SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT UNDER

NON LINEAR CONDITIONS

B Tech Thesis

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

by

ABCD
EFGH
ABED

(Roll No.Y2.370)
(Roll No.Y2.381)
(Roll No.Y2.373)

List all students , Roll no

one by one

Under the guidance of

Dr IJKL

Emblem shall be clear

1.6 H X 1.33 W

Department of Electrical Engineering

NATIONAL INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
NIT Campus P.O., Calicut - 673601, India
2007

Emblem shall be clear

1.6 H X 1.33W

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled SYSTEM STUDY FOR

IMPROVEMENT UNDER NON LINEAR CONDITIONS is a bona fide record of the
major project done by ABCD (Roll No.Y2.370), EFGH (Roll No. Y4535) and KLMN
If there is more
than one guide, put
our instead of
my

(Roll No. Y564535) under my supervision and guidance, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical &
Electronic Engineering from National Institute of Technology Calicut for the year 2007

If there is more than one guide,

write side by side and provide
space for HODs signature at the
bottom

Provide Correct Name &

designation

Dr IJKL

(Guide)
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Provide Correct Name &

designation

Dr KMMK
Professor & Head
Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Place:
Date:
Department seal
This is only a format. It can be changed as per your requirement

List all
students , Roll
no
Separated by
comas and
and
Before the last
person

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
to project guide Dr IJKL
Provide correct name & designation

to Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering

Provide Correct name

to all others (if any) especially the name of the firm(s) (if any)if you have collected any
data or some thing for the project

ABCD,

EFGH,KLHG

List name of all students

One page, self contained. Highlighting significance, objectives, methods

adopted, contributions, achievements, applications etc

ABSTRACT
Many commercial and industrial power systems are being burdened by the
proliferation of sensitivity computing equipments like personal computer, uninterruptible
-----------------------

----------------------------current waveforms, caused by the non linear, on the power

distribution equipment in the system.
In this project, --------------------------------------------------an attempt has been
made

----------------------------------------------- and industrial load from steels..

To study the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ distortions in all the three phase currents.

CONTENTS
Chapter No

TITLE

Page no.

List of Abbreviations

ii

List of Symbols

iii

List of Figures

iv

List of Tables

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Introduction

1.2

Problem Definition

1.3

Outline

REVIEW OF MODELS

2.1

Significance of Models

2.1.1

Art of Modelling

Only this framework to be followed

5.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1
5.2

Results

61

Analysis

65

CONCLUSION
6.1
6.2

60

68

Conclusion

68

Future Scope of work

69

70

Page no to be givenREFERENCES
from this page in the form

BIBLIOGRAPHY

73

APPENDIX-1

74

Appendix only, If required. Computer codes (developed for the project if any, lengthy derivations,
explanations/details of some already existing algorithms, formulations used in the thesis shall be
given in the appendices.

ii

List of Abbreviations

MPOP Maximum Power Operating Point

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
PAO Perturbation And Observation
Inc.Cond. Incremental Conductance
PV Photovoltaic

iii

List of Symbols
Vpp Voltage corresponding to peak power

Io = Output current in A
Vo = Output voltage in V
Iph = Photon current in A
Isat = Dark saturation current = 10-5 to 10-15 A
q = charge of an electron = 1.6 X 10-19 C
A = Diode ideality factor = 1 to 5
K = Boltzmann constant =1.38 X 10-23 J/K
T = absolute temperature in K
Rse = Series resistance in ohms
Rsh = Shunt resistance in okms

iv

List of Figures

Figure No

Title

1.2

Peak Clipping

4.9

Horlicks Process Flow

Page No.
12

53

List of Tables
Table No.

Title

Page No.

2.1

Malt Grinding

26

4.1

Mashing

45

5.4

Comparison of Results

67

Continues text of thesis starts from here

vi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In the last decade both electrical utilities and customers have experienced
increasing costs for electric power and energy due to escalating costs of burning fuels and
capital costs for building new generation capacity. Load management which changes the
shape of the load curve so that the generation by costly peaking units or capacity
additions

are

avoided,

is

an

effective

solution

to

the

above

problem.

----------------------------------------------an important option for utilities to manage their

peak deficit.
1.1 Introduction
Electrical energy today constitutes about 30% of the total annual energy
consumption on a worldwide basis [1]. This figure is expected to rise as oil supply for
industrial uses-----------------------------------------------------------------------------All references are to be serially given in this form [1] only

Page no to be given from this page in the form

1 upto the end of the thesis

General Notes for Thesis

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The preliminary parts are numbered in roman numerals (i, ii, etc). The first page of the
chapter-1 onwards will be numbered in Arabic numerals 1 2 3 etc.
Follow internationally accepted symbols, rules and conventions: use the international
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Example first equation in chapter 3 shall be
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It shall be referred in the text as Eqn.(3.1)

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Number the references (numbers in square brackets) in the list in the order in which they
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More than 2 authors, the first should be listed followed by 'et al.'
Examples:
Reference to a journal publication:
[1]

J. F. Fuller and K. J. Roesler, "Influence of harmonics on power distribution system

protection," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No 2, Apr. 1988, pp. 549-557.

Reference to a conference publication:

[5] J. F. Fuller and K. J. Roesler, "Influence of harmonics on power distribution system
protection," IEEE-PES Conference on Power Quality, held at IIT Bombay, 20-23 Dec.
2003, pp. 549-557.
Reference to a book:
[21] E. Clarke, Circuit Analysis of AC Power Systems, Vol. I. 2nd ed , New York: Wiley
Publications, 1950, p. 81.
Reference to web sites
[22] www. doe.hov.org/fundamental Series Item Power Quality and Harmonics.htm (as
on 23-3-07)

Bibliography contains material that were useful for the preparation of the thesis in a
general way and is not directly referred to in the thesis. It is not essential, but will be of
useful for a person who tries to read and the thesis.
Tables should be numbered ( Example: Table 2.2 Comparison of Costs ) consecutively
and given suitable captions above the table. Referred in the text as Table 2.2
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