H ( )

The Pissouri Landslide (Limasol Cyprus)

Causes and Remedial Measures
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.

MSc, DIC
MSc

.

. & /

: 2001
,
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.

. -
- .
ABSTRACT: During the winter of 2001, a major landslide mobilized in the vicinity of the
Pissouri village in Cyprus, which destroyed a section of a country road and three residencies.
This paper presents the geologic and hydrogeologic regime in the landslide area and its
implications on landslide mobilization. Slope stability and ground water flow back analysis
were carried out to calibrate the numerical models used in the next step for the analysis of
the stabilized mass. Alternative remediation strategies were examined on the basis of
technical, financial and environmental criteria. The effectiveness of each remediation
measure was assessed and verified analytically utilizing the calibrated numerical models.
1.
,

.
,
,

( ) (Northmore et
al. 1988, art et al. 2010). 2001-2002,
,

.
,
200 m.

. 2001,

 , 80.000 m3 ( 1).
,
. 3.0 cm ,
, 3.00 m 3.50 m.

, .
.

.

1. () ()
. .
Figure 1. Aerial view (left) and North view (right) of the Pissouri landslide. The landslide
borders as well as the location of seasonal spring is also noted.
2.
, ,
.

2. .

(Stow et
al., 1995)

Figure 2. Regional Geology of the Pissouri area.

The village is developed on sandstones (yellow)
underlain by the Pissouri marls (olive green).
Geology after Stow et al., (1995).

2 ( Stow et al. 1995)

,
.

 .
,

. , ,

/ .
3.
,
. 300 mm 400
mm, .
5%
. -

(Pantazis, 1969 & Northmore, 1988).
,
1998-2008, 3. 2001

(. Kyriakou & Hadjigeorgiou 2008).

Rainfall (mm/month)

300

Wet season

250
200

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2003

150
100
50
0
Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

May
Sep.
Jan.

June
Oct.
Feb.

July
Nov.
Mar.

Aug.

Rainfall (mm/month)

300
250

Landslide
triggering

200
150

Aug.
Dec.
Apr.

100
50
0
1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

3. () () .
(1998 ~ 2008).
Figure 3. Seasonal (upper figure) and annual distribution of monthly precipitation (lower
figure). eteorological station Pissouri (1998 ~ 2008).
, ,

,
.

,
- . 4
( Stow et al., 1995)
,
- ,
.

.

, , ,
.
,

.

.

,
2001
. ,
(. 1).
,
.

4. .
.
: 2:1.
Figure 4. Hydrogeologic setting of the Pissouri landslide. Location of the landslide and the
springs with respect to the major hydrogeologic units is noted. Geology (after Stow et al.,
1995) is wrapped on an exaggerated (V/ 2:1) ground relief.

,
.
,

. 5

.



.

5. ()
().
Figure 5. Hydrogeologic modeling and typical results (flow vectors and pore water pressures)
of the seepage analyses.

.
5

3
2

6. .
Figure 6. Three-dimensional synthesis of the landslide ground water regime on a digital
elevation model.
4.
,
,

.
7
, 5 ~ 10m
, ,
.
. , 20 ~
25m, , , ,
.
, .
.
(. 7)
,
.
,
CH-MH, (CF)
30 60%.
c=35 kPa =21 (peak strength).
(residual)
(r=21),
(). CH MH,
.

 7. ,
( ).
Figure 7. Geotechnical section along the sliding mass, inclinometer readings and location of
sliding surface (and piezometer levels during summer).
5.

,
.
FLAC. ,
,
(interface elements)
.

(Strength reduction method).
,


.

. ,
(peak strength)
(residual),
.
,
,
.
8
,
.

Cohesion c' (kPa)

(peak) (residual).

70

High Water Table - Peak Shear Strength

60

Low Water Table - Residual Shear Strength

50
40
30
20
10
0
5

10
15
20
o
Angle of Friction ' ( )

25

30

8.

. .
Figure 8. Results of back
analyses.
Mobilized
shear
strength parameters for a high and
low water table coincide with
transition of shear strength values
from peak to residual.

6.

9.
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( ) .
. ,


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, , .
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.
7.

(
,
) .
(, , )

.
10 - -
.
,

 (FoS<1).
,
.
1.7

.

9.
Figure 9. Landslide remediation - Alternative design solutions.

3: FoS < 1

3: FoS > 1

10. :
(FoS<1). :
(FoS>1.7). . .
Figure 10. Stability analysis of the remediated slope. : The entire sliding mass mobilizes
without the stabilization piles (FoS<1). : Total landslide stabilization via construction of piles
(FoS>1.7). Detail. Pile moments.

 (. 11),

.

.

0.5 m ,
4 5 m
.
( . 12).

.
Underdrain
Trimmed Slope
Bored Piles

Landslide
Boundary
Buttress Fill

11. .
:
,
.
: .
Figure 11. Landslide remediation
Left: Plan view of the toe buttress fill and
the trimmed slope area
Top: Construction of the Buttress fill.

12. (),
().
Figure 12. Water seeping out of the marl at the back scarp of the landslide (left) and gravel
subdrains (right) constructed to collect and dispose the groundwater.

8.

,
.

, ,
.

.


( )
,
.



( 13).

13. () ()
( ).
Figure 13. The landslide area before (left) and after (right) the stabilization works (greening
has not completed yet)
9.
Hadjigeorgiou, J., Kyriakou E. and Papanastasiou, P. (2006), A Road Embankment Failure
Near Pentalia, In SW Cyprus. Intl. Conference on the Stability of Rock Slopes in Open Pit
Mining and Civil Engineering. The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Cape
Town, pp. 343-352.
Northmore, K J, Charalambous, M, Hobbs, P R N, and Petrides, G. (1988), Complex
landslides in the Kannaviou, Melange, and Mamonia formations of south-west Cyprus.
Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Landslides, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Bonnard C (editor), pp. 263268.
Pantazis T.M. (1969), The landslides in Cyprus. Bulletin of the Geol. Survey Dept, No 4, pp.
1-20, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Stow D., Braakenburg N., Xenophontos C., (1995), The Pissouri Basin fan-delta complex,
southwestern Cyprus. Sedimentary Geology, 98, pp. 245-262.