu thi gian ch i, rt
ngn v n gin ho cng tc kim k, ng thi c kh nng
loi b cc sai st trong cc khu ca qu trnh sn xut v phn
phi sn phm ca doanh nghip.
Mt s ngnh cng nghip hin ang dn u trong vic p
dng cc hnh thc kt ni ny, l ngnh t ng ho,
ngnh in t hng khng v tr v ngnh cng nghip dt. Tuy
nhin, vi tc pht trin cng ngh thng tin nh hin nay,
danh sch cc ngnh p dng rng ri hnh thc kt ni ny s
ngy cng m rng trong nhng nm ti.
5.5. Hnh thnh cc m hnh kinh doanh mi (Chia s cc
ngun lc vi cc i tc mi, hnh thnh cc doanh nghip
o ton cu)

35

Vic xy dng mt h thng thng tin kinh doanh c kt

ni vi bn ngoi (mng ngoi b - extranet) l iu m khng
phi doanh nghip no cng thc hin c. Mng thng tin ton
cu World Wide Web khng ch gip trao i v khai thc thng
tin mt cch thun tu m bn thn n c kh nng hot ng
nh mt h thn kinh trung ng gip phi hp ton b cc hot
ng kinh doanh ca cc loi hnh t chc mi. Trong cc t
chc mi ny h thng thng tin c sp xp trn c s s dng
cc phng php trao i d liu in t (EDI), do vy cc thng
tin lin quan n cc hot ng kinh doanh ngay lp tc c cc
i tc (nh cc i l, cc nh xut nhp khu, cc nh sn xut,
ngi thit k v thm ch c cc nh cung ng nguyn liu th)
tham gia gii quyt. Doanh nghip c quyn yu cu cc i tc
ca mnh tham gia qun l cc cng on ca hot ng kinh
doanh in t. Ton b h thng c tch hp vo chui cung
ng s ln lt ch ra cc cng vic ca tng i tc, tng b phn
cn tin hnh t giai on u n cui ca qu trnh cung
ng sn phm m khng cn ti bt c mt s qun l hay cc
thao tc gn kt rm r, phc tp no. Tt c cc i tc ca loi
hnh siu cng ty ny u phi thit k h thng thng tin ca
mnh m bo khng c bt c mt sai st no d l nh nht;
ng thi, c kh nng nhanh chng t phc hi trong mi tnh
hung. Vi loi hnh ny mi trch nhim qun l v c nhng ri
ro ca th trng u c th c chia s. Trong th k XXI, tt c
nhng iu ny khng cn l nhng tng vin vng, n v
ang c thc hin nhiu ngnh cng nghip nhiu quc gia
trn th gii.
6. Mt s vn t ra khi tin hnh thng mi in t
Nhng vn t ra khi tin hnh thng mi in t c
cp n trong rt nhiu ti liu theo cc gc khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, phn tch c th tng vn l mt vic khng
n gin. Trong phn ny, chng ti ch trnh by cc vn
c bn theo cc gc chung nht, lin quan n vic ph
cp, qun l v an ton trong thng mi in t.
6.1. Vic ph cp Internet v thng mi in t

36

T khi xut hin ti ny, Internet pht trin vi tc rt

nhanh nhiu ni trn th gii, nhng cha t n trnh
ph cp. Th d, Canada, mt trong nhng quc gia c coi c
s lng ngi s dng Internet nhiu nht th gii, cng mi ch c
36% gia nh c my tnh c nhn, 13% kt ni Internet trong
nm 1997. Nu tnh vic truy cp Internet ti nh, ni lm vic,
trng hc v cc ni khc th cng ch khong trn 30%, phn
ln l nhng doanh nghip ln, cn vi cc doanh nghip nh c
tnh ch khong 43% l c truy cp Internet. Tuy mc truy cp
ny l thuc mc cao nht trn th gii, nhng vn cha th t ti
mc thm nhp ph cp nh cc cng ngh truyn thng c
thit lp trc .
6.2. Qun l Internet
V Internet c to ra bi v s cc mng t tr nh hn,
thiu s qun l tp trung, nn hu nh khng mt ai c trch
nhim i vi tin cy v tc ca cc dch v. Nhng quy
tc c bn to lp ra nhng tn vng, cc giao thc chun,
cc quy trnh nh tuyn ang c nhiu bin i v vic
kim sot c chuyn sang khu vc t nhn. Vic thiu
nhng m bo v qun l ny l s lo lng ln i vi cc nh
doanh nghip.
Khc hn vi cc giao dch truyn thng, mi trng kinh
doanh thng mi in t l mi trng kinh doanh kh mi m vi
cc i tc khng xc nh. tin hnh thng mi in t cn
gii quyt hng lot cc cu hi nh: Vn nh bo mt thng
tin c c m bo khng? Khun kh php l v cc th ch
ti chnh h tr cho giao dch in t l g? Lm th no
chn c cc cng ngh ph hp? Ngun lao ng thng mi
in t ly u? Nguy c l thuc cng ngh nc ngoi nh
th no? v.v..
6.3. Vn an ton trong thng mi in t
Trong thng mi in t ni ring v tt c cc lnh vc c
s dng Internet ni chung, hin tng tin tc nh cp cc thng
tin c gi tr l rt ph bin. Rt nhiu cng ngh v ang
c pht trin nhm gii quyt vn an ton trong sut thi

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gian qua, tuy nhin cc th on ca bn tin tc ngy cng tinh

vi vn l mi lo ngi ln ca hu ht cc doanh nghip khi tin
hnh cc hot ng kinh doanh trn Internet.
Ngoi ra, nhng vn nh s bt cp v ngn ng, kh
nng nm bt cc c hi kinh doanh, tnh ring t, tp qun, thi
quen mua sm v c bit l s thiu lng tin ca ngi tiu
dng... ang l nhng tr ngi ln i vi s pht trin ca thng
mi in t.

38