Trigonometric Identities

1.

cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1.

2.

1 + tan2 (x) = sec2 (x).

Hyperbolic Identities

1.

sinh(x) =

ex ex
.
2

2.

cosh(x) =

ex + ex
.
2

3.

cot2 (x) + 1 = csc2 (x).

4.

sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x).

3.

cosh2 (x) sinh2 (x) = 1.

5.

cos(2x) = cos2 (x) sin2 (x).

4.

sech2 (x) + tanh2 (x) = 1.

= 2 cos2 (x) 1.

5.

coth2 (x) 1 = csch2 (x).

= 1 2 sin2 (x).

6.

sinh(2x) = 2 sinh(x) cosh(x).

2 tan(x)
.
1 tan2 (x)

7.

cosh(2x) = cosh2 (x) + sinh2 (x).

6.

tan(2x) =

= 2 cosh2 (x) 1.

7.

sin(x y) = sin(x) cos(y) cos(x) sin(y).

8.

cos(x y) = cos(x) cos(y) sin(x) sin(y).

9.

tan(x) tan(y)
tan(x y) =
.
1 tan(x) tan(y)

= 1 + 2 sinh2 (x).
2 tanh(x)
.
1 + tanh2 (x)

8.

tanh(2x) =

9.

sinh(x y) = sinh(x) cosh(y) cosh(x) sinh(y).

10. 2 sin(x) cos(y) = sin(x + y) + sin(x y).

10. cosh(x y) = cosh(x) cosh(y) sinh(x) sinh(y).
11. 2 sin(x) sin(y) = cos(x + y) + cos(x y).
12. 2 cos(x) cos(y) = cos(x + y) + cos(x y).

11. tanh(x y) =

tanh(x) tanh(y)
.
1 tanh(x) tanh(y)

Logarithmic Properties

Index Rules
1.

am an = am+n .

1.

a = blogb (a) .

2.

am
= amn .
an

2.

loga (x) =

3.

logb (xy) = logb (x) + logb (y).

4.

 
x
= logb (x) logb (y).
logb
y

5.

logb (x)y = y logb (x).

3. (am )n = amn .
4. (ab)n = an bn .
5.

 a n
b

an
= n.
b

logb (x)
.
logb (a)

6 . ln(a) = loge (a).

Differentiation

Integration

1.

d
[k] = 0.
dx

2.

d n
[x ] = nxn1 .
dx

2.

3.

d
1
[ln(x)] = .
dx
x

3.

4.

d
[cos(x)] = sin(x).
dx

4.

5.

d
[sin(x)] = cos(x).
dx

5.

6.
7.

k constant

1.
Z

9.

d
[csc(x)] = csc(x) cot(x).
dx

11.
12.
13.
14.

n 6= 1.

1
dx = ln(x) + c.
x
sin(x)dx = cos(x) + c.

cos(x)dx = sin(x) + c.
Z

6.
Z
7.

sec2 (x)dx = tan(x) + c.

csc2 (x)dx = cot(x) + c.

Z
8.

sec(x) tan(x)dx = sec(x) + c.

Z
csc(x) cot(x)dx = csc(x) + c.

9.
10.

xn+1
+ c,
n+1

d
[cot(x)] = csc2 (x).
dx
d
[sec(x)] = sec(x) tan(x).
dx

xn dx =

d
[tan(x)] = sec2 (x).
dx

8.

kdx = kx + c. k constant

d x
[e ] = ex .
dx

Z
10.

d
[cosh(x)] = sinh(x).
dx

ex dx = ex + c.

Z
11.

d
[sinh(x)] = cosh(x).
dx

sinh(x)dx = cosh(x) + c.
Z

d
[tanh(x)] = sech2 (x).
dx

12.

d
[coth(x)] = csch2 (x).
dx

13.

15.

d
[sech(x)] = sech(x) tanh(x).
dx

14.

16.

d
[csch(x)] = csch(x) coth(x).
dx

15.

cosh(x)dx = sinh(x) + c.
Z

sech2 (x)dx = tanh(x) + c.

csch2 (x)dx = coth(x) + c.

Z
sech(x) tanh(x)dx = sech(x) + c.
Z
16.

csch(x) coth(x)dx = csch(x) + c.