Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering
Dependable
Protection
For An
Electrical
Distribution
System
Bulletin EDP-1
(2004-1)
Part 1
A Simple Approach
To
Short Circuit
Calculations
Bussmann
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
TIME
Figure 1
In Figure 2, note that the total short circuit current Ia is
the summation of two components - the symmetrical RMS
current IS, and the DC component, IDC. The DC component
is a function of the stored energy within the system at the
initiation of the short circuit. It decays to zero after a few
cycles due to I2R losses in the system, at which point the
short circuit current is symmetrical about the zero axis. The
RMS value of the symmetrical component may be determined using Ohm`s Law. To determine the asymmetrical
component, it is necessary to know the X/R ratio of the
system. To obtain the X/R ratio, the total resistance and total
reactance of the circuit to the point of fault must be
determined. Maximum thermal and mechanical stress on
the equipment occurs during these first few cycles. It is
important to concentrate on what happens during the first
half cycle after the initiation of the fault.
Ia
Ia =
66,500A
IDC
Is =
50,000A
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
TIME
Is
Figure 2
Low voltage fuses have their interrupting rating
expressed in terms of the symmetrical component of shortcircuit current, I S . They are given an RMS symmetrical
interrupting rating at a specific power factor. This means
that the fuse can interrupt any asymmetrical current
associated with this rating. Thus only the symmetrical
component of short-circuit current need be considered to
determine the necessary interrupting rating of a low voltage
fuse. For U.L. listed low voltage fuses, interrupting rating
equals its interrupting capacity.
Low voltage molded case circuit breakers also have
their interrupting rating expressed in terms of RMS
symmetrical amperes at a specific power factor. However,
it is necessary to determine a molded case circuit breakers
interrupting capacity in order to safely apply it. The reader
is directed to Buss bulletin PMCB II for an understanding of
this concept.
System A
3 Single Transformer System
System B
3 Double Transformer System
Available Utility
S.C. MVA 100,000
Available Utility
S.C. KVA 500,000
25 - 500kcmil
6 Per Phase
Service Entrance Conductors
in Steel Conduit
30 - 500 kcmil
4 Per Phase
2000A Switch
1600A Switch
KRP-C-2000SP Fuse
Main Swbd.
KRP-C-1500SP Fuse
Fault X1
Fault X1
400A Switch
400A Switch
LPS-RK-400SP Fuse
20 - 2/0
2 Per Phase
Copper in PVC Conduit
50 - 500 kcmil
Feeder Cable in Steel Conduit
Fault X2
MCC No. 1
1
LPS-RK-350SP Fuse
225 KVA
208/120 Volts 3
.998%X, .666%R
Motor
Fault X2
2
Ohmic Method
3 Short Circuit Calculations,
Ohmic Method
Step 1.
Step 2.
X utility
X trans =
1000 (KVsecondary)2
S.C. KVA u tility
I
sym motor contrib
(10)(%X**)(KVsecondary)2
KVA trans
Itotal S.C. sym RMS = (IS.C. sym RMS ) + (Isym motor contrib)
(10)(%R**)(KVsecondary)2
Rtrans =
KVA trans
X/Rratio =
Xtotal
Rtotal
ZT = (RT)2 + (XT)2
Step 14. The short-circuit current that the motor load can
contribute is an asymmetrical current usually approximated
as being equal to the locked rotor current of the motor.
As a close approximation with a margin of safety use:
Esecondary line-line
3 (ZT)
*For simplicity of calculations all ohmic values are single phase distance one way, later compensated for in the three phase short-circuit formula by the factor,
(See Step 7.)
**UL Listed transformers 25 KVA and larger have a 10% impedance tolerance. Short circuit amperes can be affected by this tolerance.
Only X is considered in this procedure since utility X/R ratios are usually quite high. For more finite details obtain R of utility source.
A more exact determination depends upon the sub-transient reactance of the motors in question and associated circuit impedances. A less conservative
method would involve the total motor circuit impedance to a common bus (sometimes referred to as a zero reactance bus).
Arithmetical addition results in conservative values of fault current. More finite values involve vectorial addition of the currents.
Note: The ohms of the circuit components must be referred to the same voltage. If there is more than one voltage transformation in the system, the ohmic
method becomes more complicated. It is recommended that the per-unit method be used for ease in calculation when more than one voltage transformation
exists in the system.
3.
Impedance Diagram
Available Utility
S.C. MVA 100,000
X=
1000(.48)2
= 0.0000023
100,000,000
0.0000023
X=
0.0053
R=
0.00086
X=
25' 0.0379
x
= 0.000158
1000
6
0.000158
R=
25' 0.0244
x
= 0.000102
1000
6
0.000102
0.000050
0.000962
0.00551
(Table 1.2)
25 - 500 kcmil
6 Per Phase
Service Entrance
Conductors in Steel Conduit
(Table 5)
2000A Switch
(Table 3) X = 0.000050
KRP-C-2000SP Fuse
Fault X1
Motor Contribution
Total R and X =
M
Ztotal per = (0.000962)2 + (0.00551) 2 = 0.0056
phase
480
3 (.0056)
= 49,489A
Impedance Diagram
Adjusted Impedance
to Fault X1
Fault X1
X = 0.00551
0.00551
R = 0.000962
0.000962
0.00008
400A Switch
LPS-RK-400SP Fuse
(Table 3) X = .00008
50 - 500 kcmil
Feeder Cable
in Steel Conduit
50 x
.0379 = 0.00189
1000
0.00189
R=
50 x
.0244 = 0.00122
1000
0.00122
0.002182
0.00748
(Table 5)
Fault X2
Motor Contribution
X=
Total R and X =
480
= 35,621A
3
(.00778)
X/Rratio =
.00748 =
3.43
.002182
Note: See Ohmic Method Procedure for Formulas. Actual motor contribution
will be somewhat smaller than calculated due to the impedance of the
feeder cable.
Vs2
V2
(Xp)
Rs = s 2 (Rp)
Vp
Vp2
and proceed with steps 2 thru 15 from page 6.
One-Line Diagram
Xs =
Impedance Diagram
Available Utility
500,000 S.C. KVA
1000KVA Transformer,
480V, 3,
3.45% X, .60% R
X=
1000 (.48)2
= .000461
500,000
.000461
X=
.00795
R=
.00138
X=
30' .0303 =
x
.000227
1000
4
.000227
R=
30' .0220
x
= .000165
1000
4
.000165
.00005
.001545
.008688
(Table 1.2)
(Table 5)
1600A Switch
KRP-C-1500SP Fuse
(Table 3) X = .000050
Total R and X =
X/Rratio =
480
= 31,405A
3 (.008824)
.008688 =
5.62
.001545
Adjusted Impedance
to fault X1
400A Switch
X = .008688
R = .001545
.001545
.008688
X = .00008
.00008
Impedance Diagram
LPS-RK-350SP Fuse
X=
20' x .0327 =
.000327
1000
2
(Table 5)
20' - 2/0
2 Per Phase
Copper in PVC Conduit
R=
20' x .0812 =
.000812
1000
2
Total R and X (480V) =
225KVA Transformer,
208/120V,
.998%X, .666%R
(208)2 x (.002357)
= .000442
(480)2
.000327
.000812
.002357
.009095
.001708
.000442
X=
.00192
R=
.00128
.001722
.003628
(Table 1.2)
X/Rratio =
208
3 (.004015)
= 29,911A
.003628 =
2.10
.001722
10
Per-Unit Method
3 Short Circuit Calculation Per-Unit Method*
The per-unit method is generally used for calculating
short-circuit currents when the electrical system is more
complex.
PUX utility
***
KVAbase
S.C. KVA utility
Step 3.
Step 4.
PUX trans =
(%X)(KVAbase )
(100)(KVAtrans)
PUR trans =
(%R)(KVAbase)
(100)(KVAtrans)
sym RMS =
(X)(KVAbase)
PUXcomponent (cable, =
(1000)(KV) 2
switches, CT, bus)
PURcomponent (cable, =
Itotal S.C.
PUX total
PURtotal
(R)( KVAbase)
(1000)(KV) 2
Step 14. The short-circuit current that the motor load can
contribute is an asymmetrical current usually approximated
as being equal to the locked rotor current of the motor.***
As a close approximation with a margin of safety use:
KVAbase
***I
asym motor contrib
3 (KV)(PUZtotal)
* The base KVA used throughout this text will be 10,000 KVA.
** As in the ohmic method procedure, all ohmic values are single-phase distance one way, later compensated for in the three phase short-circuit formula by the
factor, 3. (See Step 7.)
UL Listed transformers 25KVA and larger have a 10% impedance tolerance. Short circuit amperes can be affected by this tolerance.
Only per-unit X is considered in this procedure since utility X/R ratio is usually quite high. For more finite details obtain per-unit R of utility source.
*** A more exact determination depends upon the sub-transient reactance of the motors in question and associated circuit impedances. A less conservative
method would involve the total motor circuit impedance to a common bus (sometimes referred to as a zero reactance bus).
Arithmetical addition results in conservative values of fault current. More finite values involve vectorial addition of the currents.
11
Impedance Diagram
Available Utility
S.C. MVA 100,000
PUX =
10,000
= 0.0001
100,000,000
0.0001
PUX =
(3.45) (10,000)
= 0.2300
(100) (1500)
0.2300
PUR =
(.56) (10,000)
= 0.0373
(100) (1500)
0.0373
(25') (.0379)
x
x (10,000)
(1000)
(6)
=
= 0.00685
PUX
(1000) (.480)2
25 - 500kcmil
6 Per Phase
Service Entrance
Conductors in Steel Conduit
(25') (.0244)
x
x (10,000)
(1000)
(6)
= 0.0044
=
PUR
(1000) (.480)2
2000A Switch
PUX =
KRP-C-2000SP Fuse
(.00005) (10,000)
= 0.00217
(1000) (.480)2
0.00685
0.0044
0.00217
0.0417
0.2391
10,000
= 49,489A
3 (.480)(.2430)
X/Rratio =
* Asym
.2391 =
5.73
.0417
12
Impedance Diagram
Adjusted Impedance
to Fault X1
Fault X1
PUX = .2391
PUR = .0417
.0417
.2391
.0034
.0822
.0529
.0946
.3247
400A Switch
LPS-RK400SP Fuse
PUX =
(.00008) (10,000)
= .0034
(1000) (.480)2
50 x
(.0379) x (10,000)
1000
= .0822
PUX =
(1000) (.480)2
50 - 500kcmil
Feeder Cable in
Steel Conduit
50 x (.0244) x (10,000)
1000
= .0529
PUR =
(1000) (.480)2
2
Motor Contribution
M
PUZtotal = (.0946)2 + (.3247)2 = 0.3380
IS.C. sym RMS =
10,000
= 35,621A
3 (.480)(.3380)
X/Rratio =
.32477
= 3.43
.09465
13
10,000KVA Base
PUR
PUX
Impedance Diagram
Available Utility
S.C. KVA 500,000
PUX =
10,000 =
.02
500,000
.02
PUX =
(3.45) (10,000)
= .345
(100) (1000)
.345
PUR =
(.6) (10,000)
= .06
(100) (1000)
.06
.0099
.0072
.0022
.0672
.3771
(30') (.0303)
x (10,000)
x
(1000)
(4)
= .0099
PUX =
(1000) (.48)2
30' - 500kcmil
4 Per Phase
Copper in PVC Conduit
(30') (.0220)
x (10,000)
x
(1000)
(4)
= .0072
=
PUR
(1000) (.48)2
1600A Switch
PUX =
KRP-C-1500SP Fuse
(.00005) (10,000)
= .0022
(1000) (.48)2
10,000
= 31,405A
3 (.48)(.383)
14
10,000 KVA
PUR
PUX
Impedance Diagram
X1 = .3771
R1 = .0672
Adjusted Impedance to
Fault X1
.3771
.0035
.0142
.0352
400A Switch
PUX =
LPS-RK-350SP Fuse
(.00008) (10,000)
= .0035
(1000) (.48)2
(20') (.0327)
x
x (10,000)
(1000)
(2)
= .0142
PUX =
(1000) (.48)2
20 - 2/0
2 Per Phase
Copper in PVC conduit
(20') (.0812)
x
x (10,000)
(1000)
(2)
= .0352
PUR =
(1000) (.48)2
225KVA Transformer,
208V, 3
.998%X, .666%R
.0672
PUX =
(.998) (10,000)
= .4435
(100) (225)
.4435
PUR =
(.666) (10,000)
= .296
(100) (225)
.296
.3984
.8383
X/Rratio =
10,000
(3)(.208)(.928)
= 29,911A
.8383 =
2.10
.3984
15
16
Point-to-Point Method
The application of the point-to-point method permits the
determination of available short-circuit currents with a
reasonable degree of accuracy at various points for either
3 or 1 electrical distribution systems. This method can
assume unlimited primary short-circuit current (infinite bus).
At some distance from the terminals, depending upon wire size, the L-N fault
current is lower than the L-L fault current. The 1.5 multiplier is an
approximation and will theoretically vary from 1.33 to 1.67. These figures are
based on change in turns ratio between primary and secondary, infinite
source available, zero feet from terminals of transformer, and 1.2 x %X and
1.5 x %R for L-N vs. L-L resistance and reactance values. Begin L-N
calculations at transformer secondary terminals, then proceed point-to-point.
1 Transformer
M= 1
1+f
Step 6. Calculate the available short-circuit symmetrical
RMS current at the point of fault.
* Note. Transformer impedance (Z) helps to determine what the short circuit
current will be at the transformer secondary. Transformer impedance is
determined as follows: The transformer secondary is short circuited. Voltage
is applied to the primary which causes full load current to flow in the
secondary. This applied voltage divided by the rated primary voltage is the
impedance of the transformer.
Example: For a 480 volt rated primary, if 9.6 volts causes secondary full load
current to flow through the shorted secondary, the transformer impedance is
9.6/480 = .02 = 2%Z.
In addition, UL listed transformer 25KVA and larger have a 10%
impedance tolerance. Short circuit amperes can be affected by this
tolerance.
MAIN
TRANSFORMER
IS.C. primary
IS.C. secondary
H.V. UTILITY
CONNECTION
3 Transformer
(IS.C. primary and
IS.C. secondary are
3 fault values)
f = 1.732 x L x I
C x EL-L
1 Line-to-Line (L-L)
Faults on 1 Center
Tapped Transformer
x x
f =2 L I
C x EL-L
1 Line-to-Neutral
(L-N) Faults on 1
Center Tapped Transformer
x x
f=2 L I
C x EL-N
IS.C. secondary
f=
1 Transformer
(IS.C. primary and
IS.C. primary x Vprimary x (%Z)
IS.C. secondary are
f=
100,000 x KVA trans
1 fault values:
IS.C. secondary is L-L)
Where:
L = length (feet) of circuit to the fault.
C = constant from Table 6, page 27. For parallel
runs, multiply C values by the number of
conductors per phase.
I = available short-circuit current in amperes at
beginning of circuit.
1
1+f
Note. The L-N fault current is higher than the L-L fault current at the
IS.C. secondary =
17
Vprimary
Vsecondary
x M x IS.C. primary
Fault X1
Available Utility
S.C. MVA 100,000
1500 x 1000 =
1804A
480 x 1.732
Step 1.
If.l. =
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
f=
1.732 x 25 x 51,540 =
0.0349
6 x 22,185 x 480
2000A Switch
Step 5.
M=
1
= .9663
1 + .0349
KRP-C-2000SP Fuse
Step 6.
Fault X1
400A Switch
LPS-RK-400SP Fuse
( fault X1)
Fault X2
50' - 500 kcmil
Feeder Cable
in Steel Conduit
Step 4.
Fault X2
Motor Contribution
1
= .7117
1 + .4050
Step 5.
M=
Step 6.
1.732 x 50 x 49,803 =
.4050
22,185 x 480
18
One-Line Diagram
Available Utility
500,000 S.C KVA
1000 KVA Transformer,
480V, 3,
3.5%Z
If.l.= 1203A
30 - 500 kcmil
4 Per Phase
Copper in PVC Conduit
Step 1.
Step 2.
Multiplier =
Step 3.
Step 4.
f=
Step 5.
M=
Step 6.
100 =
28.57
3.5
1.732 x 30 x 34,370 =
.0348
4 x 26,706 x 480
1600A Switch
KRP-C-1500SP Fuse
Fault X1
1
= .9664
1 + .0348
400A Switch
Fault X2
LPS-RK-350SP Fuse
20 - 2/0
2 Per Phase
Copper in PVC Conduit
Step 4.
Step 5.
M=
Step 6.
1
= .905
1 + .1049
Fault X2
f=
M=
1
= .4286
1 + 1.333
Comparison of Results
System A
X1
W/O Motor
W/Motor
X2
W/O Motor
W/Motor
System B
Ohmic
Sym.
Asym.
Per-Unit
Sym.
Asym.
TRON
Sym.
Asym.
PTP
Sym.
49,489 64,039
56,705 73,059
49,489 64,039
56,705 73,059
49,992 64,430
58,414 77,308
49,803
57,019
35,621 40,929
42,837 49,949
35,621 40,929
42,837 49,949
36,126 41,349
44,847 53,111
35,445
42,661
X1
X2
Notes:
1. OHMIC and PER UNIT methods assume 100% motor contribution at X1,
then at X2.
2. TRON modeled 100% motor contribution by assuming 1500 HP load,
located at Point X2.
3. PTP method added symmetrical motor contribution at X1, then at X2.
19
Ohmic
Sym.
Asym.
31,405 40,355
29,911 31,380
Per-Unit
Sym.
Asym.
31,405 40,355
29,911 31,380
TRON
Sym.
Asym.
31,363 40,145
29,980 31,425
PTP
Sym.
33,215
29,731
A
B
C
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
SHORT
CIRCUIT
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
SHORT CIRCUIT
L2
L1
L1
SHORT CIRCUIT
L2
50 feet
20
10,000KVA Base
PUR
PUX
Impedance Diagram
100,000 KVA
3 Source
PUX(3) =
10,000 = .1
100,000
PUX(1) = 2 x .1 = .2000
.2000
PUX =
(1.22) (10,000)
= 1.6267
(100) (75)
1.6267
PUR =
(.68) (10,000)
= .9067
(100) (75)
.9067
PUX =
2(.00008) (10,000)
= .0278
(1000) (.240)2
.0278
.3289
.2118
1.1185
2.1834
75KVA, 1 Transformer,
1.22%X, .68%R
Negligible Distance
400A Switch
LPN-RK-400SP Fuse
2x
PUX =
2x
25' - 500kcmil
PUR =
Magnetic Conduit
25' x
.0379 x 10,000
1000
= .3289
(1000) (.240)2
25'
x .0244 x 10,000
1000
= .2118
(1000) (.240)2
Total PUR and PUX =
10,000
= 16,984A
(.240) (2.4532)
Note: See "Data Section" for impedance data for the electrical components.
21
10,000KVA Base
PUR
PUX
Impedance Diagram
100,000 KVA
3 Source
PUX(3) =
10,000 = .1
100,000
PUX(1) = 2 x .1 = .2000
.2000
PUX =
1.952
PUR =
1.3600
.0556
25' x
.0379 x 10,000
1000
= 1.316
(1000) (.120)2
1.316
25' x
.0244 x 10,000
1000
= .8472
(1000) (.120)2
.8472
2.2072
3.5236
75KVA, 1 Transformer,
1.22%X, .68%R
Negligible Distance
400A Switch
PUX* =
LPN-RK-400SP Fuse
(.00008) (10,000)
= .0556
(1000) (.120)2
2x
PUX** =
2x
25' - 500kcmil
PUR** =
Magnetic Conduit
10,000
= 20,041A
(.120) (4.158)
Note: See "Data Section" for impedance data for the electrical components.
* The multiplier of two (2) is not applicable since on a line to neutral fault, only
one switch pole is involved.
** Assumes the neutral conductor and the line conductor are the same size.
22
75KVA, 1 Transformer,
1.22%X, .68%R
1.40%Z
120/240V
Negligible Distance
400A Switch
LPN-RK-400SP Fuse
25' - 500kcmil
Magnetic Conduit
23
75 x 1000 =
312.5A
240
Step 1.
If.l. =
Step 2.
Multiplier =
Step 3.
Step 4.
x
x
f = 2 25 22,322 = .2096
22,185 x 240
Step 5.
M=
Step 6.
100 =
71.43
1.40
1
= .8267
1 + .2096
Step 1.
x
If.l. = 75 1000 = 312.5A
240
Step 2.
Multiplier =
Step 3.
100 =
71.43
1.40
75KVA, 1 Transformer,
1.22% X, .68%R,
1.40%Z
120/240V
f=
Step 5.
M=
Step 6.
Negligible Distance
400A Switch
2* x 25 x 22,322 x 1.5
= .6288
22,185 x 120
Step 4.
1
= .6139
1 + .6288
LPN-RK-400SP Fuse
* Assumes the Neutral conductor and the line conductor are the same size.
25' - 500kcmil
Magnetic Conduit
1
Comparison of Results
Per-Unit Method vs. Point-to-Point Method
X1
Line-Line
Line-Neutral
Per-Unit
Method
PTP
Method
16,984A
20,041A
18,453A
20,555A
24
Data Section
Table 1.4. Impedance Data for Single Phase and Three Phase
Transformers-Supplement
KVA
1
10
15
Suggested
%Z
X/R Ratio for Calculation
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.1
75
1.11
1.5
150
1.07
1.5
225
1.12
1.5
300
1.11
1.5
333
1.9
4.7
500
2.1
5.5
These represent actual transformer nameplate ratings taken from field
installations.
Note: UL Listed transformers 25KVA and greater have a 10% tolerance on
their impedance nameplate.
50
Typical X/R
40
30
20
10
0.5 1
5
10 20
50
100 200
Self-Cooled Transformer Rating in MVA
500
1000
This table has been reprinted from IEEE Std 141-1986, IEEE Recommended
Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants, Copyright 1986
by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc with the
permission of the IEEE Standards Department.
Primary Current
Ratings - Amperes
100 - 200
250 - 400
500 - 800
1000 - 4000
Note: Values given are
facturers' data.
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.00019
0.00031
0.00007
0.00007
0.00007
0.00007
in ohms per phase. For actual values, refer to manu-
This table has been reprinted from IEEE Std 241-1990, IEEE Recommended
Practice for Commercial Building Power Systems, Copyright 1990 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. with the permission of
the IEEE Standards Department.
Switch Size
Reactance
(Amperes)
(Ohms)
200
400
600
800
1200
1600
2000
3000
4000
0.0001
0.00008
0.00008
0.00007
0.00007
0.00005
0.00005
0.00004
0.00004
1 Pole
25
Data Section
Resistance (25C)
Copper
Metal
NonMet
2.5700
2.5700
1.6200
1.6200
1.0180
1.0180
.6404
.6404
.4100
.4100
.2590
.2590
.1640
.1620
.1303
.1290
.1040
.1020
.0835
.0812
.0668
.0643
.0534
.0511
.0457
.0433
.0385
.0362
.0333
.0311
.0297
.0273
.0244
.0220
.0209
.0185
.0174
.0185
.0140
.0115
Aluminum
Metal
Nonmet
4.2200
4.2200
2.6600
2.6600
1.6700
1.6700
1.0500
1.0500
.6740
.6740
.4240
.4240
.2660
.2660
.2110
.2110
.1680
.1680
.1330
.1330
.1060
.1050
.0844
.0838
.0722
.0709
.0602
.0592
.0520
.0507
.0460
.0444
.0375
.0356
.0319
.0298
.0264
.0240
.0211
.0182
Note: Increased resistance of conductors in magnetic raceway is due to the effect of hysteresis
losses. The increased resistance of conductors in metal non-magnetic raceway is due to the effect
of eddy current losses. The effect is essentially equal for steel and aluminum raceway. Resistance
values are acceptable for 600 volt, 5KV and 15 KV insulated Conductors.
Size
AWG or
kcM
8
6
4
2
1
1/0
2/0
3/0
4/0
250
300
350
400
500
600
750
1000
Reactance - 5KV
Single Conductors
Mag.
Nonmag.
.0733
.0586
.0681
.0545
.0633
.0507
.0591
.0472
.0571
.0457
.0537
.0430
.0539
.0431
.0521
.0417
.0505
.0404
.0490
.0392
.0478
.0383
.0469
.0375
.0461
.0369
.0461
.0369
.0439
.0351
.0434
.0347
.0421
.0337
1 Multiconductor
Mag.
Nonmag.
.0479
.0417
.0447
.0389
.0418
.0364
.0393
.0364
.0382
.0332
.0360
.0313
.0350
.0305
.0341
.0297
.0333
.0290
.0323
.0282
.0317
.0277
.0312
.0274
.0308
.0270
.0308
.0270
.0296
.0261
.0284
.0260
.0272
.0255
Reactance - 15KV
Single Conductors
Mag.
Nonmag.
.0842
.0674
.0783
.0626
.0727
.0582
.0701
.0561
.0701
.0561
.0661
.0561
.0614
.0529
.0592
.0491
.0573
.0474
.0557
.0458
.0544
.0446
.0534
.0436
.0517
.0414
.0516
.0414
.0500
.0413
.0487
.0385
1 Multiconductor
Mag.
Nonmag.
.0584
.0508
.0543
.0472
.0505
.0439
.0487
.0424
.0487
.0424
.0458
.0399
.0427
.0372
.0413
.0359
.0400
.0348
.0387
.0339
.0379
.0332
.0371
.0326
.0357
.0317
.0343
.0309
.0328
.0301
.0311
.0291
These are only representative figures. Reactance is affected by cable insulation type, shielding,
conductor outside diameter, conductor spacing in 3 conductor cable, etc. In commercial buildings
meduim voltage impedances normally do not affect the short circuit calculations significantly.
This table has been reprinted from IEEE Std 241-1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for Commercial
Building Power Systems, copyright 1990 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Inc. with the permission of the IEEE Standards Department.
26
Data Section
Ampacity
225
400
600
800
1000
1200
1350
1600
2000
2500
3000
4000
Busway
Plug-In
Copper
28700
38900
41000
46100
69400
94300
119000
129900
142900
143800
144900
Feeder
Aluminum
23000
34700
38300
57500
89300
97100
104200
120500
135100
156300
175400
Copper
18700
23900
36500
49300
62900
76900
90100
101000
134200
180500
204100
277800
High Impedance
Aluminum Copper
12000
21300
31300
44100
56200
15600
69900
16100
84000
17500
90900
19200
125000
20400
166700
21700
188700
23800
256400
Note: These values are equal to one over the impedance per foot for
impedances in Table 7, Page 28.
27
Nonmagnetic
600V
5KV
389
389
617
617
981
981
1559
1558
2433
2428
3837
3823
4802
4802
6087
6022
7579
7507
9472
9372
11703
11528
14410
14118
17482
17019
19779
19352
22524
21938
22736
24126
26915
26044
30028
28712
32236
31258
32404
31338
37197
35748
15KV
389
617
981
1559
2420
3798
4802
5957
7364
9052
11052
13461
16012
18001
20163
21982
23517
25916
27766
28303
31959
236
375
598
951
1482
2353
2958
3739
4699
5875
7372
9242
11408
13236
15494
16812
19587
22987
25750
25682
32938
236
375
598
951
1479
2344
2958
3709
4646
5771
7201
8977
10968
12661
14658
16500
18154
20978
23294
23491
29135
236
375
598
951
1481
2349
2958
3724
4681
5851
7328
9164
11277
13105
15299
17351
19243
22381
25243
25141
31919
Data Section
Reactance
0.0229
0.0218
0.0216
0.0190
0.0126
0.0091
0.0072
0.0068
0.0062
0.0062
0.0062
0.0062
0.0039
Impedance
0.0348
0.0257
0.0244
0.0217
0.0144
0.0106
0.0084
0.0077
0.0070
0.0070
0.0069
0.0069
0.0044
Impedance
0.0434
0.0288
0.0261
0.0174
0.0112
0.0103
0.0096
0.0083
0.0074
0.0064
0.0057
0.0323
0.0301
0.0170
0.0099
0.0082
0.0070
0.0065
0.0053
0.0032
0.0032
0.0027
0.0020
0.0015
0.0534
0.0419
0.0274
0.0203
0.0159
0.0130
0.0111
0.0099
0.0074
0.0055
0.0049
0.0036
0.0027
0.0767
0.0378
0.0305
0.0212
0.0166
0.0133
0.0110
0.0105
0.0075
0.0055
0.0049
0.0036
0.0832
0.0470
0.0320
0.0227
0.0178
0.0143
0.0119
0.0110
0.0080
0.0060
0.0053
0.0039
0.0323
0.0280
0.0099
0.0081
0.0065
0.0053
0.0045
0.0034
0.0031
0.0023
0.0020
0.0015
The above data represents values which are a composite of those obtained by a survey of industry; values tend to be on the low side.
28
Data Section
Asymmetrical Factors
Table 8. Asymmetrical Factors
Ratio to Symmetrical RMS Amperes
Short Circuit Short
Maximum 1 phase
Maximum 1 phase
Average 3 phase
Power Factor, Circuit
Instantaneous
RMS Amperes at
RMS Amperes at
1/2 Cycle Mm
1/2 Cycle Ma*
Percent*
X/R Ratio Peak Amperes Mp
(Asym.Factor)*
0
2.828
1.732
1.394
1
100.00
2.785
1.697
1.374
2
49.993
2.743
1.662
1.354
3
33.322
2.702
1.630
1.336
4
24.979
2.663
1.599
1.318
5
19.974
2.625
1.569
1.302
6
16.623
2.589
1.540
1.286
7
14.251
2.554
1.512
1.271
8
13.460
2.520
1.486
1.256
9
11.066
2.487
1.461
1.242
10
9.9301
2.455
1.437
1.229
11
9.0354
2.424
1.413
1.216
12
8.2733
2.394
1.391
1.204
13
7.6271
2.364
1.370
1.193
14
7.0721
2.336
1.350
1.182
15
6.5912
2.309
1.331
1.172
16
6.1695
2.282
1.312
1.162
17
5.7947
2.256
1.295
1.152
18
5.4649
2.231
1.278
1.144
19
5.16672
2.207
1.278
1.135
20
4.8990
2.183
1.247
1.127
21
4.6557
2.160
1.232
1.119
22
4.4341
2.138
1.219
1.112
23
4.2313
2.110
1.205
1.105
24
4.0450
2.095
1.193
1.099
25
3.8730
2.074
1.181
1.092
26
3.7138
2.054
1.170
1.087
27
3.5661
2.034
1.159
1.081
28
3.4286
2.015
1.149
1.076
29
3.3001
1.996
1.139
1.071
30
3.1798
1.978
1.130
1.064
31
3.0669
1.960
1.122
1.062
32
2.9608
1.943
1.113
1.057
33
2.8606
1.926
1.106
1.057
34
2.7660
1.910
1.098
1.050
35
2.6764
1.894
1.091
1.046
36
2.5916
1.878
1.085
1.043
37
2.5109
1.863
1.079
1.040
38
2.4341
1.848
1.073
1.037
39
2.3611
1.833
1.068
1.034
40
2.2913
1.819
1.062
1.031
41
2.2246
1.805
1.058
1.029
42
2.1608
1.791
1.053
1.027
43
2.0996
1.778
1.049
1.024
44
2.0409
1.765
1.045
1.023
45
1.9845
1.753
1.041
1.021
46
1.9303
1.740
1.038
1.019
47
1.8780
1.728
1.035
1.017
48
1.8277
1.716
1.032
1.016
49
1.7791
1.705
1.029
1.014
50
1.7321
1.694
1.026
1.013
55
1.5185
1.641
1.016
1.008
60
1.3333
1.594
1.009
1.004
65
1.1691
1.517
1.005
1.001
70
1.0202
1.517
1.002
1.001
75
0.8819
1.486
1.0008
1.0004
80
0.7500
1.460
1.0002
1.0001
85
0.6198
1.439
1.00004
1.00002
100
0.0000
1.414
1.00000
1.00000
*Reprinted by permission of National Electrical Manufacturer's Association from
NEMA Publication AB-1, 1986, copyright 1986 by NEMA.
29