BIOLOGY MARKING SCHEME 2007 EXRENDED RESPONSE

Version 2 Tuesday November 13

Question 37
The first step in the production of human growth hormone involves inserting the gene for human growth hormone into
the DNA of a bacterial cell. The bacterial cell is then cultured to produce human growth hormone.
Describe:
One process that can be used to identify the gene for HGH and one process that can be used to insert the gene into
the DNA of a bacterial cell.
The process of protein synthesis used to produce the HGH in cultured bacterial cells.
One process for identifying & one process for inserting: maximum 6 marks
isolate DNA from cells/cut DNA into fragments (1) using a restriction enzyme (1)
fragments of DNA may be inserted into bacteria which form colonies on a master plate
use a probe
short piece of DNA or RNA (1) which is single stranded (1)
probe is complementary (1) to known section of nucleotides on gene (1)
probe is tagged with fluorescent dye or radioactively labeled
heat solution (1) and separate strands of original DNA
on cooling, probe binds to fragments containing HGH/desired gene
separate fragments using electrophoresis
use the DNA sequence of the HGH (1) compare it with other sequence(1)

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inject HGH into animal

1
animal makes antibodies that bind to the HGH
1
collect antibodies and label or tag them
1
cut up DNA of the animal (1) and insert fragments into a number of bacteria(1)
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incubate the recombinant bacteria
1
treat the colonies with the labeled antibodies
1
antibodies will bind with colony making the HGH/ original protein
1
extract gene from labeled bacterial colony
1
bacterial cells contain plasmids
1
these are small rings of DNA (1) separate from main chromosome (1)
2
plasmids can be isolated from the bacteria (1) and cut open (1)
2
a restriction enzyme is used (1) which leaves a sticky end/exposed set of bases (1)
2
same restriction enzyme is used to cut out gene of interest
1
treated plasmids mixed with human DNA (1) and DNA attaches due to base pairing (1)
2
DNA ligase seals the plasmid
1
Recombined Plasmid reinserted into/taken up by a bacterial cell
1
Isolate HGH gene and clone to make copies (1) + description (1)
2
Collect copies of the gene
1
Use gene gun method
1
Pellets of gold or tungsten (1) coated with copies of the gene (1)
2
Pellet is fired into the bacteria (1) and incorporates into the nucleosome or plasmid (1)
2
Use of microinjection technique(1) using a microinjection (1)
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Collect copies of the gene (1) by cutting it out of a fragment/using restriction enzymes(1)
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Inject copies of gene into cytoplasm of bacteria (1) which incorporates into the nucleosome or plasmid(1) 2
Use of bacteriophage/virus
1
Virus is incapacitated
1
Virus has gene incorporated into it
1
Virus allowed to infect/is inserted into the bacterial cell
1
Virus incorporates DNA into nucleosome/plasmid
1
Electroporation
1
Electric current (1) puts holes in the membrane (1)
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DNA allowed to enter
1
Many cells are used (1)
1
Notes
1. A maximum of 4 for one of the sections.
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2.
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Read the first process if more than one is given.

Liposomes up to 4 marks.

Process of protein synthesis in bacterial cells: maximum 6 marks

The DNA segment coding for HGH separates (1) to expose bases (1)
Free or RNA nucleotides attach to exposed bases (1) on template strand (1)
mRNA forms along template strand/RNA nucleotides link to form mRNA
mRNA strand peels away from DNA (1) which rejoins (1)
mRNA attaches to ribosome
tRNA carries a specific amino acid at one end (1) and has an anticodon at the other (1)
tRNA anticodon attaches (1) to complementary codon on the mRNA (1)
amino acids are brought together as tRNA attaches to mRNA and join
tRNA molecules are released from the mRNA
growing polypeptide chain forms HGH
process takes place in the cytoplasm
transcription + definition
translation + definition
RNA polymerase joins each succeeding nucleotide to strand
Enzymes separate DNA

Note:
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2.

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A maximum of 4 marks for a description of transcription or translation only.

A maximum of 5 marks if the student talks about a nucleus.

EXTENDED RESPONSE COMMUNICATION

More than page, structured in the form of sentences and paragraphs 1 mark

Use of correct grammar and spelling (emphasis on curriculum statement) 1 mark

Clearly and concisely explains concepts using relevant biological language 1 mark

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BIOLOGY MARKING SCHEME 2007 - EXTENDED RESPONSE

Version 2 November 13
Question 38
There is strong evidence for the common ancestry of all living things. Biologists believe that the evolution of eukaryotic
cells from prokaryotic cells probably involved endosymbiotic events.

Explain how the study of DNA provides strong evidence for the common ancestry of all living things.

Describe the differences in the internal structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Describe the process of endosymbiosis and provide one piece of evidence of the evolution of eukaryotic cells by
endosymbiosis.
Study of DNA: maximum 4 marks (2 for each point)

DNA is present in all living organism

1
DNA contains the same nitrogenous bases in all living things
1
Genetic code is the same for all living things
1
Same mRNA codes for same amino acid OR same 3 bases used to code for an amino acid
1
Same tRNA carries the same amino acid
1
Process of protein synthesis is the same
1
All living things use the same 20 amino acids based on same code
1
DNA -DNA hybrdisation shows base sequence in many organisms is similar (1) indicating common ancestor (1) 2
Similar proteins (1) (eg cytochrome c) reflects common base sequence (1)
2
DNA sequencing can show similarity between species
1
All living things can transcribe others DNA/genes can be transferred between species & still work
1
Note: Students should state that all of these features indicate common ancestry.

Describe differences in internal structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes: maximum 4 marks (2 for each point)
Ps have little internal organisation, Es have high level of internal organisation
Ps have no nucleus (or have a nucleosome), Es have a nucleus
Ps have no membrane bound organelles, Es have membrane bound organelles
Ps have a single chromosome, Es have 2 or more chromosomes
Ps have plasmids, Es do not.
Ps DNA is circular, Es is linear
Ps ribosomes are small (70S), Es are larger (80S)
Ps have less cytoskeleton than Es.
Ps have no spindle and Es do.
Ps DNA does not have histones and introns, Es do.
Note:
1. Students should describe both prokaryotes and eukaryotes top get the full 2 marks for 1 feature.
2. A list of features with no descriptions max 2
3. If we use comparative terms (eg smaller, more) then allow the 2 marks.
Process of endosymbiosis and one piece of evidence: maximum 4 marks (2 points)
Prokaryotic cells existed before eukaryotic cells
Larger prokaryotic cells (1) engulfed (1) smaller prokaryotic cells
Elaboration of engulfing (eg phagocytosis)
Engulfed cells carried on functioning (1) so the new cell/combination could carry out more functions (1)
Example?? Clams with cyanobacteria
Chloroplasts & mitochondria have their own DNA (1) separate from the nucleus (1)
Chloroplast & mitochondrial DNA is circular OR resembles prokaryotic DNA
Chloroplasts & mitochondria have their own ribosomes (1) which resembles bacterial ribosomes (1)
Chloroplasts & mitochondria are able to self-replicate (1) independently of the cell (1)
Chloroplasts & mitochondria replication resembles binary fission of prokaryotes
Chloroplasts & mitochondria have 2 membranes (1); outer is similar to host cells, inner resembles bacterial(1)
Cs and Ms synthesis their own proteins
Note:
1. Both sections must be answered here for 4 marks.
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