REPORT OF COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

A and B
were compared with respect to weight
A resembles B..
A and B are similar..
in that they both weigh 5 kg
A is similar to B .
A differs from B
A and B differ
A is different from B

in weight
as far as .is concerned
as regards weight

A is not as ..as B
A weighs 3 kg .whereas/while B weighs 4 kg
A is more.. However, B is .
REPORT EXPRESSING INCREASE AND DECREASE
1. how something has changed
2. how QUICKLY/SLOWLY it changed rate of change
3. WHEN the change occurred
1. how sth has changed
UP
a rise
an increase
an upward trend
upsurge in
to increase
to shoot up
to soar up
to be on the upswing
to sprout
to swell
to bob up

DOWN
A fall
A decrease
A reduction
A drop
A decline
A cutback in
A downtrend
A downturn in
A drop off
To decrease
To drop
to decline
to plunge
to fall
to peter out
to shrivel up
to sag
to slacken

2. how QUICKLY/SLOWLY it changed rate of change

Rapid
Gradual

Sharp
Steep

+ ly (all may be used

as adverbs)

Steady
Slight

Dramatic
Marked
Complete
Drastically (only adv)
Significant
Fundamental
A sweeping change

3. WHEN the change occurred

UP TO THE PRESENT

FINISHED PERIOD

Since/for
For
Over the last
Up until now
So far

Up to
During
Fromto..

REPORT BASED ON A SURVEY

1. REPORTING NUMBERS AND PROPORTION
2. INTERPRETING RESULTS
1. REPORTING NUMBERS AND PROPORTION
VAGUE

PRECISE

By far the largest population

The majority
A significantly larger proportion
A large number
A substantial number
A minority

51%
Half the
One in two
Five out of ten

2. INTERPRETING RESULTS
THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN A
SURVEY CAN LEAD YOU TO MAKE A

THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN A

SURVEY CAN LEAD YOU TO MAKE A

GENERAL REMARK. YOU CAN STATE GENERAL REMARK. YOU CAN MAKE
THE FACTS FIRST AND MAKE A
A GENERALIZATION AND
GENERALIZATION ABOUT THEM
PRODUCE THE FACT TO SUPPORT
IT
48% of people said they would not work
Most people would rather have more
longer hours for more money.
leisure time than more money.
This is exemplified by the largest
This indicates that most people would
proportion of respondents who said that.
rather have more leisure time than more
The evidence for this comes from the 48%
money.
.