Vietnam TST 2012 Li gii v bnh lun

Trn Nam Dng & K0

K thi chn i tuyn Vit Nam tham d IMO 2012 din ra trong 2 ngy 16 v
17/04/2012 ti H Ni. Mi ngy th sinh phi gii quyt 3 bi ton trong vng 4 gi 30
pht. Theo nh gi chung, thi nm nay thuc loi kh. V phn mn, 6 bi ton c
phn b nh sau:
Bi 1. Hnh hc phng (Qu tch v im c nh)
Bi 2. T hp (Ph)
Bi 3. S hc (H thng d)
Bi 4. S hc (Dy s)
Bi 5. i s (Bt ng thc)
Bi 6. T hp (L thuyt th)
Nu i su vo li gii th c th thy bi 4 l mt bi ton thun ty i s. Bi 3 l bi
s hc nhng mang m cht t hp. Nh th, c th thy thi nm nay qu nng v
i s v T hp, phn S hc v Hnh yu, d bi hnh l mt bi ton tt.
V kh, ch c bi 4 l d chu hn c, cn li 5 bi u l nhng bi ton kh, u l
thch thc ng k i vi cc th sinh.
Mt c im na trong thi nm nay l c nhiu bi ton s dng tng cc nh l
mnh nh nh l Cauchy-Davenport (bi 3), nh l Dirac, nh l Tutte (bi 6). iu
ny mt mt l tch cc v hng hc sinh n vic lm quen vi nhng vn c s ca
ton cao cp, mt khc cng to nhng bt li cho cc hc sinh cha c iu kin lm
quen vi nhng kin thc ny. y l iu m nhng ngi dn dt phong tro HSG ca
Vit Nam phi tho lun k c mt nh hng ng.
Di y chng ti trnh by li gii chi tit cc bi ton ca Vietnam TST 2012 cng
cc bnh lun.
Bi vit ny c hon thnh vi s tham gia trc tip ca cc bn: V Quc B Cn
(H Y Cn Th) v L Phc L (H FPT), L Hng Qu cng nh s tham gia gin tip
ca thy Nguyn Chu Gia Vng (Vin Ton hc), cc thnh vin mathscope.org nh
chemthan, Mr_Stoke, kien10A1, novae, leviethai, lethanhtu, nghiepdu-socap,

Bi 1.
Trn mt phng, cho ng trn (O) v hai im c nh B, C trn ng trn ny
sao cho BC khng l ng knh ca (O) . Gi A l mt im di ng trn ng
trn (O) v A khng trng vi hai im B, C . Gi D, K , J ln lt l trung im ca

BC , CA, AB v E , M , N ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca A, B , C trn

BC , DJ , DK .
Chng minh rng cc tip tuyn ti M , N ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic
EMN lun ct nhau ti im T c nh khi im A thay i trn (O) .
Li gii.
y l mt bi ton kh th v vi pht biu nh nhng, cu hnh khng qu phc tp v
gi ra nhiu tng nhng vic x l khng d, quan trng l phi on c im c
nh c nu ra. Di y chng ta s xem xt mt s hng tip cn v x l m rng
ca bi ton ny.

Cch 1. (s dng hng im iu ha v t gic iu ha)

Gi H l trc tm ca tam gic ABC. Ta xt trng hp H nm trong tam gic, cc trng
hp cn li chng minh tng t.
Trc ht, ta chng minh rng T nm trn ng thng OD.
D dng thy H cng nm trn cc ng thng BM v CN nn cc im D, M , N , H , E
cng thuc ng trn ng knh HD.

ng thng qua H, song song vi BC ct ng thng OD ti im S. Do HSD 900

nn S cng thuc ng trn ng knh HD. Gi X l hnh chiu ca E ln AD th X
cng thuc ng trn ny.
Ta s chng minh cc t gic DMSN , XMEN l cc t gic iu ha.
Tht vy, do HS BC v D l trung im ca BC nn theo tnh cht v chm iu ha, ta
c ( HS , HD, HC , HB ) 1 hay t gic DMSN tng ng l t gic iu ha. Theo tnh
cht ca t gic iu ha, ta c T nm trn ng thng DO.

D thy t gic DEJK l hnh thang cn nn nn ENK EMJ ( g .g ) .

Suy ra

EM
EJ
AB

. Hn na,
EN
EK
AC
XM sin XNM sin XDM sin DAC
AB

.
XN
sin XMN
sin XDN
sin DAB AC

EM
AB

hay t gic XMEN iu ha. Ta c c T nm trn EX hay T chnh

EN
AC
l giao im ca EX v AO.
Do ,

Ta s chng minh rng khong cch t T n D khng i.

Gi B l hnh chiu ca B trn AC. Do AHX ADE nn

AX AD AH AE AB AC

hay t gic CDXB ni tip. Suy ra DXC DB C DCA DX DA DC 2 .

Theo nh l Thales th DT

AE DX
AD DX
DC 2

.
AX
AH
AH

D thy DC , AH u khng i nn di on DT khng i hay T l im c nh.

Ta c pcm.
Cch 2. (dng phng tch, trc ng phng)
Gi R, S ln lt l trung im ca DB, DC th R, S ln lt l tm ng trn ngoi

1
1
1
DB BC DC NS v
2
4
2
bng bin i gc, ta thu c TMR TNS hay TMR TNS (c.g .c) .
tip cc tam gic BMD, CND . Ta c TM TN , MR

Suy ra TR TS hay T nm trn ng trung trc ca BC.

Gi X l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic HBC th X c nh. Ta s chng minh T nm

trn trc ng phng ca ng trn (S) v (X). Gi U l trung im ca OD. Ta thy

T /( X ) T /( S ) TX 2 XC 2 TS 2 SC 2
TX 2 TS 2 XD 2 CD 2 SC 2 TD 2 SD 2 XD 2 CD 2 SC 2 TC 2 XD 2
TD XD TC 2 XD 2 CD 2 2TD XD DS 2 DU DT
2

iu ny tng ng vi tam gic TSU vung ti S. Hn na, ta thy

TSU 900 STU SUT 900 RTS BXC 1800

MTN MIN 1800
ng thc cui ng nn suy ra T nm trn trc ng phng ca (S) v (X). Do hai
ng trn ny c nh nn trc ng phng ca chng cng c nh. T l giao im ca
hai ng thng c nh nn T l im c nh. Ta c pcm.
Bnh lun.
So snh vi cc bi ton hnh v tr bi 1 nhiu nm tr li y th bi ny kh hn hn.
Hng gii theo con ng hnh hc thun ty bt buc phi k thm kh nhiu ng
ph v iu ny s khin nhiu bn phi b cuc. C mt cch gii quyt trong trng
hp ny l dng phng php ta do gi thit cng tng i thun li. i khi cch
tip cn bng i s cng em li hiu qu cao. Chng ta s cng tm hiu mt cch lm
bng bin i vector nh sau:

Ta thy cc im M, N chnh l trung im ca cc ng cao tng ng ca tam gic

ABC. Cc im M , N , E , H , D cng thuc ng trn ng knh HD. Gi R l im i
xng vi O qua ng thng BC v S l giao im ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic
BCR vi ng thng OD. Gi F l chn ng cao k t C n AB v T l trung im
ca DS. D thy T l im c nh. Ta tnh c
FH AH cos B 2OD cos B 2 R cos A cos B v

FCS 900 FCR 900 900 A 900 B A B 900 v

DCS 900 RCD 900 900 A A nn CS

BC
.
2cos A

Do T , I , N ln lt l trung im ca cc on DS , HD, CF nn ta c:

2 NT CS FD, 2 NI CD FH .



Suy ra: 4NT NI CS FD CD FH CS CD CS FH FD CD FD FH .

BC 2
Ta tnh c CS CD CD 2
R 2 sin 2 A v
4

FD CD DF DC cos CDF CD 2 cos 2 B R 2 sin 2 A cos 2 B .

BC
FD FH FD FH cos DFH
2 R cos A cos B sin B R 2 2sin A cos B sin B cos A .
2

BC
CS FH CS FH cos FCS
2 R cos A cos B sin( A B )
2cos A
2 R 2 sin A cos B sin( A B )
Do

4 NT NI R 2 sin 2 A sin 2 A cos 2 B 2sin A cos B sin B cos A 2sin A cos B sin( A B )

2 R 2 sin 2 A cos 2 B sin A cos B sin B cos A sin( A B ) 0

T suy ra NT NI hay TN l tip tuyn ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic MNE .
Chng minh tng t, ta c TM l tip tuyn ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ny.
Do , hai tip tuyn k t M v N ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic MNE ct nhau ti
T l im c nh, ta c pcm.
Bi ton ny c ni dung tng t vi m rng ca bi 2, IMO 2009:
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn tm O. Trn cc cnh AC v AB ln lt ly
cc im P v Q. Gi M, N, J ln lt l trung im ca BP, CQ v PQ. ng trn
ngoi tip tam gic MNJ ct PQ ti R. Chng minh rng OR vung gc vi PQ.

Mt kt qu quen thuc khc cng c c t bi ton ny l: tip tuyn ti H ca ng

trn ngoi tip tam gic EMN ct AB, AC ti hai im i xng nhau qua H.
Cch gii th 2 trn kh thun ty v p mt, c th thay vic chng minh tam gic
bng nhau trn bng php quay. Trong trng hp tam gic t (ti B hoc C), hnh v
v v tr cc im cng c nhiu thay i, chng ta c th s dng gc nh hng c
mt li gii tt hn!
Li gii v bnh lun ca bi 1 c thc hin bi L Phc L, da trn cch gii ca
Hong Kin, Phan c Minh, L Thanh T v bn thn ngi bnh lun.
Bi 2.
Trn mt cnh ng hnh ch nht kch thc m n vung gm m hng v n ct,
ngi ta t mt s my bm nc vo cc vung. Bit rng mi my bm nc c
th ti nc khng nhng cho vung cha n v cc vung c chung cnh vi
m cn c th ti cho cc vung cng ct vi n v cch n ng mt vung.
Tm s nh nht cc my bm nc cn t cc my bm c th ti ht c cnh
ng trong hai trng hp:
1) m 4 .
2) m 3 .
Li gii.
1) Vi m 4 , ta s chng minh rng s my bm nc nh nht tha mn yu cu
bi l n.
iu kin l hin nhin vi cch t mi ct 1 my bm hng th hai nh sau:
X X X

X X X

Ch l mt my bm ch ti c ti a 6 nn iu kin cn r rng ng vi n 1
v n 2 .
Ta chng minh iu kin cn bng phn chng. Gi s tn ti n sao cho cnh ng kch
thc 4 n c th ti c bng t hn n my bm nc. Gi n0 l s nguyn dng n
nh nht nh vy. Theo ch trn ta phi c n0 3 .

Xt cnh ng kch thc 4 n0 . Theo nh ngha ca n0 , tn ti mt cch xp k n0

my bm ti ht cnh ng. V s my bm nh hn s ct nn phi tn ti t nht
mt ct khng cha my bm (ta gi l ct trng).
Bc 1. Ta thy ct trng khng th l ct bin v nu ct trng l ct bin, chng hn
l ct th nht th ti c cc ct trng, ct th hai phi cha 4 my bm. Khi
, bng cch thm mt my bm vo ct 3 hng 2 (nu ny cha c my bm), ta thy
n0 2 ct cn li (b i ct 1 v 2) s c ti bi k 4 1 k 3 n0 2 my bm,
mu thun vi cch chn n0 .
Bc 2. V ct trng khng nm bin, ta xt ct trng u tin t bn tri sang. Ta gi
s ct ny l ct j. ti c cc ct trng ny, tng cng hai ct hai bn ct
trng ny phi c t nht 4 my bm (*).
Xt cc trng hp sau:
i) Ct j 1 cha t nht 2 my bm. Khi do cc ct t 1 n j 2 u khng
trng nn j ct u cha t nht j my bm. Suy ra n0 j ct sau cha nhiu
nht k j my bm. V c ngn cch bi 1 ct trng nn r rng cc my
bm ny bm c cho tt c cc ca cch ng kch thc 4 n0 j . V

k j n0 j nn iu ny mu thun vi cch chn n0 .

ii) Ct j 1 ch cha 1 my bm, khi , do (*), ct j 1 phi cha t nht 3
my bm. Khi , do j 1 ct u cha t nht j 1 0 3 j 2 my bm
nn n0 k j 2 , tc l bn cnh ct j 1 cn t nht 2 ct na. By gi,
bng cch thm vo ct 2 hng j 2 mt my bm nu cn, ta thy cnh ng
gm n0 j 1 ct cn li sau khi b i j 1 ct u c th c ti bi
k j 2 1 k j 1 my bm. V k j 1 n0 j 1 nn ta nhn

c mu thun vi cch chn n0 .

Nh vy iu kin cn c chng minh. Ta c kt lun: Vi cnh ng 4 n, cn t
nht n my bm ti nc tha mn yu cu bi ton.
2) Ta s chng minh rng s my bm t nht ti c cnh ng 3 n l
n 1
. Trc ht ta chng minh iu kin . Vi n 5 iu kin l hin nhin,
n
4
ta xp mi ct 1 my bm l c.
Vi n 5, ta c cch xp sau:

X
X
X

T y d dng ch ra cch t my bm cho n bt k. Chng hn vi n 20 , ta t 16

my bm nh sau.
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

By gi ta chng minh iu kin cn. Ch l mt my bm nc ch c th ti c

ti a 5 nn vi n 1, 2 , ta thy rng cn phi c t nht n my bm nc mi c th
ti c tt c cc ca cnh ng 3 n .
Tng t phn 1), ta s chng minh bng phng php phn chng.

n 1
t f (n) n
, n 1, 2,3,... .
4
Gi s tn ti s nguyn dng n sao cho cnh ng kch thc 3 n c th c ti
bi k f n my bm nc. Gi n0 l s nh nht nh vy. Theo ch trn n0 3 .
Do f n0 n0 nn t y ta suy ra k n0 . Nh vy phi c t nht 1 ct trng.
L lun tng t nh phn 1, ta thy ct trng khng th bin. Xt ct trng u tin
t bn tri sang. Gi s l ct j. Khi , ti cc ca ct j, hai ct k bn ct j
phi cha t nht 3 my bm nc.
Xt cc trng hp sau:
i) Ct j 1 cha t nht 2 my bm nc. Khi j ct u cha t nht j my bm
nc (do cc ct t 1 n j 2 cha t nht 1, ct j 1 cha t nht 2). Suy ra n0 j
ct cn li cha khng qu k j my bm nc v cc my bm ny ti ht cc ca
cnh ng kch thc 3n0 j .

n 1
n j 1
Ta c k j f (n0 ) j n0 j 0
n0 j 0
f ( n0 j ) nn t y
4

4
ta suy ra iu mu thun vi cch chn n0 .

ii) Ct j 1 ch cha 1 my bm nc. Khi ct j 1 phi cha t nht 2 my

bm nc. Nh th j 1 ct u cha t nht j 1 my bm nc. Suy ra n0 j 1
ct tip theo cha nhiu nht k j 1 my bm nc. Tip tc xt hai trng hp:
Trng hp 1. Ct j 2 l ct trng. Khi n0 j 2 ct cn li sau khi b j 2
ct u c ti bi nhiu nht k j 1 my bm nc. Ta c

n 1
n 4 1

k ( j 1) f ( n0 ) ( j 1) n0 ( j 1) 0 n0 ( j 2) 0
4

4
n ( j 2) 1
n0 ( j 2) 0
f ( n0 ( j 2))

4
(do j 2 nn j 2 4 ).
iu ny mu thun vi cch chn n0.
Trng hp 2. Ct j 2 c t nht 1 my bm. Khi cc my bm t ct j 2 n
ct n0 ti cc cc ct ny ( n0 j 1 ct). Theo tnh ton trn, s my bm
cc ct ny khng qu k j 1 . Ta li c nh gi

n 1
n ( j 1) 1
n0 ( j 1) 0

k ( j 1) f ( n0 ) ( j 1) n0 ( j 1) 0
4

4
f n0 ( j 1)
mu thun vi cch chn n0 .
Bi ton c gii quyt hon ton. Vy s my bm nh nht c th ti tt c cc
n 1
ca cnh ng 3 n l n
.
4
Bnh lun.
y l mt bi ton hay v th v theo ngha gii n khng cn nhng kin thc
cao siu nhng i hi nhng suy lun rt tinh t. Nhng bi ton nh vy mang
m cht IMO.
Cu 1) tng i d chu ngay kt qu (iu kin cn v ) ln cch chng
minh. Vi cu 2), vic d on ng kt qu ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng.

Nhiu th sinh TST v c mt s bn ngoi c d on sai rng s my bm

cn thit vn l n, t a ra nhng li gii sai.
Phng php chng minh c trnh by trong c hai li gii c gi l phng
php phn v d nh nht, nm trong ch Phng php chng minh phn
chng hoc ch Nguyn l cc hn.
Mt cch khc trnh by li gii bi ton l dng php quy np ton hc.
Bi ny c nt ging vi bi 3 trong VietnamTST 2010 nhng c phn d hn.

Bi 3.
Cho s nguyn t p 17 . Chng minh rng t 3 l s nguyn dng ln nht tha
mn iu kin: Vi cc s nguyn bt k a, b, c, d sao cho sao cho abc khng chia ht
cho p v a b c chia ht cho p th tn ti cc s nguyn x, y , z thuc tp

0,1,..., 1 sao cho ax by cz chia ht cho p.

t
Li gii.
Ta s x l bi ton ny theo cc bc sau:
1. Trc ht ta chng minh vi t 3 th lun tn ti x, y , z tha mn bi ton.

p
t: L 1, S {ax by cz | 0 x, y, z L} . Yu cu bi ton tng ng vi
3
vic chng minh S cha mt h thng d y mod p.
K hiu a b l a b chia ht cho p, a b nu a khng ng d vi b mod p, a 1 l
s nghch o ca a theo mod p, S l s phn t khc nhau ca S theo mod p.
2. Bi v a b c 0 nn S {ax by ( a b) z | 0 x, y, z L} . Vic nhn a, b vi
cng b1 0 khng lm thay i s phn t ca tp S theo mod p. Do ta c th xem
b 1 nn ta c S {ax y ( a 1) z | 0 x, y , z L} .
3. Do a 0, 1 mod p nn ta ch xt y 1 a p 2 . Ch l

S {ax y ( a 1) z | 0 x, y , z L} S {( p a 1) z y ( p a ) x | 0 x, y, z L}
Do x, y , z c th i ch cho nhau nn ta c vai tr ca a v p a 1 l nh nhau nhau
nn ta c th gi s l a

p 1
p 1
. Vi a
th k min L, 2 L a 0 .
2
2

4. Vi mi 0 l L , t X l a z l y a 1 z | 0 y L,0 z L l v

L L
Yl ax y a 1 x l | 0 x L l ,0 y L th S X l Yl . Ta c
l 0 l0
X l a z l y a 1 z | 0 y L, 0 z L l
y z al | 0 y L, 0 z L l
l L al , l L 1 al ,, L al
l tp gm 2L l s nguyn lin tip. V tng t,

Yl ax y a 1 x l | 0 x L l , 0 y L
y x a 1 l | 0 x L l , 0 y L
l L a 1l , l L a 1 l 1,, L a 1l
l tp gm 2L l s nguyn lin tip. D thy vi l k min L, 2 L a th
L al 1 L l 1 a l 1 v L a 1l 1 1 L 1 ( a 1)l
L

nn

cha tt c cc s nguyn t L n L ak v

l 0

cha tt c cc s t

l 0

L k a 1 k n L .

Do S cha tt c cc s t L k a 1 k n L ak . D thy v a, k 1 nn
L ak L k ( a 1) k 1 2 L 2ak 1 2 L 2a 2k 2 1 2 L 2a 2k 1

Mt khc do k min L, 2 L a nn:

Nu k L th 2 L 2a 2k 1 2 L 2a 2 L 1 4 L 1 p . (y l ch s dng
iu kin p 17 ).
Nu k 2 L a th 2 L 2a 2k 1 2 L 4 L 1 6 L 1 p .

Vy S cha khng t hn p s nguyn lin tip nn ta c S cha mt h thng d y

theo mod p.
5. Vi t 4 th c th ly a b 1, c 2 v d

p 1
th do
2

p p 1
p p 1
p 1
2 1
x y 2z
2 1
4
2
2
2
4
3
p 1
5
x y 2z
p
khng th ng d 0 mod p, tc l khng tn ti
2
2
2
x, y , z tha mn.

Nn

6. Kt hp cc l lun trn ta c pcm.

Bnh lun.
Bi ton ny xng ng l bi ton s 3 ca k thi. Vic chng minh cho trng
hp t 4 kh d dng; tuy nhin, vi trng hp t 3 th vn phc tp hn
nhiu. Vi cch gii trn th ta c th m rng bi ton ra nh sau:
Bi ton 3.1.
Cho s nguyn t p. Tm s nguyn dng L nh nht sao cho vi mi b ba s nguyn
khng ng d vi nhau i mt theo mod p v a b c chia ht cho p th vi mi d
u tn ti 0 x, y , z L sao cho ax by cz chia ht cho p.
Quay tr li vi li gii bi ton ban u.
Mu cht ca vn l tn dng tnh cht: khi nhn c ba s a, b, c vi cng mt s
m 0 theo mod p th vai tr ca a, b, c v ma, mb, mc l tng ng nhau trong bi
ton l tng ng nhau trong bi ton. Li c a b c 0(mod p ) nn ta c th
thay c bi a b v do gim phc tp i. Mt suy ngh t nhin l s tm m sao
cho ma hoc mb bng 1. iu ny n gin.
Sau cc bc trn th ta s thu c S ax y ( a 1) z | 0 x, y , z L vi

p
L 1. Khi n y th khi ta th vi a 1 th
3
S x y 2 z | 0 x, y , z L 2 L, 2 L 1,..., 2 L 1, 2 L

gm cc s nguyn lin tip.

Li th vi a 2 th S 2 x y 3 z | 0 x, y, z L 3L, 3L 1,...,3L 1,3L
cng gm cc s nguyn lin tip.
Nh vy qua hai trng hp a 1 v a 2 th ta s c tng l chngminh S cha
mt tp con c dng M , M 1,..., M 1, M .
Ch l tp y z | 0 x, y, z L L, L 1,..., L 1, L nn ta s ngh n vic
t x z 1 v t

X l a z l y a 1 z | 0 y L,0 z L l y z al | 0 y L,0 z L l
l tp gm cc s nguyn lin tip. Tng t ta c Y1 nu t z x 1 .
c S cha cc s nguyn lin tip th ta cn c X 1 v X l 1 phi giao nhau, ta thu c
iu kin cn v l a l 2 L . Vy ta cn phi c a 2 L . Kim tra vi Y1 ta thu
c iu kin tng t.
Vn cn li l phi c a 2 L . Quay tr li ta ch ngay n vai tr ca a v
p 1
( a 1) p (a 1) l nh nhau v mt trong hai phi khng vt qu
2 L.
2
Cc cch gii khc :
Hai cch gii di y u s dng n nh l thuc lnh vc l thuyt s cng tnh v
t hp sau y
nh l Cauchy-Davenport
Cho hai tp cc s nguyn A, B v s nguyn t p. Khng c hai phn t no ca A ng
d vi nhau theo modun p. Tng t cho B. Khi tp C a b | a A, b B s
cha t nht min A B 1, p phn t i mt khng ng d vi nhau mod p.
t A 0,1, 2,..., L th ta c S aA bA cA . Theo nh l Cauchy-Davenport ta c

p
S 3 A 3 2 .
3
Tuy nhin, ni chung y cha phi l iu ta cn, ta c th vt qua iu ny bng mt
s cch nh sau:

Cch 1. (da theo bn chemthan)

t B ax by cz |1 x, y, z L 1 v C ax by cz | 1 x, y , z 1 .
p dng nh l Cauchy-Davenport, ta c:

S min B C 1, p v B 3 L 1 2 .
Do S min 3L 5 C 1,p min 3L 6 C ,p .
Nu ta chng minh c 3L 6 C p th ta chng minh c bi ton cho t 3 .

p
Ta c 3L 6 3 9 p 11 nn C phi t nht l 11 (ta cn chng minh).
3
t D a, b, c, a, b, c v
E a b, b c, c a, a b c, b c a, c a b a b, b c, c a, 2a, 2b, 2c

th d thy D E 6 . Nu D v E ri nhau th ta c C D E 12 tha mn.

Nu D v E khng ri nhau th tn ti.
-

Trng hp 1 : a a b (khng xy ra)

Trng hp 2 : a b c hay a c b b b (khng xy ra)

Trng hp 3 : a 2b th c th d dng ch ra C 13 .

Vy ta c C 11 v ta c pcm.
Cch 2. (Da trn cch trn vi cch t tp C)
L
V a b c 0 nn vi K th ta c S X , vi
2
X ax by cz | K x, y , z K C C C ... C (K phin bn C)
p dng nh l Cauchy-Davenport K 1 ln th X min K C K 1, p .
Ta cn c K C K 1 p . Ta m C . D thy rng
D 0, a, b, c, a, b, c, a b, b c, c a cha cc phn t i mt khng ng d

modun p nn C D 10 .

 p / 3 1
. (*)
Ta c K C K 1 9 K 1 . Ta cn chng minh 9 K 1 p vi K

n y th vi p 6l 1 hoc p 6l 1 vi l 3 ta thy (*) lun ng.

Li gii v bnh lun trn y c thc hin bi bn L Hng Qu (Traum), huy
chng ng Olympic Ton quc t nm 2006.
nh l Cauchy Davenport c nhiu cch chng minh khc nhau, trong c
cch chng minh da vo nh l khng im t hp (Combinatorial
Nullstenlenzat, bi vit a thc v cc bi ton t hp ng trn Tp ch Ton
hc v Tui tr (6/2009)). Mt cch chng minh khc dng a thc nhiu bin l :
http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/ProofofCauchyDavenportTheorem.html
Di y chng ti trnh by mt cch chng minh s cp cho nh l ny. Cm n bn
Nguyn Ngc Trung (chemthan), huy chng vng Olympic Ton quc t nm 2010,
cung cp t liu ting Anh.
t A a1 , a2 ,..., am , B b1 , b2 ,..., bn . Ta chng minh k A B m n 1 (theo
mod p). Ta gi s m n v s chng minh quy np theo m.
Vi m 1 , mnh ng v t a1 bi a1 b j (mod p ) nu i j nn
a1 B B n 1 n 1 .

Khi cc bt ng thc 0 F m n G , F G p v gi thit quy np cho ta

mnh ng i vi cc tp hp F v G.
Gi s mnh ng vi mi hai tp hp X v Y sao cho X m, X Y v
X Y p . Gi s A m 1 v B n , trong m n v m n p . Khi

n p v do tn ti c B .Ta chn cc phn t a1 , a2 khc nhau thuc A. V dy

c t a2 a1 (mod p ) vi t 1,2,3,..., p 1 cha tt c cc s d, tr c nn
b c t a2 a1 B vi t no . Gi t l s nh nht c tnh cht ny.

Tp hp A b a2 A cha phn t b a2 a1 , b a2 a2 b . Ch rng

b a2 a1 c t 1a2 a1 B . V

chng minh rng A B m n 1 .

A B b a2 A B nn ta ch cn

t F A B v F A B . V b F , b a2 a1 F v b a2 a1 A nn F l
tp con thc s khc rng ca A . Nh vy B l tp con thc s ca G.
T y suy ra 0 F m n G .
Mt khc m n A B A B A B F G .
Ta cng ch rng F G A B (Vi f F , g G , ta c th gi s rng g A v
khi f F B suy ra rng f g A B ). Suy ra A B F G .
Khi cc bt ng thc 0 F m n G , F G p v gi thit quy np cho ta
mnh ng i vi cc tp hp F v G. Do

A B A B F G F G 1 A B 1 m n 1
v php quy np c hon tt.
Theo li gii u tin th bi ton vn ng cho p 13 .
y l mt bi ton kh v n gn vi mt bi ton t hp hn l mt bi ton s
hc (v phng php chng minh v lp lun)
Cc bn c th tham kho mt bi ton c tng gii tng t nh sau:
Bi ton 3.2. Cho p 3 l s nguyn t v a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., a p2 l dy cc s t nhin sao
cho p khng chia ht ak v akk 1 . Chng minh rng ta c th chn ra mt s s hng
ca dy s tch ca chng c s d l 2 khi chia cho p.
Hng dn. Dng cn nguyn thy a v bi ton cng tnh.

Bi 4.
x1 1, x2 2011,
*
xn 2 4022 xn1 xn , n

Cho dy s nguyn dng xn c xc nh bi

Chng minh rng
Li gii.

x2012 1
l s chnh phng.
2012

y chnh l bi ton nh nhng v quen thuc nht trong thi ln ny. n gin hn
trong vic dng k hiu v hiu r bn cht vn , ta s pht biu v chng minh bi ton
tng qut nh sau:
Cho p l s nguyn dng l ln hn 1.
x1 1, x2 p,
*
xn 2 2 pxn 1 xn , n

Xt dy s nguyn dng xn c xc nh bi
Chng minh rng

x p 1 1
p 1

l s chnh phng.

Bi ton ny c mt s li gii nh sau.

Cch 1 (dng cng thc tng qut ca dy v bin i trc tip).
Phng trnh c trng ca dy s cho l t 2 2 pt 1 t 2 2 pt 1 0 c p 2 1 0
nn phng trnh c hai nghim l t1 p p 2 1, t2 p p 2 1 .
Cng thc tng qut ca dy cho l xn At1n Bt2n , n 1, 2,3,...
Thay n 1, 2 tng ng vi hai s hng cho trc ca dy, ta c h phng trnh sau:
At1 Bt2 1
2
2
At1 Bt2 p

Gii h ny, ta thu c A

Suy ra

t2
t
t n 1 t2n 1
, B 1 hay xn 1
, n 1, 2,3,...
2
2
2
2

p /2
p /2
t1p t2p 2 t1 t2

.
p 1
2( p 1)
2( p 1)

x p 1 1

Ch rng t1 t2 2 p, t1t2 1 nn t1 t2 t1 t2 2 t1t2 2( p 1) .

Hn na, ta cng c S n t1n t2n , n 1 v S1 , S 2 v S n 2 2 pS n1 S n .
t

t1 a, t2 b th a b 2( p 1), ab 1 v t1p /2 t2p /2 a p b p .

p 1
p

p 1
i

Ta c a b (a b) (1) a b
i0

p 1 i

2( p 1) (1)i a i b p 1i . Xt bin i sau:

i0

p 1
i

(1) a b

p 1 i

i 0

p 3
2

(1) a b

p 1 i

(1)

p 1
2

(ab)

p 1
2

p 1

i 0

p 3
2

p 1

(1)i (ab)i b p 12i

i 0

(1)i ( ab)i a p 1 2i ( 1)

p 1
2

p 3
2

(1) a b

p 1
2

p 1 i

p 1
2

p 3
2

p 1 2i
2

( 1) i t2

p 1

i 0

p 1 2 i
2

( 1) i t1

( 1)

p 1
2

p 3

p 1 2 i
p 1
p 1
2
p 1 2i

(1)i t1 2 t2 2 (1) 2 (1)i S p 1 2i (1) 2 N

i 0
i0

2
2

Do t1p /2 t2p /2 N 2( p 1) t1p /2 t2p /2 N 2 2( p 1) .

Vy

x p 1 1
p 1

N 2 2( p 1)
N 2 l s chnh phng. Ta c pcm.
2( p 1)

Cch 2. (Xt dy s ph v dng quy np).

Ta thy rng
x2 p

x2 1 p 1

1,
p 1 p 1

x4 1 4 p 3 3 p 1

(2 p 1) 2 ,
p 1
p 1
x 1
x5 8 p 4 8 p 2 1, x6 16 p5 20 p 3 5 p 6
(4 p 2 2 p 1) 2 .
p 1
x3 2 p 2 1, x4 4 p 3 3 p

T cng thc truy hi l xn 2 2 pxn1 xn , ta c 2 pxn 1 xn xn 2 . Suy ra

xn 2 2 p 2 pxn xn 1 xn 4 p 2 xn 2 pxn 1 xn (4 p 2 2) xn xn 2 , n 3 .

Ta s xy dng cng thc ca dy yn

x2 n 1
, n 1, 2, 3,... v chng minh cc s hng
p 1

ca dy ny u nguyn.
y1 1, y2 2 p 1
vi a, b c chn sau.
yn 2 ayn 1 byn , n 1

Xt dy yn tha mn

Do y3 4 p 2 p 1 nn a(2 p 1) b 4 p 2 2 p 1 ; ta c th chn a 2 p, b 1 .

p 1
2

 y1 1, y2 2 p 1
.
yn 2 2 pyn 1 yn , n 1

Dy s tng ng l

Ta s chng minh bng quy np rng yn2

x2 n 1
, n 1 . (*)
p 1

Vi n 1, 2 , khng nh (*) ng.

Gi s ta c yn2

x2n 1 2
x
1
, yn1 2 n 2
.
p 1
p 1

Ta c yn 2 yn yn21 (2 pyn1 yn ) yn yn1 (2 pyn yn 1 ) yn 1 yn1 yn2 , n .

Hn na y3 y1 y22 2 p 2 nn yn 2 yn yn21 2 p 2, n .
T cng thc xc nh dy th
yn yn 2 2 pyn1 yn2 yn2 2 2 yn yn 2 4 p 2 yn21 yn2 yn2 2 2 2 p 2 yn21 4 p 2 yn21 hay
yn2 2 (4 p 2 2) yn21 yn2 4( p 1) (4 p 2 2)

x2n 2 1 x2 n 1

4( p 1)
p 1
p 1

(4 p 2 2) x2n 2 x2 n 1 x2 n 4 1

p 1
p 1

Khng nh (*) cng ng vi n 2 . Theo nguyn l quy np, (*) c chng minh.
Do , ta chng minh c vi mi n chn th
cng c

x p 1 1
p 1

xn 1
l s chnh phng; ni ring, ta
p 1

cng l s chnh phng. Ta c pcm.

Bnh lun.
Cch th nht c th kt hp thm quy np chng minh t1p / 2 t2p /2 N 2( p 1) cho
n gin thay v bin i trc tip.
Cch th hai ca bi ton ny da trn mt nh l v dy s gm ton s chnh phng
nh sau:
Cho dy s un xc nh nh sau u1 a, u2 b, un 2 cun1 un , n 1 .

Xt dy s mi l vn vi v1 a 2 , v2 b 2 , vn 2 (c 2 2)vn1 vn 2 u1u3 u22 , n 1 .

Khi vn un2 vi mi s nguyn dng n.
tng chng minh nh l ny hon ton c p dng vo li gii th hai trn.
Cng chnh cch ny cho ta mt kt qu mnh hn bi ton cho l khng nh vn
ng khi thay x p1 bi xn vi n chn bt k.
Ngoi ra, ta c th da trn tnh cht ca dy s ( xn ) l xn 2 xn xn21 p 2 1 suy ra rng
2

xn 2 1 xn 1 xn 1 1

v dng quy np c c iu phi chng minh.

p 1 p 1 p 1

Ta cng c mt hng tip cn khc na l:

Xt phng trnh Pell c dng x 2 ( p 2 1) y 2 1 vi p l s nguyn dng l.
Ta xt ng thi hai dy s c xc nh nh sau:

x1 1, x2 p, xn2 2 pxn1 xn

, n 1, 2,3,...
y1 0, y2 1, yn2 2 pyn1 yn
Khi , bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng xn2 p 2 1 yn2 1 v xn , yn cng
chnh l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh Pell nu trn.
Bng quy np, ta cng chng minh c rng x2 k 1 p 1 , x2 k 1 p 1 vi mi

x 1 x2 k 1
k 0 nn c th vit ng thc quan h gia xn , yn thnh 2 k

y2 .
p 1 p 1
x2 k 1 x2 k 1
nguyn t cng nhau nn mi
,
p 1 p 1
s u phi l s chnh phng. Bi ton c gii quyt nhanh chng v c l y chnh
l c s xy dng bi s 4 ny!
Ta cng chng minh c rng c hai s

T y, ta cng c th thm vo bi ton ban u mt kt qu th v na l

mt s chnh phng.

x2012 1
l
2010

Ngoi ra, cng thc xc nh ca dy cho c lin quan n a thc Chebyshev loi I
nh sau:
T0 ( x ) 1, T1 ( x) x, Tn 2 ( x ) 2 xTn 1 ( x ) Tn ( x ), n 0 .

Do , da vo cc tnh cht bit ca loi a thc ny, bi ton cho c th pht trin
theo nhiu hng th v hn.
Li gii v bnh lun bi 4 c thc hin bi L Phc L, tham kho cc li gii ca
cc bn L Vit Hi, V Anh c v Hong Kin, Nguyn Huy Tng.

Bi 5.
Chng minh rng C 10 24 l hng s ln nht sao cho nu c 17 s thc dng

a1 , a2 ,..., a17 tha mn iu kin a12 a22 ... a172 24 v

a13 a23 a173 a1 a2 a17 C

th vi mi 1 i j k 17, ta c ai , a j , ak l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic.

Li gii.
t ai 24 xi , i 1, 2, , 17, khi yu cu bi ton tng ng vi:
Chng minh rng C 10 l hng s ln nht sao cho nu c 17 s thc dng
x1 , x2 , , x17 tha mn x12 x22 x172 1 v
24( x13 x23 x173 ) ( x1 x2 x17 ) C

th vi mi i, j , k tha mn 1 i j k 17, ta c xi , x j , xk l di ba cnh ca mt

tam gic.
Chng minh di y gm hai phn:
(a) Chng minh hng s C 10 tha mn yu cu bi. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta
ch cn chng minh x1 , x2 , x3 l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. rng vi mi

0 t 1, ta c
24t 3 t (16t 4 9t 2 ) t (1 t )(4t 1) 2 0.
Do , t gi thit ta suy ra
16( x14 x24 x174 ) 9( x12 x22 x172 ) 10,

hay
16( x14 x24 x174 ) 1 ( x12 x22 x172 ) 2 .

By gi, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

16( x14 x24 x174 ) 2 1

1 1 ( x14 x24 x34 ) ( x44 x54 x174 )

14 so 1

2( x14 x24 x34 ) x42 x52 x172 .

T y kt hp vi trn, ta thu c
2

2( x14 x24 x34 ) x12 x22 x32 ,

hay
2( x14 x24 x34 ) ( x12 x22 x32 ) 2 .

n y, bng cch s dng ng nht thc

( x12 x22 x32 ) 2 2( x14 x24 x34 ) 2( x1 x2 x3 )( x1 x2 x3 )( x2 x3 x1 )( x3 x1 x2 ),

ta d dng suy ra c x1 , x2 , x3 l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic.

(b) Chng minh C 10 l hng s ln nht tha mn yu cu bi. Gi s tn ti hng
s C 10 tha mn yu cu bi. Khi , ta xt 17 s dng x1 , x2 , , x17 vi

1
1
1 2
1
x1 , x2
, x3 , x4 x17

, 0 .
4
16
16
14
16
Lc ny, d thy x12 x22 x172 1. Ngoi ra, ta cng c

1
x1 x3
4

1
2
1 2 1 1 x2
4

16 2
16 2
16

nn x1 , x2 , x3 khng phi l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic.

By gi, ta s chng minh rng, bng cch chn thch hp, cc s x1 , x2 , , x17 s
tha mn bt ng thc
24( x13 x23 x173 ) ( x1 x2 x17 ) C .
R rng chng minh c iu ny cng c ngha l ta chng minh c C 10 l
hng s ln nht tha mn yu cu ca bi ton.
Ta c bt ng thc trn tng ng vi


1
3
1

24 3 3 14
16

1 2 3 1
1
1 2

14

C .

16
14 4
16
16
14

1
D thy v tri l mt hm lin tc ca trn 0, . Ngoi ra, khi 0 th
16
3

1
1
VT 24 3 14
16
4

1

16

1
1
1
14
10 C .

16
16
4

1
Do , theo tnh cht ca hm lin tc, ta thy rng tn ti mt gi tr 0 0, sao
16
cho ti 0 th VT C . Lc ny, ta c b s

1
1
1 0 02
1 0 02

( x1 , x2 , , x17 ) ,
0 , 0 ,

, ,

4 16
16
14
16
14
tha mn ng thi cc iu kin x12 x22 x127 1 v
24( x13 x23 x173 ) ( x1 x2 x17 ) C .
Nhng trong chng c ba s x1 , x2 , x3 khng lp thnh di ba cnh ca mt tam gic.

iu ny mu thun vi gi thit C 10 l hng s tha mn yu cu bi. Vy

Cmax 10.
Bnh lun.
Li gii trn s dng nh gi a v xt bt ng thc
16( x14 x24 x174 ) ( x12 x22 x172 ) 2 ,
ri t suy ra xi , x j , xk (1 i j k 17) l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic.
Nh vy, t vic gii bi ton cho, ta thu c mt bi ton khc l:
Bi ton 5.1. Cho cc s dng x1 , x2 , , x17 tha mn
( x12 x22 x172 ) 2 16( x14 x24 x174 ).

Chng minh rng, vi mi 1 i j k 16, ta c xi , x j , xk l di ba cnh ca mt

tam gic.
Mt iu th v l kt qu tng qut ca bi ton 5.1 vn ng v trn thc t, trong lch
s cc k thi Olympic, bi ton ny tng xut hin trong mt thi, l mt trong
cc cu hi ca thi Olympic Ton Trung Quc nm 1988:

Bi ton 5.2. Cho s t nhin n 3 v a1 , a2 , , an l cc s thc dng tha mn

(a12 a22 an2 ) 2 ( n 1)( a14 a24 an4 ).

Chng minh rng, vi mi 1 i j k n, ta c ai , a j , ak l di ba cnh ca mt

tam gic.
Cch gii ca bi ton tng qut hon ton ging vi bi ton 5.1, l t gi thit, ta s
tm cch nh gi a v ba bin ri sau s dng khai trin quen thuc
(a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 2 2( a 4 b 4 c 4 ) ( a b c)(b c a )(c a b)(a b c )
suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Qua li gii c trnh by trn, c th thy c nh gi
24t 3 t 16t 4 9t 2 , t (0, 1)

chnh l mu cht, l cha kha quan trng gii bi ton. V khi gii bi ton ny,
chng ti c cm gic rng tc gi bi ton pht hin ra nh gi
24t 3 t 16t 4 9t 2 , t (0, 1) trc ri sau i ngc t bi ton 5.2 i n bi
ton cho. Rt c th y chnh l cch m tc gi to ra bi ton.
Vic nhn ra c bi ton gc cng nh bt ng thc trung gian
24t 3 t 16t 4 9t 2 , t (0, 1)
l iu khng h d dng g, v chnh iu ny gy kh khn cho khng t th sinh
trong k thi va qua. Tuy nhin, theo quan im c nhn ca mnh, chng ti ngh rng
vic s dng mo che giu lm kh bi ton nh th l khng nn. Nn c nhng
bi ton vi tng t nhin hn.
Li gii v bnh lun bi 5 ny c thc hin bi V Quc B Cn.

Bi 6.
C 42 hc sinh tham d k thi chn i tuyn Olympic ton quc t. Bit rng mt hc
sinh bt k quen ng 20 hc sinh khc.
Chng minh rng ta c th chia 42 hc sinh thnh 2 nhm hoc 21 nhm sao cho s
hc sinh trong cc nhm bng nhau v 2 hc sinh bt k no trong cng nhm th
quen nhau.
Li gii.
Cch 1. (Ca thy Nguyn Chu Gia Vng)

Bi ton c th pht biu di dng th mt cch hin nhin: mt th trn 2n 2

nh, bc mi nh bng n th hoc l hp ri ca 2 th y trn n 1 nh hoc c
th tm c n 1 cnh vi u mt i mt ri nhau.
Ta xt b sau: Mt th lin thng trn N nh, bc nh nht bng d (bc mi nh
khng t hn d) lun c mt ng i c di khng t hn min 2d , N 1 .
Quay tr li bi ton, nu G khng lin thng th hin nhin iu kin v bc cho thy G
c to thnh t hai th y trn n 1 nh.
Gi s G lin thng, th th theo b trn, G c mt ng i c di 2n hoc 2n 1 .
Ni rng G c ng i di 2n 1 ngha l ni G c ng i Hamilton (i qua
2n 2 nh, mi nh 1 ln), trng hp ny hin nhin cho ta li gii bi ton.
Gi s G c ng i di 2n: A1B1 A2 B2 ... An Bn An1 . Gi nh cn li l An2 . Nu An2
k Ai vi i no th cc cnh An2 Ai , Aj B j , j i v B j A j1 , j i tha mn bi ton.
Gi s An2 khng k vi bt k Ai , th th do bc ca An2 bng n nn ta suy ra An2 k

Bi vi mi i.
Lp lun nh trn vi ng i An2 B1 A2 ... An Bn An1 (thay i vai tr ca A1 vi An2 ) ta
suy ra A1 k Bi vi mi i.
Tng t, suy lun vi ng i A1B1 An2 B2 A3 B3 ... An Bn An1 (thay i vai tr ca A2 vi

An2 ) ta suy ra A2 k Bi vi mi i.
Bng cch ny, ta d dng suy ra Aj k Bi vi mi i, j. Th nhng khi mi nh Bi c
bc bng n 2 , v l.
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
kt thc php chng minh, ta s chng minh b .
Gi G l th c lin thng c N nh v bc mi nh khng nh hn d. Vi X l th
bt k ta k hiu V ( X ), E ( X ) tng ng l tp cc nh, cc cnh ca X.
Trc ht ta c nhn xt sau:
Nu P l mt ng i trong G. Nu tn ti phn t x V (G ) \ V ( P ) th tn ti
y V (G ) \ V ( P ) k vi P.

Tht vy, gi s x V (G ) \ V ( P ) v v V ( P ) . Do tnh lin thng, tn ti ng i Q t x

n v. Ly nh y l nh k trc ca v trong Q ta c iu phi chng minh.
By gi gi P a...b l ng i di nht trong G. Gi k l di ca P v gi s
k min 2d , N 1 .
Nu ab E (G ) th yzPabPz * l ng i trong G di hn P (ng i t y n z, t z
theo P n a , n b, t b theo P n z* l nh k vi z trong P).
Nu ab E (G ) , gi K V ( P ) l tp cc nh trc ca cc nh k a trong P (vi P
c sp th t t a n b). V tt c cc nh k ca a phi nm trong P, ta c K d .
V k 2 d , ta c V ( P) \ K \ b d . Nh vy tn ti q K k vi b. By gi ta xt chu
trnh C aPqbPq*a , khi yzCz* (theo chiu bt k ca C) l ng i trong G di hn
P, mu thun.
T mu thun trn, ta suy ra k min 2d , N 1 . B c chng minh.

Cch 2. (Ca Traum@ da trn tng ca mnnn@ )

Nhc li mt cp ghp (matching) hay tp cnh c lp ca mt th G l mt tp cc
cnh khng c nh chung. Cp ghp cc i (maximal matching) ca G l cp ghp m
khng th m rng c na.
1. Gi S l mt cp ghp cc i ca G. Nu S 21 th ta c iu phi chng minh.
2. Nu S 20 , gi V(S) l tp cc nh trong S.
3. Gi A v B l hai nh bt k khng thuc V(S). V S l mt cp ghp cc i nn A v
B khng k nhau.
4. Gi N ( A), N ( B) l tp cc nh k vi A, B trong V(S) tng ng th ta c
N ( A) N ( B ) 20 , do bc mi nh l 20.

5. Vi mi C thuc N(A), ta gi nh cn li ca cnh cha C trong S l C(S). t M(A)

l tp cc nh C(S) trn th ta c M ( A) N ( A) 20 .
6. Nhn thy rng mi nh trong M(A) khng k vi B. Tht vy nu c C(S) trong M(A)
k vi B th ta c th thay cnh C&C(S) bi 2 cnh A&C v C(S)&B. Ta thu c mt

cp ghp mi ln hn S, iu ny mu thun vi gi thit ln nht ca S.

Vy M ( A) N ( B) 0 .
7. Bi v M ( A) 20 v N ( B ) 20 suy ra V ( S ) M ( A) N ( B) 40 , m trn ta
c 40 V ( S ) nn V ( S ) 40 hay S 20 .
8. T 6. v 7, ta thy rng nu C k vi A m C(S) khng k vi A th ta c C k vi B v
S(C) khng k vi B.
9. Gi X(A) l tp cc nh C trong V(S) m C v C(S) u k vi A. Tng t ta c nh
ngha cho X(B). Gi Y l tp cc nh k vi c A v B v Z l cc nh khng k vi c A
v B. Theo cc nhn xt 6, 7, 8, ta c Y Z v X ( A) X ( B ) v X ( A) Y 20 .
10. Ta c cc iu sau:
a. Cc nh thuc X(A) ch c th k vi cc nh thuc X(A) hoc Y.
b. Cc nh thuc X(B) ch c th k vi cc nh thuc X(B) hoc Y.
c. Cc nh thuc Z ch c th k vi cc nh thuc Y.
11. Cc nh thuc Z ch k vi cc nh thuc Y. V cc nh thuc Z ch k vi cc nh
thuc Y nn ta c 20 Z 18 Y , m Y Z nn Y Z 0 .
Vy ta c X ( A) X ( B ) 20 . M theo 10. th cc nh thuc X(A) ch k vi A v cc
nh thuc X(A). Nn ta c 21 nh gm A v cc nh trong X(A) to thnh mt K 21 .
Tng t ta c mt K 21 na tng ng vi B.
12. Bi ton c chng minh xong.
Bnh lun.
y l mt bi ton v s tn ti cp ghp hon ho (perfect matching) trong mt
th c bc chn. V th xu hng s dng cc suy lun lin quan n cp ghp
l rt r rng.
Li gii 1 c nh hng bi iu kin rt Dirac ca bi. Ch l theo
phin bn c s ca nh l Dirac th th trn n nh c bc ca mi nh khng
n
nh hn
s Hamilton, v nh th nu n chn s c gp ghp hon ho. Tuy
2

nhin, nu s dng ng nh l Dirac th khng gip ch. y, ta cn n mt

bin th ca nh l Dirac, chnh l b trong li gii. B ny thc cht l mt
bi tp trong cc ti liu v l thuyt Graph. Chng minh nu trn ca b c
tham kho ti y:
http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/departments/d1/teaching/ss11/graph_theory
/exercises/Graph_Theory_sol_02.pdf
Ngoi cch pht biu nh nh l Dirac nguyn thy, ta cn c mt cch pht
biu khc cho nh l Dirac, tng qut hn v rt gn vi b :
nh l (Dirac). Cho G l th 2-lin thng vi bc mi nh khng nh hn d.
Khi G cha chu trnh di t nht l min 2d , V (G ) .
C th tham kho v chng minh nh l ny ti:
http://math.fau.edu/locke/Dirac.htm
Li gii 2 cng kh t nhin, theo hng chng minh nu khng tn ti cp ghp
hon chnh th G phi l hp ca 2 phin bn K 21 ri nhau. Cng nh trong li
gii 1, vic s dng nguyn l cc hn (cp ghp cc i) em li nhng thng tin
b sung quan trng (A, B thuc V (G ) \ S khng k nhau) dn n li gii bi ton.
Ngoi hai cch gii trn cn mt cch gii khc s dng n mt kt qu v cp
ghp hon ho l nh l Tutte sau:
nh l Tutte. th G = (V, E) c cp ghp hon ho khi v ch khi vi mi tp
con U ca V, s thnh phn lin thng c s nh l trong th con cm sinh bi
V \ U nh hn hay bng U .
Chng minh nh l Tutte c th tham kho ti:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutte_theorem
Li gii bi 6 s dng nh l Tutte tham kho ti:
http://forum.mathscope.org/showthread.php?t=30511&page=3
y l mt bi ton kh i vi cc th sinh khng quen thuc vi l thuyt th,
nhng i vi cc bn bit v cp ghp hon ho hoc nh l Dirac (c bit l
phng php suy lun ng i di nht longest path argument) th bi ny
khng qu kh. y l im khin chng ti nh gi tnh phn loi ca bi ny
khng cao bng bi 2, v khng nhng th, to nhiu li th cho nhng bn bit
ng ch.